Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDs) and Quality of Life (QoL) among the construction workers in the United Arab Emirates.

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These disorders significantly impact quality of life (QoL) and productivity and lead to disability and absenteeism. Aims and Objectives The study aims to determine the prevalence of WMSDs among UAE construction workers using the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) and assess their QoL using the Short-Form (SF-36) survey. Additionally, it aims to explore factors associated with WMSDs and QoL among construction workers in the United Arab Emirates. Methods This study is a cross-sectional, survey-based design conducted from July 2023 to May 2024 in the United Arab Emirates. The study included male construction workers aged 18-50 with at least 1 year of experience. Participants were recruited using a combination of convenience and purposive sampling methods. The data were collected via paper-based forms using the SF-36 and NMQ questionnaires. The study instruments were chosen after reviewing relevant literature to ensure minimal measurement bias. Statistical methods included descriptive statistics, tests for normality, and Pearson’s correlation test with a significance level of p <0.05. Results A total of 346 construction workers were accessed and the study found an 81.8% 12-month WMSD prevalence, most commonly affecting the lower back (44.8%), neck (45.1%), and shoulders (37.9%). Additionally, 70.5% reported pain-related limitations, and 63.6% experienced pain in the past week. SF-36 scores were lowest for role limitations due to physical health (30.33) and emotional problems (33.43), with an overall mean of 52.27 out of 100. Conclusion The study found a high prevalence of WMSD in construction workers and moderate quality of life scores. These findings highlight the urgent need to prioritize construction worker health through targeted interventions. 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F1000Research 2025, 14 :80 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.160557.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDs) and Quality of Life (QoL) among the construction workers in the United Arab Emirates. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] Wajiha Anwar https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2769-5159 1 , Fatima Abdul Rashid https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7736-3008 1 , Animesh Hazari https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3936-5029 1 , Praveen Kumar Kandakurti https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2669-4488 1 Wajiha Anwar https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2769-5159 1 , Fatima Abdul Rashid https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7736-3008 1 , Animesh Hazari https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3936-5029 1 , Praveen Kumar Kandakurti https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2669-4488 1 PUBLISHED 14 Jan 2025 Author details Author details 1 College of Health Sciences, GULF MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, Ajman, United Arab Emirates Wajiha Anwar Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Fatima Abdul Rashid Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Animesh Hazari Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Praveen Kumar Kandakurti Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Project Administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS Abstract Background The United Arab Emirates (UAE) construction industry has rapidly expanded, but construction work, by its nature, poses a high risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). These disorders significantly impact quality of life (QoL) and productivity and lead to disability and absenteeism. Aims and Objectives The study aims to determine the prevalence of WMSDs among UAE construction workers using the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) and assess their QoL using the Short-Form (SF-36) survey. Additionally, it aims to explore factors associated with WMSDs and QoL among construction workers in the United Arab Emirates. Methods This study is a cross-sectional, survey-based design conducted from July 2023 to May 2024 in the United Arab Emirates. The study included male construction workers aged 18-50 with at least 1 year of experience. Participants were recruited using a combination of convenience and purposive sampling methods. The data were collected via paper-based forms using the SF-36 and NMQ questionnaires. The study instruments were chosen after reviewing relevant literature to ensure minimal measurement bias. Statistical methods included descriptive statistics, tests for normality, and Pearson’s correlation test with a significance level of p <0.05. Results A total of 346 construction workers were accessed and the study found an 81.8% 12-month WMSD prevalence, most commonly affecting the lower back (44.8%), neck (45.1%), and shoulders (37.9%). Additionally, 70.5% reported pain-related limitations, and 63.6% experienced pain in the past week. SF-36 scores were lowest for role limitations due to physical health (30.33) and emotional problems (33.43), with an overall mean of 52.27 out of 100. Conclusion The study found a high prevalence of WMSD in construction workers and moderate quality of life scores. These findings highlight the urgent need to prioritize construction worker health through targeted interventions. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders, Quality of life, Construction Workers, United Arab Emirates, Rehabilitation Corresponding Author(s) Animesh Hazari ( [email protected] ) Praveen Kumar Kandakurti ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding authors: Animesh Hazari, Praveen Kumar Kandakurti Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2025 Anwar W et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Anwar W, Rashid FA, Hazari A and Kandakurti PK. Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDs) and Quality of Life (QoL) among the construction workers in the United Arab Emirates. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :80 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.160557.1 ) First published: 14 Jan 2025, 14 :80 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.160557.1 ) Latest published: 14 Jan 2025, 14 :80 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.160557.1 ) Introduction In the UAE, the construction sector has grown steadily over the past 20 years and is regarded as the primary driver of economic expansion. Building projects supply the sites infrastructure, which is essential to the development of the economic contributing aspects. It was anticipated that the construction industry in the United Arab Emirates employed around 1.6 million people in 2021. 1 The UAE has several projects and strategies under process that promise great economic gain but require a large labor force for their work completion. Construction of these progressive projects increases the workload and demands more construction workers. Understanding this demand and the contribution of construction workers to the economy, the safety and health of the workers must be maintained for projects to continue. 2 In the Arabian Gulf region, sweltering and humid weather conditions were noted to be a major concern and in UAE specifically, the hydration and physiological impacts of heat stress on construction workers have concluded that loss of fluids from the human body due to this heat leads to increased heart rate, breathing rate, and core body temperature. 3 , 4 The impact of such weather conditions can be extended to include a high risk of physical, psychological, and mental distress which all together reduce the QoL. 5 As per the literature, the primary contributory factor causing productivity loss in construction workers is WMSDs. 5 WMSDs are conditions in which the work environment contributes significantly to injuries, disorders, or conditions that may worsen or persist longer due to the nature of the work. 6 While it is appreciated that continuous efforts are made to ensure the safety of its operations, the nature of the job still renders it to be a hazardous occupation, where the prevalence of WMSDs is high, affecting QoL significantly further resulting in productivity loss, permanent disability, and absenteeism. 6 Additionally, Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) impose a negative impact on activities of daily living (ADLs), which slows down economic growth and workers’ QoL. 7 QoL is a broad concept that forecasts an individual’s degree of freedom, social relationships, physical and mental health, and interaction with important environmental factors. Approximately 80,000 workers in the United Kingdom’s construction sector suffered from a work-related sickness annually, according to health and safety data from 2017. Most work-related disorders (65%) were musculoskeletal issues, with stress, depression, anxiety, and other illnesses (5%), which are critical areas for quality of life, coming in second and third. 8 Recent research indicates that in Pakistan, Southeastern Ethiopia, India, Iran, and China, the prevalence of WMSDs among construction workers was 59.6%, 43.9%, 80%, 53.3%, and 23.4%, respectively. 9 – 12 However, there is a lack of evidence on the QoL and WMSD domains among construction workers in the UAE, highlighting the necessity of carrying out the study. Perceived QoL and WMSDs have been proven to be significant predictors of physical sickness and psychological illnesses in the long term. 11 Understanding and improving health status among populations such as construction workers, and investigating WMSDs and QoL among them is a crucial step. 11 This would allow us to comprehend the WMSDs and QoL domains that are stronger and weaker for construction workers in the UAE, and as a result, develop or alter our tactics to address the associated health and safety problems. Therefore, the proposed study aims to identify WMSDs among construction workers and their effect on the QoL under the following objectives. Primary objectives • To determine the prevalence of WMSDs among UAE construction workers using the NMQ. • To evaluate the QoL of UAE construction workers using the SF-36 survey. Secondary objective • To investigate the Sociodemographic characteristics associated with pain comprising WMSDs among UAE construction workers. Methods Study design and setting A cross-sectional, survey-based study was conducted from July 2023 to May 2024 in the UAE. The study was conducted across various construction sites and companies in 5 Emirates of the UAE (Sharjah, Ajman, Ras Al Khaimah, Dubai, Umm Al Quwain) and the response from 13 major construction companies in these regions. Sample size and participants A total of 346 participants were calculated for statistical significance at 95% Confidence Interval (CI) using the following formula: n = Z 2 P ( 1 − P ) / d 2 where, a prevalence rate (P) of 48% for WMSD was taken from a previous study conducted in Saudi Arabia, 12 Z = 1.96, d = 5.5, and 20% non-respondent rate (n=30). While, 401 participants were approached among which, 26 participants returned incomplete surveys, 21 participants refused to consent, and 8 participants gave biased responses as they responded without reading. Inclusion criteria Male construction workers aged 18 to 50 years with at least 1 year of experience in the industry were eligible for inclusion in the study. 13 In this study, the term “Construction Workers” refers only to those who work as laborers and cover several responsibilities for completing tasks on a construction site according to blueprints to create structurally sound buildings and other structures. Their duties included erecting scaffolding, unloading construction materials, and operating heavy machinery to pour concrete and demolish buildings, which are highly physically and emotionally demanding. Sampling method Participants were selected using a combination of convenience and purposive sampling methods. This combination was chosen to ensure a diverse representation of workers while targeting those who would provide relevant data. We ensured that workers who were not willing to participate or those having pre-existing musculoskeletal, disabilities or underlying conditions that would affect their work nature directly or indirectly were excluded. Outcome variables, measures, and procedures One of the researchers collected data via paper-based forms during the onsite visit. To ensure minimal measurement bias, the pre-validated translations of the questionnaire were taken from the literature. The tool was translated into Hindi, Arabic, and Urdu, and validated by language and subject experts. 14 This validation process involved a focused group of two independent translators who translated the original document into the target language, followed by a third linguist who merged the best elements into a unified version for consistency. This reconciled translation was then back-translated into the original language by another independent translator to identify discrepancies. A subject expert reviewed the back-translated content for accuracy and cultural relevance. Finally, we conducted interviews with a sample of construction workers to assess their understanding, leading to further refinements that were needed. 15 , 16 The study instruments used for this research were the SF-36 17 and NMQ. 18 SF 36 comprises 36 questions that cover eight domains of health. The Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) identifies musculoskeletal pain and activity prevention in 9 body regions. Respondents were asked if they had experienced musculoskeletal pain that had limited regular activity in the last year and the previous seven days. To minimize potential sources of bias, all participants were assessed in their workplace, where they were likely to feel more comfortable and at ease. Statistical methods The statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software package v 29. The descriptive statistics were calculated to summarize the demographic characteristics. Tests for normality were conducted following which correlation between the factors (including age, BMI, smoking status, physical activity, and years of experience) and prevalence of WMSD and SF-36 score was done using Pearson’s correlation test. The level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results The mean age of the participants was 38.62 years (SD = 9.06), with a range of 24 to 54 years. The average Body Mass Index (BMI) was 27.68 (SD = 4.50), ranging from 20 to 40. The mean years of experience in the construction industry was 10.76 years (SD = 5.64), with a range of 2 to 31 years. Regarding education levels, 26.9% (n = 93) of the workers had an education level higher than or equal to university, 24.9% (n = 86) completed high school, 26.3% (n = 91) completed middle school, and 22.0% (n = 76) had education lower than or equal to elementary school. In terms of smoking status, a majority of 69.6% (n = 241) were smokers, while 30.3% (n = 105) were non-smokers. Physical activity levels among the workers varied: 29.8% (n = 103) reported no physical activity, 28.6% (n = 99) engaged in 2-4 hours of physical activity per week, 22.5% (n = 78) engaged in 5-7 hours per week, and 19.1% (n = 68) engaged in more than 7 hours per week. These sociodemographic characteristics are summarized in Table 1 . Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics of construction workers (N=346). Variable Mean ± SD Min-Max Age 38.62 ± 9.06 24-54 BMI 27.68 ± 4.50 20-40 Years of experience 10.76 ± 5.64 2-31 Variable Frequency (%) Education Higher than or equal to the university 93 (26.9) High school 86 (24.9) Middle school 91 (26.3) Lower than or equal to elementary school 76 (22.0) Smoking Status Non-smoker 105 (30.3) Smoker 241 (69.6) Physical activity None 103 (29.8) 2-4 h/day 99 (28.6) 5–7 h/day 78 (22.5) ≥7 h/day 68 (19.1) The prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) in the past 12 months was notably high, with 81.8% (n = 283) of workers reporting pain. Specific prevalence rates for different body regions were neck pain in 45.1% (n = 156), shoulder pain in 37.9% (n = 131) with 30.6% (n = 106) reporting right shoulder pain, 3.5% (n = 12) left shoulder pain, and 3.8% (n = 13) pain in both shoulders. Elbow pain was reported by 17.6% (n = 61), with 8.4% (n = 29) experiencing right elbow pain and 9.2% (n = 31) pain in both elbows. Wrist/hand pain affected 19.4% (n = 67), with 16.8% (n = 58) reporting right wrist/hand pain, 1.2% (n = 4) left wrist/hand pain, and 1.4% (n = 5) pain in both wrists/hands. Upper back pain was reported at 26.0% (n = 92), and lower back pain by 44.8% (n = 155). Hip/thigh pain was reported at 23.1% (n = 80), with 16.2% (n = 56) reporting right hip/thigh pain. Knee pain was reported by 28.3% (n = 98), with 26.9% (n = 93) experiencing right knee pain and 1.4% (n = 5) left knee pain. Ankle/foot pain was reported at 9.8% (n = 34), all of whom experienced right ankle/foot pain. The pain-related limitation was reported by 70.5% (n = 244) of the participants. The prevalence of limitation at work due to pain in specific body regions was as follows: neck pain in 33.2% (n = 115), shoulder pain in 22.3% (n = 77), elbow pain in 9.2% (n = 32), wrist/hand pain in 15.9% (n = 55), upper back pain in 15.3% (n = 53), lower back pain in 33.8% (n = 117), hip/thigh pain in 8.7% (n = 30), knee pain in 17.3% (n = 60), and ankle/foot pain in 4.9% (n = 17). In the past week, 63.6% (n = 220) of the participants reported experiencing pain. The distribution of pain in different body regions was: neck pain in 25.7% (n = 89), shoulder pain in 24.0% (n = 83), elbow pain in 13.9% (n = 48), wrist/hand pain in 10.6% (n = 37), upper back pain in 17.9% (n = 62), lower back pain in 29.2% (n = 101), hip/thigh pain in 6.9% (n = 24), knee pain in 15.6% (n = 54), and ankle/foot pain in 4.9% (n = 17). This data is summarized in Table 2 and illustrated in Figure 1 , Figure 2 , and Figure 3 . Table 2. Prevalence of WMSD in Construction Workers (N=346). Variable 12 Months Prevalence Limitation due to pain Prevalence of pain in 7 days Frequency (%) Frequency (%) Frequency (%) Total Prevalence 283 (81.8) 244 (70.5) 220 (63.6) Neck 156 (45.1) 115 (33.2) 89 (25.7) Shoulder 131 (37.9) 77 (22.3) 83 (24.0) Right 106 (30.6) Left 12 (3.5) Both 13 (3.8) Elbows 61 (17.6) 32 (9.2) 48 (13.9) Right 29 (8.4) Left - Both 31 (9.2) Wrist/Hands 67 (19.4) 55 (15.9) 37 (10.6) Right 58 (16.8) Left 4 (1.2) Both 5 (1.4) Upper Back 92 (26) 53 (15.3) 62 (17.9) Lower Back 155 (44.8) 117 (33.8) 101 (29.2) One or Both Hip/Thigh 80 (23.1) 30 (8.7) 24 (6.9) One or Both Knee 98 (28.3) 60 (17.3) 54 (15.6) One or Both Ankle/Feet 34 (9.8) 17 (4.9) 17 (4.9) Figure 1. Prevalence of NMQ. Figure 2. Limitation due to pain. Figure 3. 7-day prevalence of NMQ. The illustration displays 12-month prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders by body area including the neck (150), shoulders (100), and lower back (90). With only 20 instances, the ankles and feet had the lowest prevalence. The chart shows limitations due to pain by body region. The total limitation were seen for 230 cases, inlcuding the neck (90), shoulder (60), and lower back (70). The lowest limitations are in the elbow (10) and ankle/feet (10) areas. The chart shows 7-day prevalence of musculoskeletal issues by body region. Total prevalence was present in 220 cases including the neck (70), shoulder (60), and lower back (60). The lowest prevalence was in the ankle/feet (10). The SF-36 health survey scores were as follows: the mean score for physical functioning was 59.51 (SD = 21.42), role limitations due to physical health was 30.33 (SD = 37.63), role limitations due to emotional problems was 33.43 (SD = 41.47), energy/fatigue was 56.38 (SD = 14.47), emotional well-being was 58.02 (SD = 17.12), social functioning was 62.65 (SD = 19.41), pain was 62.75 (SD = 18.89), and general health was 55.14 (SD = 14.57). The total SF-36 score ranged from 28.56 to 90.65, with a mean of 52.27 (SD = 15.07). These scores are detailed in Table 3 . Table 3. SF-36 health survey scores (n=346). Variable Mean ± SD Min-Max Physical functioning 59.51 ± 21.42 0-100 Role limitations due to physical health 30.33 ± 37.63 0-100 Role limitations due to emotional problems 33.43 ± 41.47 0-100 Energy/fatigue 56.38 ± 14.47 25-100 Emotional well-being 58.02 ± 17.12 28-100 Social functioning 62.65 ± 19.41 12.5-100 Pain 62.75 ± 18.89 22.5-100 General health 55.14 ± 14.57 29.17-100 SF-36 Total 52.27 ± 15.07 28.56-90.65 Correlation analysis between demographic factors and the prevalence of pain revealed significant associations for several variables as illustrated in Figure 4 . Age significantly and strongly correlated with neck pain (r = .792, p = .046) but not with pain in other body regions. BMI was significantly and strongly correlated with low back pain (r = .727, p = .048) and knee pain (r = .781, p = .036) but showed no significant correlations with pain in other regions. Education level did not show significant correlations with pain in any body region, however, there was a significant positive correlation with QoL (r = .818, p= .039). Smoking status and physical activity significantly correlated with neck pain (r = .613, p = .031) and (r = .262, p = .018) respectively. Additionally, physical activity significantly correlated with lower back pain (r = .727, p = .048). Years of experience were significantly correlated with neck pain (r = .294, p = .008). The SF-36 total score was significantly correlated with BMI (r = .188, p = .093). These findings are summarized in Table 4 . Figure 4. Heat Map for correlation between demographic factors and prevalence of pain. Table 4. Correlation between demographic factors and prevalence of pain. Variable Age BMI Education Smoking PA YoE Neck R .792 .055 .016 .613 .262 .294 p .046 * .624 .887 .031 * .018 * .008 * Shoulder R .79 .058 .002 .092 .049 -.030 p .486 .610 .989 .414 .662 .793 Elbows R .078 .026 .092 .081 .137 .071 p .491 .817 .415 .473 .221 .530 Wrist/Hand R .139 .060 .167 .147 .073 -.140 p .214 .059 .136 .189 .519 .213 Upper Back R .054 .643 .214 .035 .088 .070 p .632 .578 .055 .753 .435 .536 Lower Back R .083 .727 .107 .135 .044 -.002 p .464 .048 * .340 .229 .695 .983 One or Both Hip/Thigh R .095 .683 .075 .045 .081 .058 p .402 .466 .506 .692 .476 .608 One or Both Knee R .028 .781 .081 .110 .077 .040 p .804 .036 * .470 .329 .492 .725 One or Both Ankle/Feet R .030 .310 .145 .087 .180 -.026 p .789 .485 .196 .441 .107 .820 SF-36 Total R .183 .069 .818 .031 .101 .185 p .101 .541 .039 * .786 .369 -.098 * Statistically significant. The important points in this heat map are as follows: age with neck pain (r = .792), BMI with low back pain (r = .727), BMI with knee pain (r = .781), education level with QoL (r = .818), and smoking status with neck pain (r = .613). These values indicate strong associations between the variables, which can be visually represented in a heat map to highlight the strength of these relationships. Discussions Prevalence of WMSDs The study found a high prevalence of WMSDs, with 81.8% of the participants reporting musculoskeletal problems in the past 12 months. This is consistent with the findings of previous studies conducted among construction workers in various countries. A study in Saudi Arabia reported a WMSD pain prevalence of 84 % among construction workers, these results may be due to a similar geographical region, and environmental factors such as the climate. 12 , 19 A systematic review found that the prevalence of WMSDs among construction workers ranged from 40% to 93%, with the lower back, knees, and shoulders being the most affected body regions. 20 The high prevalence of WMSDs in the current study can be attributed to the physically demanding nature of construction work, which involves lifting heavy materials, working in awkward postures, and operating heavy machinery. Another study by Yu-Chi Lee et.al concluded that the prevalence of self-reported symptoms of work-related musculoskeletal diseases (WMSDs) was 57.9% among construction workers in South China. Due to differing samples and data collection techniques, this rate was higher than in Hong Kong (41%) and mainland China (23.4%) but lower than in Korea (87%), Southeastern Ethiopia (43.9%), and India (80%). The most affected areas were the neck (24.7%), shoulders (22.1%), upper back (13.4%), and lower back (12.6%) which is in consensus with our study. 21 Our study found that the most affected body regions were the neck (45.1%), lower back (44.8%), and shoulders (37.9%). These findings are consistent with the existing literature, which has consistently identified the lower back, shoulders, and neck as the most prevalent sites of musculoskeletal pain among construction workers. 6 , 20 The shoulder and neck pain may be related to the overhead work, vibrating tools, and the awkward postures adopted by construction workers. 22 Effects on quality of life The study also explored the effects of WMSDs on the participants’ quality of life. The mean SF-36 total score was 52.27, indicating a relatively moderate overall QoL among the construction workers and better compared to other countries. This is due to the UAE’s higher standard of living and easier access to facilities like food, transport, entertainment, etc. However, the findings from previous studies have reported poorer QoL among construction workers compared to the general population. 23 The lower scores in the physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health, and pain domains of the SF-36 suggest that the WMSDs experienced by the workers significantly impacted their physical well-being and daily activities. A study in Malaysia found that construction workers had significantly lower scores in the physical, psychological, and social domains of the WHOQOL-BREF scale compared to the general population. 24 Similar to this, an Indian study found that migrant construction workers’ quality of life (QoL) was lower in the physical, social, and psychological domains but higher in the environmental domain than in earlier studies. 25 The poor QoL among construction workers can be attributed to the physically demanding nature of their work, lack of access to healthcare, and poor living conditions, which are common in this population. 25 Factors associated with WMSDs and QoL Age, exercise, job experience, work position, fatigue, and poor ergonomics are factors that could affect WMSDs. 26 , 27 The prevalence of WMSDs and QoL among construction workers were found to be associated with several of factors. The prevalence of pain in different body parts was shown to be higher in those who were older, smoked, and engaged in less physical activity. These findings align with the existing literature, which has consistently reported that older age, smoking, and physical inactivity are risk factors for the development of WMSDs among construction workers 26 – 28 Interestingly, the study also found a significant association between higher educational level and better overall QoL, as measured by the SF-36 total score. This suggests that construction workers with higher educational attainment may have better access to resources, knowledge, and coping strategies to manage their health and well-being. This is supported by a study in Malaysia, which found that higher education was associated with better QoL among construction workers. 24 While physical activity seemed to lower risk, older workers, those with more work experience, and those who were more fatigued were more susceptible. 12 Limitations and implications of the study The large sample size and the inclusion of construction workers from multiple emirates in the UAE also contribute to the robustness of the findings. However, the cross-sectional design of the study limits the ability to establish causal relationships between the variables over time and hence future researcher should consider longitudinal studies to better understand the temporal relationships between risk factors, WMSDs, and QoL among construction workers in the UAE. Additionally, qualitative studies could provide deeper insights into the lived experiences and coping strategies of this population. The occupational health and well-being of construction workers in the United Arab Emirates may be enhanced by interventions that focus on modifiable risk factors, such as physical exercise and quitting smoking. To enhance monitoring and resource allocation, WMSDs should also be recognized as a significant occupational health issue and added to national occupational disease lists. A national monitoring system should be set up to monitor WMSDs. Employer documentation and injury data should be included to identify trends and inform policy decisions. Long-term preventative initiatives will also benefit from supporting research and development for novel solutions, such as ergonomic equipment and technologies like biological exoskeletons. Comprehensive ergonomic training programs that emphasize safe lifting practices and the use of assistive devices should be put in place for employees and supervisors at the workplace level. To lessen physical strain, construction sites should use mechanical aids like hoists and lifts. To detect ergonomic hazards, regular risk assessments should be required. Worker feedback should also be incorporated to guarantee that effective changes are implemented along with regular breaks and exercise can minimize weariness, and a collaborative safety culture will enable employees to report risks and make suggestions for changes. Furthermore, adjusting job assignments to each employee’s capabilities and streamlining site layouts can reduce stress even more and improve workplace safety in general. By placing these suggestions into practice, WMSD incidence could be greatly decreased, and construction workers’ quality of life can improve. Conclusion The present study highlights the high prevalence of WMSDs and the associated changes in quality of life among construction workers in the UAE. The findings underscore the need for targeted interventions and policies to address the occupational health challenges faced by this vulnerable population. Specifically, policymakers should implement ergonomic standards, establish a national surveillance system for WMSDs, and promote research on innovative prevention strategies. Additionally, construction companies should adopt comprehensive ergonomic training programs and provide access to mechanical aids to reduce physical strain. Promoting ergonomic practices, providing access to healthcare services, and implementing educational programs on injury prevention and health management could contribute to improving the overall well-being of construction workers in the UAE. Furthermore, this study calls for further research to explore the long-term effects of WMSDs on quality of life and the effectiveness of specific workplace interventions. The implications of this research extend beyond the UAE, highlighting the need for similar studies in other regions to address the global challenge of WMSDs in the construction industry. Ultimately, improving the health and well-being of construction workers is not only essential for individual workers but also for enhancing productivity and safety in the industry as a whole. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The study was conducted in line with the Declaration of Helsinki for human participants, and received approval from the Institutional Review Board of Gulf Medical University, Thumbay University Hospital (IRB-COHS-STD-84-May-2023) on May 12 th , 2023. Additionally, this study obtained approval from the Ministry of Health and Prevention Research Ethics Committee, United Arab Emirates with Reference No: MOHAP/DXB-REC/J.J.J/No.68/2023. Consent for participate A written informed consent was taken from all participants for their voluntary participation in the study prior to data collection explaining the possible use of the data for research and publication without revealing their identity. Authors’ contributions WA - Wajiha Anwar - conceptualization, data curation, investigation, methodology, manuscript writing and revision FR - Fatima Abdul Rashid - conceptualization, data curation, investigation, methodology, manuscript writing and revision AH - Animesh Hazari - supervision, conceptualization, data curation, methodology, manuscript writing and revision PK - Praveen Kumar Kandakurti - supervision, conceptualization, data curation, methodology, resources, manuscript writing and revision Availability of data and materials Underlying data Figshare: WRMSDs data, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.28106390.v2 . 29 This project contains the following underlying data: • [Wajiha Data entry] (Demographics, raw data for analysis). Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0). Extended data Figshare: WRMSDs data, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.28106390.v2 . 29 This project contains the following underlying data: • ENGLISH FORM_mergerd.pdf • STROBE-WRMDs.docx Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0). Acknowledgments We would like to acknowledge the Research Ethics Committee from the Ministry of Health and Prevention, UAE for providing the necessary ethical approval. In addition, we are thankful to Dr. Anjali Rajan and Ms. Sameena Sajid for helping with the validation of the translated tools as well as Muhammed Awais Anwar, Leena Kumar, Nuha Adam, and Athira George for their contribution to data collection. References 1. UAE: Number of construction workers by sector. Statista; [cited 2024 Aug 20]. Reference Source 2. Alhelo AA, Alzubaidi R, Rashid H: A Framework Supporting Health and Safety Practices in the United Arab Emirates’ Construction Projects. 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Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 14 Jan 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 College of Health Sciences, GULF MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, Ajman, United Arab Emirates Wajiha Anwar Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Fatima Abdul Rashid Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Animesh Hazari Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Praveen Kumar Kandakurti Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Project Administration, Resources, Supervision, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 14 Jan 2025, 14:80 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.160557.1 Copyright © 2025 Anwar W et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Anwar W, Rashid FA, Hazari A and Kandakurti PK. Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDs) and Quality of Life (QoL) among the construction workers in the United Arab Emirates. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :80 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.160557.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 14 Jan 2025 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Chawla JK. Reviewer Report For: Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDs) and Quality of Life (QoL) among the construction workers in the United Arab Emirates. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :80 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.176468.r456276 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-80/v1#referee-response-456276 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 02 Mar 2026 Jasmine Kaur Chawla , Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Faridabad, Haryana, India Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.176468.r456276 I appreciate the authors for taking up such a sensitive topic in a country that is economically supported solely by construction. Additionally, I consider it a good initiative, as the authors have begun to explore the patterns of MSDs involved, ... Continue reading READ ALL I appreciate the authors for taking up such a sensitive topic in a country that is economically supported solely by construction. Additionally, I consider it a good initiative, as the authors have begun to explore the patterns of MSDs involved, so that the relative cause-and-effect relationships can be established. Further, I believe as a researcher, limitations and future recommendations can be re -written in details highlighting the use of advanced statistical use in future studies to establish the risk factors in the occupations that to multi dimensional so that ergonomically policies can be established for future perspectives, Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: musculoskeletal disorders, injuries, prediction model, bio-psycho- social model and biomechanics aspects I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Chawla JK. Reviewer Report For: Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDs) and Quality of Life (QoL) among the construction workers in the United Arab Emirates. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :80 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.176468.r456276 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-80/v1#referee-response-456276 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Barros C. Reviewer Report For: Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDs) and Quality of Life (QoL) among the construction workers in the United Arab Emirates. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :80 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.176468.r415782 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-80/v1#referee-response-415782 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 07 Oct 2025 Carla Barros , Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Porto District, Portugal Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.176468.r415782 Dear Authors, This is an important study given that the health and wellbeing of construction professionals is an important issue, namely the WMSDs. Introduction The introduction is clear and logical. However, it is suggested that ... Continue reading READ ALL Dear Authors, This is an important study given that the health and wellbeing of construction professionals is an important issue, namely the WMSDs. Introduction The introduction is clear and logical. However, it is suggested that a more in-depth analysis be conducted about the prevalence of WMSDs: causes and consequences. An introduction that goes from the general (prevalence of WMSDs) to the specific should be provided (prevalence of WMSDs on construction sector) Methods Sampling method “Participants were selected using a combination of convenience and purposive sampling methods”. It is necessary to pay more attention to the part related to sampling. How is the sample size determined? Is the sample representative? A clear argumentation is required. While the combined use of convenience and purposive sampling may be acceptable in exploratory or qualitative research, the absence of a statistical justification for the sample size—such as a power analysis using G*Power—raises concerns regarding the robustness and generalizability of the findings Outcome variables, measures, and procedures To enhance the methodological transparency and rigor of the linguistic validation process, the authors should provide detailed information regarding the qualifications of the translators and linguists involved, and pre-testing or cognitive debriefing conducted with native speakers of the target languages. Additionally, the inclusion of validation metrics—such as semantic equivalence ratings, inter-rater agreement, or back-translation comparisons—would strengthen the reliability of the translated tool. The instruments used for this research must be identify and also the validation articles used in the studied population. Results and discussion To enrich the results and the discussion in your study, there are several complementary or alternative analyses you might consider. To deepen the understanding of factors influencing WMSD prevalence and SF-36 scores, other analysis cab be incorporate multivariate analyses such as multiple regression or logistic regression. These approaches would allow for the simultaneous assessment of multiple predictors thereby offering a more nuanced view of the relationships among the variables. Discussion Factors associated with WMSDs and QoL “Age, exercise, job experience, work position, fatigue, and poor ergonomics are factors that could affect WMSDs” are relevant for the analysis but they aren’t enough. Factors associated with WMSDs extend beyond individual demographics and lifestyle habits are important to mention on the discussion or limitations. In addition to age, physical activity, job experience, work position, fatigue, , several occupational and psychosocial factors may contribute to the development and persistence of musculoskeletal disorders. These include prolonged exposure to vibration, repetitive tasks, manual handling of heavy loads, awkward postures, and insufficient recovery time between shifts. Moreover, contextual elements such as job insecurity, lack of supervisory support, , and high work demands have been linked to both increased WMSD prevalence and reduced quality of life. The findings of the study are consistent with previous research, which has identified age-related physiological changes, smoking-related inflammatory responses, and sedentary behaviour as significant risk factors for WMSDs in construction settings. But it is important to integrate psychosocial and organizational variables to better capture the multifactorial nature of WMSDs and their impact on workers’ wellbeing. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Health Occupational Psychology I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Barros C. Reviewer Report For: Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDs) and Quality of Life (QoL) among the construction workers in the United Arab Emirates. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :80 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.176468.r415782 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-80/v1#referee-response-415782 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 14 Jan 2025 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 Version 1 14 Jan 25 read read Carla Barros , Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal Jasmine Kaur Chawla , Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Faridabad, India Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2026 Chawla J. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 02 Mar 2026 | for Version 1 Jasmine Kaur Chawla , Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Faridabad, Haryana, India 0 Views copyright © 2026 Chawla J. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions I appreciate the authors for taking up such a sensitive topic in a country that is economically supported solely by construction. Additionally, I consider it a good initiative, as the authors have begun to explore the patterns of MSDs involved, so that the relative cause-and-effect relationships can be established. Further, I believe as a researcher, limitations and future recommendations can be re -written in details highlighting the use of advanced statistical use in future studies to establish the risk factors in the occupations that to multi dimensional so that ergonomically policies can be established for future perspectives, Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise musculoskeletal disorders, injuries, prediction model, bio-psycho- social model and biomechanics aspects I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Chawla JK. Peer Review Report For: Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDs) and Quality of Life (QoL) among the construction workers in the United Arab Emirates. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :80 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.176468.r456276) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-80/v1#referee-response-456276 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2025 Barros C. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 07 Oct 2025 | for Version 1 Carla Barros , Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Porto District, Portugal 0 Views copyright © 2025 Barros C. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Dear Authors, This is an important study given that the health and wellbeing of construction professionals is an important issue, namely the WMSDs. Introduction The introduction is clear and logical. However, it is suggested that a more in-depth analysis be conducted about the prevalence of WMSDs: causes and consequences. An introduction that goes from the general (prevalence of WMSDs) to the specific should be provided (prevalence of WMSDs on construction sector) Methods Sampling method “Participants were selected using a combination of convenience and purposive sampling methods”. It is necessary to pay more attention to the part related to sampling. How is the sample size determined? Is the sample representative? A clear argumentation is required. While the combined use of convenience and purposive sampling may be acceptable in exploratory or qualitative research, the absence of a statistical justification for the sample size—such as a power analysis using G*Power—raises concerns regarding the robustness and generalizability of the findings Outcome variables, measures, and procedures To enhance the methodological transparency and rigor of the linguistic validation process, the authors should provide detailed information regarding the qualifications of the translators and linguists involved, and pre-testing or cognitive debriefing conducted with native speakers of the target languages. Additionally, the inclusion of validation metrics—such as semantic equivalence ratings, inter-rater agreement, or back-translation comparisons—would strengthen the reliability of the translated tool. The instruments used for this research must be identify and also the validation articles used in the studied population. Results and discussion To enrich the results and the discussion in your study, there are several complementary or alternative analyses you might consider. To deepen the understanding of factors influencing WMSD prevalence and SF-36 scores, other analysis cab be incorporate multivariate analyses such as multiple regression or logistic regression. These approaches would allow for the simultaneous assessment of multiple predictors thereby offering a more nuanced view of the relationships among the variables. Discussion Factors associated with WMSDs and QoL “Age, exercise, job experience, work position, fatigue, and poor ergonomics are factors that could affect WMSDs” are relevant for the analysis but they aren’t enough. Factors associated with WMSDs extend beyond individual demographics and lifestyle habits are important to mention on the discussion or limitations. In addition to age, physical activity, job experience, work position, fatigue, , several occupational and psychosocial factors may contribute to the development and persistence of musculoskeletal disorders. These include prolonged exposure to vibration, repetitive tasks, manual handling of heavy loads, awkward postures, and insufficient recovery time between shifts. Moreover, contextual elements such as job insecurity, lack of supervisory support, , and high work demands have been linked to both increased WMSD prevalence and reduced quality of life. The findings of the study are consistent with previous research, which has identified age-related physiological changes, smoking-related inflammatory responses, and sedentary behaviour as significant risk factors for WMSDs in construction settings. But it is important to integrate psychosocial and organizational variables to better capture the multifactorial nature of WMSDs and their impact on workers’ wellbeing. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Partly Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Health Occupational Psychology I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Barros C. Peer Review Report For: Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDs) and Quality of Life (QoL) among the construction workers in the United Arab Emirates. [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2025, 14 :80 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.176468.r415782) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/14-80/v1#referee-response-415782 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. 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