Nitrogen Fixation in Soil under Cold Plasma effect: A Computational study on Nitrogen Stabilization

Nitrogen Fixation in Soil under Cold Plasma effect: A Computational study on Nitrogen Stabilization | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Systematic Review Nitrogen Fixation in Soil under Cold Plasma effect: A Computational study on Nitrogen Stabilization Gevick Davoodi, Laya Anjo This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7401705/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The pressing need for sustainable intensification of agriculture calls attention to the inefficiencies and environmental costs of the Haber–Bosch (H–B) process, a process dating back a century that continues to prevail over nitrogen fixation. Cold non-thermal plasma (NTP) technologies provide a low-carbon, decentralized pathway for ammonia synthesis by stimulating atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) under ambient conditions via energetic electron interactions. Concurrently, sub-micron-scale designed nano-fertilizers improve nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE), enabling site-specific nutrient delivery and minimizing environmental footprint. Within this review, recent advancements in plasma reactor technologies dielectric barrier discharge (DBD), gliding arc, microwave, and radio-frequency systems—are synthesized with catalyst development and reaction mechanism elucidation. Particular emphasis is given to multiscale modelling approaches integrating fluid dynamics, plasma chemistry, and energy balance calculations to predict ammonia production and reactor operation optimization. Furthermore, synergistic integration of green ammonia from plasmas and nanostructured delivery systems is considered at a critical level. Comparative assessment shows performance advancements as a function of energy input, CO₂ output, and NUE relative to conventional methods. Finally, we provide a strategic research roadmap, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary collaboration in field-level test validation, material engineering, and modelling-based design. This combination of plasma-enabled green chemistry and nanotechnology-based precision agriculture has transformative potential for sustainable nitrogen management. Agrochemicals Plasma and Fluids Nanoscience Agricultural Engineering Environmental Engineering Climate Analysis and Modeling Materials Engineering nitrogen fixation Cold Plasma Nanotechnology nonthermal plasma Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7401705","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Systematic Review","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":502106820,"identity":"4ab49910-f7bf-4c87-9d35-703e117e51af","order_by":0,"name":"Gevick Davoodi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABAElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBAC/gYGhgNAyNgA4vEY2ABJxsYD+LRIHEDVkgbS0oBXiwGYhGthOAzl49PC3mN44McZBtn+GckHH7wpOG+3tv0w0JYam2icWnjOGBzsucFgPONGWrLhHIPbydvOJAK1HEvLbcChxfBGWsJhhg8MiQ1nzphJ8wC1mB0AamFsOIxTi8H9ZxAt8yFaziWbnX9IQMsN5gOHGW4wJG443gPScsDO7AYBWyTOJB842HNGwnjj8TaQX5ITzG4AbUnA4xf+9oPNH34cs5Gdd5gZGGJ/7OzNzqc/fPChxganFphlcFYiWGUCfuWowJ4UxaNgFIyCUTAyAAASym0L/2TgRQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6037-364X","institution":"Armenian national agrarian university","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gevick","middleName":"","lastName":"Davoodi","suffix":""},{"id":502106821,"identity":"359246b7-75cd-4e8a-8705-d175fee7d9c8","order_by":1,"name":"Laya Anjo","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA5UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHCCBCC2AGLmAwyMDcRrkQBitgSitTBAtfAYEKeFf3bDwwcfGCTkDY6f+Sbxc4eNHAP74aMb8Bp/50Cy4QwGCcMNZ3K3SfaeSTNm4ElLu4HXmhsJadI8DBKMGw7kbpPgbTuc2CDBY4ZXizxUi/2G82+eSf4lRosBVEvihhs5bNJE2WJ4IwHoFwOJ5Jk3nhlby7alGbMR8ovcjZzEBx8qbGz7zic/vPm2zUaOn/3wMfzeZ+BJADqPgUHhAAMLKHYY2PArBwH2A2BKvoGB+QNh1aNgFIyCUTASAQCYNUvNbT4R4AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3489-1556","institution":"CANDLE SRI","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Laya","middleName":"","lastName":"Anjo","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-18 16:39:42","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7401705/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7401705/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":89459759,"identity":"30abb721-b837-4f21-8751-a3aa82667766","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-20 07:40:13","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":561011,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"NitrogenFixationinSoilunderColdPlasmaeffectAComputationalstudyonNitrogenStabilization.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7401705/v1_covered_93250bb7-c669-48ba-ae38-34c45fa7e505.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eNitrogen Fixation in Soil under Cold Plasma effect: A Computational study on Nitrogen Stabilization \u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"CANDLE SRI","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"nitrogen fixation, Cold Plasma, Nanotechnology, nonthermal plasma","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7401705/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7401705/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe pressing need for sustainable intensification of agriculture calls attention to the inefficiencies and environmental costs of the Haber\u0026ndash;Bosch (H\u0026ndash;B) process, a process dating back a century that continues to prevail over nitrogen fixation. Cold non-thermal plasma (NTP) technologies provide a low-carbon, decentralized pathway for ammonia synthesis by stimulating atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) under ambient conditions via energetic electron interactions. Concurrently, sub-micron-scale designed nano-fertilizers improve nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE), enabling site-specific nutrient delivery and minimizing environmental footprint. Within this review, recent advancements in plasma reactor technologies dielectric barrier discharge (DBD), gliding arc, microwave, and radio-frequency systems\u0026mdash;are synthesized with catalyst development and reaction mechanism elucidation. Particular emphasis is given to multiscale modelling approaches integrating fluid dynamics, plasma chemistry, and energy balance calculations to predict ammonia production and reactor operation optimization. Furthermore, synergistic integration of green ammonia from plasmas and nanostructured delivery systems is considered at a critical level. Comparative assessment shows performance advancements as a function of energy input, CO₂ output, and NUE relative to conventional methods. Finally, we provide a strategic research roadmap, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary collaboration in field-level test validation, material engineering, and modelling-based design. This combination of plasma-enabled green chemistry and nanotechnology-based precision agriculture has transformative potential for sustainable nitrogen management.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Nitrogen Fixation in Soil under Cold Plasma effect: A Computational study on Nitrogen Stabilization","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-20 07:16:07","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7401705/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"71a1e457-e293-478e-a7fe-48d48561a2ee","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 20th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":53332467,"name":"Agrochemicals"},{"id":53332468,"name":"Plasma and Fluids"},{"id":53332469,"name":"Nanoscience"},{"id":53332470,"name":"Agricultural Engineering"},{"id":53332471,"name":"Environmental Engineering"},{"id":53332472,"name":"Climate Analysis and Modeling"},{"id":53332473,"name":"Materials Engineering"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-08-20T07:16:07+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-20 07:16:07","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7401705","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7401705","identity":"rs-7401705","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}