Investigating the Impact of Gray-Green Space Exposure Ratio and Spatial Openness Level on Social-Emotional Responses of Older Adults Using EEG Data: A Case Study of Streets in Wuhan

Investigating the Impact of Gray-Green Space Exposure Ratio and Spatial Openness Level on Social-Emotional Responses of Older Adults Using EEG Data: A Case Study of Streets in Wuhan | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Investigating the Impact of Gray-Green Space Exposure Ratio and Spatial Openness Level on Social-Emotional Responses of Older Adults Using EEG Data: A Case Study of Streets in Wuhan Lu Min, Wei Shang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8526683/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 14 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Two major global trends shaping 21st-century society are population aging and urbanization. Consequently, the living conditions of older adults have become an increasing focus of societal attention. Social interaction plays a crucial role in the mental health, emotional well-being, and social identity of older adults. Urban streets, as key sites for walking and social activity among older adults, can be seen as extensions of their homes—places where they regularly interact with neighbors and build new connections. Compared to built environments often termed "gray spaces," exposure to green spaces has been shown to offer greater benefits to residents' well-being. Among streetscape features, the Spatial Openness Level is closely associated with the psychological well-being of elderly individuals. The Gray-Green space Exposure Ratio (GER) and Spatial Openness Level(SOL) serve as key indicators for evaluating streetscape quality. In this study, conducted in Wuhan City, objective physiological monitoring of brainwave activity was employed to examine the responses of older adults to variations in GER and SOL. The results indicate that both GER and SOL significantly influence the emotional states of older adults.(correlation coefficient R² = 0.6062, p < 0.01) .These findings can inform human-centered urban design criteria, thereby promoting social interaction among older adults. Future research should incorporate additional environmental factors to establish a more comprehensive assessment framework for age-friendly urban spaces. Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental social sciences Scientific community and society/Geography Social science/Geography Biological sciences/Psychology Social science/Psychology Older Adults The Gray-Green space Exposure Ratio (GER) Spatial Openness Level(SOL) EEG Social interaction Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files DataAvailabilityStatement.rar Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 12 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 11 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 01 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 23 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Jan, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 20 Jan, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 09 Jan, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 07 Jan, 2026 First submitted to journal 07 Jan, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8526683","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":578362908,"identity":"9a9433b0-4232-4e19-a37b-c4750f67e394","order_by":0,"name":"Lu Min","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hubei University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lu","middleName":"","lastName":"Min","suffix":""},{"id":578362909,"identity":"4ea76118-1837-44be-975d-0cb0a353e5bc","order_by":1,"name":"Wei 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Consequently, the living conditions of older adults have become an increasing focus of societal attention. Social interaction plays a crucial role in the mental health, emotional well-being, and social identity of older adults. Urban streets, as key sites for walking and social activity among older adults, can be seen as extensions of their homes\u0026mdash;places where they regularly interact with neighbors and build new connections. Compared to built environments often termed \"gray spaces,\" exposure to green spaces has been shown to offer greater benefits to residents' well-being. Among streetscape features, the Spatial Openness Level is closely associated with the psychological well-being of elderly individuals. The Gray-Green space Exposure Ratio (GER) and Spatial Openness Level(SOL) serve as key indicators for evaluating streetscape quality. In this study, conducted in Wuhan City, objective physiological monitoring of brainwave activity was employed to examine the responses of older adults to variations in GER and SOL. The results indicate that both GER and SOL significantly influence the emotional states of older adults.(correlation coefficient R\u0026sup2; = 0.6062, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01) .These findings can inform human-centered urban design criteria, thereby promoting social interaction among older adults. Future research should incorporate additional environmental factors to establish a more comprehensive assessment framework for age-friendly urban spaces.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Investigating the Impact of Gray-Green Space Exposure Ratio and Spatial Openness Level on Social-Emotional Responses of Older Adults Using EEG Data: A Case Study of Streets in Wuhan","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-22 11:04:39","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8526683/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-02-12T07:55:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-12T02:36:55+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-01T09:12:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"330678131055459868893916046204954628166","date":"2026-01-29T15:01:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"122536703484461440925250189004409199926","date":"2026-01-26T00:42:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"243308447140204165700547744185031822184","date":"2026-01-23T09:21:53+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"55736935550392981106958007455663155402","date":"2026-01-23T04:07:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"128747211804076324538190129319204094318","date":"2026-01-21T07:43:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"304281340868402032719491293995886968155","date":"2026-01-21T07:09:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"113443578572887415565656529357739740210","date":"2026-01-21T01:17:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-20T22:15:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-01-09T18:31:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-01-07T08:10:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2026-01-07T07:56:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3c110c10-94e9-4f45-8381-01fa3cdffa40","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 22nd, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[{"id":61538433,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences"},{"id":61538434,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental social sciences"},{"id":61538435,"name":"Scientific community and society/Geography"},{"id":61538436,"name":"Social science/Geography"},{"id":61538437,"name":"Biological sciences/Psychology"},{"id":61538438,"name":"Social science/Psychology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-12T08:09:01+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-22 11:04:39","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8526683","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8526683","identity":"rs-8526683","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}