Secant Deep Hyperbolic Cosine Bio Inspired Whale Optimization for Building Detection From Satellite Images | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Secant Deep Hyperbolic Cosine Bio Inspired Whale Optimization for Building Detection From Satellite Images S Kokila, K A Yashaswini, Arunkumar Balakrishnan, Sangeeta Sangani, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9220428/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 15 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Building detection from satellite images is a demanding task and also considered as a hot research topic over the past few years. To be more specific, the satellite images become very significant for geographic information system (GIS) application, building detection and disaster monitoring. The key issue is how to recognize the objects of interest concerning building in satellite images swiftly, accurately with minimum falsification and noise. Deep Learning (DL) is one of the most efficient techniques for ensuring experience-based decision making in an automatic fashion. With these techniques expected output are said to be produced for the unseen inputs from learned patterns. Therefore, DL-based models are in the recent years being applied for object detection. One of the biggest challenges in the DL-based models learning is the selection of parameter and optimization process. Also numerous models have been proposed using bio-inspired optimization solutions to solve this problem. In this work, to avoid local optima and ensuring a smooth balance of exploration and exploitation involved in building detection, a method called, Secant Deep Belief Network-based Hyperbolic Cosine Whale Optimization (SDBN-HCWO) is proposed. The bio-inspired Hyperbolic Cosine Whale Optimization processes works under the Secant Deep Belief Network. The Secant Deep Belief Network consists of visible and hidden layer. In our work, three hidden layers are employed to detect best edges in the first hidden layer by means of Hyperbolic Cosine Prey Encircling-based best edge Identification model, linking best edges in the second hidden layer via Shrinking Encircle and Spiral Update-based optimal edge linking model and robust building detection in the third hidden layer by employing Secant Object Detection model. The performance of the SDBN-HCWO method is evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively based on the best fitness values. The experimental outcomes show that the proposed SDBN-HCWO method yields better performance results in terms of PSNR, false positive rate, classification accuracy, classification time, structural similarity index (SSIM), feature similarity index (FSIM) and convergence epochs for significant building detection than the other state-of-the-art methods. Geographic Information System Deep Belief Network Bio-inspired Optimization Secant Hyperbolic Cosine Whale Optimization Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 11 May, 2026 Reviews received at journal 28 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 12 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 09 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 08 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Apr, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 08 Apr, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 08 Apr, 2026 Editor invited by journal 02 Apr, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 31 Mar, 2026 First submitted to journal 31 Mar, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9220428","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":622671632,"identity":"c21254a4-30a2-4394-a3f2-901e603d1245","order_by":0,"name":"S Kokila","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Manipal Academy of Higher Education","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"S","middleName":"","lastName":"Kokila","suffix":""},{"id":622671634,"identity":"f3a68105-d87f-48a4-a431-4d9062cb0b60","order_by":1,"name":"K A Yashaswini","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABFUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACNhDBw8AMhAwVQCaQYnjAwMDYQJyWM1AtCURoYQCrZWyDMvFpMTh+/NmDH38Oy5izMzAb/Jy3Td6cnffghwQGG9kNB3BoOZNjbtjbdpjHspmBObF3223Dnc18yRIJDGnGOLUcyGGT4G24zWNwmIH5AO+224wbDvMYALUcTsSp5fzzZ5J//kC0HPw757Y9UIvxjwSG/7i13Egwk+Zhg2hJBlqXCNRiBrTlAE4tkjfemEnLtv0HamFsNpY5djt5w2G+NIsEg2TjmTi08J1Pfyb55k+avcH5w4cl39Tctt1w/uzhGx8q7GT7cGhRQIjDI4IH5GDsykFAvgFTjAe38lEwCkbBKBiRAABj42Lg8scW8AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Manipal Academy of Higher Education","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"K","middleName":"A","lastName":"Yashaswini","suffix":""},{"id":622671635,"identity":"61123ed9-9424-4180-8fd8-26ae097d0d40","order_by":2,"name":"Arunkumar Balakrishnan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Manipal Academy of Higher Education","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Arunkumar","middleName":"","lastName":"Balakrishnan","suffix":""},{"id":622671639,"identity":"403db5b9-aba3-4479-8e7c-4b39a9bcd708","order_by":3,"name":"Sangeeta Sangani","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Manipal Academy of Higher Education","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sangeeta","middleName":"","lastName":"Sangani","suffix":""},{"id":622671640,"identity":"8d9d7501-dd94-4c9d-af9b-4d2d08510325","order_by":4,"name":"Anbukkarasi S","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Manipal Academy of Higher Education","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anbukkarasi","middleName":"","lastName":"S","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-25 08:39:32","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9220428/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9220428/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":107480478,"identity":"676923fc-0b74-40d8-9b67-5c797b6db86b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-22 02:11:03","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1579139,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Article.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9220428/v1_covered_bdb8ac07-74d7-4ccc-8e5e-dc312a9700d2.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eSecant Deep Hyperbolic Cosine Bio Inspired Whale Optimization for Building Detection From Satellite Images\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"
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