Antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of Portulaca Oleracea and Azanza Garckeana on cervical cancer

Antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of Portulaca Oleracea and Azanza Garckeana on cervical cancer | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of Portulaca Oleracea and Azanza Garckeana on cervical cancer Olorato Mosotho, Naledi Troy Gonnye, Moses Koobotse, Kabo Masisi, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6425400/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Mortality and incidence rates of cervical cancer are on the rise in Sub-Saharan Africa. Current cervical cancer management strategies are not fully effective as they bring about major side effects and issues such as drug resistance. Indigenous plants have been used in ethnomedicine to treat conditions related to cancer. Aim: The present study was aimed at evaluating the antioxidant and anti-proliferation potential of extracts derived from Portulaca oleracea and Azanza garckeana plants. Methods: Phytochemicals were extracted from all plant parts of the two plants with methanol, ethanol, chloroform, distilled water, isopropanol and hexane. Qualitative phytochemical analysis was conducted. The total phenolic and flavonoid content were estimated, and antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6- sulfonic acid) assays. The antiproliferative activity of extracts on HeLa cells was analysed with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). Results: P. oleracea and A. garckeana stem and leaf methanolic extract had high total phenolic content between 14.25 and 16.39 TE mg/100 g and flavonoid content between 41.70 and 52.03 QE mg/100 g. Methanolic and ethanolic extracts displayed anti-proliferative activity towards HeLa cells used in study and the extracts affected cell viability in a dose dependent fashion ranging between 69 and 92% reduction in cell viability at 400 µg/ml extract concentration. The IC 50 values of extracts ranged between 242.09 and 329.31 µg/mL and 22.78 µg/mL ± 10.37 for cisplatin. Conclusions: Portulaca oleracea and Azanza garckeana demonstrate anti-proliferative and antioxidant activity, which indicate the potential of these plants in anticancer drug development. Portulaca oleracea Azanza garckeana Cytotoxicity HeLa Cells Proliferation Extract Cancer Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 1. Introduction Cervical cancer in Botswana has been considered to be the most prevalent cancer in women between the ages of 15–45, with the incidence rates anticipated to be 374 women diagnosed with the disease per year[ 1 ].The cancer has also been associated to be the leading cause of high cancer mortality rates in middle and low income countries[ 2 ]. Cervical cancer is characterized by the development of tumours around the cervical region in the body. The initiation of cervical cancer has been attributed to factors such as radiation which leads to oxidative stress; the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the Human Papilloma virus(HPV) [ 3 – 5 ]. This accumulation of reactive oxygen species leads to DNA mutations which marks the onset of cervical cancer [ 3 , 5 ]. Studies have demonstrated that certain natural compounds such as polyphenols, flavanols, carotenoids and steroids have antioxidant properties, making them chemo preventive and chemotherapeutic agents as they scavenge accumulated free radicals in the body [ 3 – 4 , 6 – 8 ]. The Portulaca oleracea and Azanza garckeana medicinal plants commonly known as the pig weed and African chewing gum respectively are sources of these antioxidants. The P. oleracea shrub is characterized by small and round fleshy leaves and red juicy stems[ 9 ] whereas A. garckeana plant is characterized by creased and large green leaves and yellow flowers[ 10 ]. Key studies have indicated that phytochemicals such as phenols and flavonoids from Portulaca oleracea and A. garckeana can inhibit the proliferation of cervical cancer cells[ 6 , 9 , 11 – 12 ]and the phytochemicals can be used to develop anticancer drugs replacing conventional methods such as chemotherapy. There is a need to consider alternative cancer management strategies such as the use of phytochemicals derived from P. oleracea and A. garckeana . Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the antioxidant and anti-proliferation potential of phytochemicals derived from Portulaca oleracea and A. garckeana in HeLa cells which are cervical cancer cells. 2. Materials and methods 2.1 Plant collection and extraction Portulaca oleracea whole plant was collected from Palapye, Khurumela Ward (23°25’11”S 26°44’0”E) and Azanza garckeana leaves, stems and roots were carefully collected from Serowe (22° 26’ 52”S 26° 44’ 46”E). The identity of the plants was verified by the Herbarium Unit of the Botswana National Museum. The leaves, stems and roots of the two plants were separated ,washed and dried for seven days .Extraction was through maceration using a ratio of 20:200 for solvent to extract. Extracts were filtered with a funnel and Whatman filter paper of 0.45 µm to remove insoluble material. The remaining solvent was concentrated at 45°C using a rotary evaporator (Heidolph Laborato 4000 efficient, Bavaria, Germany) to acquire the crude extracts. Extraction yield of the different solvents was determined using the formula; Extraction yield = \(\:\frac{weight\:of\:the\:extract\:after\:evaporating\:solvent\:and\:drying}{dry\:weight\:of\:the\:sample}\:\) × 100 [Formula 1] 2.2 Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis Preliminary phytochemical screening was conducted to qualitatively detect the presence of phenols, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, steroids and cardiac glycosides as according to methods described by Gallo et al. [ 13 – 16 ]. Total phenolic content was determined following revisions of the Folin-Ciocalteu method by Singleton and Rossi[ 17 ]. Total flavonoid content of P. oleracea and A. garckeana extracts was determined following revisions of a protocol by Gallo et al.[ 16 ]. All analyses were performed in triplicates. Total phenolic and flavonoid content were calculated using the following equation; TPC (mg / g) = \(\:\frac{TE\:from\:calibration\:curve\:\times\:volume\:\:of\:extract\:solution\:in\:mL}{weight\:of\:extract\:in\:g\:}\) [Formula 2] TFC ( mg/g ) = \(\:\frac{QE\:from\:calibration\:curve\:\:\times\:volume\:of\:the\:extract\:solution\:in\:mL}{Weight\:\:of\:extract\:in\:g\:}\) [ Formula 3] 2.3 Evaluation of antioxidant activity using DPPH and ABTS assay The antioxidant activity of A. garckeana and P. oleracea extracts was evaluated following a protocol by Gallo et al [ 17 ]. All analyses were performed in triplicates. The DPPH radical scavenging ability was calculated in terms of percentage inhibition as follows; % inhibition = \(\:\frac{Absorbance\:of\:control-Absorbance\:of\:test\:sample}{Absorbance\:of\:control\:}\) [Formula 4] The Trolox equivalents were obtained through using the equation from the calibration curve (Y = mx + C) as follows; Trolox equivalent = \(\:\frac{\left(Absorbance\:of\:control-absorbance\:of\:test\:control\right)-C\:}{m}\times\:w\) [Formula 5] Where w represents weight of dry sample and m is the gradient from the calibration curve. 2.4 Identification of bioactive compounds using GC-MS Extracts from P. oleracea and A. garckeana were filtered with a 0.21 nm filter (Millipore Sigma) to obtain clean extracts. The GC-MS procedure was adapted from Samer and Hala et al. [ 18 ] with a few modifications. 2.5 Determination of the anti-proliferative activities of P. oleracea and A. garckeana extracts 2.5.1 Cell culture HeLa cells were maintained in DMEM ( Thermo Fisher Scientific, Grand Island, USA), 10% Foetal Bovine Serum (FBS, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Grand Island, USA), penicillin streptomycin(Pen-Strep) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Grand Island, USA) and L-glutamine (L-Glut) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Grand Island, USA) and incubated under 37°C and 5% CO 2 until confluent. HeLa cells of passage 21 at a seeding density of 1 × 10 5 cells/mL were plated in T-75 flasks and incubated at 37°C for 24 hrs. 2.5.2 Determination of cell viability using MTT assay An estimated density of 5000 cells /well was seeded in a 96-well plate (FalconTM, Thermo Fisher scientific, Grand Island, USA). The cells were incubated at 37°C, 5% CO2 for 24 hrs. The MTT viability assay was adapted from Gallo et al. [ 16 ]. The percentage cell viability was calculated as follows; % cell viability = \(\:\frac{Absorbance\:of\:treatments}{Absorbance\:of\:control}\:\times\:100\) [Formula 5] The analysis was done in triplicates followed by the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ). 2.6 Statistical analysis Data was shown as mean ± standard deviation. For cell culture experiments the analysis was based on both standard deviation and standard error of the mean. Statistical comparisons were evaluated using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey Kramer test for multiple comparisons (SAS-JMP software version 16). Differences were presumed significant at P < 0.05. 3. Results 3.1 Qualitative phytochemical analysis Different phytochemicals were detected in six different extracts of Portulaca oleracea and Azanza garckeana leaves, stems and roots (Tables 1 and 2 ). The results indicate more phytochemicals were detected in methanolic extracts when compared to the other extracts and fewer phytochemicals were detected in hexane extracts. This indicated that P. oleracea was constituted by mostly polar components. Phenols were detected in most leaf and stem extracts when compared to root extracts. Results show that phytochemicals were detected across various plant parts except for tannins in the leaves and cardiac glycosides in the roots in Azanza garckeana (Table 2 ). In the Azanza garckeana stem extracts, flavonoids were the most abundant when compared to other phytochemicals. In conclusion, the phytochemical composition of both Azanza garckeana and Portulaca oleracea was not very dissimilar. Table 1 Phytochemicals detected in different extracts of different parts of Portulaca oleracea Plant Plant part Phytochemical Absence/Presence of phytochemical in extract Portulaca oleracea Leaves Methanol Ethanol Isopropanol Distilled water Chloroform Hexane Phenols + + + + + - Saponins + + + + - - Flavonoids + + + + - - Tannins + + - - - + Terpenoids + - + - - - Steroids + + + - - - Cardiac glycosides + + + - - - Stems Phenols + + + + + - Saponins + + - - - - Flavonoids + + + - - - Tannins + - - + + - Terpenoids + + - + - - Steroids + - - + - - Cardiac glycosides + + + + - - Roots Phenols + + + + - - Saponins + + - + - - Flavonoids + + + - + - Tannins + + - + + - Terpenoids + + - - - - Steroids + + - - + + Cardiac glycosides - - - - + - KEY ; + indicates presence of phytochemical. – indicates absence of phytochemical. Table 2 Phytochemicals detected in different extracts of different parts of Azanza garckeana Plant Plant part Phytochemical Absence/Presence of phytochemical in extract Azanza garckeana Leaves Methanol Ethanol Isopropanol Distilled water Chloroform Hexane Phenols + + + - - - Saponins + + - - - - Flavonoids + + + - + + Tannins - - - - - - Terpenoids + + - - - + Steroids + + - - + - Cardiac glycosides - - + - + - Stems Phenols + + + - + - Saponins + + + - - - Flavonoids + + + + + - Tannins + + - - - - Terpenoids + - - + - - Steroids + + - + + - Cardiac glycosides - + + - - - Roots Phenols + + - + - - Saponins + - + + - - Flavonoids + + + - - - Tannins + + - - - + Terpenoids + - + - + - Steroids + - + - + - Cardiac glycosides - - - - - - KEY ; + indicates presence of phytochemical. – indicates absence of phytochemical. 3.2 Quantitative phytochemical analysis 3.2.1 Total phenolic and flavonoid content of different extracts from P. oleracea and A. garckeana leaves, stems and roots Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined from the Trolox standard curve (y = 0.001x + 0.0897, R 2 = 0.9508) and the quercetin standard curve (y = 0.0009x-0.0086, R 2 = 0.9967) was used to determine the total flavonoid content (TFC). The findings indicated that the total phenolic content of P. oleracea leaf and stem methanolic extracts was significantly greater, at 16.25 ± 0.48 TE mg/100 g and 16.39 ± 0.51 TE mg/100 g, respectively (Fig. 1 ). The methanolic and ethanolic extracts of A. garckeana leaves came next, with corresponding concentrations of 14.00 ± 1.00 TE mg/100 g and 12.21 ± 0.06 TE mg/100 g (Fig. 1). Results showed that A. garckeana leaf methanolic and ethanolic extracts had significantly high TFC of 52.03 ± 2.44 QE mg/100 g and 55.06 ± 0.43 QE mg/100 g when compared to other extracts (Fig. 1). P. oleracea stem hexane extracts displayed significantly high TFC of 16.14 ± 0.55 QE mg/ 100 g despite the low polarity of this solvent. Extracts of P. oleracea and A. garckeana leaves displayed significantly high TFC when compared to the root extracts of these plants across all extraction solvents. Most extracts showed statistical difference from each other except stem and root extracts across chloroform and hexane. Furthermore, the data show that while root extracts had a considerably lower TPC across all solvents, leaf extracts had a higher TPC across all solvents when compared to stem and root extracts 3.3 Antioxidant activities of the extracts 3.3.1 DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of different extracts from P. oleracea and A. garckeana leaves, stems and roots The antioxidant concentration from DPPH and ABTS assays was estimated from the Trolox standard curve ;y = 0.0007x + 0.1159, R 2 = 0.9608 and y = 0.0008x + 0.0895, R 2 = 0.9851 respectively. Differences in means were statistically significant at a P-value of P < 0.05 hence the use of different mean separation letters as seen in Fig. 2 . P. oleracea root methanolic extracts displayed the highest concentration of antioxidants and highest radical scavenging activity from both DPPH and ABTS assays at 673.71 ± 23.23 Mmol/g ,706.25 ± 13.25 TE Mmol/g and 87.69% ± 2.43 respectively followed by P. oleracea stem methanolic extracts 705.00 ± 4.42 TE Mmol/g. On the other hand, the P. oleracea root hexane extracts were found to have the lowest antioxidant concentration of 57.50 ± 9.72 TE Mmol/g and therefore the lowest radical scavenging activity of 20.25% ± 1.16 when compared to other extracts. Methanol, ethanol and chloroform extracts were found to contain a significantly high amount of antioxidants and therefore exhibiting significantly high radical scavenging activity (Fig. 2 ) when compared to distilled water and hexane whereas hexane extracts were found to contain a significantly low concentration of antioxidants and therefore displayed significantly reduced radical scavenging activity. 3.4 Identification of bioactive compounds in different extracts of P. oleracea and A. garckeana Most compounds identified from Table 3 – 4 were based on probable compounds which had reported bioactivity whereas some compounds were identified based on the percentage probability. Various compounds were identified by GC-MS which may explain the antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of the extracts as the compounds had anticancer, antitumor and antioxidant activity (Table 3 – 4 ). These compounds may be responsible for the antioxidant activity of the extracts observed during DPPH and ABTS assays. Furthermore, the compounds have diverse biological activity from anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-diabetic, antifungal and neuroprotective. Table 3 Different bioactive compounds identified from P. oleracea extracts Name of compound Molecul ar weight (g/mol) Formula of compoun d Biological activity [Reference] Extract identified from 6-((1,3- 608.55 C29 Anticancer[ 19 , 20 ] dihydroxypropan-2- H28N4O11 Stem chloroform yl)amino)-2,10- dihydroxy-12- ((2 R ,3 R ,4 S ,5 S ,6 R )- 3,4,5-trihydroxy-6- (hydroxymethyl)tetrah ydro-2 H -pyran-2-yl)- 12,13-dihydro-5 H - indolo[2,3- a]pyrrolo[3,4- c]carbazole-5,7(6 H )- dione 7,9-Di-tert-butyl-1- 276.37 C17 H24O3 -Antioxidant[ 21 ] oxaspiro (4,5)deca-6,9- -Antimicrobial Stem chloroform diene-2,8-dione [ 21 ] I-Propyl14-methyl- pentadecanoate 298.50 C19H38O2 Antioxidant [ 22 ] Stem chloroform Benzonitrile,4-(6- butyl-2-naphthyl)- 285.38 C21H19N -Antitumor [ 23 ] -Antioxidant [ 23 ] Stem chloroform Cyclononasiloxane, octadecamethyl- 667.39 C18H54O9 Si9 -Antioxidant [ 24 ] -Antimicrobial [ 2 4 ] Leaf chloroform Root methanolic Leaf methanolic Stem methanolic Leaf ethanolic Stem ethanolic Colchicine,N- 563.59 C31H33N Anti-inflammatory[ 25 ] Stem chloroform desacetyl-N-[4- O9 hydroxy-3,5- dimethoxycinnamoyl]- Cholestan-26-oic acid, 3,7,12-trihydroxy-, (3α,5β,7α,12α)- 450.65 C27H46O5 -Antioxidant [ 26 ],Antimicrobial[ 26 ] Stem chloroform Leaf chloroform Root methanolic Stem methanolic Leaf ethanolic Octasiloxane, 1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11,13,1 3,15,15-hexadecamethyl- 579.30 C16H50O7S i 8 Anticancer [ 27 ] Stem chloroform Root methanolic Leaf ethanolic Stem methanolic Stem ethanolic Molybdenum,tetrakis[µ- (acetato-O:O')] di-, (Mo-Mo) 428.10 C18H12Mo 2O8 Antioxidant [ 28 ] Anticancer[ 28 ] Stem chloroform 3 Beta-chloro-5alpha- cholestane-5,6beta-diol6- acetate 481.10 C29H49Cl O3 Antioxidant [ 29 ] Stem chlorofom 3-O-Methyl-D-glucose 194.18 C7H14O6 Antioxidant [ 30 ] Root methanolic Stem ethanolic Nordextromethorphan 257.37 C17H23N O -Neuroprotective [ 31 ] -Anti-inflammatory [ 31 ] Root methanolic Leaf ethanolic Heptasiloxane, 1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11, 13,13-tetradecamethyl 505.09 C14H44O6 Si7 -Antioxidant [ 32 ] -Antibacterial [ 32 , 33 ] Root methanolic Leaf ethanolic Stem methanolic (6 R )-5,6,7,8- Tetrahydrobiopterin 241.25 C 9 H 15 N 5 O 3 Antioxidant[ 34 , 35 ] Leaf ethanolic 4-Ethyl-2 E -(hydroxyimino)- 5-nitro-3 E -hexenamide 215.21 C8H13N3 O4 -Anticancer [ 36 ] -Anti-HIV [ 36 ] -Anti-bacterial [ 36 ] Leaf methanolic Cyclooctasiloxane, hexadecamethyl- 593.23 C16H48O8 Si8 -Antioxidant [ 38 ] -Antimicrobial [ 37 ] Leaf methanolic Stem methanolic 10-Acetoxy-1,4a-dimethyl-9- oxo-1,2,3,4,4a,9- hexahydrophenanthrene-1- carboxylic acid, methyl ester 342.38 C20H22O5 Anticancer [ 39 ] Leaf methanolic Benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5- bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4- hydroxy-, methyl ester 292.41 C18H28O3 -Antimicrobial [ 40 ] -Antioxidant [ 40 ] Leaf methanolic 1-Methyl-10,18-bisnorabieta- 8,11,13-triene 256.42 C19H28 Anticancer, Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial, Anti- inflammatory [ 41 ] Leaf methanolic Stem ethanolic Cyclopropa[3',4’] benz[1',2':4,5]azuleno[1,8a- d]-1,3-dioxole-5b,7,7a-triol, 3a,5a,6,7,8,8a,8b,11- octahydro-10- (hydroxymethyl 490.58 C27H38O8 Antioxidant, Anti-tumor, Anti- inflammatory and Anti- diabetic [ 42 ] Leaf methanolic Podofilox 414.40 C22H22O8 Anticancer [ 43 , 44 ] Leaf methanolic Salmeterol 415.56 C25H37N O4 Anti- inflammato ry [ 45 ] Stem methanolic 3 H -Furan-2-one, 3- cyclohexylidene-5-(4- hexanoyloxyphenyl)- 386.44 C22H26O6 Anti- cancer, Anti- inflammato ry, Anti- viral [ 46 ] Stem methanolic Cyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl- 444.92 C12H36O6 Si6 Antioxidant, Antimicrobial [ 39 ] Stem methanolic Cycloheptasiloxane, tetradecamethyl- 519.08 C14H42O7 Si7 Antioxidant [ 39 ] Stem methanolic Acetamide, 2-(1,2,3,4- tetrahydro-3,3- dimethylisoquinolin-1- ylideno)- N -(2-chlorophenyl)- 326.82 C19H19Cl N2O Anti- inflammatory, Anti- neoplastic, Antioxidant [ 47 ] Stem ethanolic Aminoglutethimide 232.28 C13H16N2 O2 Anti-cancer [ 48 ] Stem ethanolic Table 4 Different bioactive compounds identified from A. garckeana extracts Name of compound Molecu lar weight (g/mol) Formula of compound Biological activity [Reference] Extract identified from 3-Methylmannoside 194.18 C7H14O6 -Anti- inflammatory Leaf ethanolic [ 49 ] -Anti-diabetic [ 49 ] -Anti-viral [ 49 ] -Anti- bacterial [ 49 ] 3 H -Furan-2-one,3- 386.44 C22H26O6 -Anticancer cyclohexylidene-5-(4- [ 31 ] Leaf ethanolic hexanoyloxyphenyl)- -Anti- inflammatory [ 31 ] -Anti- Viral [ 31 ] Cyclononasiloxane, 667.39 C18H54O9S -Antioxidant octadecamethyl- i9 [ 24 ] - Leaf ethanolic Antimicrobial Leaf methanolic Root methanolic Stem methanolic [ 24 ] Octasiloxane, 1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11,13,1 3,15,15-hexadecamethyl- 579.30 C16H50O7S i 8 Anticancer [ 27 ] Leaf ethanolic Leaf methanolic Root methanolic Stem methanolic Xanthylium,9-[2- (ethoxycarbonyl)phenyl]- 3,6-bis(ethylamino)-2,7- dimethyl-, chloride 507.06 C28H30ClN 2O3 Antioxidant [ 50 ] Leaf ethanolic 3-O-Methyl-D-glucose 194.18 C 7 H 14 O 6 Antioxidant [ 31 ] Leaf methanol Stem methanol 3(2 H )-Benzofuranone,6- methoxy 2-[(3- methoxyphenyl) methylene]-, ( E )- 289.29 C 17 H 14 O 4 Anti-tumor[ 51 ] Leaf methanol 7-Chloro- N -{3- [(diethylamino)methyl]-4- [(trimethylsilyl)oxy] phenyl}- N -(trimethylsilyl)quinolin-4- amine 500.22 C 26 H 38 ClN 3 O Si 2 Anti-inflammatory [ 52 ] Leaf methanol Cyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl- 444.92 C12H36O6Si 6 Antioxidant Antimicrob ial [ 39 ] Root methanol Cyclooctasiloxane, hexadecamethyl- 593.23 C16H48O8Si 8 Antioxidant , Antitumor, Antifungal, Antibacteri al [ 53 – 54 ] Root methanol Benzoic acid, 4-amino-2- hydroxy-, tris(trimethylsilyl) deriv. 631.09 C 16 H 31 NO 3 Si 3 Anti- inflammato ry, Anti- fungal [ 55 , 56 ] Root methanol Stem methanol Tetracosamethyl- cyclododecasiloxane 889.84 C24H72O12S i12 Antioxidant , Anti- bacterial [ 57 – 58 ] Root methanol 4-Pyrimidinecarboxylic acid, 2,6- bis [(tert- butyldimethylsilyl) oxy]-, tert- butyldimethylsilyl ester 498.88 C23H46N2O4 Si3 Antioxidant [ 59 ] Stem methanol 1-Methyl-10,18-bisnorabieta- 8,11,13-triene 256.43 C19H28 Antioxidant , Anti- microbial, Anti- inflammato ry [ 60 ] Stem methanol 2(1H)-Pyrimidinone, 5-chloro- 4,6-diphenyl- 282.72 C 16 H 11 ClN 2 O Cytotoxic , Anti- inflammato ry [ 61 – 62 ] Root methanol 10-Acetoxy-1,4a-dimethyl-9- oxo-1,2,3,4,4a,9- hexahydrophenanthrene-1- carboxylic acid, methyl ester 342.38 C 20 H 22 O 5 Anticancer [ 40 ] Leaf methanol Cholestan-26-oicacid, 3,7,12-trihydroxy-, (3α,5β,7α,12α)- 450.65 C27H46O5 Antioxidant [ 29 , 30 ] Leaf ethanolic 3.5 Antiproliferative activity of P. oleracea and A. garckeana extracts 3.5.1 Effect of P. oleracea and A. garckeana extracts on HeLa cell morphology HeLa cells were treated at different concentrations of extracts and cisplatin ;12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 µg/mL and exposed to the different concentrations of the extracts for 24 hrs. HeLa cells shrunk and detached from the cell culture surface (Fig. 3) after 24 hr exposure to extracts. Moreover, the cells lost their fibrous polygonal shape and were seen floating in media (Fig. 3) and lost their compactness as they no longer covered a large portion of the cell culture surface. After exposure to extracts for 24 hrs cell death was seen as indicated by small aggregates of dead cells (Fig. 3). 3.6 Effects of A. garckeana and P. oleracea extracts on the viability of HeLa cells MTT assay was used to determine the viability of HeLa cells after treatment with A. garckeana leaves methanolic extracts, A. garckeana leaf ethanolic extracts, P. oleracea leaves methanolic extracts and P. oleracea stem methanolic extracts to study the antiproliferative effects of the extracts. The anticancer drug cisplatin was used as a positive control. The results were found to be statistically significant at a p-value of P < 0.05. Cell viability was affected in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 4 ). A. garckeana leaf ethanolic extracts greatly reduced cell viability significantly by 92.00% from 97.00–5.00% at 400 µg/ml extract concentration and P. oleracea stem methanolic extracts slightly reduced cell viability significantly by 69.00% from 99.00–30.00% at 400 µg/ml extract concentration (Fig. 4 ). Cisplatin significantly reduced cell viability from 95.00–12.00%, a confirmation of its cytotoxic effect on cells as an anticancer drug. HeLa cells showed a significantly lower cell viability after exposure to a high concentration of 400 µg/mL of the four extracts. Cisplatin as a positive control caused a significant decrease in cell viability across all concentrations. The IC 50 values of the four used extracts and cisplatin were determined (Table 5 ). Results were found to be statistically significant at P < 0.05. The IC 50 value indicates the potency of an extract or drug and level of its cytotoxic activity. This value is the concentration required to reduce proliferation of cells by 50.00%. Therefore, the lower the IC 50 value, the greater the cytotoxic effect of the extract. Table 5 Half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of A. garckeana and P. oleracea extracts and cisplatin on HeLa cells after cell viability assay Sample Extract IC50 (µg/mL) A. garckeana leaves Methanolic 176.44 ± 25.49 (D) A. garckeana leaves Ethanolic 190.47 ± 46.10 (C) P. oleracea leaves Methanolic 329.31 ± 54.69 (A) P. oleracea stems Methanolic 242.09 ± 23.60 (B) Cisplatin Anti-cancer drug(cisplatin) 22.78 ± 10.37 (E) 4. Discussion Medicinal plants have been widely reported to provide therapeutic effect due to the presence of phytochemicals which demonstrate pharmacological effects in many ways [ 10 , 63 ]. This study assessed and contrasted the phytochemical properties, antioxidant and cytotoxic effect of A. garckeana and P. oleracea extracts. Results from qualitative phytochemical screening (Tables 1 and 2 ) show that more phytochemicals were detected in methanol extracts and less phytochemicals were detected in hexane extracts implying effect of polarity on extraction of compounds. This is in support of a study which reported that methanol is the most effective solvent during extraction because of its ability to impede polyphenol oxidase to oxidize phenolics [ 17 ].The variation of the TPC content from results and of other studies may be attributed to differences in processing, extraction techniques and the age and growth stage of plant as pointed out by studies [ 17 – 18 , 64 ]. The current study revealed that leaf extracts had a significantly higher total phenolic and flavonoid content in both P. oleracea and A. garckeana . All these results show a relationship between solvent polarity, part of plant used to extract and extraction of phytochemicals as reported in other studies [ 65 – 66 ]. It is paramount for both the ABTS and DPPH assays to be used when evaluating antioxidant activity of extracts as a greater comprehensive evaluation of antioxidant activity of the extracts is provided since the assays measure different components of antioxidant activity [ 13 , 67 ]. In the current study, high antioxidant activity as indicated in results presented from Fig. 3 was observed in most methanol extracts and GC-MS analysis as presented from Table 3 – 4 indicated the presence of many antioxidant compounds in methanolic extracts of both P. oleracea and A. garckeana . Furthermore, GC-MS results indicated from Table 3 – 4 in the current study indicate the presence of compounds which have antioxidant activity. The high antioxidant activity seen in some of the extracts from both P. oleracea and A. garckeana extracts may be due to the antioxidant compounds present in extracts which participate in hydrogen electron transfer (HAT), single electron transfer (SET) and chelation of transition metals reactions [ 68 ]. Some of the compounds that were detected from extracts with high antioxidant activity include cholestan-26-oic acid, 3,7,12-trihydroxy-, (3α,5β,7α,12α)- and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose. These compounds display antioxidant action through the presence of hydroxyl groups which modulate this activity [ 69 ].These findings correlate with findings of another study which highlighted that P. oleracea varieties display a significantly high antioxidant activity because polar solvents are highly effective in extracting antioxidants [ 17 ]. Within this study, hexane extracts displayed low antioxidant activity despite high total flavonoid composition. This may be attributed to the structure of the flavonoids without hydroxyl groups which leads to reduced antioxidant activity as reported previously reported [ 17 ]. Cytotoxicity investigations of these extracts on HeLa cells showed that the extracts affect cell morphology as indicated from Fig. 3 .The cell viability assay results correlated with findings from a previous study which indicated that P. oleracea extracts bring about antiproliferative effects in a dose dependent fashion [ 70 ].The antiproliferative activity displayed by extracts from A. garckeana and P. oleracea may be due to the presence of anticancer and antioxidant compounds such as 10- acetoxy-1,4a-dimethyl-9-oxo-1,2,3,4,4a,9-hexahydrophenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid, methyl ester as reported in GC-MS results from current study (Table 3 – 4 ).Studies have reported that these compounds exert their antiproliferative effect by inducing apoptosis, causing DNA damage, increasing oxidative stress in HeLa cells which leads to oxidative damage, interfering with cell cycle progression and interacting with pathways such as MAPK and NF-kB pathways[ 22 , 66 , 67 , 70 ]. 5. Conclusion This study showed that P. oleracea and A. garckeana different extracts possess antioxidant and antiproliferative properties and have bioactive phyto-compounds which may be responsible for the antioxidant and antiproliferative effect. Therefore, the support the traditional use of traditional use of the plant extracts in cervical cancer management. Declarations Funding This research was funded by the Office of the Deputy Vice Chancellor Research Development and Innovation of the Botswana International University of Science and Technology with Grant Number: R00024. Acknowledgements We would like to extend our gratitude to the Botswana International University of Science and Technology and the University of Botswana for providing the resources to carry out the study. Author contributions O.M. . did data, collection, investigation, data analysis and wrote the original draft. N.T.G. critically revised the article, did data analysis, and interpretation. M. K. did methodology, and critical revision of the article. K.M. did conceptualization, methodology, and critical revision of the article. G.G. did conceptualization, methodology, and critical revising of the article. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the article. Conflict of interest No potential conflict of interest reported by authors. Data Availability Data is available upon request from the authors. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The collection of the plants used in the study complies with local or national guidelines with no need for further affirmation. Consent for publication: The authors declare that this paper does not contain any studies with human participants or animals. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Clinical study: This study was not a clinical and therefore has no registry, trial registration number or data of registration. References T. M. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6425400","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":455388986,"identity":"c4f24645-a721-4669-a8ae-f90c71651023","order_by":0,"name":"Olorato Mosotho","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Botswana International University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Olorato","middleName":"","lastName":"Mosotho","suffix":""},{"id":455388988,"identity":"d0f5f2d2-a657-4ace-ba6e-0c3e45e47d41","order_by":1,"name":"Naledi Troy Gonnye","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Botswana International University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Naledi","middleName":"Troy","lastName":"Gonnye","suffix":""},{"id":455388989,"identity":"49f2f23b-61ed-4c85-94e9-f46204cdc2a0","order_by":2,"name":"Moses Koobotse","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Botswana","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Moses","middleName":"","lastName":"Koobotse","suffix":""},{"id":455388990,"identity":"aa2272c8-6c5e-43a2-800e-4b4e63559b66","order_by":3,"name":"Kabo Masisi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Botswana International University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kabo","middleName":"","lastName":"Masisi","suffix":""},{"id":455388995,"identity":"e3c6f3f1-9f5c-4522-bbf9-b73c35c96756","order_by":4,"name":"Goabaone Gaobotse","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA60lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACNgjF3sNwAFUEr5YEIMVzBqTFgBQtEjkgDhFa5N0PH3vw8UednHzk24OHef78YeBvP8D2mAePFsMzaemGMxIOGxvezks4zNtmwCBxJoHdGK+WhhwzaZ6EA4kbZ+cYHOZtADrsBgObdA4+Lf1vQFrq6jfOPGMAdJgBgzwhLfISYFuYE+QleIBa2AwYDAhpMZB4BvRL2mHDDTx5CQfnthnzGJ5JbDf+g8+W/uRjDz7Y1MnLt589/OHNHzk5ueOHjz2cgc+WA2gMYFgxNuDRALSlAZ0xCkbBKBgFowAdAABmg0uropluuQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Botswana International University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Goabaone","middleName":"","lastName":"Gaobotse","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-11 06:38:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6425400/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6425400/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":82633561,"identity":"df692a8a-ec89-4004-85f9-2e8b6b5eca80","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-13 14:10:58","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":117502,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ea) Total phenolic content \u0026nbsp;and b) total flavonoid content expressed in TE and QE of leaves, stems and root extracts of six different solvents in both \u003cem\u003eP. oleracea \u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eA. garckeana\u003c/em\u003e (P-value \u0026lt; 0.05,considered statistically significant based on Tukey Kramer t-test).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6425400/v1/bfd8b66989b74e391087a378.jpg"},{"id":82634102,"identity":"1d1acc3c-8dd2-432e-be4b-1ba98cb509f9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-13 14:18:58","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":146435,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ea) Antioxidant concentration expressed as Trolox equivalents (b.DPPH and c.ABTS) \u0026nbsp;and radical scavenging activity (%) (a.DPPH and d.ABTS) of different extracts of leaves, stems and roots in \u003cem\u003eP. oleracea\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eA. garckeana\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6425400/v1/1864ac6168c0ca0c8c4ae2f2.jpg"},{"id":82633592,"identity":"38a0566e-9069-4ab5-90a0-09e17859e7d2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-13 14:11:01","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":147038,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMorphology of HeLa cells (P20) after 24 hr incubation with \u003cem\u003eP. oleracea\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. garckeana \u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;leaves methanolic extract (×40) at different concentrations (a and b; concentration of \u003cem\u003eP. oleracea\u003c/em\u003eleaf\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003emethanol extract at 100 µg/ml and 400 µg/mL respectively, c and d ; concentration of \u003cem\u003eA. garckeana\u003c/em\u003e leaf\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003emethanol extract at 100 µg/ml and 400 µg/mL respectively and e and f; concentration of cisplatin at 100 µg/ml and 400 µg/mL T respectively) captured under light inverted microscope (Olympus IX 83, Japan, Tokyo).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6425400/v1/87f7734425eacd1c8b3d8208.jpg"},{"id":82633563,"identity":"56d0901d-07fa-456a-882b-73c3e5cf9d74","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-13 14:10:58","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":28136,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCell viability of HeLa cells (P20, n=3) determined by MTT assay after 24 hr exposure of \u003cem\u003eA. garckeana\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. oleracea\u003c/em\u003e extracts at different concentrations (P \u0026lt; 0.05 considered statistically significant based on Tukey Kramer t-test).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6425400/v1/05aa82c64b339bfe04445c31.jpg"},{"id":89291872,"identity":"afc9c5fe-ed71-4fb2-b604-ad53b8b0603e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-18 12:32:12","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2346684,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6425400/v1/09d5715f-eeea-48e4-9ba8-899540c328bc.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of Portulaca Oleracea and Azanza Garckeana on cervical cancer","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eCervical cancer in Botswana has been considered to be the most prevalent cancer in women between the ages of 15\u0026ndash;45, with the incidence rates anticipated to be 374 women diagnosed with the disease per year[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e].The cancer has also been associated to be the leading cause of high cancer mortality rates in middle and low income countries[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Cervical cancer is characterized by the development of tumours around the cervical region in the body. The initiation of cervical cancer has been attributed to factors such as radiation which leads to oxidative stress; the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the Human Papilloma virus(HPV) [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR4\" citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. This accumulation of reactive oxygen species leads to DNA mutations which marks the onset of cervical cancer [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Studies have demonstrated that certain natural compounds such as polyphenols, flavanols, carotenoids and steroids have antioxidant properties, making them chemo preventive and chemotherapeutic agents as they scavenge accumulated free radicals in the body [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR7\" citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003ePortulaca oleracea\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAzanza garckeana\u003c/em\u003e medicinal plants commonly known as the pig weed and African chewing gum respectively are sources of these antioxidants. The \u003cem\u003eP. oleracea\u003c/em\u003e shrub is characterized by small and round fleshy leaves and red juicy stems[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e] whereas \u003cem\u003eA. garckeana\u003c/em\u003e plant is characterized by creased and large green leaves and yellow flowers[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey studies have indicated that phytochemicals such as phenols and flavonoids from \u003cem\u003ePortulaca oleracea\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. garckeana\u003c/em\u003e can inhibit the proliferation of cervical cancer cells[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]and the phytochemicals can be used to develop anticancer drugs replacing conventional methods such as chemotherapy. There is a need to consider alternative cancer management strategies such as the use of phytochemicals derived from \u003cem\u003eP. oleracea\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. garckeana\u003c/em\u003e. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the antioxidant and anti-proliferation potential of phytochemicals derived from \u003cem\u003ePortulaca oleracea\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. garckeana\u003c/em\u003e in HeLa cells which are cervical cancer cells.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Plant collection and extraction\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003ePortulaca oleracea\u003c/em\u003e whole plant was collected from Palapye, Khurumela Ward (23\u0026deg;25\u0026rsquo;11\u0026rdquo;S 26\u0026deg;44\u0026rsquo;0\u0026rdquo;E) and \u003cem\u003eAzanza garckeana\u003c/em\u003e leaves, stems and roots were carefully collected from Serowe (22\u0026deg; 26\u0026rsquo; 52\u0026rdquo;S 26\u0026deg; 44\u0026rsquo; 46\u0026rdquo;E). The identity of the plants was verified by the Herbarium Unit of the Botswana National Museum. The leaves, stems and roots of the two plants were separated ,washed and dried for seven days .Extraction was through maceration using a ratio of 20:200 for solvent to extract. Extracts were filtered with a funnel and Whatman filter paper of 0.45 \u0026micro;m to remove insoluble material. The remaining solvent was concentrated at 45\u0026deg;C using a rotary evaporator (Heidolph Laborato 4000 efficient, Bavaria, Germany) to acquire the crude extracts. Extraction yield of the different solvents was determined using the formula;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtraction yield = \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\frac{weight\\:of\\:the\\:extract\\:after\\:evaporating\\:solvent\\:and\\:drying}{dry\\:weight\\:of\\:the\\:sample}\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u0026times; 100 [Formula 1]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreliminary phytochemical screening was conducted to qualitatively detect the presence of phenols, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, steroids and cardiac glycosides as according to methods described by Gallo et al. [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14 CR15\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Total phenolic content was determined following revisions of the Folin-Ciocalteu method by Singleton and Rossi[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Total flavonoid content of \u003cem\u003eP. oleracea\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. garckeana\u003c/em\u003e extracts was determined following revisions of a protocol by Gallo et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll analyses were performed in triplicates. Total phenolic and flavonoid content were calculated using the following equation;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTPC (mg / g) = \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\frac{TE\\:from\\:calibration\\:curve\\:\\times\\:volume\\:\\:of\\:extract\\:solution\\:in\\:mL}{weight\\:of\\:extract\\:in\\:g\\:}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e [Formula 2]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTFC ( mg/g ) = \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\frac{QE\\:from\\:calibration\\:curve\\:\\:\\times\\:volume\\:of\\:the\\:extract\\:solution\\:in\\:mL}{Weight\\:\\:of\\:extract\\:in\\:g\\:}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e [ Formula 3]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Evaluation of antioxidant activity using DPPH and ABTS assay\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe antioxidant activity of \u003cem\u003eA. garckeana\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. oleracea\u003c/em\u003e extracts was evaluated following a protocol by Gallo et al [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. All analyses were performed in triplicates. The DPPH radical scavenging ability was calculated in terms of percentage inhibition as follows;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% inhibition = \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\frac{Absorbance\\:of\\:control-Absorbance\\:of\\:test\\:sample}{Absorbance\\:of\\:control\\:}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e [Formula 4]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Trolox equivalents were obtained through using the equation from the calibration curve (Y\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;mx\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C) as follows;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrolox equivalent = \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\frac{\\left(Absorbance\\:of\\:control-absorbance\\:of\\:test\\:control\\right)-C\\:}{m}\\times\\:w\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e [Formula 5]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere w represents weight of dry sample and m is the gradient from the calibration curve.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Identification of bioactive compounds using GC-MS\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtracts from \u003cem\u003eP. oleracea\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. garckeana\u003c/em\u003e were filtered with a 0.21 nm filter (Millipore Sigma) to obtain clean extracts. The GC-MS procedure was adapted from Samer and Hala et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] with a few modifications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5 Determination of the anti-proliferative activities of \u003cem\u003eP. oleracea\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. garckeana\u003c/em\u003e extracts\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5.1 Cell culture\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeLa cells were maintained in DMEM ( Thermo Fisher Scientific, Grand Island, USA), 10% Foetal Bovine Serum (FBS, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Grand Island, USA), penicillin streptomycin(Pen-Strep) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Grand Island, USA) and L-glutamine (L-Glut) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Grand Island, USA) and incubated under 37\u0026deg;C and 5% CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e until confluent.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeLa cells of passage 21 at a seeding density of 1 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e cells/mL were plated in T-75 flasks and incubated at 37\u0026deg;C for 24 hrs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5.2 Determination of cell viability using MTT assay\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn estimated density of 5000 cells /well was seeded in a 96-well plate (FalconTM, Thermo Fisher scientific, Grand Island, USA). The cells were incubated at 37\u0026deg;C, 5% CO2 for 24 hrs. The MTT viability assay was adapted from Gallo et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe percentage cell viability was calculated as follows;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e% cell viability =\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\frac{Absorbance\\:of\\:treatments}{Absorbance\\:of\\:control}\\:\\times\\:100\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e [Formula 5]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe analysis was done in triplicates followed by the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6 Statistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData was shown as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation. For cell culture experiments the analysis was based on both standard deviation and standard error of the mean. Statistical comparisons were evaluated using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey Kramer test for multiple comparisons (SAS-JMP software version 16). Differences were presumed significant at P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Qualitative phytochemical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDifferent phytochemicals were detected in six different extracts of \u003cem\u003ePortulaca oleracea\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAzanza garckeana\u003c/em\u003e leaves, stems and roots (Tables \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The results indicate more phytochemicals were detected in methanolic extracts when compared to the other extracts and fewer phytochemicals were detected in hexane extracts. This indicated that \u003cem\u003eP. oleracea\u003c/em\u003e was constituted by mostly polar components. Phenols were detected in most leaf and stem extracts when compared to root extracts. Results show that phytochemicals were detected across various plant parts except for tannins in the leaves and cardiac glycosides in the roots in \u003cem\u003eAzanza garckeana\u003c/em\u003e (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). In the \u003cem\u003eAzanza garckeana\u003c/em\u003e stem extracts, flavonoids were the most abundant when compared to other phytochemicals. In conclusion, the phytochemical composition of both \u003cem\u003eAzanza garckeana\u003c/em\u003e and\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003ePortulaca oleracea\u003c/em\u003e was not very dissimilar.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhytochemicals detected in different extracts of different parts of \u003cem\u003ePortulaca oleracea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epart\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhytochemical\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbsence/Presence of phytochemical in extract\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"22\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePortulaca oleracea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethanol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthanol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIsopropanol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDistilled\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ewater\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChloroform\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHexane\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhenols\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSaponins\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlavonoids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTannins\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTerpenoids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSteroids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCardiac glycosides\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhenols\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSaponins\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlavonoids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTannins\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTerpenoids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSteroids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCardiac glycosides\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRoots\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhenols\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSaponins\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlavonoids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTannins\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTerpenoids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSteroids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCardiac glycosides\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKEY\u003c/strong\u003e ; \u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e indicates presence of phytochemical.\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/strong\u003e indicates absence of phytochemical.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhytochemicals detected in different extracts of different parts of \u003cem\u003eAzanza garckeana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlant part\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhytochemical\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbsence/Presence of phytochemical in extract\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"22\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAzanza garckeana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethanol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthanol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIsopropanol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDistilled water\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChloroform\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHexane\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhenols\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSaponins\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlavonoids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTannins\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTerpenoids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSteroids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCardiac glycosides\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhenols\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSaponins\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlavonoids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTannins\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTerpenoids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSteroids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCardiac glycosides\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRoots\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhenols\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSaponins\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlavonoids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTannins\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTerpenoids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSteroids\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCardiac glycosides\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKEY\u003c/strong\u003e ; \u003cstrong\u003e+\u003c/strong\u003e indicates presence of phytochemical. \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/strong\u003e indicates absence of phytochemical.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Quantitative phytochemical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2.1 Total phenolic and flavonoid content of different extracts from \u003cem\u003eP. oleracea\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. garckeana\u003c/em\u003e leaves, stems and roots\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal phenolic content (TPC) was determined from the Trolox standard curve (y\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.0897, R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.9508) and the quercetin standard curve (y\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0009x-0.0086, R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.9967) was used to determine the total flavonoid content (TFC). The findings indicated that the total phenolic content of \u003cem\u003eP. oleracea\u003c/em\u003e leaf and stem methanolic extracts was significantly greater, at 16.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.48 TE mg/100 g and 16.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.51 TE mg/100 g, respectively (Fig. 1 ). The methanolic and ethanolic extracts of \u003cem\u003eA. garckeana\u003c/em\u003e leaves came next, with corresponding concentrations of 14.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.00 TE mg/100 g and 12.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06 TE mg/100 g (Fig. 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResults showed that \u003cem\u003eA. garckeana\u003c/em\u003e leaf methanolic and ethanolic extracts had significantly high TFC of 52.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.44 QE mg/100 g and 55.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.43 QE mg/100 g when compared to other extracts (Fig. 1). \u003cem\u003eP. oleracea\u003c/em\u003e stem hexane extracts displayed significantly high TFC of 16.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.55 QE mg/ 100 g despite the low polarity of this solvent. Extracts of \u003cem\u003eP. oleracea\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. garckeana\u003c/em\u003e leaves displayed significantly high TFC when compared to the root extracts of these plants across all extraction solvents. Most extracts showed statistical difference from each other except stem and root extracts across chloroform and hexane. Furthermore, the data show that while root extracts had a considerably lower TPC across all solvents, leaf extracts had a higher TPC across all solvents when compared to stem and root extracts\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Antioxidant activities of the extracts\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3.1 DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of different extracts from \u003cem\u003eP. oleracea\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. garckeana\u003c/em\u003e leaves, stems and roots\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe antioxidant concentration from DPPH and ABTS assays was estimated from the Trolox standard curve ;y\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0007x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.1159, R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.9608 and y\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0008x\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.0895, R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.9851 respectively. Differences in means were statistically significant at a P-value of P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 hence the use of different mean separation letters as seen in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. \u003cem\u003eP. oleracea\u003c/em\u003e root methanolic extracts displayed the highest concentration of antioxidants and highest radical scavenging activity from both DPPH and ABTS assays at 673.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23.23 Mmol/g ,706.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.25 TE Mmol/g and 87.69% \u0026plusmn; 2.43 respectively followed by \u003cem\u003eP. oleracea\u003c/em\u003e stem methanolic extracts 705.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.42 TE Mmol/g. On the other hand, the \u003cem\u003eP. oleracea\u003c/em\u003e root hexane extracts were found to have the lowest antioxidant concentration of 57.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.72 TE Mmol/g and therefore the lowest radical scavenging activity of 20.25% \u0026plusmn; 1.16 when compared to other extracts.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethanol, ethanol and chloroform extracts were found to contain a significantly high amount of antioxidants and therefore exhibiting significantly high radical scavenging activity (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) when compared to distilled water and hexane whereas hexane extracts were found to contain a significantly low concentration of antioxidants and therefore displayed significantly reduced radical scavenging activity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Identification of bioactive compounds in different extracts of \u003cem\u003eP. oleracea\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. garckeana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMost compounds identified from Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e were based on probable compounds which had reported bioactivity whereas some compounds were identified based on the percentage probability. Various compounds were identified by GC-MS which may explain the antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of the extracts as the compounds had anticancer, antitumor and antioxidant activity (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). These compounds may be responsible for the antioxidant activity of the extracts observed during DPPH and ABTS assays. Furthermore, the compounds have diverse biological activity from anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-diabetic, antifungal and neuroprotective.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDifferent bioactive compounds identified from \u003cem\u003eP. oleracea\u003c/em\u003e extracts\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eName of compound\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMolecul ar weight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(g/mol)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFormula of compoun\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBiological activity [Reference]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExtract identified from\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6-((1,3-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e608.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnticancer[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edihydroxypropan-2-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH28N4O11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem chloroform\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eyl)amino)-2,10-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edihydroxy-12-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e((2\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e,3\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e,4\u003cem\u003eS\u003c/em\u003e,5\u003cem\u003eS\u003c/em\u003e,6\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e)-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(hydroxymethyl)tetrah\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eydro-2\u003cem\u003eH\u003c/em\u003e-pyran-2-yl)-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12,13-dihydro-5\u003cem\u003eH\u003c/em\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eindolo[2,3-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea]pyrrolo[3,4-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ec]carbazole-5,7(6\u003cem\u003eH\u003c/em\u003e)-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edione\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7,9-Di-tert-butyl-1-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e276.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC17 H24O3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-Antioxidant[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eoxaspiro (4,5)deca-6,9-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-Antimicrobial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem chloroform\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ediene-2,8-dione\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI-Propyl14-methyl-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epentadecanoate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e298.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC19H38O2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem chloroform\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBenzonitrile,4-(6- butyl-2-naphthyl)-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e285.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC21H19N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-Antitumor [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-Antioxidant [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem chloroform\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCyclononasiloxane, octadecamethyl-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e667.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC18H54O9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSi9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-Antioxidant [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-Antimicrobial [ 2 4 ]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf chloroform\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRoot methanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf methanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem methanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf ethanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem ethanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eColchicine,N-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e563.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC31H33N\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem chloroform\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edesacetyl-N-[4-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehydroxy-3,5-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edimethoxycinnamoyl]-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCholestan-26-oic acid, 3,7,12-trihydroxy-,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(3\u0026alpha;,5\u0026beta;,7\u0026alpha;,12\u0026alpha;)-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e450.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC27H46O5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-Antioxidant [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e],Antimicrobial[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem chloroform\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf chloroform\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRoot methanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem methanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf ethanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOctasiloxane, 1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11,13,1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,15,15-hexadecamethyl-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e579.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC16H50O7S\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ei 8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnticancer [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem chloroform\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRoot methanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf ethanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem methanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem ethanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMolybdenum,tetrakis[\u0026micro;- (acetato-O:O\u0026apos;)] di-, (Mo-Mo)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e428.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC18H12Mo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2O8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnticancer[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem chloroform\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 Beta-chloro-5alpha- cholestane-5,6beta-diol6-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eacetate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e481.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC29H49Cl O3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem chlorofom\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-O-Methyl-D-glucose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e194.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC7H14O6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRoot methanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem ethanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNordextromethorphan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e257.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC17H23N O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-Neuroprotective [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-Anti-inflammatory [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRoot methanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf ethanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeptasiloxane, 1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13,13-tetradecamethyl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e505.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC14H44O6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSi7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-Antioxidant [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-Antibacterial [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRoot methanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf ethanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem methanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(6\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e)-5,6,7,8-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTetrahydrobiopterin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e241.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf ethanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4-Ethyl-2\u003cem\u003eE\u003c/em\u003e-(hydroxyimino)- 5-nitro-3\u003cem\u003eE\u003c/em\u003e-hexenamide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e215.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC8H13N3 O4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-Anticancer [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-Anti-HIV [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-Anti-bacterial [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf methanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCyclooctasiloxane, hexadecamethyl-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e593.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC16H48O8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSi8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-Antioxidant [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-Antimicrobial [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf methanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem methanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10-Acetoxy-1,4a-dimethyl-9- oxo-1,2,3,4,4a,9-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehexahydrophenanthrene-1- carboxylic acid, methyl ester\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e342.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC20H22O5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnticancer [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf methanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBenzenepropanoic acid, 3,5- bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4- hydroxy-, methyl ester\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e292.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC18H28O3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-Antimicrobial [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-Antioxidant [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf methanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-Methyl-10,18-bisnorabieta- 8,11,13-triene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e256.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC19H28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnticancer, Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial, Anti- inflammatory\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf methanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem ethanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCyclopropa[3\u0026apos;,4\u0026rsquo;] benz[1\u0026apos;,2\u0026apos;:4,5]azuleno[1,8a-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ed]-1,3-dioxole-5b,7,7a-triol,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3a,5a,6,7,8,8a,8b,11-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eoctahydro-10- (hydroxymethyl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e490.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC27H38O8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant, Anti-tumor, Anti- inflammatory and Anti-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ediabetic [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf methanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePodofilox\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e414.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC22H22O8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnticancer [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf methanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSalmeterol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e415.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC25H37N O4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnti- inflammato\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ery [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem methanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003cem\u003eH\u003c/em\u003e-Furan-2-one, 3- cyclohexylidene-5-(4- hexanoyloxyphenyl)-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e386.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC22H26O6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnti- cancer, Anti- inflammato ry, Anti-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eviral [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem methanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e444.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC12H36O6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSi6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant, Antimicrobial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem methanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCycloheptasiloxane, tetradecamethyl-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e519.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC14H42O7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSi7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem methanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcetamide, 2-(1,2,3,4- tetrahydro-3,3- dimethylisoquinolin-1- ylideno)-\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e-(2-chlorophenyl)-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e326.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC19H19Cl N2O\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnti- inflammatory, Anti- neoplastic, Antioxidant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem ethanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAminoglutethimide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e232.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC13H16N2 O2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnti-cancer [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem ethanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDifferent bioactive compounds identified from \u003cem\u003eA. garckeana\u003c/em\u003e extracts\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eName of compound\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMolecu lar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eweight (g/mol)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFormula of compound\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBiological activity [Reference]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExtract identified from\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-Methylmannoside\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e194.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC7H14O6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-Anti-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003einflammatory\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf ethanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-Anti-diabetic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-Anti-viral\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-Anti-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebacterial [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003cem\u003eH\u003c/em\u003e-Furan-2-one,3-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e386.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC22H26O6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-Anticancer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ecyclohexylidene-5-(4-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf ethanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehexanoyloxyphenyl)-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-Anti-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003einflammatory\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-Anti-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eViral [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCyclononasiloxane,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e667.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC18H54O9S\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-Antioxidant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eoctadecamethyl-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ei9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf ethanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntimicrobial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf methanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRoot methanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem methanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOctasiloxane, 1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11,13,1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,15,15-hexadecamethyl-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e579.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC16H50O7S\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ei 8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnticancer [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf ethanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf methanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRoot methanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem methanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eXanthylium,9-[2-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(ethoxycarbonyl)phenyl]-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,6-bis(ethylamino)-2,7-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003edimethyl-, chloride\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e507.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC28H30ClN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2O3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf ethanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-O-Methyl-D-glucose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e194.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf methanol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem methanol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(2\u003cem\u003eH\u003c/em\u003e)-Benzofuranone,6-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emethoxy 2-[(3-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emethoxyphenyl) methylene]-, (\u003cem\u003eE\u003c/em\u003e)-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e289.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e17\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnti-tumor[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf methanol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7-Chloro-\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e-{3- [(diethylamino)methyl]-4- [(trimethylsilyl)oxy] phenyl}- \u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e-(trimethylsilyl)quinolin-4-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eamine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e500.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e26\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e38\u003c/sub\u003eClN\u003csub\u003e3 O\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnti-inflammatory [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf methanol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e444.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC12H36O6Si\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntimicrob ial [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRoot methanol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCyclooctasiloxane, hexadecamethyl-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e593.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC16H48O8Si\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntitumor, Antifungal, Antibacteri\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eal [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRoot methanol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBenzoic acid, 4-amino-2-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehydroxy-, tris(trimethylsilyl)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ederiv.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e631.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e31\u003c/sub\u003eNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSi\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnti-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003einflammato\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ery, Anti-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efungal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRoot methanol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem methanol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTetracosamethyl- cyclododecasiloxane\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e889.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC24H72O12S\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ei12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e, Anti- bacterial [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRoot methanol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4-Pyrimidinecarboxylic acid, 2,6-\u003cem\u003ebis\u003c/em\u003e[(tert-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ebutyldimethylsilyl) oxy]-, tert- butyldimethylsilyl ester\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e498.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC23H46N2O4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSi3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem methanol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-Methyl-10,18-bisnorabieta- 8,11,13-triene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e256.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC19H28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e, Anti- microbial, Anti-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003einflammato ry [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStem methanol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(1H)-Pyrimidinone, 5-chloro-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,6-diphenyl-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e282.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e16\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003eClN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCytotoxic ,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnti-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003einflammato\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ery\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRoot methanol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10-Acetoxy-1,4a-dimethyl-9- oxo-1,2,3,4,4a,9-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ehexahydrophenanthrene-1- carboxylic acid, methyl ester\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e342.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnticancer [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf methanol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCholestan-26-oicacid,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,7,12-trihydroxy-,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(3\u0026alpha;,5\u0026beta;,7\u0026alpha;,12\u0026alpha;)-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e450.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC27H46O5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntioxidant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeaf ethanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.5 Antiproliferative activity of \u003cem\u003eP. oleracea\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. garckeana\u003c/em\u003e extracts\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.5.1 Effect of \u003cem\u003eP. oleracea\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. garckeana\u003c/em\u003e extracts on HeLa cell morphology\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeLa cells were treated at different concentrations of extracts and cisplatin ;12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 \u0026micro;g/mL and exposed to the different concentrations of the extracts for 24 hrs. HeLa cells shrunk and detached from the cell culture surface (Fig. 3) after 24 hr exposure to extracts. Moreover, the cells lost their fibrous polygonal shape and were seen floating in media (Fig. 3) and lost their compactness as they no longer covered a large portion of the cell culture surface. After exposure to extracts for 24 hrs cell death was seen as indicated by small aggregates of dead cells (Fig. 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.6 Effects of \u003cem\u003eA. garckeana\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. oleracea\u003c/em\u003e extracts on the viability of HeLa cells\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMTT assay was used to determine the viability of HeLa cells after treatment with \u003cem\u003eA. garckeana\u003c/em\u003e leaves methanolic extracts, \u003cem\u003eA. garckeana\u003c/em\u003e leaf ethanolic extracts, \u003cem\u003eP. oleracea\u003c/em\u003e leaves methanolic extracts and \u003cem\u003eP. oleracea\u003c/em\u003e stem methanolic extracts to study the antiproliferative effects of the extracts. The anticancer drug cisplatin was used as a positive control. The results were found to be statistically significant at a p-value of P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. Cell viability was affected in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eA. garckeana\u003c/em\u003e leaf ethanolic extracts greatly reduced cell viability significantly by 92.00% from 97.00\u0026ndash;5.00% at 400 \u0026micro;g/ml extract concentration and \u003cem\u003eP. oleracea\u003c/em\u003e stem methanolic extracts slightly reduced cell viability significantly by 69.00% from 99.00\u0026ndash;30.00% at 400 \u0026micro;g/ml extract concentration (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCisplatin significantly reduced cell viability from 95.00\u0026ndash;12.00%, a confirmation of its cytotoxic effect on cells as an anticancer drug.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeLa cells showed a significantly lower cell viability after exposure to a high concentration of 400 \u0026micro;g/mL of the four extracts. Cisplatin as a positive control caused a significant decrease in cell viability across all concentrations.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values of the four used extracts and cisplatin were determined (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Results were found to be statistically significant at P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. The IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e value indicates the potency of an extract or drug and level of its cytotoxic activity. This value is the concentration required to reduce proliferation of cells by 50.00%. Therefore, the lower the IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e value, the greater the cytotoxic effect of the extract.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHalf maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of \u003cem\u003eA. garckeana\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. oleracea\u003c/em\u003e extracts and cisplatin on HeLa cells after cell viability assay\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSample\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExtract\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIC50 (\u0026micro;g/mL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. garckeana\u003c/em\u003e leaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e176.44\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;25.49 (D)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. garckeana\u003c/em\u003e leaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEthanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e190.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;46.10 (C)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP. oleracea\u003c/em\u003e leaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e329.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;54.69 (A)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP. oleracea\u003c/em\u003e stems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMethanolic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e242.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23.60 (B)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCisplatin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnti-cancer drug(cisplatin)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.37 (E)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eMedicinal plants have been widely reported to provide therapeutic effect due to the presence of phytochemicals which demonstrate pharmacological effects in many ways [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e63\u003c/span\u003e]. This study assessed and contrasted the phytochemical properties, antioxidant and cytotoxic effect of \u003cem\u003eA. garckeana\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. oleracea\u003c/em\u003e extracts. Results from qualitative phytochemical screening (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) show that more phytochemicals were detected in methanol extracts and less phytochemicals were detected in hexane extracts implying effect of polarity on extraction of compounds. This is in support of a study which reported that methanol is the most effective solvent during extraction because of its ability to impede polyphenol oxidase to oxidize phenolics [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].The variation of the TPC content from results and of other studies may be attributed to differences in processing, extraction techniques and the age and growth stage of plant as pointed out by studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e64\u003c/span\u003e]. The current study revealed that leaf extracts had a significantly higher total phenolic and flavonoid content in both \u003cem\u003eP. oleracea\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. garckeana\u003c/em\u003e. All these results show a relationship between solvent polarity, part of plant used to extract and extraction of phytochemicals as reported in other studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e66\u003c/span\u003e]. It is paramount for both the ABTS and DPPH assays to be used when evaluating antioxidant activity of extracts as a greater comprehensive evaluation of antioxidant activity of the extracts is provided since the assays measure different components of antioxidant activity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e67\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the current study, high antioxidant activity as indicated in results presented from Fig.\u0026nbsp;3 was observed in most methanol extracts and GC-MS analysis as presented from Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e indicated the presence of many antioxidant compounds in methanolic extracts of \u003cem\u003eboth P. oleracea\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. garckeana\u003c/em\u003e. Furthermore, GC-MS results indicated from Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e in the current study indicate the presence of compounds which have antioxidant activity. The high antioxidant activity seen in some of the extracts from both \u003cem\u003eP. oleracea\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. garckeana\u003c/em\u003e extracts may be due to the antioxidant compounds present in extracts which participate in hydrogen electron transfer (HAT), single electron transfer (SET) and chelation of transition metals reactions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e68\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome of the compounds that were detected from extracts with high antioxidant activity include cholestan-26-oic acid, 3,7,12-trihydroxy-, (3α,5β,7α,12α)- and 3-O-methyl-D-glucose. These compounds display antioxidant action through the presence of hydroxyl groups which modulate this activity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e69\u003c/span\u003e].These findings correlate with findings of another study which highlighted that \u003cem\u003eP. oleracea\u003c/em\u003e varieties display a significantly high antioxidant activity because polar solvents are highly effective in extracting antioxidants [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Within this study, hexane extracts displayed low antioxidant activity despite high total flavonoid composition. This may be attributed to the structure of the flavonoids without hydroxyl groups which leads to reduced antioxidant activity as reported previously reported [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCytotoxicity investigations of these extracts on HeLa cells showed that the extracts affect cell morphology as indicated from Fig.\u0026nbsp;3 .The cell viability assay results correlated with findings from a previous study which indicated that \u003cem\u003eP. oleracea\u003c/em\u003e extracts bring about antiproliferative effects in a dose dependent fashion [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e70\u003c/span\u003e].The antiproliferative activity displayed by extracts from \u003cem\u003eA. garckeana\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. oleracea\u003c/em\u003e may be due to the presence of anticancer and antioxidant compounds such as 10- acetoxy-1,4a-dimethyl-9-oxo-1,2,3,4,4a,9-hexahydrophenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid, methyl ester as reported in GC-MS results from current study (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).Studies have reported that these compounds exert their antiproliferative effect by inducing apoptosis, causing DNA damage, increasing oxidative stress in HeLa cells which leads to oxidative damage, interfering with cell cycle progression and interacting with pathways such as MAPK and NF-kB pathways[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e66\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e67\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e70\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study showed that \u003cem\u003eP. oleracea\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. garckeana\u003c/em\u003e different extracts possess antioxidant and antiproliferative properties and have bioactive phyto-compounds which may be responsible for the antioxidant and antiproliferative effect. Therefore, the support the traditional use of traditional use of the plant extracts in cervical cancer management.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was funded by the Office of the Deputy Vice Chancellor Research Development and Innovation of the Botswana International University of Science and Technology with Grant Number: R00024.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe would like to extend our gratitude to the Botswana International University of Science and Technology and the University of Botswana for providing the resources to carry out the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eO.M. . did data, collection, investigation, data analysis \u0026nbsp;and wrote the original draft. N.T.G. critically revised the article, did data analysis, and interpretation. M. K. did methodology, and critical revision of the article. K.M. did conceptualization, methodology, and critical revision of the article. G.G. did conceptualization, methodology, and critical revising of the article. \u0026nbsp;All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo potential conflict of interest reported by authors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData is available upon request from the authors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate: The collection of the plants used in the study complies with local or national guidelines with no need for further affirmation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsent for publication: The authors declare that this paper does not contain any studies with human participants or animals.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompeting interests: The authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClinical study: This study was not a clinical and therefore has no registry, trial registration number or data of registration.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eT. 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Mohammadi Roushandeh, \u0026ldquo;In Vitro Evaluation of Cytotoxic and Antiproliferative Effects of \u003cem\u003ePortulaca oleracea\u003c/em\u003e Ethanolic Extracton on HeLa Cell Line,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eGene Cell Tissue\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 4, no. 1, Nov. 2016, doi: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.17795/gct.41565\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.17795/gct.41565\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Portulaca oleracea, Azanza garckeana, Cytotoxicity, HeLa Cells, Proliferation, Extract, Cancer","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6425400/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6425400/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground:\u003c/strong\u003e Mortality and incidence rates of cervical cancer are on the rise in Sub-Saharan Africa. Current cervical cancer management strategies are not fully effective as they bring about major side effects and issues such as drug resistance. Indigenous plants have been used in ethnomedicine to treat conditions related to cancer.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAim:\u003c/strong\u003e The present study was aimed at evaluating the antioxidant and anti-proliferation potential of extracts derived from \u003cem\u003ePortulaca oleracea\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAzanza garckeana \u003c/em\u003eplants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods:\u003c/strong\u003e Phytochemicals were extracted from all plant parts of the two plants with methanol, ethanol, chloroform, distilled water, isopropanol and hexane. Qualitative phytochemical analysis was conducted. The total phenolic and flavonoid content were estimated, and antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6- sulfonic acid) assays. The antiproliferative activity of extracts on HeLa cells was analysed with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003eP. oleracea\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. garckeana \u003c/em\u003estem and leaf methanolic extract had high total phenolic content between 14.25 and 16.39 TE mg/100 g and flavonoid content between 41.70 and 52.03 QE mg/100 g. Methanolic and ethanolic extracts displayed anti-proliferative activity towards HeLa cells used in study and the extracts affected cell viability in a dose dependent fashion ranging between 69 and 92% reduction in cell viability at 400 µg/ml extract concentration. The IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e values of extracts ranged between 242.09 and 329.31 µg/mL and 22.78 µg/mL ± 10.37 for cisplatin.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003ePortulaca oleracea\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAzanza garckeana\u003c/em\u003e demonstrate anti-proliferative and antioxidant activity, which indicate the potential of these plants in anticancer drug development.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of Portulaca Oleracea and Azanza Garckeana on cervical cancer","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-13 14:10:53","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6425400/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f6e30b0a-c93a-4a3c-a2d0-7a482fb52ac0","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 13th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-08-18T12:24:04+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-13 14:10:53","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6425400","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6425400","identity":"rs-6425400","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}