Immune checkpoint (PD-1 and CTIA-4) signal inhibitors for gynecologic oncology; up to date.

Gynecological malignances include cervical, uterine (sarcoma), ovarian, vaginal, and vulvar cancers are among the most common cancers in women. Advanced and recurrent cases of these malignancies have poor prognosis and hence new types of treatment strategy are ur- gently required. Recent clinical trials have revealed an outstanding anti-tumor effect of im- mune checkpoint inhibitors (anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 [CTIA-4] anti- body, anti- programmed cell death 1 [PD-1] antibody and/or anti-PD-Li [PD-i ligand 1] antibody) in patients with gynecologic malignancies, especially for ovarian cancer and endo- metrial cancer. Besides, several clinical trials for other gynecologic malignancie's also have started and achieved a certain result in these agents and demonstrated some'candidates of predictive biomarkers of anti-tumor response such as polymerase epsilon (POLE) ultra- mutated or DNA mismatch repair deficiency-mutated genes in endometrial cancer and ovar- ian cancer. In this review, we highlight recent clinical trials that evaluated immune check- point inhibitors against gynecologic malignancies and discuss the clinical perspectives and issues regarding immune checkpoint inhibitors.