Influence of bacterial infection on human sperm

Influence of bacterial infection on human sperm | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Influence of bacterial infection on human sperm Yousry Khalaf Sadeek, Tarek Abdelghany, Aii Gamal Gadel-Rab, Eman Hassan Mohamed This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4409460/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Invasion of bacteria in to the male reproductive system associated with decrease sperm function, leading to impair fertilizing ability, the human body harbors trillions of microbes, and their influence on human health has been explored in many parts of the human body, there is a general agreement on the negative impact of some pathogenic bacterial species on semen parameters, including sperm counts, motility, morphology, and sperm Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) integrity. The Aim of this study was to evaluate the impacts of microbial infection on human sperm parameters and sperm functions. This work included 186 semen specimen from sub fertile men unselected couples consulting infertility clinic center. All semen samples examined bacteriologically, also semen and sperm quality, evaluated according to world Health organization guideline (WHO,2010). Results from the 186 patients investigated for infertility, 65 (34.94%) of studied semen specimens were infected with bacteria of different species. The bacterial strains were identified as Enterococcus Fecails, staphylococcus haemolyticyus , Escherichia coli , Micrococcus lylae and Serratia Marcescens . Infected semen sub fertile men had negative impact on sperm quality (count, motility, sperm progressive, vitality and normality. Moreover, high Reactive oxygen species (ROS) with decrease sperm function which include Acrosin activity (A.A) and Hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST) were noticed in infected sub fertile men in comparison to non-infected sub fertile men but non-significant. Conclusion Infected semen has negative impact on sperm parameters and sperm function this lead to impair fertilizing ability of human sperm. Infection Sperm quality HOST ROS and Acrosin activity Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Background Infection of bacteria in to the male genital system has been shown to be associated with low sperm activity and case infertility (1). Male genital system inflammation associated to about 15% cases of male infertility. 60 % of patients treated with related to assisted reproduction technology (ART) has suffered inflammation or microbial infection (2) . It was found that the presence of pathogenic microorganism in semen specimens had negative effects on sperm parameters (3) .The clinical data suggest that male urogenital tract infections may inhibit male infertility by affecting the sperm directivity or indirectly by acting on the regulatory system (4) .which inversely effects on assisted reproductive techniques (5). The high quality of sperm parameters and oocyte is very important for achievement of fertilization process and embryo development. The bad quality of spermatozoa leads to low fertilization percent (6). Urogenital inflammation can impact the male reproductive system in various ways. Inflammation directly or indirectly by acting on spermatogenesis and sperm activity. Through sperm antibody, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and DNA damage (7). In the seminal plasma, increased ROS level is related to lipid peroxidation in the sperm plasma membrane and can lead to impair sperm fertilizing ability (8). There are multiple mechanisms to urogenital system infection, such as exposure to toxins of environmental, vaginal products during intercourse, alcohol use, tobacco, and certain medication and surgical manipulation (9). It has been shown that urogenital system infection leads to change the seminal plasma composition, which, in turn, obstructs the genital tract. Moreover, a breach in the blood - testis barrier due to the infection and inflammation pathway causes the formation of an anti-sperm antibody, which may impair sperm fertilize ability (10). In previous studies about the effects of bacteria on fertility human fertility are contradictory (11), for example, semen examination of 207 patients and isolated bacteria in 167 men (80. 7%).They did not find any negative effect either on the fertilization or pregnancy rate. Therefore, they do not recommend any bacteriological examination in couples with unexplained infertility. The opposite result was obtained by examined 382 couples and found out that although the fertilization rate and the early embryonic development were not negatively affected by bacteria, the pregnancy rate per cycle was significantly reduced if the ejaculate contamined bacteria. These different conclusions might be the consequence of the fact that different types of bacteria in different numbers produce a different broad spectrum of pathologies (12). However, most authors deny that there is a negative effect of bacteria on spermatozoa during ART (13) , with reduce fertilization rate, impaired embryo development, increased incidence of miscarriage and the loss of fetal (14). Methods A randomized prospective comparative study carried out from January 2018 and November 2019. This work included 186 infertile couples due to male infertility. All subjects were attendants of the ART unit. This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of bacterial infection on human sperm parameters (count, motility, progressive normality, vitality, and sperm function (Acrosin Activity, HOST and ROS). All males subjected to: 1. Semen specimen’s collection and Examination: The semen specimens were collected under sterile condition by masturbation after 2 – 5 abstinence days. Patients avoid taken any antibiotic 1 week before collection of semen specimens. Semen analysis was performed after liquefied within 60 min of collection to evaluated sperm count, motility, vitality, normality and sperm function tests. Human sperm parameters were evaluated according to world Health organization guidelines (15). 2. Microbiological studies: 2.1-Bacterial culture : Each specimen was immediately inoculated on blood agar plates, and Mac Conkey ׳ s media plates. All plates were incubated aerobically at 37 °C for 24 -48hours (16). 2.2- Isolation and Identification of microbial Isolates: The isolation and identification of microbial opportunistic pathogens in patient ׳ s semen were performed through three main conventional steps: Morphological characteristics : On Mac-Conky᾿s medium, we can differentiate the enteric bacteria into two groups; the lactose fermenters ( Coli forms ) by their pink colonies and the non-lactose fermenters, whose colonies are pale ( Proteus ) (17). Microscopic Gram stain investigation: The film of each pure bacterial isolate was prepared from a 24 h. bacterial culture and stained using crystal violet as a basic dye and safranin as a counter stain. Gram stained films were microscopically examined to differentiate both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as the shape and arrangement of cells (18). Biochemical tests: Microscopic examinations and biochemical test used for identification were carried out according to Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology Identifications were accepted from either system if the likelihood of that identification was greater than or equal to 85% (19). Further identification was carried through molecular 16S RNA. 3. Sperm concentration and motility estimation: Sperm concentration and motility were evaluated by using the makler counting chamber (sefi- medicals instruments Lts), 5 µl of semen sample was transferred to the Makler counting chamber after liquefied semen specimen. The cover glass is then placed over the semen. On to the microscopic stage and viewed using phase contrast optics at magnification of 200x (20x objective X 10x ocular). Sperm count was calculated by dividing the total number of sperm count in 100 squares on 10 x 1 million / ml, and motility was estimated as the following: Total Sperm Motility % = the total number of motile sperm divided on total sperm count x 100 Sperm progressive = total number of Spermatozoa moving in one direction divided on sperm concentration (15). 4. Evaluation of sperm vitality: Eosin staining was used for sperm vitality assessment. Staining was performed by {dissolved 0.5 g of eosin in 100 ml of 0.9 % Nacl}.10 µl of semen sample after mix and liquefaction on dry and clean of glass microscopic slide to equal volume of eosin stain, then mixed by pipette tip, swirling the sample on the slide, then coverslip and leaved for 30 second. Examined was performed by Phase-contrast optic {400} Magnification. Unstained head sperm signified {live sperm} and pink or red colors {dead sperm}. Calculation of the mean percentage of sperm vitality: Percent vitality = (number sperm unstained) / (number sperm unstained) + (number sperm with pink color) x100 5. Evaluation of sperm morphology: To prepare sperm smear for sperm morphology estimation, 10 µl of sperm suspension transferred to clean a glass slide, allowed to air dry in room temperature, then the slide smear was stained in Diff-Quick stain. About 200 spermatozoa per slide were examined under oil immersion with magnification of 1000x (100x objective ˟ 10x ocular) to differentiated between normal and abnormal spermatozoa according to (15). Morphologically abnormal spermatozoa often have multiple defects. In earlier protocols. When multiple defects were present. Only one was recorded-with priority given to defects of the sperm head over those of the Midpiece and to defects of the Midpiece over those of the tail. 6. Measurement of Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in semen by Malondialdehyde (MDA): Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in semen an accepted measurement of oxidative stress. MDA was estimated by using the thiobarbituric acid method. Centrifuged the semen specimen after liquefied for 7 minutes at 2000 g, and then take 100 µl of supernatants,0.9 ml of distilled water and 0.5 ml of thiobarbituric acid reagent{0.67 g of 2-Thiobarbituric acid mixed in 100 ml of distilled water with 0.5 g NaOH and added 100 ml glacial acetic acid} to each tubes was added in boiling water for 1 hour and then cooling tubes under tap water, centrifuged all tubes for 10 min at 400 g , and then calculate the absorbance of supernatant by spectrophotometer at 534 nm (20). 7. Assessment of Acrosin activity (A.A) in human sperm: Acrosin, a sperm specific acrosomal proteinase, has an essential role in the fertilization process. Low levels of Acrosin appear to be associated with subfertility and infertility, and the Acrosin activity of spermatozoa may potentially be a useful indicator of semen quality. This test was performed according to (21). 8. Evaluation of Hypo-Osmotic Swelling Test (HOST): The Hypo-Osmotic swelling (HOS) test done to evaluate the sperm membrane integrity (sperm vitality) and was described as a test for sperm function. This test was performed according to (15,22) , Add 10 µl of the liquefied semen sample to 1 ml of HOS Solution (dissolved 0.735 g sodium citrate dehydrate and 1.351 g fructose mix in 100 ml of distilled water), incubated at 37 ֺ C for 30 - 60 minutes, the transferred 10 µl of sperm suspension to microscopic slide and place a cover slip, a total of 200 spermatozoa was examined by a phase contrast microscope at magnification 400x (40x objective X 10x ocular), observed of tail swelling sperm. Calculation of the mean percentage of swollen tail sperm: Statistical analysis: Data were coded and entered using the statistical package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 28 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). The student´s t.test was used to compare means between different groups. Fisher’s exact test was used to compare percentages values were considered significant when P. Value ≤ 0.05. Results Only186 couples were included in the study among 200 couples who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. After semen culture results, they were divided into 2 groups; Infected semen sub fertile men group: males partner with infected semen, n = 65, non-infected semen sub fertile men group: males partner with non-infected semen, n = 121. The results showed the distribution of groups regarding the results of bacterial semen cultures. The incidences of infected semen sample were 65 (34.94%) and non-infected semen sample was 121 (65.06%) semen samples (table 1, figure 4). Table (1): distribution of groups regarding the results of bacterial semen cultures (n =186): Semen samples Count (%) (%) Infected semen sample 65 34.94% Non infected semen sample 121 65.06% The results showed distribution of bacterial strains isolated from semen cultures. The indices of Gram Positive bacteria were Enterococcus Facials strain 25 (38.46%), staphylococcus haemolyticyus 22 (33.84%), Micrococcus lylae 3 (4.62%), however percentage of Gram-negative bacteria: E. coli 11 (16.9%), Serratia Marcescens 4 (6.2%) (table 2, figure 5). Table (2): distribution of bacterial strains isolated from semen cultures (n =65) Bacterial strains Pathogens Number Percentage Gram positive Enterococcus Fecails 25 38.46% Staphylococcus-haemolyticyus 22 33.84% Micrococcus lylae 3 04.6% Gram Negative E.coli 11 16 . 9% Serratia Marcescens 4 06.20% the results showed the negative effect of bacterial infection on human sperm parameters. The indices of sperm count, motility, sperm progressive %, and vitality, was higher in non- infected group compared to infected group but this difference not statistically significance. The indices of sperm abnormality, sperm head, Midpiece, and tail defects, was lower in non-infected group compared to infected group with no significant statistically difference (table 3, figure 6). Table (3): Comparison of sperm parameters between non infected & Infected sub fertile men (n =186): Sperm parameters Infected group n = 65 Non infected group n=121 P-Value Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Sperm Count 29.20 ± 33.2 36.7 ± 36.5 0.165 Sperm Motility 28.80 ± 19.1 33.2 ± 17.9 0.119 Progressive motility 3.19 ± 3.8 3.87 ±3.19 0.497 Sperm Vitality 57.80 ± 20.3 62.3 ± 17.7 0.135 Sperm Abnormality 92.31 ± 7.04 90.84 ± 8.09 0.198 Head defects 49.97 ± 7.97 49.8 ± 7.79 0.888 Midpiece defects 18.83 ± 9.72 18.18 ± 9.31 0.657 Tail defects 23.51 ± 7.78 22.99 ± 7.98 0.669 In Comparison of sperm functions between non-infected sub fertile men and infected sub fertile men, the results showed presents the negative influence of bacterial infection on human sperm function compared to non-infected sub fertile men. high Reactive oxygen species (ROS) with low HOST and Acrosin Activity (A.A) values in infected sub fertile men as compared to non-infected sub fertile men but with on significant . (table 4, figure 7). Table (4): Comparison of sperm functions between Non infected and Infected sub fertile men (n =186): Sperm function test Infected group n = 65 Non infected group n=121 P- Value Mean ±SD Mean ±SD Hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST) 40.7±17.8 42.7±18.1 0.497 Reactive oxygen species (ROS) 1.333±0.502 1.317±0.541 0.856 Acrosin Activity (A.A) 18.91±9.58 21.1±10.9 0.188 Discussion Infertility affects 10–15% of couples in the reproductive age group. Approximately 15% of male factor infertility is caused by infectious etiologies such as protozoa, fungi, viruses, and bacteria ( 23 , 24 ). Invasion of bacteria into the male genital system has been shown to be associated with poor sperm function, leading to infertility. Recent study reported that, 60% of patients treated with assisted reproductive technology (ART) had suffered inflammation or infection. And the bacteriospermia was directly related to 15% of male infertility which creates a serious problem in andrology ( 25 , 26 ). It was found that the presence of pathogenic organisms in semen samples negatively affects sperm parameters, which inversely effects artificial reproduction techniques. The quality of sperm and oocyte is very important for achievement of the fertilization process ( 27 , 28 ). The bad quality of sperm and/or oocytes reduces the fertilization rate. It was reported that the bacteria presence in semen samples have a significant relationship with poor sperm motility and recurrent pregnancy miscarriages ( 29 , 30 ). Genital tract obstruction due to fibrosis and inflammation, antisperm antibody formation due to blood–testes barrier breach, reactive oxygen species formation leading to increased DNA fragmentation index, altered sperm morphology, altered acrosome reaction, decreased sperm motility, and diminished spermatogenesis are all methods in which bacteriospermia can interfere with normal fertility ( 31 ). DNA damage in sperm is most often caused by ROS while the sperm passes through the male reproductive system. The majority of these genitourinary tract infections are asymptomatic, which raises the question of whether or not to treat the affected individuals. There is growing evidence that decreased semen quality and asymptomatic bacteriospermia are linked. ( 32 , 33 ). Since a large proportion of fragmented DNA was reported in infertile individuals, sperm DNA integrity has been deemed a predictor of male fertility. Condensation of sperm DNA seems to be an inevitable factor in male fertility, and sperm DNA integrity appears to influence early embryonic development ( 34 , 35 ). The main aim of this study to evaluate the impacts of microbial infection on human sperm parameters and sperm functions for the predication of fertilization potential of human spermatozoa. This study included only186 couples among 200 couples who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. They were divided into 2 groups; Infected group: males partner with infected semen, n = 65, Infected group: males partner with non-infected semen, n = 121. Regarding the percentage of bacterial cultures, the current study showed that there was 65 (34.94%) infected semen samples and 121 (65.06%) non-infected semen samples. The current study in agreement with Zeyad et al., (2018) Who aimed to detect the effects of bacteriospermia on human sperm parameters, nuclear protamine, DNA integrity and ICSI treatment outcomes. They reported that microbiological investigation for semen specimens showed that 29 samples (34.52%) were infected, and 55 (65.48%) samples were non-infected ( 36 ). Also, the study of Shash et al ., (2023) who aimed to detect the impact of bacteriospermia on semen parameters and sperm DNA fragmentation. They reported that 68 subjects were included: 34 semen samples with bacteriospermia and 34 semen samples without bacteriospermia ( 37 ). Similarly, Abbas et al ., (2019) who aimed to investigate the role of bacterial infections in male infertility in the province of Al - Anbar, western Iraq. They reported that 80 semen specimens were collected and bacteriospermia was observed in 42 (52.5%) samples ( 38 ). Furthermore, our findings can be supported by Eini et al ., (2021) who aimed to investigate the prevalence rate of bacterial infection in subfertile men and its effect on semen quality. They showed that 60 (34.88%) patients had a positive culture for pathogenic bacteria of different species ( 39 ). According to the percentage of positive bacteria, our results revealed that (38.46%) was Enterococcus facials , (33.84%) staphylococcus haemolyticyus , (4.6%) Micrococcus Lyle , and regarding the percentage of Gram-negative bacteria, (6.2%) Serrati Marcescens and (16.9%) was E. coli . Regarding the microbiological evaluation, the study of Shash et al ., (2023) revealed that S. aureus was the most isolated organism from 23 (67.6%) samples, followed by E. coli in 5 (14.7%) samples, 4 (11.8%) samples yielded Klebsiella spp and Enterococcus was isolated in 2 (5.9%) samples ( 37 ). Also, according to isolated and identified bacteria, the study of Zeyad et al ., (2018) revealed that 8 (27.5%) were Staphylococcus aureus , 5 (17.2) Staphylococcus epidermidis , 4 (13.7%) Staphylococcus haemolyticyus , 6 (20.6%) Escherichia coli , 4 (13.7%) Enterococcus faecalis and 2 (6.89%) Streptococcus agalactiae. ( 36 ). Furthermore, regarding microbiological evaluation, the study of Abbas et al ., (2019) showed that Escherichia coli (13.7%) was the most common isolated organism followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (11.2%), Coagulase- negative Staphylococcus (10%), Staphylococcus aureus (7.5%), Streptococcus pyogenes (6.2%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.7%) ( 38 ). Our study showed that there was negative effect of bacterial infection on human sperm parameters. The indices of sperm count, motility, sperm progressive %, vitality, and sperm normality was higher in non- infected group compared to infected group but this difference not statistically significance. The indices of sperm abnormality, sperm head, Midpiece, tail defects, was lower in non-infected group compared to infected group but with no significant statistically differences. According to the negative effect of bacterial infection on sperm quality, Zeyad et al ., (2018) revealed that the mean levels of sperm concentration was 24.74 ± 15.86, motility was 25.74 ± 19.11 and progressive motility was 05.16 ± 07.31 in bacteriospermic patients. While in non-bacteriospermic patients the mean levels of sperm concentration were 76.08 ± 50.96, motility 50.52 ± 18.53 and progressive motility 22.49 ± 12.14. They found that the mean levels of sperm concentration, motility and progressive motility were significantly lower (p < .001) in bacteriospermic patients compared to that in non- bacteriospemic patients. While other parameters showed non-significant differences between the two groups ( 36 ). The present study in agreement with Shrestha et al ., (2023) who aimed to know the rate of infection in semen of infertile men, and the association of seminal bacteria with semen parameters related to fertility potential. They demonstrated that sperm concentration, total motility, morphology, and vitality of the samples tends to be lower in men with bacteriospermia than in those without bacteriospermia, however the association was statistically insignificant with p-values greater than 0.05 ( 40 ). The study of Berjis et al ., (2018) who aimed to determine the role of bacterial infection on semen parameters including motility, count and normal morphology in infertile male patients. Their study included 150 infertile males having abnormal semen parameters (study group) and 150 healthy fertile males (control group). They revealed that the mean sperm count in each group was significantly lower than that determined in controls. In the group of infertile males with negative bacterial infection, the sperm volume was also decreased although it was not statistically significant ( 41 ). In contrast, the present study disagreed with Eini et al. , (2021) who revealed that sperm concentration and motility were significantly lower in infected than non-infected samples ( 39 ). The present study revealed that indices of sperm function test including HOS-test, ROS-test, Acrosin Activity and DNA fragmentation index were higher in non-infected group compared to infected group, but this difference wasn’t statistically significance. In contrast, our findings disagreed with Zeyad et al., (2018) who showed that the mean DNA fragmentation in infected group was 18.84 ± 09.47 while in non-infected group was 14.52 ± 07.58. They revealed that the mean DNA fragmentation in infected group was non-significantly higher than non-infected patients ( 36 ). Also, our results disagreed with Eini et al., (2021) who demonstrated that sperm DNA fragmentation was significantly higher in infected than non-infected samples ( 39 ). Conclusion Our results revealed that there was negative effect of bacterial infection on human sperm parameters. The indices of sperm count, motility, sperm progressive %, vitality, and sperm normality was higher in non-infected group compared to infected group but this difference not statistically significance. The indices of sperm abnormality were lower in non-infected group compared to infected group with no significant statistical differences. we conclude that. Depending on the current results, male partner patients should do a semen bacterial investigation and then treat the bacteriospermia if any before the patients undergo ICSI treatment. More research on this issue is necessary. Abbreviations A.A : Acrosin activity ART: assisted reproduction technology. DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid HPF: high power field HOST: Hypo-osmotic swelling test MDA : Malondialdehyde ROS: reactive oxygen species. SPSS: statistical package for the Social Sciences WHO: The World Health Organization Declarations Ethical approval: The ethical research committee affiliated with international Islamic center for population studies and researches, Al-Azhar University in Cairo, Egypt, has approved the current study. This was done following the ethical standards of the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later comparable ethical standards or amendments, as well as the ethical standards of the national and/or the institutional research committee. All couples filled out the informed consent forms for this study. Consent for publication: All authors read and approved the final manuscript. All participants in our investigation provide their written permission before the data maintained and processed in a private, anonymous manner. Availability of data and materials: All data and materials generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files]. Competing interests : the authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding: No financial funding was provided for the research, or publishing of this article. Authors' contributions: Tarek M. Abdelghany : conceived of the study, and participated in its design Yousry K. Sadeek : collecting and choosing samples, carried out the practical part, writing and performed the results. Ali G . Gadel-Rab : drafted the manuscript and revising statistical analysis, Eman Anwar; carried out main idea, practical part and draft the manuscript Acknowledgements: Not applicable. References -Agarwal A, Mulgund A, Hamada A, Chyatte MR (2015) A unique view on male infertility around the globe, vol 13. 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Iran J Microbiol 10(2):111 Supplementary Files methodsY.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 31 May, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 30 May, 2024 Editor invited by journal 30 May, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 21 May, 2024 First submitted to journal 18 May, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4409460","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":308885812,"identity":"2f617da6-b0f1-40f8-b96c-10fa133d00dc","order_by":0,"name":"Yousry Khalaf Sadeek","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Al-Azhar University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yousry","middleName":"Khalaf","lastName":"Sadeek","suffix":""},{"id":308885813,"identity":"767c6843-f45e-4f67-9ae7-45801be736a2","order_by":1,"name":"Tarek Abdelghany","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Al-Azhar University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tarek","middleName":"","lastName":"Abdelghany","suffix":""},{"id":308885814,"identity":"0d3d4b1e-aa86-4cd8-8306-975e4f3b5a41","order_by":2,"name":"Aii Gamal Gadel-Rab","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Al-Azhar University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aii","middleName":"Gamal","lastName":"Gadel-Rab","suffix":""},{"id":308885815,"identity":"93093e12-a717-42e0-9a0b-24f2cddd3899","order_by":3,"name":"Eman Hassan Mohamed","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA/klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYPCCA0DM3AAkbICYsfEAkVoYQVrSwAyStByGc3ECfrHDzx58zLmTb3C8sfHh17bzdmvbDwNtqbGJxqVFcnaaueHMbc8sN5w52Gws23Y7eduZRKCWY2m5DTi0GNxOMJPm3XbYwOBGYpu0JFCL2QGgFsaGwzi12N9O/yb9F6HlXLLZ+Yf4tRhI55hJM0K1SH5sO2BndoOALRK3c8oke7c9M5AE+YXhXHKC2Q2gLQl4/MI/O32bxM9tdwz4jjcffPijzM7e7Hz6wwcfamxwaoEDhQPA+OdlY0gEq0wgpBwE5IFKGX/8YbAnRvEoGAWjYBSMLAAAiytuML0S8nMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9811-6153","institution":"Al-Azhar University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Eman","middleName":"Hassan","lastName":"Mohamed","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-12 18:24:35","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4409460/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4409460/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":58317063,"identity":"6b78ef63-c290-4474-95b7-c6e9f5d3db97","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-13 21:15:09","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":578465,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhotograph of bright filed HPF (40-x), Represented sperm vitality\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePink cells: non-vital (dead)/ Greenish cells: vital\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4409460/v1/d1cb939cbbff06263c2ddd0d.png"},{"id":58316129,"identity":"3a85c710-1425-46d6-8530-2d40122c1676","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-13 21:07:09","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":782547,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhotograph of bright filed HPF (100-x), Represented sperm morphology\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSperm\u003cu\u003e No 2\u0026amp;5:\u003c/u\u003e normal in each (Head, Midpiece \u0026amp; tail).\u003cu\u003e Sperm No.1:\u003c/u\u003e abnormal in each (Head, Midpiece \u0026amp;tail).\u003cu\u003e Sperm No 3:\u003c/u\u003e abnormal in (Midpiece \u0026amp; tail).and \u003cu\u003eSperm No 4:\u003c/u\u003e abnormal only in Head\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4409460/v1/d369b0ae837eb9335112edce.png"},{"id":58316128,"identity":"23d15523-c396-4383-9380-503744632b8c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-13 21:07:09","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":349171,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhotograph by HPF.Represented the membrane integrity of human sperm\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1-Swelling tail (live) cells\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2-Non-swelling tail (dead) cells\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4409460/v1/fa6bf236bc26b91c54a9eafe.png"},{"id":58317064,"identity":"019963ef-906a-48f7-88a1-d8446477198f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-13 21:15:09","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":20641,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edistribution of groups regarding the results of bacterial semen cultures\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4409460/v1/570f8647f8359afbce8f28ca.png"},{"id":58316125,"identity":"5460878d-d7c3-4a8e-9bda-1e864dcbcd8e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-13 21:07:09","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":25097,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edistribution of bacterial strains isolated from semen cultures\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4409460/v1/0c5fe8ce2a4de336b0518b9a.png"},{"id":58316127,"identity":"91f3bb09-ea82-4934-8181-6cefb0e709fd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-13 21:07:09","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":118114,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComparison of sperm parameters between Non infected and Infected sub fertile men\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4409460/v1/0484145b2dc073a8d7b33a77.png"},{"id":58317328,"identity":"212ce6d0-2451-471e-b610-d52b3b3b9d77","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-13 21:23:09","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":99211,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComparison of sperm functions between Non infected and Infected sub fertile men\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4409460/v1/3b70bdbf992711ec37afac0e.png"},{"id":58317517,"identity":"14951e82-37af-4005-b94e-9fc2c1f6a12f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-13 21:31:10","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2646650,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4409460/v1/85c35b8f-0b94-4ad7-8744-0def75cf76cc.pdf"},{"id":58316131,"identity":"7a211d97-f228-482c-8642-5e55b8df8021","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-13 21:07:09","extension":"docx","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":846597,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"methodsY.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4409460/v1/168c1bdf8ac25bd458aef71c.docx"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Influence of bacterial infection on human sperm","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eInfection of bacteria in to the male genital system has been shown to be associated with low sperm activity and case infertility \u003cstrong\u003e(1).\u003c/strong\u003e Male genital system inflammation associated to about 15% cases of male infertility. 60 % of patients treated with related to assisted reproduction technology (ART) has suffered inflammation or microbial infection \u003cstrong\u003e(2)\u003c/strong\u003e. It \u0026nbsp;was found that the presence of pathogenic microorganism in semen specimens had negative effects on sperm parameters \u003cstrong\u003e(3)\u003c/strong\u003e.The clinical data suggest that male urogenital tract infections may inhibit male infertility by affecting the sperm directivity or indirectly by acting on the regulatory system \u003cstrong\u003e(4)\u003c/strong\u003e.which \u0026nbsp;inversely effects on assisted reproductive techniques \u003cstrong\u003e(5).\u003c/strong\u003eThe high quality of sperm parameters and oocyte is very important for achievement of fertilization process and embryo development. The bad quality of spermatozoa leads to low fertilization percent \u003cstrong\u003e(6).\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUrogenital inflammation can impact the male reproductive system in various ways. Inflammation directly or indirectly by acting on spermatogenesis and sperm activity. Through sperm antibody, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and DNA damage \u003cstrong\u003e(7).\u003c/strong\u003e In the seminal plasma, increased ROS level is related to lipid peroxidation in the sperm plasma membrane and can lead to impair sperm fertilizing ability \u003cstrong\u003e(8).\u003c/strong\u003e There are multiple mechanisms to urogenital system infection, such as exposure to toxins of environmental, vaginal products during intercourse, alcohol use, tobacco, and certain medication and surgical manipulation \u003cstrong\u003e(9).\u003c/strong\u003e It has been shown that urogenital system infection leads to change the seminal plasma composition, which, in turn, obstructs the genital tract. Moreover, a breach in the blood - testis barrier due to the infection and inflammation pathway causes the formation of an anti-sperm antibody, which may impair sperm fertilize ability \u003cstrong\u003e(10).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn previous studies about the effects of bacteria on fertility human fertility are contradictory \u003cstrong\u003e(11),\u003c/strong\u003e for example, semen examination of 207 patients and isolated bacteria in 167 men (80. 7%).They did not find any negative effect either on the fertilization or pregnancy rate. Therefore, they do not recommend any bacteriological examination in couples with unexplained infertility. The opposite result was obtained by examined 382 couples and found out that although the fertilization rate and the early embryonic development were not negatively affected by bacteria, the pregnancy rate per cycle was significantly reduced if the ejaculate contamined bacteria. These different conclusions might be the consequence of the fact that different types of bacteria in different numbers produce a different broad spectrum of pathologies \u003cstrong\u003e(12).\u003c/strong\u003e However, most authors deny that there is a negative effect of bacteria on spermatozoa during ART \u003cstrong\u003e(13)\u003c/strong\u003e, with reduce fertilization rate, impaired embryo development, increased incidence of miscarriage and the loss of fetal \u003cstrong\u003e(14).\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eA randomized prospective comparative study carried out from January 2018 and November 2019. This work included 186 infertile couples due to male infertility. All subjects were attendants of the ART unit. This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of bacterial infection on human sperm parameters (count, motility, progressive normality, vitality, and sperm function (Acrosin Activity, HOST and ROS).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll males subjected to:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. Semen specimen\u0026rsquo;s collection and Examination:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe semen specimens were collected under sterile condition by masturbation after 2 \u0026ndash; 5 abstinence days. Patients avoid taken any antibiotic 1 week before collection of semen specimens. Semen analysis was performed after liquefied within 60 min of collection to evaluated sperm count, motility, vitality, normality and sperm function tests. Human sperm parameters were evaluated according to world Health organization guidelines \u003cstrong\u003e(15).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Microbiological studies:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.1-Bacterial culture\u003cem\u003e:\u003c/em\u003e Each specimen was immediately inoculated on blood agar plates, and Mac Conkey\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e׳\u003c/span\u003es media plates. All plates were incubated aerobically at 37 \u0026deg;C for 24 -48hours \u003cstrong\u003e(16).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.2- Isolation and Identification of microbial Isolates: The isolation and identification of microbial opportunistic pathogens in patient\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e׳\u003c/span\u003es semen were performed through three main conventional steps:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMorphological characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e: On Mac-Conky᾿s medium, we can differentiate the enteric bacteria into two groups; the lactose fermenters (\u003cem\u003eColi forms\u003c/em\u003e) by their pink colonies and the non-lactose fermenters, whose colonies are pale (\u003cem\u003eProteus\u003c/em\u003e) \u003cstrong\u003e(17).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMicroscopic Gram stain investigation:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA8AAAADCAYAAABMFFUxAAAABmJLR0QA/wD/AP+gvaeTAAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAFUlEQVQImWNkYGD4z0AmYCJXI8WaAbUpAQVFvy4vAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" alt=\"image\" width=\"15\" height=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eThe film of each pure bacterial isolate was prepared from a 24 h. bacterial culture and stained using crystal violet as a basic dye and safranin as a counter stain. Gram stained films were microscopically examined to differentiate both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as the shape and arrangement of cells \u003cstrong\u003e(18).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBiochemical tests:\u003c/strong\u003e Microscopic examinations and biochemical test used for identification were carried out according to Bergey\u0026apos;s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology Identifications were accepted from either system if the likelihood of that identification was greater than or equal to 85% \u003cstrong\u003e(19).\u003c/strong\u003e Further identification was carried through molecular 16S RNA.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. Sperm concentration and motility estimation:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSperm concentration and motility were evaluated by using the makler counting chamber (sefi- medicals instruments Lts), 5 \u0026micro;l of semen sample was transferred to the Makler counting chamber after liquefied semen specimen. The cover glass is then placed over the semen. On to the microscopic stage and viewed using phase contrast optics at magnification of 200x (20x objective X 10x ocular). Sperm count was calculated by dividing the total number of sperm count in 100 squares on 10 x 1 million / ml, and motility was estimated as the following:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal Sperm Motility % = the total number of motile sperm divided on total sperm count x 100 Sperm progressive = total number of Spermatozoa moving in one direction divided on sperm concentration \u003cstrong\u003e(15).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4. Evaluation of sperm vitality:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEosin staining was used for sperm vitality assessment. Staining was performed by {dissolved 0.5 g of eosin in 100 ml of 0.9 % Nacl}.10 \u0026micro;l of semen sample after mix and liquefaction on dry and clean of glass microscopic slide to equal volume of eosin stain, then mixed by pipette tip, swirling the sample on the slide, then coverslip and leaved for 30 second. Examined was performed by Phase-contrast optic {400} Magnification. Unstained head sperm signified {live sperm} and pink or red colors {dead sperm}. Calculation of the mean percentage of sperm vitality:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePercent vitality = (number sperm unstained) / (number sperm unstained) + (number sperm with pink color) x100\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5. Evaluation of sperm morphology:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo prepare sperm smear for sperm morphology estimation, 10 \u0026micro;l of sperm suspension transferred to clean a glass slide, allowed to air dry in room temperature, then the slide smear was stained in Diff-Quick stain. About 200 spermatozoa per slide were examined under oil immersion with magnification of 1000x (100x objective ˟ 10x ocular) to differentiated between normal and abnormal spermatozoa according to \u003cstrong\u003e(15).\u003c/strong\u003e Morphologically abnormal spermatozoa often have multiple defects. In earlier protocols. When multiple defects were present. Only one was recorded-with priority given to defects of the sperm head over those of the Midpiece and to defects of the Midpiece over those of the tail.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6. Measurement of Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in semen by Malondialdehyde (MDA):\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMalondialdehyde (MDA) levels in semen an accepted measurement of oxidative stress. MDA was estimated by using the thiobarbituric acid method. Centrifuged the semen specimen after liquefied for 7 minutes at 2000 g, and then take 100 \u0026micro;l of supernatants,0.9 ml of distilled water and 0.5 ml of thiobarbituric acid reagent{0.67 g of 2-Thiobarbituric acid mixed in 100 ml of distilled water with 0.5 g NaOH and added 100 ml glacial acetic acid} to each tubes was added in boiling water for 1 hour and then cooling tubes under tap water, centrifuged all tubes for 10 min at 400 g , and then calculate the absorbance of supernatant by spectrophotometer at 534 nm \u003cstrong\u003e(20).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7. Assessment of Acrosin activity (A.A) in human sperm:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcrosin, a sperm specific acrosomal proteinase, has an essential role in the fertilization process. Low levels of Acrosin appear to be associated with subfertility and infertility, and the Acrosin activity of spermatozoa may potentially be a useful indicator of semen quality. This test was performed according to \u003cstrong\u003e(21).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEvaluation of Hypo-Osmotic Swelling Test (HOST):\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Hypo-Osmotic swelling (HOS) test done to evaluate the sperm membrane integrity (sperm vitality) and was described as a test for sperm function. This test was performed according to \u003cstrong\u003e(15,22)\u003c/strong\u003e, Add 10 \u0026micro;l of the liquefied semen sample to 1 ml of HOS Solution (dissolved 0.735 g sodium citrate dehydrate and 1.351 g fructose mix in 100 ml of distilled water), incubated at 37 \u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003eֺ\u003c/span\u003eC for 30 - 60 minutes, the transferred 10 \u0026micro;l of sperm suspension to microscopic slide and place a cover slip, a total of 200 spermatozoa was examined by a phase contrast microscope at magnification 400x (40x objective X 10x ocular), observed of tail swelling sperm.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCalculation of the mean percentage of swollen tail sperm:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\" height=\"66\" width=\"696\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical analysis:\u003c/strong\u003e Data were coded and entered using the statistical package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 28 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). The student\u0026acute;s t.test was used to compare means between different groups. Fisher\u0026rsquo;s exact test was used to compare percentages values were considered significant when P. Value \u0026le; 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eOnly186 couples were included in the study among 200 couples who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. After semen culture results, they were divided into 2 groups; Infected semen sub fertile men group: males partner with infected semen, n = 65, non-infected semen sub fertile men group: males partner with non-infected semen, n = 121.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results showed the distribution of groups regarding the results of bacterial semen cultures. The incidences of infected semen sample were 65 (34.94%) and non-infected semen sample was 121 (65.06%) semen samples (table 1, figure 4).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable (1): distribution of groups regarding the results of bacterial semen cultures (n =186):\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.43898573692552%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSemen\u0026nbsp;samples\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.28050713153724%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCount\u0026nbsp;(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.28050713153724%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.43898573692552%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfected\u0026nbsp;semen sample\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.28050713153724%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.28050713153724%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.94%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.43898573692552%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNon\u0026nbsp;infected\u0026nbsp;semen\u0026nbsp;sample\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.28050713153724%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.28050713153724%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.06%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results showed distribution of bacterial strains isolated from semen cultures. The indices of Gram Positive bacteria were \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus Facials\u003c/em\u003e strain 25 (38.46%), \u003cem\u003estaphylococcus\u0026nbsp;haemolyticyus\u003c/em\u003e 22 (33.84%), \u003cem\u003eMicrococcus lylae\u003c/em\u003e 3 (4.62%), however percentage of Gram-negative bacteria: \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e 11 (16.9%), \u003cem\u003eSerratia Marcescens\u003c/em\u003e 4 (6.2%) (table 2, figure 5).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable (2): distribution of bacterial strains isolated from semen cultures (n =65)\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.555555555555557%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBacterial\u0026nbsp;strains\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.58730158730159%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePathogens\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.603174603174603%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.253968253968253%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.555555555555557%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGram\u0026nbsp;positive\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.58730158730159%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEnterococcus\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eFecails\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.603174603174603%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.253968253968253%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.46%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"55.863539445628994%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus-haemolyticyus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.616204690831555%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.520255863539447%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.84%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"55.863539445628994%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMicrococcus lylae\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.616204690831555%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.520255863539447%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e04.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.555555555555557%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGram\u0026nbsp;Negative\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.58730158730159%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eE.coli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.603174603174603%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.253968253968253%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e 9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"55.863539445628994%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSerratia Marcescens\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.616204690831555%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.520255863539447%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e06.20%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ethe results showed the negative effect of bacterial infection on human sperm parameters. The indices of sperm count, motility, sperm progressive %, and vitality, was higher in non- infected group compared to infected group but this difference not statistically significance. The indices of sperm abnormality, sperm head, Midpiece, and tail defects, was lower in non-infected group compared to infected group with no significant statistically difference (table 3, figure 6).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable (3): Comparison of sperm parameters between non infected \u0026amp; Infected sub fertile men (n =186):\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.37753510140406%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSperm\u0026nbsp;parameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.52886115444618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfected\u0026nbsp;group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en = 65\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.336973478939157%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNon\u0026nbsp;infected\u0026nbsp;group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en=121\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.756630265210608%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-Value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.93877551020408%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.06122448979592%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.37753510140406%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSperm\u0026nbsp;Count\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.52886115444618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.20 \u0026plusmn; 33.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.336973478939157%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.7 \u0026plusmn; 36.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.756630265210608%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.165\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.37753510140406%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSperm\u0026nbsp;Motility\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.52886115444618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.80 \u0026plusmn; 19.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.336973478939157%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.2 \u0026plusmn; 17.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.756630265210608%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.37753510140406%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProgressive\u0026nbsp;motility\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.52886115444618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.19 \u0026plusmn; 3.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.336973478939157%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.87 \u0026plusmn;3.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.756630265210608%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.497\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.37753510140406%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSperm\u0026nbsp;Vitality\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.52886115444618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.80 \u0026plusmn; 20.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.336973478939157%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.3 \u0026plusmn; 17.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.756630265210608%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.37753510140406%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSperm\u0026nbsp;Abnormality\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.52886115444618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.31 \u0026plusmn; 7.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.336973478939157%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.84 \u0026plusmn; 8.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.756630265210608%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.198\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.37753510140406%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHead\u0026nbsp;defects\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.52886115444618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.97 \u0026plusmn; 7.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.336973478939157%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.8 \u0026plusmn; 7.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.756630265210608%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.888\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.37753510140406%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMidpiece\u0026nbsp;defects\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.52886115444618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.83 \u0026plusmn; 9.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.336973478939157%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.18 \u0026plusmn; 9.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.756630265210608%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.657\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.37753510140406%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTail\u0026nbsp;defects\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.52886115444618%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.51 \u0026plusmn; 7.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.336973478939157%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.99 \u0026plusmn; 7.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.756630265210608%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.669\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Comparison of sperm functions between non-infected sub fertile men and infected sub fertile men, the results showed presents the negative influence of bacterial infection on human sperm function compared to non-infected sub fertile men. high Reactive oxygen species (ROS) with low HOST and Acrosin Activity (A.A) values in infected sub fertile men as compared to non-infected sub fertile men but with on significant\u003cu\u003e.\u003c/u\u003e (table 4, figure 7).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable (4): Comparison of sperm functions between Non\u0026nbsp;infected\u0026nbsp;and Infected sub fertile men (n =186):\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"left\" width=\"618\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.76012965964344%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSperm\u0026nbsp;function\u0026nbsp;test\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.311183144246353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInfected\u0026nbsp;group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en = 65\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.286871961102108%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNon\u0026nbsp;infected\u0026nbsp;group\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003en=121\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.641815235008103%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eValue\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"55.762081784386616%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"44.237918215613384%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.76012965964344%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.311183144246353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.7\u0026plusmn;17.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.286871961102108%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.7\u0026plusmn;18.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.641815235008103%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.497\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.76012965964344%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReactive oxygen species (ROS)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.311183144246353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.333\u0026plusmn;0.502\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.286871961102108%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.317\u0026plusmn;0.541\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.641815235008103%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.856\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.76012965964344%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcrosin\u0026nbsp;Activity (A.A)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.311183144246353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.91\u0026plusmn;9.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.286871961102108%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.1\u0026plusmn;10.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.641815235008103%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.188\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eInfertility affects 10\u0026ndash;15% of couples in the reproductive age group. Approximately 15% of male factor infertility is caused by infectious etiologies such as protozoa, fungi, viruses, and bacteria (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e). Invasion of bacteria into the male genital system has been shown to be associated with poor sperm function, leading to infertility. Recent study reported that, 60% of patients treated with assisted reproductive technology (ART) had suffered inflammation or infection. And the bacteriospermia was directly related to 15% of male infertility which creates a serious problem in andrology (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e). It was found that the presence of pathogenic organisms in semen samples negatively affects sperm parameters, which inversely effects artificial reproduction techniques. The quality of sperm and oocyte is very important for achievement of the fertilization process (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e). The bad quality of sperm and/or oocytes reduces the fertilization rate. It was reported that the bacteria presence in semen samples have a significant relationship with poor sperm motility and recurrent pregnancy miscarriages (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e). Genital tract obstruction due to fibrosis and inflammation, antisperm antibody formation due to blood\u0026ndash;testes barrier breach, reactive oxygen species formation leading to increased DNA fragmentation index, altered sperm morphology, altered acrosome reaction, decreased sperm motility, and diminished spermatogenesis are all methods in which bacteriospermia can interfere with normal fertility (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e). DNA damage in sperm is most often caused by ROS while the sperm passes through the male reproductive system. The majority of these genitourinary tract infections are asymptomatic, which raises the question of whether or not to treat the affected individuals. There is growing evidence that decreased semen quality and asymptomatic bacteriospermia are linked. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e). Since a large proportion of fragmented DNA was reported in infertile individuals, sperm DNA integrity has been deemed a predictor of male fertility. Condensation of sperm DNA seems to be an inevitable factor in male fertility, and sperm DNA integrity appears to influence early embryonic development (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe main aim of this study to evaluate the impacts of microbial infection on human sperm parameters and sperm functions for the predication of fertilization potential of human spermatozoa. This study included only186 couples among 200 couples who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. They were divided into 2 groups; Infected group: males partner with infected semen, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;65, Infected group: males partner with non-infected semen, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;121. Regarding the percentage of bacterial cultures, the current study showed that there was 65 (34.94%) infected semen samples and 121 (65.06%) non-infected semen samples.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe current study in agreement with \u003cb\u003eZeyad et al., (2018)\u003c/b\u003e Who aimed to detect the effects of bacteriospermia on human sperm parameters, nuclear protamine, DNA integrity and ICSI treatment outcomes. They reported that microbiological investigation for semen specimens showed that 29 samples (34.52%) were infected, and 55 (65.48%) samples were non-infected (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e). Also, the study of Shash \u003cb\u003eet al\u003c/b\u003e., \u003cb\u003e(2023)\u003c/b\u003e who aimed to detect the impact of bacteriospermia on semen parameters and sperm DNA fragmentation. They reported that 68 subjects were included: 34 semen samples with bacteriospermia and 34 semen samples without bacteriospermia (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, \u003cb\u003eAbbas\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eet al\u003c/b\u003e., \u003cb\u003e(2019)\u003c/b\u003e who aimed to investigate the role of bacterial infections in male infertility in the province of Al - Anbar, western Iraq. They reported that 80 semen specimens were collected and bacteriospermia was observed in 42 (52.5%) samples (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, our findings can be supported by \u003cb\u003eEini\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eet al\u003c/b\u003e., \u003cb\u003e(2021)\u003c/b\u003e who aimed to investigate the prevalence rate of bacterial infection in subfertile men and its effect on semen quality. They showed that 60 (34.88%) patients had a positive culture for pathogenic bacteria of different species (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e). According to the percentage of positive bacteria, our results revealed that (38.46%) was \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus facials\u003c/em\u003e, (33.84%) \u003cem\u003estaphylococcus haemolyticyus\u003c/em\u003e, (4.6%) \u003cem\u003eMicrococcus Lyle\u003c/em\u003e, and regarding the percentage of Gram-negative bacteria, (6.2%) \u003cem\u003eSerrati Marcescens\u003c/em\u003e and (16.9%) was \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e. Regarding the microbiological evaluation, the study of \u003cb\u003eShash\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eet al\u003c/b\u003e., \u003cb\u003e(2023)\u003c/b\u003e revealed that S. aureus was the most isolated organism from 23 (67.6%) samples, followed by E. coli in 5 (14.7%) samples, 4 (11.8%) samples yielded Klebsiella spp and Enterococcus was isolated in 2 (5.9%) samples (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e). Also, according to isolated and identified bacteria, the study of \u003cb\u003eZeyad\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eet al\u003c/b\u003e., \u003cb\u003e(2018)\u003c/b\u003e revealed that 8 (27.5%) were \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e, 5 (17.2) \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus epidermidis\u003c/em\u003e, 4 (13.7%) \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus haemolyticyus\u003c/em\u003e, 6 (20.6%) \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e, 4 (13.7%) \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus faecalis\u003c/em\u003e and 2 (6.89%) \u003cem\u003eStreptococcus agalactiae.\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, regarding microbiological evaluation, the study of \u003cb\u003eAbbas\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eet al\u003c/b\u003e., \u003cb\u003e(2019)\u003c/b\u003e showed that \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e (13.7%) was the most common isolated organism followed by \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella pneumonia\u003c/em\u003e (11.2%), Coagulase- negative \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus\u003c/em\u003e (10%), \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e (7.5%), \u003cem\u003eStreptococcus pyogenes\u003c/em\u003e (6.2%) and \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e (3.7%) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur study showed that there was negative effect of bacterial infection on human sperm parameters. The indices of sperm count, motility, sperm progressive %, vitality, and sperm normality was higher in non- infected group compared to infected group but this difference not statistically significance. The indices of sperm abnormality, sperm head, Midpiece, tail defects, was lower in non-infected group compared to infected group but with no significant statistically differences. According to the negative effect of bacterial infection on sperm quality, \u003cb\u003eZeyad et al\u003c/b\u003e., \u003cb\u003e(2018)\u003c/b\u003e revealed that the mean levels of sperm concentration was 24.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.86, motility was 25.74\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19.11 and progressive motility was 05.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;07.31 in bacteriospermic patients. While in non-bacteriospermic patients the mean levels of sperm concentration were 76.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;50.96, motility 50.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.53 and progressive motility 22.49\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.14. They found that the mean levels of sperm concentration, motility and progressive motility were significantly lower (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001) in bacteriospermic patients compared to that in non- bacteriospemic patients. While other parameters showed non-significant differences between the two groups (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e). The present study in agreement with \u003cb\u003eShrestha\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eet al\u003c/b\u003e., \u003cb\u003e(2023)\u003c/b\u003e who aimed to know the rate of infection in semen of infertile men, and the association of seminal bacteria with semen parameters related to fertility potential. They demonstrated that sperm concentration, total motility, morphology, and vitality of the samples tends to be lower in men with bacteriospermia than in those without bacteriospermia, however the association was statistically insignificant with p-values greater than 0.05 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e). The study of \u003cb\u003eBerjis\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eet al\u003c/b\u003e., \u003cb\u003e(2018)\u003c/b\u003e who aimed to determine the role of bacterial infection on semen parameters including motility, count and normal morphology in infertile male patients. Their study included 150 infertile males having abnormal semen parameters (study group) and 150 healthy fertile males (control group). They revealed that the mean sperm count in each group was significantly lower than that determined in controls. In the group of infertile males with negative bacterial infection, the sperm volume was also decreased although it was not statistically significant (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e). In contrast, the present study disagreed with \u003cb\u003eEini\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eet al.\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003e(2021)\u003c/b\u003e who revealed that sperm concentration and motility were significantly lower in infected than non-infected samples (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe present study revealed that indices of sperm function test including HOS-test, ROS-test, Acrosin Activity and DNA fragmentation index were higher in non-infected group compared to infected group, but this difference wasn\u0026rsquo;t statistically significance. In contrast, our findings disagreed with \u003cb\u003eZeyad et al., (2018)\u003c/b\u003e who showed that the mean DNA fragmentation in infected group was 18.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;09.47 while in non-infected group was 14.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;07.58. They revealed that the mean DNA fragmentation in infected group was non-significantly higher than non-infected patients (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e). Also, our results disagreed with \u003cb\u003eEini et al., (2021)\u003c/b\u003e who demonstrated that sperm DNA fragmentation was significantly higher in infected than non-infected samples (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eOur results revealed that there was negative effect of bacterial infection on human sperm parameters. The indices of sperm count, motility, sperm progressive %, vitality, and sperm normality was higher in non-infected group compared to infected group but this difference not statistically significance. The indices of sperm abnormality were lower in non-infected group compared to infected group with no significant statistical differences. we conclude that. Depending on the current results, male partner patients should do a semen bacterial investigation and then treat the bacteriospermia if any before the patients undergo ICSI treatment. More research on this issue is necessary.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA.A\u003c/strong\u003e: Acrosin activity\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eART:\u003c/strong\u003e assisted reproduction technology.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDNA:\u003c/strong\u003e Deoxyribonucleic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHPF:\u003c/strong\u003e high power field\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHOST:\u003c/strong\u003e Hypo-osmotic swelling test\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMDA\u003c/strong\u003e: Malondialdehyde\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eROS:\u003c/strong\u003e reactive oxygen species.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSPSS:\u003c/strong\u003e statistical\u0026nbsp;package for\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;Social\u0026nbsp;Sciences\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWHO:\u003c/strong\u003e The World Health Organization\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval:\u003c/strong\u003e The ethical research committee affiliated with international Islamic center for population studies and researches, Al-Azhar University in Cairo, Egypt, has approved the current study. This was done following the ethical standards of the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later comparable ethical standards or amendments, as well as the ethical standards of the national and/or the institutional research committee. All couples filled out the informed consent forms for this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u003c/strong\u003e All authors read and approved the final manuscript. All participants in our investigation provide their written permission before the data maintained and processed in a private, anonymous manner.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials:\u003c/strong\u003e All data and materials generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e: the authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNo financial funding was provided for the research, or publishing of this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTarek M. Abdelghany\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003econceived of the study, and participated in its design\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYousry K. Sadeek\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003ecollecting and choosing samples, carried out the practical part, writing and performed the results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAli\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eG\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGadel-Rab\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e:\u003c/sup\u003e drafted the manuscript and revising statistical analysis,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEman Anwar;\u003c/strong\u003e carried out main idea, practical part and\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003edraft the manuscript\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e-Agarwal A, Mulgund A, Hamada A, Chyatte MR (2015) A unique view on male infertility around the globe, vol 13. 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Iran J Microbiol 10(2):111\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"middle-east-fertility-society-journal","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"mefj","sideBox":"Learn more about [High Temperature Corrosion of Materials](https://www.springer.com/journal/43043)","snPcode":"43043","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/43043/3","title":"Middle East Fertility Society Journal","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Open","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Infection, Sperm quality, HOST, ROS and Acrosin activity","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4409460/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4409460/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eInvasion of bacteria in to the male reproductive system associated with decrease sperm function, leading to impair fertilizing ability, the human body harbors trillions of microbes, and their influence on human health has been explored in many parts of the human body, there is a general agreement on the negative impact of some pathogenic bacterial species on semen parameters, including sperm counts, motility, morphology, and sperm Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) integrity. The Aim of this study was to evaluate the impacts of microbial infection on human sperm parameters and sperm functions. This work included 186 semen specimen from sub fertile men unselected couples consulting infertility clinic center. All semen samples examined bacteriologically, also semen and sperm quality, evaluated according to world Health organization guideline \u003cb\u003e(WHO,2010).\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003efrom the 186 patients investigated for infertility, 65 (34.94%) of studied semen specimens were infected with bacteria of different species. The bacterial strains were identified as \u003cem\u003eEnterococcus Fecails, staphylococcus haemolyticyus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eMicrococcus lylae\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSerratia Marcescens\u003c/em\u003e. Infected semen sub fertile men had negative impact on sperm quality (count, motility, sperm progressive, vitality and normality. Moreover, high Reactive oxygen species (ROS) with decrease sperm function which include Acrosin activity (A.A) and Hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST) were noticed in infected sub fertile men in comparison to non-infected sub fertile men but non-significant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfected semen has negative impact on sperm parameters and sperm function this lead to impair fertilizing ability of human sperm.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Influence of bacterial infection on human sperm","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-13 21:07:04","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4409460/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2024-05-31T07:50:04+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-05-31T03:32:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Middle East Fertility Society Journal","date":"2024-05-30T18:19:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-05-21T22:26:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Middle East Fertility Society Journal","date":"2024-05-18T04:52:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"middle-east-fertility-society-journal","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"mefj","sideBox":"Learn more about [High Temperature Corrosion of Materials](https://www.springer.com/journal/43043)","snPcode":"43043","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/43043/3","title":"Middle East Fertility Society Journal","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Open","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"90fa177e-b6b9-4135-bf8c-2b0695d1318a","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 13th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-08-12T07:56:42+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-13 21:07:04","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4409460","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4409460","identity":"rs-4409460","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}