Enhancing Face Recognition via Additional Facial Attributes

Enhancing Face Recognition via Additional Facial Attributes | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Enhancing Face Recognition via Additional Facial Attributes Jaeguk Shin, Minseok Kim, Seungbo Park This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7821658/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Recent advancements in deep learning have significantly enhanced face recognition technology. However, its performance degrades considerably in real-world environments where subject identification is challenging due to factors like occlusion, poor illumination, and non-frontal poses. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a novel method that improves face recognition by utilizing some facial attributes as auxiliary semantic information. Our approach combines the conventional facial similarity score obtained from the DeepFace framework with an additional attribute score calculated from five auxiliary facial attributes. The core of our proposed model lies in a final similarity calculation that differentially assigns weights based on temporal stability and confidence in the detected attributes. Using a weighted sum controlled by an arbitrary weight, \(\:{\alpha\:}\) , our method dynamically adjusts the contributions to the final score for visual similarity and attribute consistency. Experiments conducted on a challenging dataset constructed from six different films demonstrate that the proposed method achieves significant performance improvements, enhancing Rank-1 accuracy by an average of 10.69% above the baseline, and by up to 36.25% in specific cases. Furthermore, an ablation study confirms that even though temporal attributes do not always increase the absolute number of correct matches, they enhance the model's stability by broadening the range of alpha values that yield improved performance. This research substantiates that integrating semantic attribute information is an effective strategy for building more robust and reliable face recognition systems for real-world applications. Face Recognition Facial Attributes Attribute Leveraging DeepFace Similarity Re-scoring Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 03 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 02 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 11 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 08 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Dec, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 19 Nov, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 18 Nov, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 10 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 09 Oct, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7821658","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":550367630,"identity":"9d904a6f-7d1e-49d9-8032-f10175bfee72","order_by":0,"name":"Jaeguk Shin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Inha University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jaeguk","middleName":"","lastName":"Shin","suffix":""},{"id":550367631,"identity":"452c628d-820b-4d8a-a6de-327dbfcecb79","order_by":1,"name":"Minseok Kim","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Inha University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Minseok","middleName":"","lastName":"Kim","suffix":""},{"id":550367632,"identity":"741ebe38-d450-4bfd-8751-860b84b74341","order_by":2,"name":"Seungbo Park","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAwElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFAC5gYGhgIbHgYJCNeACC2MQC0GaaRrOcxAvBbd9sbGDz8MzsuYSzc/YPhRw2Bs3kBAi9mZg82SPQa3eSznHDNg7DnGYCZzgJCWG4kNEjxALQY3EgwYeBsYbCQIOQyopfnnH4NzQC3pHxj/EqmlTZrH4ABQS44BM9AWM8Jazhxss5YxSAZpKTgsc0zCmLCW482Hb76psLMHOmzjwzc1NoYzCGlBAQfgsTMKRsEoGAWjgDIAAHVWPHaL+7i+AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Inha University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Seungbo","middleName":"","lastName":"Park","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-10-10 02:08:23","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7821658/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7821658/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":96875119,"identity":"e932f9c5-1001-4385-aaa9-06fda4209eb9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 05:10:05","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1828295,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"1010Manuscript2.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7821658/v1/abfe99ccafd33f5dd98fe180.docx"},{"id":96875102,"identity":"c09b188f-855f-4006-9845-194e94023ee6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 05:10:05","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":5435,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"bfd9045d4f5e4d948312aa4fcb2c64bd.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7821658/v1/f59b23a816c1c41c2ea8e23f.json"},{"id":96875115,"identity":"01a43a1c-36a1-46f6-9071-1dc77b1faa5b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 05:10:05","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":103401,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"bfd9045d4f5e4d948312aa4fcb2c64bd1enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7821658/v1/c2200aecc05cdcc88cdb4ece.xml"},{"id":96875103,"identity":"fdb1ec2f-0ef4-4d76-a7e2-9d07a0bbe224","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 05:10:05","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":71313,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7821658/v1/545d18a9038e49beeaee8f83.png"},{"id":96875104,"identity":"9dd0840c-2444-47be-91a9-d43491b113a5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 05:10:05","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":176843,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7821658/v1/77cd99e200ccbd97622a77b2.png"},{"id":96920129,"identity":"3a656bdf-a5ae-4b8e-aca5-302f50cdef24","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:49","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":154980,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7821658/v1/fba6508c985b8d5cb27a5089.jpeg"},{"id":96919687,"identity":"4becb196-32fa-430e-bbd0-e25a2dcae131","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:19","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1542,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7821658/v1/31105dcb666cfa44751204d1.jpeg"},{"id":96918594,"identity":"bc565d01-3b3e-42c8-996a-c08c88cc264e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:12:09","extension":"jpeg","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1542,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7821658/v1/a6b264e0320396a9e505b0e9.jpeg"},{"id":96919594,"identity":"9d6fd505-595f-409b-bf16-c1b53f7b7317","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:11","extension":"jpeg","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1522,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7821658/v1/420ae9bb4d68d7ff53229b41.jpeg"},{"id":96918624,"identity":"f15b3da9-cc31-4102-ad5c-740ee85aef8e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:12:14","extension":"jpeg","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":187835,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7821658/v1/318c249df0e577adbe77e83f.jpeg"},{"id":96919856,"identity":"12c9d6e1-4423-4f57-a873-f3f06e495bee","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:33","extension":"jpeg","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":82466,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7821658/v1/a2f804088fe2da21a0558d3a.jpeg"},{"id":96875105,"identity":"7717cf14-23ca-4070-b0b9-b711bd3e1954","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 05:10:05","extension":"jpeg","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":30102,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7821658/v1/a12e67c45098757e59610397.jpeg"},{"id":96875110,"identity":"705a745a-082f-4119-8833-6355a2095a7c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 05:10:05","extension":"jpeg","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":30000,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7821658/v1/f8e619f2761f456684ee7389.jpeg"},{"id":96920256,"identity":"c129b34f-41ae-4c43-a358-110fcf6504b2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:59","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":21757,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7821658/v1/e745aa8f55c7eb0949453771.png"},{"id":96919642,"identity":"8e9d004e-b74e-4865-a0e9-8de4e17d7326","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:15","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":24456,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7821658/v1/d8929cf11b0d01314407fbcb.png"},{"id":96875123,"identity":"ab2affa7-f2c4-4823-b1bf-c19d61521aae","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 05:10:05","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":106833,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7821658/v1/bea366a0c151b46796b4c487.png"},{"id":96875120,"identity":"e434b143-b78d-4c90-ab16-546a5fccb97c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 05:10:05","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":948,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7821658/v1/d873c6477f5e90ac5eaa5587.png"},{"id":96920027,"identity":"ffc06391-ef9a-4a12-a00e-4ad5b493d996","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:42","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":948,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7821658/v1/f5178fb5980562ae47ae4eb5.png"},{"id":96875108,"identity":"c99a66eb-d5eb-4ec4-aa1f-2e4538ea4784","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 05:10:05","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":947,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7821658/v1/d912aecee214b5a7deeebc19.png"},{"id":96875125,"identity":"b261fdcd-6359-4fb6-9ab1-ecab767e7199","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 05:10:05","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":127629,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7821658/v1/2b87ea41a8628fd65725f46f.png"},{"id":96920598,"identity":"4938270c-8458-41ac-beba-7b3cee4a42b9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:18","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":19802,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7821658/v1/9248b848c5b50b7d8ef40c85.png"},{"id":96875126,"identity":"b2faa2b0-f843-44e9-af40-d9f4c07a9f31","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 05:10:06","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":27442,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7821658/v1/0019ccba473a9c5c38476086.png"},{"id":96920073,"identity":"e1eec871-9e65-44b9-ae5a-6fa5959bddf0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:45","extension":"png","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":7639,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7821658/v1/1ddcb20cde72fa6357f8f82e.png"},{"id":96875127,"identity":"5b688600-88a4-42db-9571-0f303ddb454d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 05:10:06","extension":"xml","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":99997,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"bfd9045d4f5e4d948312aa4fcb2c64bd1structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7821658/v1/bef877ad8ca6834c4879f8b3.xml"},{"id":96875124,"identity":"a20f2c2e-19df-4e6f-a15b-253f4b3a0180","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 05:10:05","extension":"html","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":114223,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7821658/v1/b4ec8c28681fa6d219b39d12.html"},{"id":97136093,"identity":"577af6a3-fd95-40bc-90de-27f06e3d56fd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-01 09:55:28","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":836159,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"1010Manuscript2.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7821658/v1_covered_a000fc42-cc92-485b-82f4-4a219a38b348.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Enhancing Face Recognition via Additional Facial Attributes","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"multimedia-systems","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"mmsj","sideBox":"Learn more about [Multimedia Systems](http://link.springer.com/journal/530)","snPcode":"530","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/530/3","title":"Multimedia Systems","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Face Recognition, Facial Attributes, Attribute Leveraging, DeepFace, Similarity Re-scoring","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7821658/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7821658/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eRecent advancements in deep learning have significantly enhanced face recognition technology. However, its performance degrades considerably in real-world environments where subject identification is challenging due to factors like occlusion, poor illumination, and non-frontal poses. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a novel method that improves face recognition by utilizing some facial attributes as auxiliary semantic information. Our approach combines the conventional facial similarity score obtained from the DeepFace framework with an additional attribute score calculated from five auxiliary facial attributes. The core of our proposed model lies in a final similarity calculation that differentially assigns weights based on temporal stability and confidence in the detected attributes. Using a weighted sum controlled by an arbitrary weight, \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\alpha\\:}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, our method dynamically adjusts the contributions to the final score for visual similarity and attribute consistency. Experiments conducted on a challenging dataset constructed from six different films demonstrate that the proposed method achieves significant performance improvements, enhancing Rank-1 accuracy by an average of 10.69% above the baseline, and by up to 36.25% in specific cases. Furthermore, an ablation study confirms that even though temporal attributes do not always increase the absolute number of correct matches, they enhance the model's stability by broadening the range of alpha values that yield improved performance. This research substantiates that integrating semantic attribute information is an effective strategy for building more robust and reliable face recognition systems for real-world applications.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Enhancing Face Recognition via Additional Facial Attributes","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-27 05:10:00","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7821658/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-02-03T05:34:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-03T03:13:39+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"111820298254842014318317351661014715726","date":"2026-01-15T03:43:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"113830396793762272751693259818818662054","date":"2026-01-12T04:01:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-11T10:35:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-09T03:05:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"128187951706796647851683024726273554851","date":"2025-12-28T11:39:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"213037516510771677014769749880462131060","date":"2025-12-28T00:35:31+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-19T08:51:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-11-18T11:20:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-10-10T14:23:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Multimedia Systems","date":"2025-10-10T01:59:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"multimedia-systems","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"mmsj","sideBox":"Learn more about [Multimedia Systems](http://link.springer.com/journal/530)","snPcode":"530","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/530/3","title":"Multimedia Systems","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"82a9281b-7f6f-4f0c-ba5b-9d6bd4ada3be","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 27th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-25T03:10:46+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-27 05:10:00","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7821658","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7821658","identity":"rs-7821658","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}