Comparison Study of Yield and Nutritional Value Between White Wheat and Colored Wheat Purple and Blue Varieties

Comparison Study of Yield and Nutritional Value Between White Wheat and Colored Wheat Purple and Blue Varieties | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Comparison Study of Yield and Nutritional Value Between White Wheat and Colored Wheat Purple and Blue Varieties Zixin Zhu, Wenlu Li, Chen Tian, Yulu Zhang, Ludi Zhao, Hongxiao Duan, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5984444/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 Nov, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Colored wheat is rich in nutrients such as minerals, amino acids, and anthocyanins, offering significant health benefits. However, its typically low yield limits cultivation and production efficiency. This study, conducted during the 2021–2023 winter wheat seasons, compared the yield and quality of four purple wheat varieties (Qingyan Purple Wheat No.1 (QYZ-1), QYZ-2, Shannong Purple Wheat No.1 (SNZM1), Nongda 3753 (ND3753)), two blue wheat lines (20064 and 20072), and the modern white-grain wheat Jimai 22 (JM22). Results showed that QYZ-1 had the highest yield due to its higher thousand-grain weight and grain number per unit area. Colored wheat varieties, especially SNZM1 and 20072, had significantly higher Se, Zn, Fe, and Mn contents compared to JM22. Additionally, colored wheat is rich in Ca, K, Mg, and anthocyanins. QYZ-2 and ND3753 had a diverse range of anthocyanins, while 20072 had the highest total anthocyanin content. High wet gluten content and gluten index in colored wheat, particularly QYZ-1 and ND3753, indicated excellent processing characteristics. QYZ-1 also had the highest crude protein content. The total and non-essential amino acid contents in colored wheat were significantly higher than in JM22. The study concluded that colored wheat, particularly QYZ-1, shows superior nutritional content and quality. Moreover, the spike number is significantly positively correlated with yield; therefore, we believe that its yield can be further improved by increasing thousand-grain weight while maintaining stable grain numbers per unit area. Biological sciences/Plant sciences Biological sciences/Plant sciences/Plant physiology Colored wheat Nutritional content Amino acids Mineral elements Anthocyanins Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Introduction Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) is a crucial staple crop in China, it is a crucial food crop for an increasing proportion of the population, contributing to their daily intake of proteins, vitamins, minerals, and fibers [ 1 ] Both its yield and quality are vital components of food security [ 2 ],[ 3 ] . Historically, China has prioritized increasing wheat yield, making significant efforts in genetic improvement for higher productivity. However, wheat quality has often been overlooked during yield improvement processes [ 3 ] . Numerous health benefits, such as aiding weight management and lowering the risks of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes, have been found to be linked to the consumption of wheat-based foods, particularly those made from whole grains [ 4 ] . With advancements in agricultural technology and improvements in living standards, dietary preferences are shifting towards nutritious, functional, and health-promoting foods [ 5 ],[ 6 ] . Consumers increasingly prefer ecological, healthy, and high-quality wheat. Colored wheat, noted for its natural, nutritious, functional, and aesthetic qualities, has garnered attention and favor from consumers, And it is rich in beneficial substances that are good for human health [ 7 ],[ 8 ] . Previous studies have shown that purple and blue wheat kernels contain high levels of anthocyanidins and delphinidins, respectively [ 9 ] . Anthocyanins, as important secondary metabolites [ 10 ] , possess excellent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anticancer properties [ 11 ] . Numerous studies have shown that colored wheat is also rich in macronutrients and micronutrients that are essential for the normal functioning of the human body [ 12 ],[ 13 ] . Colored wheat-based nutritious foods not only offer high food safety but also effectively address micronutrient deficiencies and reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease and some cancers [ 14 ]−[ 16 ] . Moreover, colored wheat surpasses ordinary wheat in terms of protein and amino acid content and composition [ 17 ],[ 18 ] , enhancing the nutritional and sensory qualities of functional foods. Therefore, colored wheat provides multiple health benefits to consumers [ 19 ] . However, the yield of colored wheat is generally low, which not only limits the expansion of its cultivation area but also hinders its production efficiency [ 20 ] . Previous research has mainly focused on the grain quality of colored wheat [ 18 ],[ 21 ]−[ 23 ] , with relatively few comprehensive studies on yield formation and quality differences among different colored wheat varieties. Given the increasing demand for high-quality wheat, improving its yield is particularly urgent. Therefore, this study aims to compare the yield and its components, micronutrient content, anthocyanin types and content, amino acid types and content, wet gluten content and gluten index, protein content, and other quality characteristics of different colored wheat varieties (lines) with those of modern white-grain wheat varieties. This research seeks to reveal the yield formation and quality characteristics of various colored wheat varieties (lines), providing a theoretical basis for improving the yield and quality of colored wheat. Materials and methods Experimental Site Overview. Field experiments were conducted during the 2021–2023 wheat growing seasons at the Jingkou Experimental Station of the Qingdao Agricultural Science Research Institute in Chengyang District, Qingdao (36.30°N, 120.39°E). The soil nutrient status of the 0–20 cm soil layer is detailed in Table 1 . The precipitation and daily average temperature for the 2021–2022 and 2022–2023 growing seasons are illustrated in Fig. 1 . Table 1 0–20 cm soil layer soil nutrient contents of the experimental field Growing season Organic matter (g/kg) Soil pH Total nitrogen (g/kg) Alkaline-hydrolyzable nitrogen (mg/kg) Available phosphorus (mg/kg) Available potassium (mg/kg) 2021 - 2022 14.9 ± 0.91 5.8 ± 0.14 1.1 ± 0.08 94.6 ± 0.08 64.7 ± 1.10 111.6 ± 9.8 2022 - 2023 14.6 ± 0.63 6.6 ± 0.19 1.1 ± 0.03 110.4 ± 0.02 68.7 ± 19.99 129.6 ± 9.37 Experimental Materials. The study involved seven winter wheat varieties (lines), including four purple wheat varieties: Qingyan Purple Wheat No.1 (QYZ-1), QYZ-2, Shannong Purple Wheat No.1 (SNZM1), and Nongda 3753 (ND3753); two blue wheat lines: 20064 and 20072; and the modern white-grain wheat variety Jimai 22 (JM22) as a control. Shannong Purple Wheat No.1, approved in 2010, is a semi-winter variety characterized by long awns, white glumes, and purple grains. It has plump, hard grains with high nutritional value, excellent disease resistance, and high yield potential. Nongda 3753, approved in 2006, is a winter variety with long awns, white glumes, and purple grains, known for its outstanding cold resistance and rust resistance. Qingyan Purple Wheat No.1, approved in 2022, is a semi-winter variety with long awns, white glumes, and purple grains. It features hard grains with good lodging resistance and excellent maturation performance. Field Experimental Design. The field experiment was conducted using a single-factor randomized block design with three replications, totaling 21 plots. Sowing took place on October 14, 2021, and October 13, 2022, with uniform harvesting on June 12, 2022, and June 10, 2023. The plots, each measuring 12.8 m² (8.0 m × 1.6 m) with a row spacing of 22 cm, were sown at a rate of 150 kg/ha. Basal fertilization included 1500 kg/ha of organic fertilizer and 750 kg/ha of compound fertilizer (N: P 2 O 5 : K 2 O = 17: 17: 17). Additionally, 150 kg/ha of urea was top-dressed during the jointing stage. Other field management practices followed standard high-yield wheat cultivation protocols. Wheat Grain Yield and Yield Components. Prior to wheat harvest, the number of spikes and grains per spike were surveyed. At maturity, a 3.2 m² area was selected from each plot for yield measurement (at 13% moisture content). Additionally, the thousand-grain weight was determined (at 13% moisture content). Wheat Grain Anthocyanin Types and Content. Accurately weigh 100 mg of whole wheat flour sample and add 1 mL of a methanol: water acid mixture (70:30:1). Vortex the sample at high speed and sonicate for 20 minutes. Centrifuge at 2000×g for 10 minutes and repeat the extraction twice. Freeze-dry the extract and reconstitute with 200 µL of methanol. Dilute appropriately based on the actual sample concentration. Anthocyanin types and content were determined using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QE), with analysis services provided by Shanghai Biotree Biomedical Technology Co., Ltd. Wheat Grain Amino Acid Types and Content. Mature wheat grain samples were freeze-dried and ground into powder. Weigh 15 mg of the sample into an EP tube, add two small steel balls, and then add 1000 µL of extraction solution (acetonitrile: methanol = 2:2:1, pre-cooled to -40°C and containing an isotope-labeled internal standard mixture). Vortex for 30 seconds to mix, grind at 40 Hz for 4 minutes, and sonicate in an ice-water bath for 5 minutes. Repeat the grinding and sonication process three times, then let the sample stand at -40°C for 1 hour. Centrifuge the sample at 12000 rpm (13800×g, radius 8.6 cm) and 4°C for 15 minutes. Dilute the supernatant 10 times, vortex for 30 seconds to mix, and transfer it to an LC injection vial for UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. The amino acid analysis services were provided by Shanghai Biotree Biomedical Technology Co., Ltd. Wheat Grain Micronutrient Content. Wheat grains were cleaned and ground into whole wheat flour using an N9548R grinder and zirconia grinding beads, passing through a 1 mm sieve. The flour samples were digested using a concentrated nitric acid-perchloric acid digestion method. The contents of Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Zn, and Mn were determined using a PE inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), and the content of selenium (Se) was measured using an AFS-933 atomic fluorescence spectrometer. Wheat Grain Milling. Cleaned wheat grains were milled into flour using a Y-40 type experimental grain crusher. The milled flour was then allowed to rest at room temperature for 3 weeks to complete aging, and was subsequently used to determine dry and wet gluten content and gluten index. Whole wheat flour was obtained by grinding wheat grains using a Grain Grinder from Retsch GmbH, Germany, for the determination of crude protein content in the grains. Wheat Seed Protein Content and Gluten-Related Indices. The nitrogen content in wheat grains was determined using a K1160 automatic Kjeldahl nitrogen analyzer, and the crude protein content was calculated accordingly [ 24 ] . The gluten content in wheat flour was measured using gluten washing equipment from YUCEBAS, Turkey. Precisely 10 g of flour was weighed, and 0.2% NaCl solution was used to wash the flour, separating the gluten retained on the filter. The washed gluten samples were centrifuged using a gluten index apparatus from YUCEBAS. The weight of the gluten retained on the sieve and that which passed through the sieve were measured. Both the sieved and unsieved gluten samples were dried using a gluten dryer from YUCEBAS and weighed. Based on these weights, the wet gluten content, dry gluten content, and gluten index of the wheat were calculated. Data Analysis. Data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 statistical software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted, and the least significant difference (LSD) test (P = 0.05) was used to determine significant differences. Pearson correlation analysis was also performed using SPSS 26.0. Figures were created using Origin 2021 software (OriginLab Corporation, Northampton, MA, USA). RESULTS Differences in Yield and Yield Components among Different Colored Wheat Varieties (Lines) The yield and its three components over two years are presented in Table 2 . Analysis of variance (ANOVA) results indicated that the effects of variety on yield, thousand-grain weight, number of spikes per unit area, grains per spike, and grains per unit area were all highly significant (P < 0.01), suggesting notable differences among the varieties for these yield components. The year factor had a significant or highly significant impact on thousand-grain weight and yield, but its influence on the number of spikes, grains per spike, and grains per unit area was not significant. The interaction between variety and year significantly affected thousand-grain weight, but not the number of spikes, grains per spike, grains per unit area, or yield. In the comparison over two years, the modern white-grain wheat JM22 had significantly higher yield and thousand-grain weight than the colored wheat varieties. Among the colored wheat, purple wheat generally had higher yields than blue wheat, with the specific order being QYZ-1 > QYZ-2 > SNZM1 > ND3753 > 20072 > 20064. In the 2021–2022 season, QYZ-1’s thousand-grain weight was not significantly different from SNZM1 and ND3753, was lower than JM22, but higher than the other varieties. QYZ-1 had fewer grains per unit area than QYZ-2 but more than the other varieties. In the 2022–2023 season, QYZ-1’s thousand-grain weight was lower than ND3753 and JM22 but higher than the other varieties. QYZ-1 and QYZ-2 had significantly more grains per unit area than all other varieties. The results indicate that, among the colored wheat varieties, QYZ-1 achieved high yield by having both a higher number of grains per unit area and a higher thousand-grain weight. However, the thousand-grain weight and grains per unit area of colored wheat varieties were generally lower than those of the modern white-grain wheat JM22. Table 2 Yield of different varieties (lines) of wheat and its component factors Year Varieties(lines) Grain color Spike number ( \(\:\times\:\) 10 4 ha −1 ) Grain number per spike 1000-grain weight(g) Grain number per m 2 ( \(\:\times\:\) 10 3 ) Yield (kg ha − 1 ) 2021–2022 QYZ-1 purple 672.75 ± 19.82ab 38.04 ± 0.61ab 40.20 ± 0.45bc 25.59 ± 0.35b 8587.30 ± 210.09b QYZ-2 purple 697.65 ± 37.32a 38.42 ± 1.19ab 35.10 ± 0.40e 26.78 ± 0.70a 7845.10 ± 115.54c SNZM1 purple 593.26 ± 51.88c 39.77 ± 2.19a 39.62 ± 0.30c 23.57 ± 0.19c 7796.30 ± 215.38c ND3753 purple 689.47 ± 27.27ab 31.38 ± 1.42e 41.11 ± 0.71b 21.56 ± 0.32d 7399.10 ± 62.65d 20072 blue 641.39 ± 5.34bc 36.41 ± 1.13bc 36.72 ± 0.71d 23.36 ± 0.81c 7157.10 ± 113.12d 20064 blue 615.93 ± 5.08c 33.80 ± 0.09d 36.46 ± 0.10d 20.82 ± 0.22d 6336.10 ± 58.83e JM22 white 691.33 ± 5.91ab 34.76 ± 0.14cd 46.28 ± 0.59a 24.03 ± 0.16c 9283.80 ± 177.24a 2022–2023 QYZ-1 purple 679.51 ± 6.12b 38.09 ± 0.04a 38.84 ± 0.12c 25.88 ± 0.31b 8606.19 ± 43.55b QYZ-2 purple 710.49 ± 6.13a 38.79 ± 0.49a 33.86 ± 0.15f 27.56 ± 0.30a 7938.44 ± 88.14c SNZM1 purple 619.72 ± 4.51d 38.97 ± 0.24a 37.35 ± 0.15d 24.15 ± 0.24c 7676.63 ± 52.77d ND3753 purple 681.74 ± 11.75b 30.89 ± 0.20d 40.45 ± 0.20b 21.06 ± 0.35e 7306.71 ± 66.95e 20072 blue 654.92 ± 10.54c 35.80 ± 0.57b 35.50 ± 0.35e 23.44 ± 0.19d 7046.04 ± 28.43f 20064 blue 590.70 ± 5.00e 34.77 ± 0.11c 35.53 ± 0.15e 20.54 ± 0.16f 6192.28 ± 41.95g JM22 white 699.26 ± 13.61ab 34.59 ± 0.57c 43.87 ± 0.64a 24.18 ± 0.26c 9060.94 ± 32.70a Significance test Varieties V 24.401** 68.066** 392.364** 194.736** 364.055** Year Y 0.605 NS 0.141 NS 110.235** 1.622 NS 4.693* V \(\:\times\:\) Y 0.994 NS 0.767 NS 3.288* 1.904 NS 1.099 NS Note: Different letters after the same column of numbers indicate significant differences between varieties ( P < 0.05); *. Significant difference at P < 0.05; **. Extremely significant difference at P < 0.01; NS . No significant difference at P = 0.05. Correlation between Yield and Yield Components among Different Colored Wheat Varieties (Lines) The correlation between yield and its components (thousand-grain weight, number of spikes per unit area, and grains per spike ) across different colored wheat varieties (lines) is presented in Table 3 . The grain number per spike of all colored wheat varieties (lines) showed a significant or highly significant positive correlation with yield. Table 3 Correlation between yield and yield components of different colored wheat varieties (lines) GY TGW SN GNS QYZ-1 TGW 0.729* 1 SN 0.877** 0.529 NS 1 GNS 0.282 NS 0.119 NS -0.131 NS 1 QYZ-2 TGW -0.563 NS 1 SN 0.837** -0.787* 1 GNS -0.654 NS 0.237 NS -0.739* 1 SNZM1 TGW 0.101 NS 1 SN 0.802** -0.381 NS 1 GNS -0.651 NS -0.298 NS -0.575 NS 1 ND3753 TGW 0.521 NS 1 SN 0.775* 0.446 NS 1 GNS -0.254 NS -0.239 NS -0.786* 1 QYL-1 TGW -0.035 NS 1 SN 0.839** -0.198 NS 1 GNS 0.760* -0.195 NS 0.383 NS 1 QYL-2 TGW 0.526 NS 1 SN 0.855** 0.098 NS 1 GNS 0.243 NS -0.571 NS 0.638 NS 1 Note: Different letters after the same column of numbers indicate significant differences between varieties ( P < 0.05); *. Significant difference at P < 0.05; **. Extremely significant difference at P < 0.01; NS . No significant difference at P = 0.05; GY: Grain yield TGW: 1000-grain weight ; SN: Spike number; GNS: Grain number per spike. Differences in Micronutrient Content of Wheat Grains. As shown in Table 4 , the selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) contents in all colored wheat varieties (lines) were significantly higher than those in the modern white-grain wheat JM22. Among them, blue wheat 20072 had the highest selenium content, followed by purple wheat QYZ-2, both of which had 54.86% and 44.96% higher selenium content compared to JM22, respectively; while purple wheat SNZM1 had the highest zinc content, followed by ND3753, which had 35.70% and 25.65% higher zinc content compared to JM22, respectively. In terms of iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) contents, the blue wheat 20072, purple wheat ND3753, and SNZM1 had higher levels than the modern white-grain wheat JM22. Additionally, the manganese (Mn) content in blue wheat 20072 was higher than in other wheat varieties (lines), and the potassium (K) content in the grains of purple wheat QYZ-2 and SNZM1 was significantly higher than in other wheat varieties (lines). Moreover, the total grain mineral content of purple wheat SNZM1 and QYZ-2 significantly exceeded that of modern white wheat JM22 by 15.81 per cent and 9.85 per cent, respectively. These results indicate that colored wheat has a distinct advantage in micronutrient content, especially in the enrichment of certain key trace elements such as selenium, zinc, and manganese, which play important roles in human health. Therefore, colored wheat not only surpasses modern white-grain wheat in nutritional value but also potentially offers higher health benefits due to its rich content of specific micronutrients. Table 4 Differences of element content in grain of different varieties (lines) of wheat Year Varieties(lines) Fe (mg/kg) Mn (mg/kg) Zn (mg/kg) Ca (mg/kg) K (mg/kg) Mg (mg/kg) Se (µg/kg) TMC (mg/kg) 2021–2022 QYZ-1 44.04 ± 0.72d 39.05 ± 1.10d 40.31 ± 1.87c 383.03 ± 2.70f 4195.03 ± 65.25c 1237.71 ± 16.19b 28.51 ± 1.48cd 6040.73 ± 82.54c QYZ-2 46.92 ± 2.01c 35.03 ± 0.84e 41.40 ± 0.55c 402.27 ± 13.63e 4834.00 ± 64.83b 1237.14 ± 43.06b 31.34 ± 0.36ab 6751.73 ± 124.85b SNZM1 51.66 ± 0.88b 48.94 ± 0.21b 49.83 ± 1.05a 496.12 ± 2.54a 5067.82 ± 132.80a 1268.76 ± 14.48ab 25.71 ± 0.44e 7117.96 ± 144.62a ND3753 61.53 ± 0.92a 41.31 ± 1.81c 46.14 ± 1.19b 483.57 ± 1.39b 3338.89 ± 62.99e 1303.88 ± 1.47a 27.21 ± 0.70de 5405.60 ± 70.19e 20072 62.74 ± 1.17a 52.57 ± 1.10a 39.79 ± 0.73c 455.51 ± 2.51c 3443.82 ± 13.88e 1304.89 ± 10.94a 33.48 ± 0.51a 5466.58 ± 13.52e 20064 46.04 ± 0.55cd 41.30 ± 0.97c 41.30 ± 1.39c 465.53 ± 1.67c 3865.83 ± 79.80d 1233.10 ± 23.06b 30.27 ± 1.35bc 5806.00 ± 102.00d JM22 46.72 ± 1.10c 47.93 ± 0.33b 36.72 ± 0.27d 415.61 ± 1.03d 4263.15 ± 23.63c 1246.37 ± 20.90b 21.62 ± 1.02f 6146.11 ± 33.09c 2022–2023 QYZ-1 45.93 ± 0.60d 40.41 ± 0.51d 39.23 ± 0.49c 383.42 ± 1.48f 4707.81 ± 50.72b 1314.66 ± 2.88b 30.02 ± 0.86b 6632.00 ± 44.10c QYZ-2 45.30 ± 1.42d 33.50 ± 0.76e 40.27 ± 0.56c 405.94 ± 9.09e 5112.94 ± 187.03a 1209.68 ± 7.66d 33.05 ± 1.63a 6879.00 ± 71.50b SNZM1 52.59 ± 1.77c 49.80 ± 0.65b 47.99 ± 1.00a 505.47 ± 1.54b 5012.94 ± 74.83a 1277.62 ± 9.53bc 24.87 ± 0.34c 7457.75 ± 49.57a ND3753 57.89 ± 0.35b 43.42 ± 0.89c 42.36 ± 0.64b 479.15 ± 1.95c 4003.41 ± 37.05d 1387.87 ± 57.53a 27.58 ± 1.33b 6130.35 ± 85.65e 20072 63.01 ± 0.32a 52.06 ± 0.45a 39.28 ± 0.67c 545.09 ± 3.05a 4356.77 ± 43.94c 1446.60 ± 58.74a 35.17 ± 1.09a 6616.13 ± 96.38c 20064 45.87 ± 0.97d 40.98 ± 0.69d 39.91 ± 0.37c 426.34 ± 3.92d 4432.18 ± 51.44c 1242.20 ± 8.00cd 28.58 ± 1.37b 6326.72 ± 60.43d JM22 47.25 ± 0.56d 48.76 ± 0.35b 36.55 ± 0.50d 423.22 ± 5.53d 4263.15 ± 2.95c 1252.88 ± 18.45bcd 19.38 ± 1.00d 6645.53 ± 17.34c Note: Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences at the 5% level. The same as Table 5 – 6 ; TMC: Total Mineral Content. Wheat Crude Protein and Gluten-Related Indices. As shown in Fig. 2 , the purple wheat QYZ-1 had significantly higher wet gluten and dry gluten content compared to the other wheat varieties (lines), followed by SNZM1. In the 2022–2023 season, the wet gluten content of purple wheat SNZM1 was not significantly different from the modern white-grain wheat JM22 but was significantly higher than that of the other colored wheat varieties. Among the colored wheat varieties, purple wheat ND3753 had the lowest wet gluten content, followed by the blue wheat lines 20064 and 20072. Note Different small letters indicated significant differences at 5% level. The same as Figure. 3–6. As shown in Fig. 2 , the gluten index of different wheat varieties (lines) followed a similar trend to their wet and dry gluten content. The gluten index of purple wheat ND3753, SNZM1, and blue wheat 20072 and 20064 was significantly higher than that of the modern white-grain wheat JM22. Among these, blue wheat 20072 and purple wheat ND3753 had the highest gluten indices, exceeding 99%. The gluten index of 20072 exceeded JM22 by 49.90% and that of ND3753 by 49.57%. As shown in Fig. 4 , over two years, the purple wheat QYZ-1 had the highest crude protein content in the grains, followed by the blue wheat lines 20072 and 20064, and the purple wheat SNZM1. These three varieties had significantly higher crude protein content than the modern white-grain wheat JM22 and other colored wheat varieties. These results indicate that purple wheat QYZ-1 has a clear advantage in both gluten content and crude protein content, suggesting its potential to improve flour processing quality and nutritional value. Additionally, the blue wheat lines 20072 and 20064 also showed good performance in terms of crude protein content. Blue wheat 20072 and purple wheat ND3753, with their exceptionally high gluten indices, are suitable for making foods that require strong and resilient dough. Anthocyanin Types and Content in Wheat Grains. As shown in Table 5 , the total anthocyanin content in the grains of all colored wheat varieties (lines) was significantly higher than that of the modern white-grain wheat JM22. The total anthocyanin content in blue wheat was higher than in purple wheat, with blue wheat 20072 having the highest anthocyanin content. Among the purple wheat varieties, ND3753 had the highest total anthocyanin content, while SNZM1 had the lowest. Notably, petunidin, pelargonidin, and peonidin were detected only in purple wheat QYZ-2 and ND3753. In QYZ-2, the contents of pelargonidin and peonidin were significantly higher than those in ND3753, whereas the contents of petunidin, cyanidin, and delphinidin were significantly lower than those in ND3753. The contents of cyanidin-3-galactoside and delphinidin in blue wheat 20072 and 20064 were significantly higher than those in other wheat varieties. These results indicate that colored wheat, especially blue wheat 20072, is rich in anthocyanins, which are known for their health benefits, including antioxidant properties. The variety and content of anthocyanins in colored wheat make it a valuable crop for both nutritional and functional food applications. Table 5 Types and contents of anthocyanins in grains of different wheat varieties (lines)(ng/ml) Year Anthocyanin types QYZ-1 QYZ-2 SNZM1 ND3753 20072 20064 JM22 2021–2022 Cyanidin-3-galactoside 32.54 ± 0.26d 39.26 ± 0.45d 30.81 ± 1.17d 67.30 ± 1.30c 339.17 ± 5.32a 298.83 ± 2.69b 0.00 ± 0.00e Delphinidin 8.25 ± 0.13d 7.05 ± 0.06e 6.41 ± 0.16e 11.72 ± 0.12c 36.45 ± 0.60a 25.95 ± 0.30b 1.09 ± 0.08f Cyanidin 29.21 ± 0.08c 36.39 ± 1.73b 24.81 ± 0.56d 65.18 ± 1.89a 5.71 ± 0.55e 6.77 ± 0.51e 0.00 ± 0.00f Petunidin 0.00 ± 0.00c 0.87 ± 0.03b 0.00 ± 0.00c 1.57 ± 0.16a 0.00 ± 0.00c 0.00 ± 0.00c 0.00 ± 0.00c Pelargonidin 0.00 ± 0.00b 1.35 ± 0.01a 0.00 ± 0.00b 0.34 ± 0.34b 0.00 ± 0.00b 0.00 ± 0.00b 0.00 ± 0.00b Peonidin 0.00 ± 0.00c 10.65 ± 5.29a 0.00 ± 0.00c 6.12 ± 3.11b 0.00 ± 0.00c 0.00 ± 0.00c 0.00 ± 0.00c Total anthocyanin content 70.00 ± 0.21e 95.56 ± 2.14d 62.07 ± 1.93f 152.54 ± 0.68c 381.32 ± 4.17a 331.55 ± 1.88b 1.09 ± 0.08g 2022–2023 Cyanidin-3-galactoside 33.95 ± 0.32d 42.80 ± 1.90d 31.75 ± 1.54d 74.66 ± 2.26c 338.87 ± 3.47a 294.31 ± 7.58b 0.00 ± 0.00e Delphinidin 8.34 ± 0.21d 7.24 ± 0.14e 6.97 ± 0.42e 12.47 ± 0.21c 36.05 ± 0.44a 26.39 ± 0.12b 1.29 ± 0.15f Cyanidin 31.23 ± 0.43c 39.85 ± 0.47b 26.60 ± 2.38c 66.76 ± 5.29a 5.56 ± 0.58de 7.95 ± 0.40d 0.00 ± 0.00e Petunidin 0.00 ± 0.00c 0.87 ± 0.05b 0.00 ± 0.00c 1.69 ± 0.11a 0.00 ± 0.00c 0.00 ± 0.00c 0.00 ± 0.00c Pelargonidin 0.00 ± 0.00c 1.88 ± 0.33a 0.00 ± 0.00c 0.75 ± 0.02b 0.00 ± 0.00c 0.00 ± 0.00c 0.00 ± 0.00c Peonidin 0.00 ± 0.00c 11.52 ± 5.60a 0.00 ± 0.00c 6.50 ± 3.32b 0.00 ± 0.00c 0.00 ± 0.00c 0.00 ± 0.00c Total anthocyanin content 73.94 ± 0.54e 104.26 ± 3.12d 65.34 ± 4.38e 163.49 ± 7.53c 381.11 ± 3.33a 328.91 ± 8.10b 1.42 ± 0.15f Types and Content of Amino Acids in Wheat Grains. The types and content of essential amino acids in different wheat varieties (lines) are shown in Table 6 . In the 2021–2022 season, all colored wheat varieties had significantly higher contents of essential amino acids L-threonine, L-lysine, L-methionine, and L-phenylalanine compared to the modern white-grain wheat JM22. Among these varieties, blue wheat 20072 showed the highest L-threonine, L-lysine and L-phenylalanine content, in which L-threonine and L-lysine of 20072 were 75.82% and 120.44% higher compared to JM22, while purple wheat QYZ-1 was the richest in L-methionine, which was 74.88%. The L-valine content in purple wheat ND3753 was not significantly different from JM22, but other colored wheat varieties had significantly higher L-valine content, with blue wheat 20072 being the most prominent. The L-tryptophan content in JM22 was lower than in blue wheat 20064 but higher than in other colored wheat varieties. In the 2022–2023 season, the contents of L-valine, L-threonine, L-lysine, and L-phenylalanine in all colored wheat varieties were also higher than in JM22. Among them, purple wheat SNZM1 had the highest contents of L-valine, L-threonine, and L-phenylalanine, while QYZ-1 had the highest contents of L-lysine and L-methionine. The L-tryptophan content in blue wheat 20064, 20072, and purple wheat QYZ-2 was also higher than in JM22. Table 6 Types and contents of Amino acids in grains of different Wheat varieties (Lines) (nmol/g) Year Types of amino acids QYZ-1 QYZ-2 SNZM1 ND3753 20072 20064 JM22 2021–2022 Essential amino acids L-valine 474.80 ± 1.79c 415.77 ± 4.77d 537.51 ± 2.51a 322.81 ± 2.34e 547.99 ± 7.13a 515.73 ± 3.00b 325.84 ± 5.76e L-threonine 227.32 ± 1.87bc 210.89 ± 1.84cd 252.48 ± 3.97b 186.68 ± 6.34d 280.99 ± 3.89a 211.26 ± 9.97cd 159.82 ± 12.20e L-lysine 229.93 ± 5.09b 189.45 ± 1.85c 195.77 ± 2.38c 151.21 ± 1.59e 285.62 ± 0.29a 168.94 ± 1.85d 129.57 ± 4.16f L-methionine 127.56 ± 2.84a 76.52 ± 1.78d 91.82 ± 2.78b 84.65 ± 0.06c 77.74 ± 1.13cd 79.30 ± 1.43cd 72.94 ± 0.84d L-tryptophan 2248.72 ± 73.62c 2894.95 ± 75.88a 1882.22 ± 53.85d 1884.16 ± 23.93d 2127.70 ± 30.16c 3043.04 ± 44.91a 2672.66 ± 17.39b L-phenylalanine 201.28 ± 8.52c 201.49 ± 2.11c 214.59 ± 0.87b 172.63 ± 1.58d 263.71 ± 4.37a 223.80 ± 0.69b 158.72 ± 3.02e Non-essential amino acids Glycine 437.65 ± 6.70b 383.16 ± 8.77c 329.18 ± 1.49d 236.27 ± 3.40e 537.31 ± 4.84a 344.14 ± 5.33d 248.37 ± 3.02e L-alanine 3410.91 ± 27.91a 3163.78 ± 128.25b 3334.35 ± 96.24a 1475.24 ± 10.70d 3419.30 ± 61.34a 3101.20 ± 57.10b 1757.97 ± 32.45c Beta-alanine 42.68 ± 1.64bc 40.86 ± 0.21c 114.60 ± 3.88a 51.73 ± 3.28bc 43.71 ± 2.71bc 55.50 ± 6.80b 27.03 ± 0.47d 4-aminobutyric acid 249.30 ± 6.50b 227.29 ± 11.69bc 289.19 ± 10.79a 162.75 ± 0.60d 243.40 ± 10.20b 316.82 ± 1.35a 206.89 ± 6.92c L-serine 353.92 ± 15.79b 293.66 ± 2.54c 400.19 ± 4.51a 240.62 ± 9.29d 417.93 ± 3.68a 286.00 ± 1.16c 272.84 ± 14.54c L-proline 362.06 ± 1.35a 310.64 ± 3.39b 297.93 ± 12.17b 194.56 ± 7.25d 377.09 ± 3.47a 274.13 ± 1.40c 190.15 ± 8.10d L-hydroxyproline 78.62 ± 0.93a 53.39 ± 1.14c 56.73 ± 0.66c 34.49 ± 0.23d 74.30 ± 1.85b 32.06 ± 0.27d 26.49 ± 0.54e L-ornithine 49.55 ± 5.18bc 62.81 ± 0.60b 46.33 ± 5.65bc 39.43 ± 3.71c 87.92 ± 0.98a 36.54 ± 2.99c 48.68 ± 12.55bc L-asparagine 3198.06 ± 194.53ab 3122.57 ± 2.80abc 3481.23 ± 407.61a 2510.54 ± 79.89c 2729.04 ± 23.44bc 3547.38 ± 5.49a 1574.69 ± 18.27d L-aspartic acid 1765.96 ± 9.02a 1497.83 ± 32.17b 1798.84 ± 104.62a 1576.02 ± 60.93ab 1433.60 ± 111.59b 1563.47 ± 52.42ab 893.69 ± 72.08c L-glutamine 652.79 ± 23.52b 531.36 ± 18.58b 2058.81 ± 207.89a 202.25 ± 3.16c 395.29 ± 11.97bc 399.11 ± 2.11bc 201.60 ± 0.51c L-glutamic acid 1308.10 ± 67.04b 1069.49 ± 18.17c 1419.30 ± 54.84a 799.08 ± 23.92e 915.18 ± 23.10d 1077.19 ± 12.04c 761.85 ± 48.88e L-histidine 168.03 ± 6.23a 130.74 ± 4.98cd 142.27 ± 4.64bc 129.61 ± 3.45cd 158.53 ± 4.43ab 140.17 ± 4.18c 118.62 ± 2.56d 5-hydroxylysine 30.43 ± 0.23a 30.05 ± 0.02a 32.33 ± 2.13a 31.00 ± 0.64a 32.71 ± 1.07a 32.63 ± 0.62a 31.70 ± 0.67a 3-methyl-L-histidine 112.47 ± 0.90a 112.13 ± 0.23a 119.80 ± 9.46a 116.39 ± 2.65a 119.52 ± 1.74a 118.44 ± 0.66a 116.65 ± 2.59a 1-methyl-L-histidine 18.90 ± 1.61b 17.33 ± 0.46b 18.26 ± 1.03b 17.97 ± 0.69b 22.58 ± 0.22a 18.93 ± 0.67b 18.14 ± 0.69b L-arginine 577.04 ± 4.45a 547.06 ± 9.63b 367.02 ± 4.69c 587.59 ± 2.09a 577.06 ± 8.56a 582.77 ± 14.91a 332.85 ± 2.38d L-citrulline 150.18 ± 2.45a 145.32 ± 1.02a 150.98 ± 6.24a 143.24 ± 1.92a 154.94 ± 4.56a 151.56 ± 1.79a 145.55 ± 2.12a L-tyrosine 158.60 ± 2.24b 142.51 ± 5.16c 154.84 ± 0.59b 140.52 ± 4.13c 180.91 ± 0.02a 178.81 ± 2.93a 113.85 ± 0.68d L-tryptophan 2248.72 ± 73.62c 2894.95 ± 75.88a 1882.22 ± 53.85d 1884.16 ± 23.93d 2127.70 ± 30.16c 3043.04 ± 44.91a 2672.66 ± 17.39b 2022–2023 Essential amino acids L-valine 466.84 ± 5.58d 457.74 ± 2.87d 556.75 ± 0.53a 351.99 ± 0.01e 484.63 ± 2.18c 515.37 ± 3.01b 346.14 ± 3.94e L-threonine 240.24 ± 3.47b 183.42 ± 2.45de 279.35 ± 4.71a 191.85 ± 6.49d 231.72 ± 0.58bc 213.08 ± 6.29c 166.42 ± 8.60e L-lysine 308.75 ± 9.36a 152.94 ± 1.13d 215.39 ± 9.47c 151.42 ± 1.07d 257.48 ± 3.04b 149.35 ± 4.81d 139.82 ± 5.84d L-methionine 107.44 ± 0.28a 95.86 ± 1.24b 94.52 ± 4.67b 88.56 ± 1.15bc 76.17 ± 2.85d 82.88 ± 3.13cd 81.29 ± 1.62cd L-tryptophan 2232.80 ± 123.29cd 2750.97 ± 86.10b 1629.78 ± 2.77e 2090.86 ± 45.75d 2445.12 ± 20.02c 3031.35 ± 63.38a 2359.40 ± 44.89c L-phenylalanine 207.76 ± 9.38ab 218.59 ± 6.65a 231.65 ± 2.40a 191.91 ± 1.57b 226.00 ± 0.55a 188.36 ± 10.87b 162.42 ± 2.40c Non-essential amino acids Glycine 452.10 ± 9.56a 200.22 ± 4.04d 323.22 ± 2.90b 203.91 ± 1.95d 461.28 ± 1.38a 258.55 ± 4.39c 203.90 ± 3.17d L-alanine 3943.54 ± 18.76a 2187.62 ± 34.13d 3725.32 ± 49.85b 1461.72 ± 16.59f 2961.98 ± 7.70c 1905.59 ± 19.57e 1218.25 ± 4.04g Beta-alanine 62.59 ± 1.19b 60.77 ± 1.78b 83.12 ± 5.48a 64.69 ± 0.98b 56.47 ± 0.56bc 48.01 ± 2.68c 26.39 ± 0.64d 4-aminobutyric acid 254.17 ± 8.04b 220.40 ± 5.06c 271.67 ± 1.37b 169.99 ± 1.23d 226.93 ± 6.25c 301.37 ± 2.14a 184.44 ± 8.79d L-serine 349.90 ± 5.50b 297.95 ± 4.20cd 400.45 ± 13.76a 277.56 ± 2.15de 306.44 ± 2.48c 269.41 ± 5.21e 274.13 ± 5.29e L-proline 418.97 ± 0.85a 253.23 ± 3.89c 316.48 ± 2.24b 190.11 ± 11.92e 312.83 ± 5.74b 222.00 ± 6.56d 184.00 ± 11.62e L-hydroxyproline 88.34 ± 1.07a 52.78 ± 0.25b 56.13 ± 5.02b 38.87 ± 1.64c 54.01 ± 1.51b 36.11 ± 0.50c 25.59 ± 0.98d L-ornithine 51.12 ± 3.23b 51.23 ± 3.60b 64.91 ± 2.34a 40.77 ± 3.99cd 50.45 ± 0.88bc 39.09 ± 0.82d 41.50 ± 0.64bcd L-asparagine 3199.79 ± 9.02a 3287.02 ± 32.17a 3369.31 ± 104.62a 2446.86 ± 60.93b 3206.68 ± 111.59a 3312.25 ± 52.42a 1793.08 ± 72.08c L-aspartic acid 1856.74 ± 40.70a 1729.16 ± 21.55a 1818.42 ± 138.83a 1950.74 ± 42.44a 1373.68 ± 82.16b 1323.96 ± 110.91b 1205.50 ± 22.89b L-glutamine 559.24 ± 9.38c 770.14 ± 15.93b 2059.92 ± 117.16a 209.15 ± 3.06e 400.47 ± 8.82d 395.41 ± 2.91d 348.57 ± 0.18de L-glutamic acid 1103.67 ± 25.41b 1130.23 ± 41.53b 1512.35 ± 22.41a 789.91 ± 11.38d 892.43 ± 7.28c 1065.65 ± 7.20b 863.58 ± 6.71cd L-histidine 185.14 ± 2.88a 146.03 ± 1.44c 163.56 ± 2.52b 129.72 ± 6.15cd 139.51 ± 2.77c 145.17 ± 7.72c 121.53 ± 4.15d 5-hydroxylysine 33.75 ± 0.09a 30.49 ± 0.39b 31.02 ± 0.86ab 32.57 ± 1.18ab 30.17 ± 0.37b 30.17 ± 0.21b 31.93 ± 1.63ab 3-methyl-L-histidine 124.90 ± 1.16a 110.80 ± 0.98b 116.80 ± 4.27ab 121.57 ± 4.21ab 114.84 ± 1.57ab 113.54 ± 2.31ab 116.59 ± 4.60ab 1-methyl-L-histidine 19.95 ± 0.82a 17.43 ± 0.16a 19.81 ± 1.66a 18.88 ± 0.95a 18.82 ± 0.43a 17.46 ± 0.40a 18.33 ± 0.90a L-arginine 533.89 ± 1.80b 508.43 ± 0.57c 382.96 ± 5.70f 595.40 ± 0.01a 474.70 ± 14.21d 433.34 ± 4.74e 354.05 ± 0.90g L-citrulline 158.04 ± 3.34a 141.79 ± 0.32bc 152.04 ± 4.24a 150.33 ± 2.97ab 142.34 ± 0.11bc 138.50 ± 0.39c 142.43 ± 1.86bc L-tyrosine 183.22 ± 1.53a 144.75 ± 4.46cd 165.50 ± 2.44b 137.83 ± 0.49d 157.97 ± 7.58bc 157.57 ± 1.87bc 115.49 ± 4.20e L-tryptophan 2232.80 ± 123.29cd 2750.97 ± 86.10b 1629.78 ± 2.77e 2090.86 ± 45.75d 2445.12 ± 20.02c 3031.35 ± 63.38a 2359.40 ± 44.89c Over the two years, the content of non-essential amino acids, including beta-alanine, L-proline, L-hydroxyproline, L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-histidine, L-arginine, and L-tyrosine, in all colored wheat varieties was higher than in JM22. In the 2021–2022 season, QYZ-1 contained the highest levels of L-hydroxyproline and L-histidine, which were 2.97 and 1.42 times higher than those of JM22, respectively. while SNZM1 had significantly higher contents of non-essential amino acids such as beta-alanine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamine, L-glutamic acid, and 3-methyl-L-histidine compared to other varieties. In the 2022–2023 season, QYZ-1 had higher contents of L-alanine, L-proline, L-hydroxyproline, L-histidine, 5-hydroxylysine, 3-methyl-L-histidine, 1-methyl-L-histidine, L-citrulline, and L-tyrosine than any other wheat variety. The contents of L-alanine, L-histidine and L-tyrosine in QYZ-1 were 3.24, 1.52 and 1.59 times higher than those of JM22, respectively. In contrast, purple wheat SNZM1 was superior in the content of non-essential amino acids such as Beta-alanine, L-serine, L-ornithine, L-asparagine, L-glutamine, and L-glutamic acid, where SNZM1 L-glutamine and L-glutamic acid contents were 5.91 and 1.75 times higher than those of JM22. EAA: Total essential amino acid; NEAA: Total non-essential amino acids; TAA: Total Amino Acids. As can be seen from Fig. 5 , the total amino acids and non-essential amino acids of all colored wheat varieties (lines) in both years were significantly higher than those of modern white wheat JM22. In particular, purple wheat SNZM1 showed the best performance in terms of the total amount of amino acids and the total amount of non-essential amino acids, followed by purple wheat QYZ-1. In the year of 2021–2022, the total amount of essential amino acids of blue wheat 20064 was the highest, followed by purple wheat QYZ-2, both of which were significantly higher than that of modern white wheat JM22 by 20.53%, respectively. Total amount was the highest, followed by purple wheat QYZ-2, both of which were significantly higher than modern white wheat JM22 by 20.53% and 13.34%, respectively. In 2022–2023, the total essential amino acids of purple wheat QYZ-1 and QYZ-2, and blue wheat 20064 and 20072 were significantly higher than those of modern white wheat JM22, with blue wheat 20064 showing the most outstanding performance, which was 28.41% higher than that of JM222, followed by blue wheat 20072, which was 14.30% higher than that of JM222. The results showed that the colorful wheat varieties had the best performance. The results showed that the colored wheat varieties (lines) were superior in total amino acids and total non-essential amino acids, especially the purple wheat SNZM1 and QYZ-1, in which the total amino acids of QYZ-1 were 62.88% higher than those of JM22. Correlation Analysis of Wheat Quality Indicators with Thousand-Grain Weight and Yield in Different Wheat Varieties (Lines). As shown in Fig. 6 , there was a negative correlation between seed protein content and the total mineral content with thousand-grain weight, and a highly significant negative correlation between total anthocyanin content and thousand-grain weight. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between seed protein content and total anthocyanin content with total amino acid content. Moreover, a negative correlation was observed between total mineral content and total anthocyanin content. There was also a significant negative correlation between total anthocyanin content and yield, as well as between total amino acid content and yield. Discussion Differences in Yield Formation among Different Wheat Varieties (Lines). The number of spikes per unit area, grains per spike, thousand-grain weight, or the number of grains per unit area (number of spikes per unit area × grains per spike) and thousand-grain weight are considered important factors influencing wheat yield formation [ 25 ] . Research by Yao et al [ 26 ] indicated a highly significant positive correlation between thousand-grain weight and yield in wheat varieties. Additionally, Liu et al [ 27 ] demonstrated that an increase in the number of grains per unit area contributes more significantly to wheat yield, with grain yield positively correlated with the number of grains per unit area. Recent increases in wheat yield are mainly attributed to the increase in the number of grains per unit area [ 28 ],[ 29 ] . Other studies have shown that improving thousand-grain weight and the number of spikes is key to increasing winter wheat yield in northern China [ 3 ] . Specifically, in colored wheat, spike number shows a highly significant positive correlation or significant positive correlation with yield, which indicates that increasing the number of spikes is an important way to improve yield in most varieties. Yield can also be increased by increasing thousand-grain weight while keeping the quantity of grains per unit area constant [ 30 ] . Our study results show that the yield of colored wheat varieties is lower than that of modern white-grain wheat varieties, which is consistent with previous studies [ 31 ] . The modern white-grain wheat JM22 had a significantly higher thousand-grain weight and a higher number of grains per unit area, resulting in higher yields. Among the colored wheat varieties, QYZ-1 and QYZ-2 had significantly more grains per unit area than other varieties, and QYZ-1 had a significantly higher thousand-grain weight than QYZ-2, resulting in the highest yield for QYZ-1. Blue wheat 20072 and 20064 had lower thousand-grain weights and numbers of grains per unit area, leading to significantly lower yields compared to purple wheat varieties. These findings underscore the importance of increasing the thousand-grain weight while maintaining a stable number of grains per unit area as a critical strategy for boosting the yield potential of colored wheat. Differences in Quality Traits among Different Wheat Varieties (Lines). The crude protein content in wheat grains and the wet gluten content in their flour are ones of key indicators for evaluating wheat quality, as they determine the baking quality of wheat flour. The gluten index, which integrates the strength, elasticity, and extensibility of gluten, serves as another vital quality indicator. A higher gluten index indicates better gluten quality with superior stretching and processing properties, suitable for making foods that require strong resilience and elasticity. Tang [ 32 ] indicated significant differences in protein content among different colored wheat lines, with most colored wheat lines having protein content equal to or higher than modern wheat. Similarly, Wei [ 7 ] showed that modern wheat typically falls into the medium-gluten category, whereas colored wheat is classified as high-gluten flour, highlighting its potential for high-quality food production. In this study, the crude protein content of purple wheat QYZ-1, blue wheat 20072, and 20064 was significantly higher than that of the modern white-grain wheat JM22, with QYZ-1 having the highest crude protein content. Additionally, purple wheat QYZ-1 and SNZM1 had higher dry and wet gluten content than JM22. Although purple wheat ND3753 had the lowest wet gluten content, it remained above 30% over the two years, classifying it as strong-gluten wheat based on wet gluten content, which aligns with previous research findings. Furthermore, the gluten index of purple wheat ND3753, SNZM1, and blue wheat 20072 and 20064 was also significantly higher than that of JM22, with blue wheat 20072 and purple wheat ND3753 having the highest gluten index, exceeding 99%. In contrast, purple wheat QYZ-2 had the lowest gluten index, measuring 59.21% and 56.71% over the two years. The high wet gluten content and gluten index of blue wheat 20072 and 20064 make them suitable for producing foods that require strong resilience and elasticity, such as bread. Purple wheat QYZ-1, with its elevated gluten and crude protein content, shows promising potential for enhancing both the processing quality and nutritional value of flour. Excessive consumption of staple foods lacking in mineral elements (e.g., selenium, zinc, iron, and iodine) can lead to “hidden hunger” [ 33 ] . Therefore, increasing the content of trace elements like iron and zinc in wheat grains is a key direction for the development of the wheat industry in China. Numerous studies have shown that the content of elements such as iron, zinc, and selenium in colored wheat grains is much higher than in modern wheat [ 34 ],[ 35 ] . The minimum grain iron content required to meet human nutritional needs is 50 mg/kg [ 36 ] while the zinc content should be 38 mg/kg [ 37 ] . Our study results also show that the selenium and zinc content in the grains of all colored wheat varieties was significantly higher than in JM22, with the zinc content in all colored wheat grains exceeding 38 mg/kg, whereas the zinc content in JM22 grains was less than 37 mg/kg. The iron, calcium, and magnesium content in the grains of blue wheat 20072, purple wheat ND3753, and SNZM1 was higher than in JM22, with the iron content in these three varieties exceeding 50 mg/kg. These results underscore the strong capacity of colored wheat to accumulate trace elements, particularly essential nutrients such as selenium, zinc, and iron, making it more capable of meeting human nutritional needs. Previous research has shown that colored wheat grains contain a large amount of natural pigments, primarily anthocyanins. The types and content of anthocyanins in wheat grains vary significantly. Gao et al [ 38 ] detected eight pigment components, including cyanidin, delphinidin, and peonidin, in the aleurone layer of blue wheat grains, with delphinidin and cyanidin being the most abundant. In this study, six types of anthocyanins were detected: delphinidin, cyanidin, cyanidin-3-galactoside, petunidin, pelargonidin, and peonidin. Purple wheat QYZ-1, SNZM1, and blue wheat 20072 and 20064 contained three anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-galactoside, delphinidin, and cyanidin), while only a small amount of delphinidin was detected in modern white-grain wheat JM22, consistent with previous studies. Foods produced from colored wheat not only enhance sensory and nutritional quality but also have high food safety. The detection methods used in this study for anthocyanins were limited, so the results do not imply that only the aforementioned anthocyanins are present in colored wheat grains. The types and content of amino acids in wheat are critical indicators for assessing its nutritional quality [ 39 ] . Lysine and threonine are known as limiting amino acids in wheat due to their low content, with lysine being the least abundant. Enhancing the nutritional quality of wheat can be achieved by increasing the content of essential amino acids, particularly lysine and sulfur-containing amino acids, which are related to wheat's processing quality [ 40 ] . Our study results show that the total amino acid content and total non-essential amino acid content of all colored wheat varieties (lines) were significantly higher than those of modern white-grain wheat JM22 over the two years, indicating superior nutritional quality and more balanced amino acid composition in colored wheat. In the 2021–2022 season, all colored wheat varieties had significantly higher contents of essential amino acids L-threonine, L-lysine, L-methionine, and L-phenylalanine compared to JM22, with blue wheat 20072 having the highest L-lysine content, followed by purple wheat QYZ-1, which had the highest L-methionine content. In the 2022–2023 season, purple wheat QYZ-1 had the highest L-lysine and L-methionine content. Therefore, colored wheat can be used as parent material to selectively enhance the content of key amino acids like L-lysine, threonine, and L-methionine in wheat grains. Histidine is an essential amino acid for infants, and purple wheat QYZ-1's histidine content was significantly higher than that of other wheat varieties, making it suitable as a parent material for breeding wheat varieties specifically for infants. Among the colored wheat varieties, Qingyan Purple Wheat No.1 (QYZ-1) had the highest yield, primarily due to its higher grain number per unit area and thousand-grain weight. In contrast, blue wheat varieties 20072 and 20064 had lower thousand-grain weights and grain numbers per unit area. The results of the data previously mentioned by me in Acta Agricultura Boreali-Sinica [ 41 ] show that these two blue wheat varieties exhibited poor post-anthesis photosynthetic performance, which affected their dry matter accumulation and yield formation, and they had low harvest indices, impacting their yield conversion efficiency. Therefore, optimizing cultivation practices or implementing germplasm improvement strategies to enhance post-anthesis photosynthetic performance could significantly increase the thousand-grain weight and overall yield of colored wheat, thereby fully tapping into its yield potential. Colored wheat is rich in mineral elements (notably Se and Zn), amino acids, and anthocyanins, which helps meet human nutritional needs. Its anthocyanin content is significantly higher than that of modern white-grain wheat JM22, with detected types including cyanidin-3-galactoside, delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, pelargonidin, and peonidin (purple wheat QYZ-2 and ND3753 had the most comprehensive range, while blue wheat 20072 had the highest total content). Colored wheat also had significantly higher total amino acid content than JM22, including higher levels of limiting amino acids (L-threonine and L-lysine), indicating superior nutritional quality and potential for breeding to enhance these amino acids. In terms of processing quality, colored wheat had higher wet gluten content and gluten index; blue wheat 20072 and purple wheat ND3753 had gluten indices exceeding 99%, making them suitable for foods requiring strong resilience and elasticity (e.g., steamed buns, bread). QYZ-1, in particular, showed advantages in gluten content and crude protein content, highlighting its potential to improve both processing quality and nutritional value of flour. Data availability statement The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Author Contribution Z.Z.X. conceptualization, methodology, formal anal ysis, investigation, data curation, and writing—original draft preparation; L.W.L. investigation, writing—review and editing; data curation and investigation; T.C. investigation and writing—review and editing; Z.Y.L, Z.L.D, D.H.X and D.Y.H. investigation; G.H.M: project administration; Z.C.X. project administration and funding acquisition. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. 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Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 Nov, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Accepted 21 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 13 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 10 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 31 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 30 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 29 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 24 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 21 Aug, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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09:40:59","extension":"html","order_by":37,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":222586,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5984444/v1/7fd38052869c5465f3d082ae.html"},{"id":94746701,"identity":"85c4af6e-ccd3-47c8-82d8-851a6e9d9a9a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-30 09:40:59","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":33628939,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrecipitation and daily mean airtemperature during 2021-2023 growing seasons\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.Precipitationanddailymeanairtemperatureduring20212023growingseasons.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5984444/v1/c646098e1d30652a84cf0883.png"},{"id":94823129,"identity":"c3102acc-2388-4591-bdc1-4fe6b026adee","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-31 06:46:16","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":20487669,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWet/dry gluten content of different varieties (lines) from 2021-2023.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote: Different small letters indicated significant differences at 5% level. The same as Figure. 3-6.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure2.Wetdryglutencontentofdifferentvarietieslinesfrom20212023.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5984444/v1/5e377c9dae64f54a997d2e90.png"},{"id":94746680,"identity":"d7e1426a-c7c2-4aaf-908b-5a73110d4d38","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-30 09:40:59","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":13911907,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGluten index of different varieties (lines) of wheat from 2021-2023.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure3.Glutenindexofdifferentvarietieslinesofwheatfrom20212023..png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5984444/v1/72c6a8de2fafb863570b4e6d.png"},{"id":94746694,"identity":"254e593c-ceba-4e85-a351-a8cf0500af9e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-30 09:40:59","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":16441108,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProtein content of different wheat varieties (lines).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure4.Proteincontentofdifferentwheatvarietieslines..png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5984444/v1/938090d16f7944fb3960fcf3.png"},{"id":94746690,"identity":"d3c3438a-2b75-4d41-bcae-90145d094cdc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-30 09:40:59","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":25813501,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal amino acid content in grains of different wheat varieties (Lines).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEAA: Total essential amino acid; NEAA: Total non-essential amino acids; TAA: Total Amino Acids.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure5.TotalaminoacidcontentingrainsofdifferentwheatvarietiesLines..png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5984444/v1/daf5ade9dec976e8ac711b51.png"},{"id":94746679,"identity":"bd48e872-bfbe-4e4a-a30a-117de049e4af","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-30 09:40:59","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":231036,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorrelation analysis between wheat quality indicators of different varieties (lines) and thousand-kernel weight and yield\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003ein the different growing seasons. \u003c/strong\u003ePC: seed protein; TME: Total Mineral Elements; TAA: Total Amino Acids; TAC: Total Anthocyanins; TGW: Thousand Grain Weight; GY: Grain Yield.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5984444/v1/7240f3055aa3a18652813f28.jpg"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Comparison Study of Yield and Nutritional Value Between White Wheat and Colored Wheat Purple and Blue Varieties","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eWheat (\u003cem\u003eTriticum aestivum\u003c/em\u003e L.) is a crucial staple crop in China, it is a crucial food crop for an increasing proportion of the population, contributing to their daily intake of proteins, vitamins, minerals, and fibers\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e Both its yield and quality are vital components of food security\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e],[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Historically, China has prioritized increasing wheat yield, making significant efforts in genetic improvement for higher productivity. However, wheat quality has often been overlooked during yield improvement processes\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Numerous health benefits, such as aiding weight management and lowering the risks of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes, have been found to be linked to the consumption of wheat-based foods, particularly those made from whole grains\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. With advancements in agricultural technology and improvements in living standards, dietary preferences are shifting towards nutritious, functional, and health-promoting foods\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e],[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Consumers increasingly prefer ecological, healthy, and high-quality wheat. Colored wheat, noted for its natural, nutritious, functional, and aesthetic qualities, has garnered attention and favor from consumers, And it is rich in beneficial substances that are good for human health\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e],[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Previous studies have shown that purple and blue wheat kernels contain high levels of anthocyanidins and delphinidins, respectively\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Anthocyanins, as important secondary metabolites\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, possess excellent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anticancer properties\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Numerous studies have shown that colored wheat is also rich in macronutrients and micronutrients that are essential for the normal functioning of the human body\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e],[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Colored wheat-based nutritious foods not only offer high food safety but also effectively address micronutrient deficiencies and reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease and some cancers\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR15\" citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]\u0026minus;[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Moreover, colored wheat surpasses ordinary wheat in terms of protein and amino acid content and composition\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e],[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, enhancing the nutritional and sensory qualities of functional foods. Therefore, colored wheat provides multiple health benefits to consumers\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, the yield of colored wheat is generally low, which not only limits the expansion of its cultivation area but also hinders its production efficiency\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Previous research has mainly focused on the grain quality of colored wheat\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e],[\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR22\" citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]\u0026minus;[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, with relatively few comprehensive studies on yield formation and quality differences among different colored wheat varieties. Given the increasing demand for high-quality wheat, improving its yield is particularly urgent. Therefore, this study aims to compare the yield and its components, micronutrient content, anthocyanin types and content, amino acid types and content, wet gluten content and gluten index, protein content, and other quality characteristics of different colored wheat varieties (lines) with those of modern white-grain wheat varieties. This research seeks to reveal the yield formation and quality characteristics of various colored wheat varieties (lines), providing a theoretical basis for improving the yield and quality of colored wheat.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExperimental Site Overview.\u003c/b\u003e Field experiments were conducted during the 2021\u0026ndash;2023 wheat growing seasons at the Jingkou Experimental Station of the Qingdao Agricultural Science Research Institute in Chengyang District, Qingdao (36.30\u0026deg;N, 120.39\u0026deg;E). The soil nutrient status of the 0\u0026ndash;20 cm soil layer is detailed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The precipitation and daily average temperature for the 2021\u0026ndash;2022 and 2022\u0026ndash;2023 growing seasons are illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;20 cm soil layer soil nutrient contents of the experimental field\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrowing season\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOrganic matter (g/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSoil pH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal nitrogen\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(g/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlkaline-hydrolyzable nitrogen (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAvailable phosphorus (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAvailable potassium (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2021\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e94.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e111.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2022\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e110.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e129.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExperimental Materials.\u003c/b\u003e The study involved seven winter wheat varieties (lines), including four purple wheat varieties: Qingyan Purple Wheat No.1 (QYZ-1), QYZ-2, Shannong Purple Wheat No.1 (SNZM1), and Nongda 3753 (ND3753); two blue wheat lines: 20064 and 20072; and the modern white-grain wheat variety Jimai 22 (JM22) as a control. Shannong Purple Wheat No.1, approved in 2010, is a semi-winter variety characterized by long awns, white glumes, and purple grains. It has plump, hard grains with high nutritional value, excellent disease resistance, and high yield potential. Nongda 3753, approved in 2006, is a winter variety with long awns, white glumes, and purple grains, known for its outstanding cold resistance and rust resistance. Qingyan Purple Wheat No.1, approved in 2022, is a semi-winter variety with long awns, white glumes, and purple grains. It features hard grains with good lodging resistance and excellent maturation performance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eField Experimental Design.\u003c/b\u003e The field experiment was conducted using a single-factor randomized block design with three replications, totaling 21 plots. Sowing took place on October 14, 2021, and October 13, 2022, with uniform harvesting on June 12, 2022, and June 10, 2023. The plots, each measuring 12.8 m\u0026sup2; (8.0 m \u0026times; 1.6 m) with a row spacing of 22 cm, were sown at a rate of 150 kg/ha. Basal fertilization included 1500 kg/ha of organic fertilizer and 750 kg/ha of compound fertilizer (N: P\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e: K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;17: 17: 17). Additionally, 150 kg/ha of urea was top-dressed during the jointing stage. Other field management practices followed standard high-yield wheat cultivation protocols.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWheat Grain Yield and Yield Components.\u003c/b\u003e Prior to wheat harvest, the number of spikes and grains per spike were surveyed. At maturity, a 3.2 m\u0026sup2; area was selected from each plot for yield measurement (at 13% moisture content). Additionally, the thousand-grain weight was determined (at 13% moisture content).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWheat Grain Anthocyanin Types and Content.\u003c/b\u003e Accurately weigh 100 mg of whole wheat flour sample and add 1 mL of a methanol: water acid mixture (70:30:1). Vortex the sample at high speed and sonicate for 20 minutes. Centrifuge at 2000\u0026times;g for 10 minutes and repeat the extraction twice. Freeze-dry the extract and reconstitute with 200 \u0026micro;L of methanol. Dilute appropriately based on the actual sample concentration. Anthocyanin types and content were determined using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QE), with analysis services provided by Shanghai Biotree Biomedical Technology Co., Ltd.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWheat Grain Amino Acid Types and Content.\u003c/b\u003e Mature wheat grain samples were freeze-dried and ground into powder. Weigh 15 mg of the sample into an EP tube, add two small steel balls, and then add 1000 \u0026micro;L of extraction solution (acetonitrile: methanol\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2:2:1, pre-cooled to -40\u0026deg;C and containing an isotope-labeled internal standard mixture). Vortex for 30 seconds to mix, grind at 40 Hz for 4 minutes, and sonicate in an ice-water bath for 5 minutes. Repeat the grinding and sonication process three times, then let the sample stand at -40\u0026deg;C for 1 hour. Centrifuge the sample at 12000 rpm (13800\u0026times;g, radius 8.6 cm) and 4\u0026deg;C for 15 minutes. Dilute the supernatant 10 times, vortex for 30 seconds to mix, and transfer it to an LC injection vial for UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. The amino acid analysis services were provided by Shanghai Biotree Biomedical Technology Co., Ltd.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWheat Grain Micronutrient Content.\u003c/b\u003e Wheat grains were cleaned and ground into whole wheat flour using an N9548R grinder and zirconia grinding beads, passing through a 1 mm sieve. The flour samples were digested using a concentrated nitric acid-perchloric acid digestion method. The contents of Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Zn, and Mn were determined using a PE inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), and the content of selenium (Se) was measured using an AFS-933 atomic fluorescence spectrometer.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWheat Grain Milling.\u003c/b\u003e Cleaned wheat grains were milled into flour using a Y-40 type experimental grain crusher. The milled flour was then allowed to rest at room temperature for 3 weeks to complete aging, and was subsequently used to determine dry and wet gluten content and gluten index. Whole wheat flour was obtained by grinding wheat grains using a Grain Grinder from Retsch GmbH, Germany, for the determination of crude protein content in the grains.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWheat Seed Protein Content and Gluten-Related Indices.\u003c/b\u003e The nitrogen content in wheat grains was determined using a K1160 automatic Kjeldahl nitrogen analyzer, and the crude protein content was calculated accordingly\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. The gluten content in wheat flour was measured using gluten washing equipment from YUCEBAS, Turkey. Precisely 10 g of flour was weighed, and 0.2% NaCl solution was used to wash the flour, separating the gluten retained on the filter. The washed gluten samples were centrifuged using a gluten index apparatus from YUCEBAS. The weight of the gluten retained on the sieve and that which passed through the sieve were measured. Both the sieved and unsieved gluten samples were dried using a gluten dryer from YUCEBAS and weighed. Based on these weights, the wet gluten content, dry gluten content, and gluten index of the wheat were calculated.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eData Analysis.\u003c/b\u003e Data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 statistical software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted, and the least significant difference (LSD) test (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05) was used to determine significant differences. Pearson correlation analysis was also performed using SPSS 26.0. Figures were created using Origin 2021 software (OriginLab Corporation, Northampton, MA, USA).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eDifferences in Yield and Yield Components among Different Colored Wheat Varieties (Lines)\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe yield and its three components over two years are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) results indicated that the effects of variety on yield, thousand-grain weight, number of spikes per unit area, grains per spike, and grains per unit area were all highly significant (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), suggesting notable differences among the varieties for these yield components. The year factor had a significant or highly significant impact on thousand-grain weight and yield, but its influence on the number of spikes, grains per spike, and grains per unit area was not significant. The interaction between variety and year significantly affected thousand-grain weight, but not the number of spikes, grains per spike, grains per unit area, or yield.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the comparison over two years, the modern white-grain wheat JM22 had significantly higher yield and thousand-grain weight than the colored wheat varieties. Among the colored wheat, purple wheat generally had higher yields than blue wheat, with the specific order being QYZ-1\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;QYZ-2\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;SNZM1\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;ND3753\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;20072\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;20064. In the 2021\u0026ndash;2022 season, QYZ-1\u0026rsquo;s thousand-grain weight was not significantly different from SNZM1 and ND3753, was lower than JM22, but higher than the other varieties. QYZ-1 had fewer grains per unit area than QYZ-2 but more than the other varieties. In the 2022\u0026ndash;2023 season, QYZ-1\u0026rsquo;s thousand-grain weight was lower than ND3753 and JM22 but higher than the other varieties. QYZ-1 and QYZ-2 had significantly more grains per unit area than all other varieties. The results indicate that, among the colored wheat varieties, QYZ-1 achieved high yield by having both a higher number of grains per unit area and a higher thousand-grain weight. However, the thousand-grain weight and grains per unit area of colored wheat varieties were generally lower than those of the modern white-grain wheat JM22.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYield of different varieties (lines) of wheat and its component factors\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVarieties(lines)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrain color\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpike number\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\times\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e10\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003eha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrain number per spike\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1000-grain weight(g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrain number\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eper m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\times\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e10\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYield\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(kg ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2021\u0026ndash;2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQYZ-1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epurple\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e672.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19.82ab\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.61ab\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.45bc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8587.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;210.09b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQYZ-2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epurple\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e697.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;37.32a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.19ab\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.70a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7845.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;115.54c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSNZM1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epurple\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e593.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;51.88c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.19a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7796.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;215.38c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eND3753\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epurple\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e689.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;27.27ab\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.42e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.71b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.32d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7399.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;62.65d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20072\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eblue\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e641.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.34bc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.13bc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.71d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.81c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7157.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;113.12d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20064\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eblue\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e615.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.08c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.09d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.10d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.22d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6336.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;58.83e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJM22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ewhite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e691.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.91ab\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14cd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.59a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9283.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;177.24a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2022\u0026ndash;2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQYZ-1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epurple\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e679.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.12b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.31b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8606.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;43.55b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQYZ-2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epurple\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e710.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.13a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.49a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15f\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7938.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;88.14c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSNZM1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epurple\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e619.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.51d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7676.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;52.77d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eND3753\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epurple\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e681.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.75b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7306.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;66.95e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20072\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eblue\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e654.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.54c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.57b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.19d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7046.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;28.43f\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20064\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eblue\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e590.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.00e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16f\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6192.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;41.95g\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJM22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ewhite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e699.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.61ab\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.57c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.64a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9060.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;32.70a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSignificance test\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVarieties V\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.401**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68.066**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e392.364**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e194.736**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e364.055**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYear Y\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.605\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.141 \u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e110.235**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.622 \u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.693*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eV\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\times\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003eY\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.994 \u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.767 \u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.288*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.904 \u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.099 \u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eNote: Different letters after the same column of numbers indicate significant differences between varieties (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05); *. Significant difference at \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; **. Extremely significant difference at \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; \u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e. No significant difference at \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCorrelation between Yield and Yield Components among Different Colored Wheat Varieties (Lines)\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe correlation between yield and its components (thousand-grain weight, number of spikes per unit area, and grains per spike ) across different colored wheat varieties (lines) is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. The grain number per spike of all colored wheat varieties (lines) showed a significant or highly significant positive correlation with yield.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCorrelation between yield and yield components of different colored wheat varieties (lines)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGY\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTGW\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGNS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQYZ-1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTGW\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.729*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.877**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.529 \u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGNS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.282\u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.119 \u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.131 \u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQYZ-2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTGW\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.563 \u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.837**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.787*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGNS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.654 \u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.237 \u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.739*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSNZM1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTGW\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.101 \u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.802**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.381 \u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGNS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.651 \u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.298 \u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.575 \u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eND3753\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTGW\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.521 \u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.775*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.446 \u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGNS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.254 \u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.239 \u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.786*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQYL-1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTGW\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.035 \u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.839**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.198 \u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGNS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.760*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.195 \u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.383 \u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQYL-2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTGW\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.526 \u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.855**\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.098 \u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGNS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.243 \u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.571 \u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.638 \u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eNote: Different letters after the same column of numbers indicate significant differences between varieties (\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05); *. Significant difference at \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; **. Extremely significant difference at \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01; \u003csup\u003eNS\u003c/sup\u003e. No significant difference at \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05; GY: Grain yield TGW: 1000-grain weight ; SN: Spike number; GNS: Grain number per spike.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDifferences in Micronutrient Content of Wheat Grains.\u003c/b\u003e As shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, the selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) contents in all colored wheat varieties (lines) were significantly higher than those in the modern white-grain wheat JM22. Among them, blue wheat 20072 had the highest selenium content, followed by purple wheat QYZ-2, both of which had 54.86% and 44.96% higher selenium content compared to JM22, respectively; while purple wheat SNZM1 had the highest zinc content, followed by ND3753, which had 35.70% and 25.65% higher zinc content compared to JM22, respectively. In terms of iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) contents, the blue wheat 20072, purple wheat ND3753, and SNZM1 had higher levels than the modern white-grain wheat JM22. Additionally, the manganese (Mn) content in blue wheat 20072 was higher than in other wheat varieties (lines), and the potassium (K) content in the grains of purple wheat QYZ-2 and SNZM1 was significantly higher than in other wheat varieties (lines). Moreover, the total grain mineral content of purple wheat SNZM1 and QYZ-2 significantly exceeded that of modern white wheat JM22 by 15.81 per cent and 9.85 per cent, respectively. These results indicate that colored wheat has a distinct advantage in micronutrient content, especially in the enrichment of certain key trace elements such as selenium, zinc, and manganese, which play important roles in human health. Therefore, colored wheat not only surpasses modern white-grain wheat in nutritional value but also potentially offers higher health benefits due to its rich content of specific micronutrients.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDifferences of element content in grain of different varieties (lines) of wheat\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVarieties(lines)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMn (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZn\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCa\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eK\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMg\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSe\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTMC\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2021\u0026ndash;2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQYZ-1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.72d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.10d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.87c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e383.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.70f\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4195.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;65.25c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1237.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.19b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" 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colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eND3753\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.92a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.81c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.19b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e483.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.39b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3338.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;62.99e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1303.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.47a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" 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align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3443.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.88e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1304.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.94a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.51a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5466.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.52e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20064\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.55cd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" 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colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e383.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.48f\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4707.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;50.72b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1314.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.88b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.86b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6632.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;44.10c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQYZ-2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.42d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.76e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e405.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.09e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5112.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;187.03a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1209.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.66d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.63a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6879.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;71.50b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSNZM1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.77c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.65b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.00a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e505.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.54b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5012.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;74.83a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1277.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.53bc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.34c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7457.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;49.57a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eND3753\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.89c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.64b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e479.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.95c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4003.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;37.05d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1387.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;57.53a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.33b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6130.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;85.65e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20072\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.32a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.45a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.67c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e545.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.05a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4356.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;43.94c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1446.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;58.74a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.09a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6616.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;96.38c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20064\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.97d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.69d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.37c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e426.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.92d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4432.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;51.44c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1242.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.00cd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.37b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6326.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;60.43d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJM22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.35b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.50d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e423.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.53d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4263.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.95c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1252.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.45bcd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.00d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6645.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.34c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eNote: Different lowercase letters in the same column indicate significant differences at the 5% level. The same as Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e; TMC: Total Mineral Content.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWheat Crude Protein and Gluten-Related Indices.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, the purple wheat QYZ-1 had significantly higher wet gluten and dry gluten content compared to the other wheat varieties (lines), followed by SNZM1. In the 2022\u0026ndash;2023 season, the wet gluten content of purple wheat SNZM1 was not significantly different from the modern white-grain wheat JM22 but was significantly higher than that of the other colored wheat varieties. Among the colored wheat varieties, purple wheat ND3753 had the lowest wet gluten content, followed by the blue wheat lines 20064 and 20072.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNote\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eDifferent small letters indicated significant differences at 5% level. The same as Figure. 3\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, the gluten index of different wheat varieties (lines) followed a similar trend to their wet and dry gluten content. The gluten index of purple wheat ND3753, SNZM1, and blue wheat 20072 and 20064 was significantly higher than that of the modern white-grain wheat JM22. Among these, blue wheat 20072 and purple wheat ND3753 had the highest gluten indices, exceeding 99%. The gluten index of 20072 exceeded JM22 by 49.90% and that of ND3753 by 49.57%.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, over two years, the purple wheat QYZ-1 had the highest crude protein content in the grains, followed by the blue wheat lines 20072 and 20064, and the purple wheat SNZM1. These three varieties had significantly higher crude protein content than the modern white-grain wheat JM22 and other colored wheat varieties.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese results indicate that purple wheat QYZ-1 has a clear advantage in both gluten content and crude protein content, suggesting its potential to improve flour processing quality and nutritional value. Additionally, the blue wheat lines 20072 and 20064 also showed good performance in terms of crude protein content. Blue wheat 20072 and purple wheat ND3753, with their exceptionally high gluten indices, are suitable for making foods that require strong and resilient dough.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAnthocyanin Types and Content in Wheat Grains.\u003c/b\u003e As shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, the total anthocyanin content in the grains of all colored wheat varieties (lines) was significantly higher than that of the modern white-grain wheat JM22. The total anthocyanin content in blue wheat was higher than in purple wheat, with blue wheat 20072 having the highest anthocyanin content. Among the purple wheat varieties, ND3753 had the highest total anthocyanin content, while SNZM1 had the lowest. Notably, petunidin, pelargonidin, and peonidin were detected only in purple wheat QYZ-2 and ND3753. In QYZ-2, the contents of pelargonidin and peonidin were significantly higher than those in ND3753, whereas the contents of petunidin, cyanidin, and delphinidin were significantly lower than those in ND3753. The contents of cyanidin-3-galactoside and delphinidin in blue wheat 20072 and 20064 were significantly higher than those in other wheat varieties. These results indicate that colored wheat, especially blue wheat 20072, is rich in anthocyanins, which are known for their health benefits, including antioxidant properties. The variety and content of anthocyanins in colored wheat make it a valuable crop for both nutritional and functional food applications.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTypes and contents of anthocyanins in grains of different wheat varieties (lines)(ng/ml)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnthocyanin types\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQYZ-1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQYZ-2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSNZM1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eND3753\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20072\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20064\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJM22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2021\u0026ndash;2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCyanidin-3-galactoside\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.45d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.17d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.30c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e339.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.32a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e298.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.69b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDelphinidin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.13d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.60a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08f\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCyanidin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.73b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.89a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.55e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.51e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00f\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePetunidin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePelargonidin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.34b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePeonidin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.29a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.11b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal anthocyanin content\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.14d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.93f\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e152.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.68c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e381.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.17a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e331.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.88b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08g\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2022\u0026ndash;2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCyanidin-3-galactoside\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.32d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.90d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.54d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.26c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e338.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.47a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e294.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.58b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDelphinidin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.14e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.42e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.44a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15f\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCyanidin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.47b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.38c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.29a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58de\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.40d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePetunidin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePelargonidin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePeonidin\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.60a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.32b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal anthocyanin content\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.54e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e104.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.12d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.38e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e163.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.53c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e381.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e328.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.10b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15f\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTypes and Content of Amino Acids in Wheat Grains.\u003c/b\u003e The types and content of essential amino acids in different wheat varieties (lines) are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. In the 2021\u0026ndash;2022 season, all colored wheat varieties had significantly higher contents of essential amino acids L-threonine, L-lysine, L-methionine, and L-phenylalanine compared to the modern white-grain wheat JM22. Among these varieties, blue wheat 20072 showed the highest L-threonine, L-lysine and L-phenylalanine content, in which L-threonine and L-lysine of 20072 were 75.82% and 120.44% higher compared to JM22, while purple wheat QYZ-1 was the richest in L-methionine, which was 74.88%. The L-valine content in purple wheat ND3753 was not significantly different from JM22, but other colored wheat varieties had significantly higher L-valine content, with blue wheat 20072 being the most prominent. The L-tryptophan content in JM22 was lower than in blue wheat 20064 but higher than in other colored wheat varieties. In the 2022\u0026ndash;2023 season, the contents of L-valine, L-threonine, L-lysine, and L-phenylalanine in all colored wheat varieties were also higher than in JM22. Among them, purple wheat SNZM1 had the highest contents of L-valine, L-threonine, and L-phenylalanine, while QYZ-1 had the highest contents of L-lysine and L-methionine. The L-tryptophan content in blue wheat 20064, 20072, and purple wheat QYZ-2 was also higher than in JM22.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTypes and contents of Amino acids in grains of different Wheat varieties (Lines) (nmol/g)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTypes of amino acids\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQYZ-1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQYZ-2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSNZM1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eND3753\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20072\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20064\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJM22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2021\u0026ndash;2022\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEssential amino acids\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL-valine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e474.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.79c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e415.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.77d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e537.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.51a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e322.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.34e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e547.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.13a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e515.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.00b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e325.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.76e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL-threonine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e227.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.87bc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e210.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.84cd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e252.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.97b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e186.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.34d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e280.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.89a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e211.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.97cd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e159.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.20e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL-lysine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e229.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.09b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e189.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.85c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e195.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.38c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e151.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.59e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e285.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.29a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e168.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.85d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e129.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.16f\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL-methionine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e127.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.84a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.78d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.78b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.13cd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.43cd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.84d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL-tryptophan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2248.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;73.62c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2894.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;75.88a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1882.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;53.85d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1884.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23.93d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2127.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;30.16c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3043.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;44.91a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2672.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.39b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL-phenylalanine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e201.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.52c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e201.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.11c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e214.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.87b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e172.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.58d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e263.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.37a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e223.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.69b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e158.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.02e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNon-essential amino acids\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlycine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e437.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.70b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e383.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.77c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e329.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.49d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e236.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.40e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e537.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.84a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e344.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.33d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e248.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.02e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL-alanine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3410.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;27.91a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3163.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;128.25b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3334.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;96.24a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1475.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.70d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3419.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;61.34a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3101.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;57.10b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1757.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;32.45c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeta-alanine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.64bc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e114.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.88a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.28bc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.71bc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.80b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.47d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4-aminobutyric acid\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e249.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.50b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e227.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.69bc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e289.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.79a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e162.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.60d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e243.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.20b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e316.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.35a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e206.89\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.92c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL-serine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e353.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.79b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e293.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.54c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e400.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.51a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e240.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.29d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e417.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.68a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e286.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.16c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e272.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.54c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL-proline\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e362.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.35a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e310.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.39b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e297.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.17b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e194.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.25d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e377.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.47a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e274.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.40c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e190.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.10d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL-hydroxyproline\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.93a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.14c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.66c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.85b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.27d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.54e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL-ornithine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.18bc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.60b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.65bc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.71c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e87.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.98a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.99c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.55bc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL-asparagine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3198.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;194.53ab\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3122.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.80abc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3481.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;407.61a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2510.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;79.89c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2729.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23.44bc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3547.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.49a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1574.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.27d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL-aspartic acid\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1765.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.02a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1497.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;32.17b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1798.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;104.62a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1576.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;60.93ab\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1433.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;111.59b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1563.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;52.42ab\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e893.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;72.08c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL-glutamine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e652.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23.52b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e531.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.58b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2058.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;207.89a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e202.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.16c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e395.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.97bc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e399.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.11bc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e201.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.51c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL-glutamic acid\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1308.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;67.04b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1069.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.17c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1419.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;54.84a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e799.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23.92e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" 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colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e142.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.64bc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e129.61\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.45cd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e158.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.43ab\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e140.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.18c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e118.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.56d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5-hydroxylysine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.13a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.64a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.07a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.62a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.67a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3-methyl-L-histidine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e112.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.90a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e112.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e119.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.46a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e116.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.65a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e119.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.74a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e118.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.66a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e116.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.59a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1-methyl-L-histidine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.61b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.46b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.03b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.69b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.22a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.67b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.69b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL-arginine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e577.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.45a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e547.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.63b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e367.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.69c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e587.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.09a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e577.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.56a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e582.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;14.91a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e332.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.38d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL-citrulline\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e150.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.45a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e145.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.02a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e150.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.24a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e143.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.92a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e154.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.56a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e151.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.79a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e145.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.12a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL-tyrosine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e158.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.24b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e142.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.16c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e154.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.59b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e140.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.13c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e180.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e178.81\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.93a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e113.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.68d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL-tryptophan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2248.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;73.62c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2894.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;75.88a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1882.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;53.85d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1884.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23.93d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2127.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;30.16c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3043.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;44.91a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2672.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17.39b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2022\u0026ndash;2023\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEssential amino acids\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL-valine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e466.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.58d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e457.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.87d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e556.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.53a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e351.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e484.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.18c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e515.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.01b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e346.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.94e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL-threonine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e240.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.47b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e183.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.45de\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e279.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.71a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e191.85\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.49d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e231.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.58bc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e213.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.29c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e166.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.60e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL-lysine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e308.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.36a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e152.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.13d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e215.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.47c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e151.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.07d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e257.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.04b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e149.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.81d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e139.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.84d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL-methionine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e107.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.28a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.24b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e94.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.67b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.15bc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.85d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.13cd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.62cd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL-tryptophan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2232.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;123.29cd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2750.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;86.10b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1629.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.77e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2090.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;45.75d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2445.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.02c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3031.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;63.38a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2359.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;44.89c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL-phenylalanine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e207.76\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.38ab\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e218.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.65a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e231.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.40a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e191.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.57b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e226.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.55a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e188.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.87b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e162.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.40c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNon-essential amino acids\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGlycine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e452.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.56a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e200.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.04d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e323.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.90b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e203.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.95d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e461.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.38a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e258.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.39c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e203.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.17d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL-alanine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3943.54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.76a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2187.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;34.13d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3725.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;49.85b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1461.72\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;16.59f\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2961.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.70c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1905.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19.57e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1218.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.04g\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBeta-alanine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.19b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.78b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.48a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.98b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.56bc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.68c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.64d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4-aminobutyric acid\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e254.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.04b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e220.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.06c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e271.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.37b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e169.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.23d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e226.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.25c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e301.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.14a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e184.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.79d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL-serine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e349.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.50b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e297.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.20cd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e400.45\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.76a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e277.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.15de\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e306.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.48c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e269.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.21e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e274.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.29e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL-proline\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e418.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.85a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e253.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.89c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e316.48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.24b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e190.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.92e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e312.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.74b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e222.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.56d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e184.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.62e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL-hydroxyproline\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.07a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.02b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" 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colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e142.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.86bc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL-tyrosine\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e183.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.53a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e144.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.46cd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e165.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.44b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e137.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.49d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e157.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.58bc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e157.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.87bc\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e115.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.20e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eL-tryptophan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2232.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;123.29cd\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2750.97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;86.10b\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1629.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.77e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2090.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;45.75d\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2445.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.02c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3031.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;63.38a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2359.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;44.89c\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOver the two years, the content of non-essential amino acids, including beta-alanine, L-proline, L-hydroxyproline, L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-histidine, L-arginine, and L-tyrosine, in all colored wheat varieties was higher than in JM22. In the 2021\u0026ndash;2022 season, QYZ-1 contained the highest levels of L-hydroxyproline and L-histidine, which were 2.97 and 1.42 times higher than those of JM22, respectively. while SNZM1 had significantly higher contents of non-essential amino acids such as beta-alanine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamine, L-glutamic acid, and 3-methyl-L-histidine compared to other varieties. In the 2022\u0026ndash;2023 season, QYZ-1 had higher contents of L-alanine, L-proline, L-hydroxyproline, L-histidine, 5-hydroxylysine, 3-methyl-L-histidine, 1-methyl-L-histidine, L-citrulline, and L-tyrosine than any other wheat variety. The contents of L-alanine, L-histidine and L-tyrosine in QYZ-1 were 3.24, 1.52 and 1.59 times higher than those of JM22, respectively. In contrast, purple wheat SNZM1 was superior in the content of non-essential amino acids such as Beta-alanine, L-serine, L-ornithine, L-asparagine, L-glutamine, and L-glutamic acid, where SNZM1 L-glutamine and L-glutamic acid contents were 5.91 and 1.75 times higher than those of JM22.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEAA: Total essential amino acid; NEAA: Total non-essential amino acids; TAA: Total Amino Acids.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs can be seen from Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, the total amino acids and non-essential amino acids of all colored wheat varieties (lines) in both years were significantly higher than those of modern white wheat JM22. In particular, purple wheat SNZM1 showed the best performance in terms of the total amount of amino acids and the total amount of non-essential amino acids, followed by purple wheat QYZ-1. In the year of 2021\u0026ndash;2022, the total amount of essential amino acids of blue wheat 20064 was the highest, followed by purple wheat QYZ-2, both of which were significantly higher than that of modern white wheat JM22 by 20.53%, respectively. Total amount was the highest, followed by purple wheat QYZ-2, both of which were significantly higher than modern white wheat JM22 by 20.53% and 13.34%, respectively. In 2022\u0026ndash;2023, the total essential amino acids of purple wheat QYZ-1 and QYZ-2, and blue wheat 20064 and 20072 were significantly higher than those of modern white wheat JM22, with blue wheat 20064 showing the most outstanding performance, which was 28.41% higher than that of JM222, followed by blue wheat 20072, which was 14.30% higher than that of JM222. The results showed that the colorful wheat varieties had the best performance. The results showed that the colored wheat varieties (lines) were superior in total amino acids and total non-essential amino acids, especially the purple wheat SNZM1 and QYZ-1, in which the total amino acids of QYZ-1 were 62.88% higher than those of JM22.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCorrelation Analysis of Wheat Quality Indicators with Thousand-Grain Weight and Yield in Different Wheat Varieties (Lines).\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, there was a negative correlation between seed protein content and the total mineral content with thousand-grain weight, and a highly significant negative correlation between total anthocyanin content and thousand-grain weight. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between seed protein content and total anthocyanin content with total amino acid content. Moreover, a negative correlation was observed between total mineral content and total anthocyanin content. There was also a significant negative correlation between total anthocyanin content and yield, as well as between total amino acid content and yield.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDifferences in Yield Formation among Different Wheat Varieties (Lines).\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe number of spikes per unit area, grains per spike, thousand-grain weight, or the number of grains per unit area (number of spikes per unit area \u0026times; grains per spike) and thousand-grain weight are considered important factors influencing wheat yield formation\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Research by Yao et al\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e indicated a highly significant positive correlation between thousand-grain weight and yield in wheat varieties. Additionally, Liu et al\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e demonstrated that an increase in the number of grains per unit area contributes more significantly to wheat yield, with grain yield positively correlated with the number of grains per unit area. Recent increases in wheat yield are mainly attributed to the increase in the number of grains per unit area\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e],[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Other studies have shown that improving thousand-grain weight and the number of spikes is key to increasing winter wheat yield in northern China\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Specifically, in colored wheat, spike number shows a highly significant positive correlation or significant positive correlation with yield, which indicates that increasing the number of spikes is an important way to improve yield in most varieties. Yield can also be increased by increasing thousand-grain weight while keeping the quantity of grains per unit area constant\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur study results show that the yield of colored wheat varieties is lower than that of modern white-grain wheat varieties, which is consistent with previous studies\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. The modern white-grain wheat JM22 had a significantly higher thousand-grain weight and a higher number of grains per unit area, resulting in higher yields. Among the colored wheat varieties, QYZ-1 and QYZ-2 had significantly more grains per unit area than other varieties, and QYZ-1 had a significantly higher thousand-grain weight than QYZ-2, resulting in the highest yield for QYZ-1. Blue wheat 20072 and 20064 had lower thousand-grain weights and numbers of grains per unit area, leading to significantly lower yields compared to purple wheat varieties. These findings underscore the importance of increasing the thousand-grain weight while maintaining a stable number of grains per unit area as a critical strategy for boosting the yield potential of colored wheat.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDifferences in Quality Traits among Different Wheat Varieties (Lines).\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe crude protein content in wheat grains and the wet gluten content in their flour are ones of key indicators for evaluating wheat quality, as they determine the baking quality of wheat flour. The gluten index, which integrates the strength, elasticity, and extensibility of gluten, serves as another vital quality indicator. A higher gluten index indicates better gluten quality with superior stretching and processing properties, suitable for making foods that require strong resilience and elasticity. Tang\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e indicated significant differences in protein content among different colored wheat lines, with most colored wheat lines having protein content equal to or higher than modern wheat. Similarly, Wei\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e showed that modern wheat typically falls into the medium-gluten category, whereas colored wheat is classified as high-gluten flour, highlighting its potential for high-quality food production.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the crude protein content of purple wheat QYZ-1, blue wheat 20072, and 20064 was significantly higher than that of the modern white-grain wheat JM22, with QYZ-1 having the highest crude protein content. Additionally, purple wheat QYZ-1 and SNZM1 had higher dry and wet gluten content than JM22. Although purple wheat ND3753 had the lowest wet gluten content, it remained above 30% over the two years, classifying it as strong-gluten wheat based on wet gluten content, which aligns with previous research findings. Furthermore, the gluten index of purple wheat ND3753, SNZM1, and blue wheat 20072 and 20064 was also significantly higher than that of JM22, with blue wheat 20072 and purple wheat ND3753 having the highest gluten index, exceeding 99%. In contrast, purple wheat QYZ-2 had the lowest gluten index, measuring 59.21% and 56.71% over the two years. The high wet gluten content and gluten index of blue wheat 20072 and 20064 make them suitable for producing foods that require strong resilience and elasticity, such as bread. Purple wheat QYZ-1, with its elevated gluten and crude protein content, shows promising potential for enhancing both the processing quality and nutritional value of flour.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eExcessive consumption of staple foods lacking in mineral elements (e.g., selenium, zinc, iron, and iodine) can lead to \u0026ldquo;hidden hunger\u0026rdquo;\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, increasing the content of trace elements like iron and zinc in wheat grains is a key direction for the development of the wheat industry in China. Numerous studies have shown that the content of elements such as iron, zinc, and selenium in colored wheat grains is much higher than in modern wheat\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e],[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. The minimum grain iron content required to meet human nutritional needs is 50 mg/kg\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e while the zinc content should be 38 mg/kg\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Our study results also show that the selenium and zinc content in the grains of all colored wheat varieties was significantly higher than in JM22, with the zinc content in all colored wheat grains exceeding 38 mg/kg, whereas the zinc content in JM22 grains was less than 37 mg/kg. The iron, calcium, and magnesium content in the grains of blue wheat 20072, purple wheat ND3753, and SNZM1 was higher than in JM22, with the iron content in these three varieties exceeding 50 mg/kg. These results underscore the strong capacity of colored wheat to accumulate trace elements, particularly essential nutrients such as selenium, zinc, and iron, making it more capable of meeting human nutritional needs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrevious research has shown that colored wheat grains contain a large amount of natural pigments, primarily anthocyanins. The types and content of anthocyanins in wheat grains vary significantly. Gao et al\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e detected eight pigment components, including cyanidin, delphinidin, and peonidin, in the aleurone layer of blue wheat grains, with delphinidin and cyanidin being the most abundant. In this study, six types of anthocyanins were detected: delphinidin, cyanidin, cyanidin-3-galactoside, petunidin, pelargonidin, and peonidin. Purple wheat QYZ-1, SNZM1, and blue wheat 20072 and 20064 contained three anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-galactoside, delphinidin, and cyanidin), while only a small amount of delphinidin was detected in modern white-grain wheat JM22, consistent with previous studies. Foods produced from colored wheat not only enhance sensory and nutritional quality but also have high food safety. The detection methods used in this study for anthocyanins were limited, so the results do not imply that only the aforementioned anthocyanins are present in colored wheat grains.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe types and content of amino acids in wheat are critical indicators for assessing its nutritional quality\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Lysine and threonine are known as limiting amino acids in wheat due to their low content, with lysine being the least abundant. Enhancing the nutritional quality of wheat can be achieved by increasing the content of essential amino acids, particularly lysine and sulfur-containing amino acids, which are related to wheat's processing quality\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Our study results show that the total amino acid content and total non-essential amino acid content of all colored wheat varieties (lines) were significantly higher than those of modern white-grain wheat JM22 over the two years, indicating superior nutritional quality and more balanced amino acid composition in colored wheat. In the 2021\u0026ndash;2022 season, all colored wheat varieties had significantly higher contents of essential amino acids L-threonine, L-lysine, L-methionine, and L-phenylalanine compared to JM22, with blue wheat 20072 having the highest L-lysine content, followed by purple wheat QYZ-1, which had the highest L-methionine content. In the 2022\u0026ndash;2023 season, purple wheat QYZ-1 had the highest L-lysine and L-methionine content. Therefore, colored wheat can be used as parent material to selectively enhance the content of key amino acids like L-lysine, threonine, and L-methionine in wheat grains. Histidine is an essential amino acid for infants, and purple wheat QYZ-1's histidine content was significantly higher than that of other wheat varieties, making it suitable as a parent material for breeding wheat varieties specifically for infants.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong the colored wheat varieties, Qingyan Purple Wheat No.1 (QYZ-1) had the highest yield, primarily due to its higher grain number per unit area and thousand-grain weight. In contrast, blue wheat varieties 20072 and 20064 had lower thousand-grain weights and grain numbers per unit area. The results of the data previously mentioned by me in Acta Agricultura Boreali-Sinica\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e show that these two blue wheat varieties exhibited poor post-anthesis photosynthetic performance, which affected their dry matter accumulation and yield formation, and they had low harvest indices, impacting their yield conversion efficiency. Therefore, optimizing cultivation practices or implementing germplasm improvement strategies to enhance post-anthesis photosynthetic performance could significantly increase the thousand-grain weight and overall yield of colored wheat, thereby fully tapping into its yield potential.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eColored wheat is rich in mineral elements (notably Se and Zn), amino acids, and anthocyanins, which helps meet human nutritional needs. Its anthocyanin content is significantly higher than that of modern white-grain wheat JM22, with detected types including cyanidin-3-galactoside, delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, pelargonidin, and peonidin (purple wheat QYZ-2 and ND3753 had the most comprehensive range, while blue wheat 20072 had the highest total content). Colored wheat also had significantly higher total amino acid content than JM22, including higher levels of limiting amino acids (L-threonine and L-lysine), indicating superior nutritional quality and potential for breeding to enhance these amino acids.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn terms of processing quality, colored wheat had higher wet gluten content and gluten index; blue wheat 20072 and purple wheat ND3753 had gluten indices exceeding 99%, making them suitable for foods requiring strong resilience and elasticity (e.g., steamed buns, bread). QYZ-1, in particular, showed advantages in gluten content and crude protein content, highlighting its potential to improve both processing quality and nutritional value of flour.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData availability statement\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eZ.Z.X. conceptualization, methodology, formal anal ysis, investigation, data curation, and writing\u0026mdash;original draft preparation; L.W.L. investigation, writing\u0026mdash;review and editing; data curation and investigation; T.C. investigation and writing\u0026mdash;review and editing; Z.Y.L, Z.L.D, D.H.X and D.Y.H. investigation; G.H.M: project administration; Z.C.X. project administration and funding acquisition. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis experimental work was supported by Qingdao Science and Technology Benefit for People Demonstration Special Project (24-1-8-xdny-1-nsh); Shandong Province Key Research and Development Plan Project (2022CXPT009); Shandong Province Major Industry Public Relations Project for New and Old Kinetic Energy Conversion (2021-54); Qingdao Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System Wheat Innovation Promotion Team Project (6622316104). In addition, we are especially grateful for the support of the Qingdao Academy of Agricultural Sciences.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCummins, A. G. et al. 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Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cb\u003e38\u003c/b\u003e, 128\u0026ndash;138. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.7668/hbnxb.20194246\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.7668/hbnxb.20194246\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (2023).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Colored wheat, Nutritional content, Amino acids, Mineral elements, Anthocyanins","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5984444/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5984444/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eColored wheat is rich in nutrients such as minerals, amino acids, and anthocyanins, offering significant health benefits. However, its typically low yield limits cultivation and production efficiency. This study, conducted during the 2021\u0026ndash;2023 winter wheat seasons, compared the yield and quality of four purple wheat varieties (Qingyan Purple Wheat No.1 (QYZ-1), QYZ-2, Shannong Purple Wheat No.1 (SNZM1), Nongda 3753 (ND3753)), two blue wheat lines (20064 and 20072), and the modern white-grain wheat Jimai 22 (JM22). Results showed that QYZ-1 had the highest yield due to its higher thousand-grain weight and grain number per unit area. Colored wheat varieties, especially SNZM1 and 20072, had significantly higher Se, Zn, Fe, and Mn contents compared to JM22. Additionally, colored wheat is rich in Ca, K, Mg, and anthocyanins. QYZ-2 and ND3753 had a diverse range of anthocyanins, while 20072 had the highest total anthocyanin content. High wet gluten content and gluten index in colored wheat, particularly QYZ-1 and ND3753, indicated excellent processing characteristics. QYZ-1 also had the highest crude protein content. The total and non-essential amino acid contents in colored wheat were significantly higher than in JM22. The study concluded that colored wheat, particularly QYZ-1, shows superior nutritional content and quality. Moreover, the spike number is significantly positively correlated with yield; therefore, we believe that its yield can be further improved by increasing thousand-grain weight while maintaining stable grain numbers per unit area.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Comparison Study of Yield and Nutritional Value Between White Wheat and Colored Wheat Purple and Blue Varieties","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-30 09:40:54","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5984444/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Accepted","date":"2025-11-21T11:17:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-13T05:09:29+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-10T09:27:53+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"109206078255824288592739318482922388796","date":"2025-10-31T21:44:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"71198469336067987489300163523286915645","date":"2025-10-30T19:07:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-29T13:19:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-24T12:20:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-08-22T03:51:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ee7c02c1-b160-4a64-a4a8-de44e0cabd6f","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 30th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":57097415,"name":"Biological sciences/Plant sciences"},{"id":57097416,"name":"Biological sciences/Plant sciences/Plant physiology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-01T16:11:10+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5984444","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-30173-4","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2025-11-29 15:57:21","publishedOnDateReadable":"November 29th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-30 09:40:54","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-025-30173-4","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-30173-4","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5984444","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5984444","identity":"rs-5984444","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}