Molecular Characterization and Antibacterial Potential of Endophytic Fungal isolates from selected Mangroves along the Coastline of Kenya

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This study aimed to characterize mangrove endophytic fungi and evaluate their antibacterial activity. Heritiera littoralis , Rhizophora mucronata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza , Avicennia marina and Xylocarpus granatum species were collected from Tudor Creek, Mida Creek and Gazi Bay. A total of 30 fungal isolates were subjected to molecular identification based on analysis of their ITS gene region. The isolates in the inferred phylogenetic trees were affiliated with the genus Aspergillus . Ethyl acetate and butanol crude extracts of 29 fungal isolates and eight mycelia samples were screened for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 27853), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( ATCC 25923) using the disc diffusion method. A. marina and R. mucronata harboured the most fungal endophytes that showed the highest antibacterial activity. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) activity for the seven isolates that exhibited high antibacterial activities against the test microorganisms compared to the positive control was determined. The ethyl acetate extracts of isolates BE5, BA11, LB4 and RC6 showed significantly lower MIC activity compared to the positive control against test microorganisms (𝑃< 0.05). Therefore, this study confirms that mangrove species harbour fungal isolates that have antibacterial activity and hence could serve as a novel source of antibiotics. molecular characterization sequence identity ethyl acetate antibacterial activity. Figures Figure 1 INTRODUCTION Throughout thousands of years and ages, nature has been a source of medicinal agents (Petrovska, 2012 ). An impressive number of drugs in the modern world have been isolated from natural sources based on their use in traditional medicine (Yuan et al., 2016 ). Natural products remain a consistent source of drug and drug leads with several exciting molecules being reported from naturally occurring and genetically engineered microorganisms (Cragg and Newman, 2013 ). A recent survey conducted by China-based research groups reported that there has been an increase in the number of scientific publications on a large proportion of discovered marine bioactive compounds of microbial origin rather than plant origin (Sun et al., 2019 ). The main featured microorganisms are endophytes from mangroves, marine algae, and marine invertebrates, making up more than 60% of the investigated microbial strains (Sun et al., 2019 ). Out of 897 publications from 2009–2018, 80% strongly focused on fungi as a potential natural source of marine bioactive compounds (Sun et al., 2019 ). Marine environment has been a center of focus lately since the oceans cover more than 70% of the world’s surface and more than 15,000 unique natural compounds have been discovered from marine organisms (Malve, 2016 ). It is predicted that there are over two million marine species but only between 200,000 and 230,000 have been described (Appeltans et al., 2012 ). The marine invertebrates make up over 75% of the described marine species and over 95% of all marine animal species (Kemp and Baillie, 2012 ). This indicates that oceans offer unlimited potential for natural products and chemical diversity. Secondly, it provides quantitative habitat diversity, indicating that large populations of useful microorganisms are found in the ocean. Further, majority of anticancer and antimicrobial drugs currently in clinical use or in development phases are natural molecules or their derivatives (Greenwell and Rahman, 2015 ). In comparison to other natural sources such as higher plants, microorganisms have not been greatly explored for human benefit (Jacoby et al., 2017 ). Fungal endophytes are potential sources of bioactive compounds for medicinal purposes and there is a need to explore their diversity (Sarasan et al., 2017 ). Fungal endophytes are important to plant growth by producing enzymes and secondary metabolites, which assist in adaptation of plants to biotic stresses such as insects, herbivores, or invading pathogens and abiotic stresses such as drought and light (Isah, 2019 ). Plants that grow in great biodiversity also have the potential for housing endophytes with great diversity and many endophytic fungi have been found to colonize the mangrove species (Sridhar, 2012 ). Mangroves in special environments should be frequently studied for screening for presence of endophytes that produce antimicrobial agents (Suryanarayanan et al., 2009 ). Some of the challenges to the development of therapeutics against diseases are resistance to the already existing antibiotics and hence there less toxic and more potent antibiotics are required (Davies and Davies, 2010 ). It is emphasized by modern researchers that there is a need to search for unexplored habitats like forests (Strobel & Daisy, 2003 ), marine sponges (Höller et al., 2000 ) and mangroves (Lin et al., 2001 ) for pharmacologically active compounds. Mangrove endophytic fungi constitute the second largest group of marine endophytes (Sridhar et al., 2012 ) with leaves harboring a more diverse fungal endophytes community compared to other parts of the plant (Hamzah et al., 2018 ). Endophytic fungi have been reported to be abundant in all tissues such as flowers, fruits, stems, roots, and leaves that are potential natural sources of bioactive compounds (Rana et al., 2019 ). This study aimed at molecular characterization and determination of the antibacterial activity of endophytic fungi associated with selected mangrove plants of the Kenyan coast. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sample collection, preparation and isolation of mangrove endophytic fungi Healthy leaves, aerial branches, and submerged roots of Heritiera littoralis , Rhizophora mucronata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza , Avicennia marina and Xylocarpus granatum mangrove species were collected from Mida creek, Tudor creek and Gazi bay along the Kenyan coastline. Isolation of the mangrove fungal endophytic was done at the Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI), Mombasa. A total of 30 fungal isolates out of 76 fungal isolates (Wacira et al., 2020 )were randomly selected based on their morphological characters and identified based on the analysis of the ITS gene region. In addition, the isolates were screened for their antibacterial activity. Molecular characterization Genomic DNA Extraction Approximately 100mg of fungal mycelia from 5-day old fungal pure cultures grown on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) at room temperature was scraped out from the culture plates using a sterile surgical blade. A Quick-DNA bacterial/ fungal kit (Zymo Research Corp. CA, United States) was used to extract the genomic DNA (gDNA) as described by the manufacturer, and the presence of the extracted gDNA was confirmed by running gel electrophoresis. Briefly, a 1% agarose gel was prepared by weighing 1-gram agarose and mixing it into 100 ml of 1x TAE buffer. The mixture was then heated to boil in a microwave and cooled down to a 50 ° C. Gel electrophoresis was conducted in 1× TAE buffer at 90 units of voltage for 1 hour and visualized under ultraviolet after staining with ethidium bromide. To evaluate DNA purity, absorbance was observed from 230nm to 320nm to detect other possible contaminants (Eppendorf BioSpectrometer, Germany). The gDNA was stored at − 20°C for further use. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification of the ITS gene and Sequencing The PCR amplification of the fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA gene region from the gDNA was performed using ITS1 (5́TCCGTAGGTGAACCTTGCGG3 ́) and ITS4 (5 ́TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC 3 ́) primers (White et al., 1990 ). Amplification proceeded in a 30 cycles PCR using the HotStarTaq Plus Master Mix Kit (Qiagen, USA) with initial heating at 94°C for 3 minutes, followed by 30 cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 30 seconds, annealing at 53°C for 40 seconds and extension at 72°C for 1 minute. The final elongation step was done at 72°C for 5 minutes. The presence of PCR products was confirmed using 1% agarose gel electrophoresis in 1× TAE buffer at 90 voltage for 1 hour and visualized under ultraviolet upon staining with ethidium bromide. The PCR products were purified using the QIA quick PCR purification Kit protocol (Qiagen, Germany) based on manufacturer’s instructions. The purified PCR products were stored at − 20 ° C before being shipped for sequencing. Sequencing of the purified PCR products was done using a commercial service provider (Inqaba Biotech,Pretoria, South Africa). Phylogenetic analysis The DNA sequences were trimmed and edited to obtain complete sequences using BioEdit software. A search for similar sequences using BLASTN (Altschul et al., 1990 ) was performed at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) GenBank: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/ (Benson et al., 2009 ). From the GenBank sequence database, the closest nucleotide sequences were retrieved and put onto a fasta file format that had the other newly obtained sequences from the study. Subsequently, all the sequences were aligned using the CLUSTAL Omega program ( http://www.clustal.org ) (Sievers and Higgins, 2017 ) against the nearest neighbours. A neighbor-joining tree of the aligned sequences was constructed (Saitou and Nei, 1987 ) using MEGA X software (Kumar et al., 2018 ). Evolutionary distances were computed using the Maximum Composite Likelihood method (Tamura et al., 2004 ). To obtain statistical support values for the branches, bootstrapping (Felsenstein, 1985 ) was conducted with 1000 replicates. All sites, including gaps in the sequence alignment, were excluded pairwise in the phylogenetic analysis. Using the resultant neighbor-joining tree, each isolate was assigned to the proper taxonomic group. The taxonomic assignment was confirmed at 90% confidence level using the naïve Bayesian rRNA classifier on the RDP website (Cole et al., 2009 ). Extraction of crude extracts for antibacterial activity screening Plugs of agar with mycelia growth covering the surface of the inoculated PDA (HiMedia, Mumbai, India) (39 g in 1 L distilled water) were transferred aseptically into 500ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 100ml of Potato dextrose broth (TM Media, Rajasthan, India) (24 g in 1 L sterile seawater). The inoculated flasks were then incubated at 26°C both stationary and on a shaker at 200 rpm for 15 days. Cultures were harvested by filtering off the mycelium using a filter funnel and Whatman # 1 filter paper. The broth of each flask was filtered through Whatman # 1 filter paper and the residue (mycelium) was harvested. The filtrate was extracted with 200ml ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 10 minutes at room temperature and the upper layer (ethyl acetate) was collected and poured into a sterile conical flask. The extraction was repeated three times with equal volumes of EtOAc. The filtrate was also fractionated with 200ml butanol and repeated thrice. The harvested mycelia cultures were frozen at -40°C overnight, frozen-dried in a freeze dryer (ULVAC Technologies, Methuen, Japan) and the powdered material (10g) was extracted twice with ethyl acetate and butanol (Synytsya et al., 2017 ). The ethyl acetate and butanol extracts for both fungal broth and mycelia were then evaporated in a vacuum using a rotary evaporator (BIOBASE Company, Jiangsu, China) and dried to form an oil residue. The crude extracts were then dissolved in 1 ml Dimethyl sulphoxide (1% DMSO) for antibacterial bioassay and stored at -20°C. Screening for antibacterial activity The crude extracts of the broth and fungal mycelia were screened for their antibacterial activity based on Kirby–Bauer test (Hudzicki, 2012 ). The EtOAc and butanol extracts were tested against two gram-negative bacteria: Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922); Staphylococcus aureus ( ATCC 27853) and one gram-positive bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 25923) using the paper disk method and each treatment comprised of three replicates. The test microorganisms were sourced from the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya. The cell suspensions of the bacteria were adjusted to approximately 10 5 CFU/ml using McFarland standards. A sterile cotton swab was dipped into the bacterial suspension. To remove excess liquid, the swab was rotated several times with firm pressure on the inside wall of the tube above the fluid level. Using the swab, the Mueller-Hinton agar plate (MHA) (HiMedia, Mumbai, India) was streaked to form a bacterial lawn. To obtain uniform growth, the plate was streaked with the swab in one direction, rotated at 90°, and streaked again in that direction. The plate was allowed to dry for approximately 5 minutes. Each of the 6 mm sterile Whatman Antibiotic Assay Discs (Sigma-Aldrich Company, St. Louis, Germany) was impregnated with 2µL of crude extracts, negative (DMSO) or positive control (streptomycin antibiotic). In each of the test plates, 10 mg/ml in distilled water of positive control (streptomycin antibiotic), negative control (DMSO), ethyl acetate and butanol crude extracts (10 mg/ml in DMSO) were placed. The discs were placed on the surface of the medium containing 10 5 cells of bacteria test strains and the plates were kept in the biosafety cabinet for 5 minutes to allow the agents to diffuse into the agar. After overnight incubation at 37°C, the diameter of zones of inhibition were measured in millimeters using a ruler. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) The MICs of the seven most promising endophytic fungal extracts on the test isolates ( E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa ) were analyzed using the broth dilution method described by (Andrews, 2001 ). Five tubes were used; to each tube, 2 ml of sterile nutrient broth (NB) was placed in the 2nd to 5th tubes (except in tube 1). To tube 1 and 2, 2 ml of the endophytic fungal extracts (10 mg/ml) was placed and a 2-fold serial dilution was performed from the 2nd to 5th tubes, while 2 ml was discarded from the 5th tube to obtain 0.625 mg/ml, 1.25 mg/ml, 2.5 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml concentrations. Equal volume of 0.2ml broth culture of 0.5 McFarland turbid identified bacteria was added to all the tubes dilution ranges. An overnight broth culture of 0.2 ml was placed in a positive control tube and 2 ml of NB was added to serve as control for testing the growing ability of the medium. 2ml nutrient broth was to serve as negative control for testing the sterility of medium and equipment. The turbidity of each tube (optical density) was measured at zero hour (T 0 ) using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer (Konik, Barcelona, Spain) at 620nm wavelength. The tubes were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours and absorbance of each tube which is proportional to the turbidity of the bacterial growth was noted (Meletiadis et al., 2017 ). The MIC was defined and recorded as the lowest concentration of the test antibacterial agent that had inhibition on 50% bacterial growth. This was determined by assessing growth by calculating the difference in absorbance between the test tubes and the control tubes that had the broth and antibacterial agent alone without the test bacteria. Data Analysis All the experiments were carried out in triplicates. Two-way ANOVA was performed to test whether or not there were significant differences in diameter of zones of inhibition between the different extracts of fungal endophytes recovered from the mangrove species. The zones of inhibition were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Furthermore, statistical tests of means with the same letters within the column are not significantly different from one another (Fisher LSD at 95% confidence) using MINITAB. The differences were decided as significantly different with condition p < 0.05 (α = 0.05). RESULTS Affiliation of ITS gene sequences of the isolates A total of 30 endophytic isolates were analyzed. The isolates (with their accession numbers in parenthesis) in the inferred phylogenetic trees were affiliated with the genus Aspergillus , belonging to the fungal phylum Ascomycota (Fig. 1 ). Comparison of the newly isolated ITS gene sequences to known sequences in the GenBank database using BLASTn analysis indicated sequences similarities of > 98% with known sequences in the nucleotide sequence database (Table 1 ). All the isolates were affiliated with several known fungal species from the genus Aspergillus with > 98% sequence identity (Table 1 ). Ten isolates (accession numbers MW788473 to MW788478, MW788489, and MW788491 to MW788493) had between 98–100% sequences identities with known Aspergillus species ( Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus oryzae ) and together formed a single sub-cluster supported with a bootstrap value of 98% (Fig. 1 ; Table 1 ). Out of the ten isolates, BB5 (MW788473) from Mida Creek and LB3 (MW788474) from Tudor Creek were recovered from a branch and leaf of R. mucronata , respectively. Isolates RA3 (MW788477) from Mida Creek and BA5 (MW788478) from Tudor Creek were recovered from a root and branch of B. gymnorrhiza , while isolates BD5 (MW788476) and BD2 (MW788489) were recovered from a branch of X. granatum from Gazi Bay. Isolates BE6 [MW788491], BC3 [MW788492] and BA7 [MW788493] were recovered from branches of H. littoralis, A. marina and B. gymnorrhiza , respectively (Table 1 ). Nine isolates (BE5 (MW788480), BB8 (MW788482), BB2 (MW788483), BD4 (MW788484), RA4 (MW788485), RC7 (MW788486), BE3 (MW788487), BB10 (MW788488) and BC10 (MW788490)) had > 98% sequence identities with Aspergillus niger (Table 1 ) and together formed a minor sub-cluster supported with a bootstrap value of 92% (Fig. 1 ). Out of the nine, three isolates (BB8 (MW788482), BB2 (MW788483) and BB10 (MW788488) were obtained from branches of R. mucronata. Two isolates (RC7 (MW788486) and BC10 (MW788490)) were recovered from a root and branch of A. marina , while isolates BE5 (MW788480) and BE3 (MW788487) were recovered from branches of H. littoralis. Isolates BD4 (MW788484) and RA4 (MW788485) were recovered from X. granatum and B. gymnorrhiza , respectively (Table 1 ). Within the same sub-cluster, isolate BA1 (MW788481), which was recovered from a branch of B. gymnorrhiza , formed a minor sub-cluster with Aspergillus tubingensis (KX664401) (Fig. 1 ). Two isolates namely (BC9 (MW788479) and BC5 (MW788479)) were closely related to Aspergillus assiutensis with 99% sequence identity and together formed a separate sub-cluster supported with a bootstrap value of 100% (Fig. 1 ). These isolates (BC9 and BC5) were both obtained from the branches of A. marina from Mida creek (Table 1 ). Table 1 Affiliation of endophytic fungi with their closest taxonomic relatives and their associated host mangrove species. Sample ID Accession No. Host mangrove species Location Closest taxonomic affiliation Isolation Source Country % ID BB5 MW788473 R. mucronata Mida creek Aspergillus sp. [MN844036] Rubia plant endophyte (Meletiadis et al., 2017 ) China 99 LB3 MW788474 R. mucronata Tudor creek Aspergillus flavus [MT558941] Rosy rice vinegar solid mash (Meletiadis et al., 2017 ) India 100 BC8 MW788475 A. marina Tudor creek Aspergillus flavus [MT645322] Insect larva (Meletiadis et al., 2017 ) China 100 BD5 MW788476 X. granatum Gazi Bay Aspergillus oryzae [MG437005] Coastal marine sediment (Meletiadis et al., 2017 ) India 100 RA3 MW788477 B . gymnorrhiza Mida creek Aspergillus flavus [MT558941] Rosy rice vinegar solid mash (Meletiadis et al., 2017 ) India 100 BA5 MW788478 B. gymnorrhiza Tudor creek Aspergillus sp. [MH341160] Animal Leather ( Meletiadis et al., 2017 ) Pakistan 99 BC9 MW788479 A. marina Mida creek Aspergillus aculeatus [MN187974] Marine Estuary Tamil Nadu (Meletiadis et al., 2017 ) India 99 BE5 MW788480 H. littoralis Gazi Bay Aspergillus niger [MK534501] Leachate contaminated soil (Meletiadis et al., 2017 ) Malaysia 100 BA1 MW788481 B . gymnorrhiza Mida creek Aspergillus tubingensis [KX664401] Floor surface (Meletiadis et al., 2017 ) USA 99 BB8 MW788482 R. mucronata Gazi Bay Aspergillus niger [KJ410675] Soil from Stevia plants (Meletiadis et al., 2017 ) India 100 BB2 MW788483 R. mucronata Mida creek Aspergillus niger [MT620753] Rice Wine (Meletiadis et al., 2017 ) China 100 BD4 MW788484 X. granatum Gazi Bay Aspergillus niger [MT588793] Plant (Meletiadis et al., 2017 ) India 100 RA4 MW788485 B. gymnorrhiza Mida creek Aspergillus niger [MT620753] Rice Wine (Meletiadis et al., 2017 ) China 100 RC7 MW788486 A. marina Mida creek Aspergillus niger [MT588793] Plant (Meletiadis et al., 2017 ) India 100 BE3 MW788487 H. littoralis Gazi Bay Aspergillus niger [MK534501] Leachate contaminated soil (Meletiadis et al., 2017 ) Malaysia 100 BB10 MW788488 R. mucronata Tudor creek Aspergillus niger [MT550026] N/A Thailand 100 BD2 MW788489 X. granatum Gazi Bay Aspergillus oryzae [MT558944] Zhejiang rosy rice vinegar (Meletiadis et al., 2017 ) China 100 BC10 MW788490 R. mucronata Gazi Bay Aspergillus niger [MT588793] Soil from Stevia plants (Meletiadis et al., 2017 ) India 99 BE6 MW788491 H. littoralis Gazi Bay Aspergillus oryzae [MT558944] Zhejiang rosy rice vinegar (Meletiadis et al., 2017 ) China 100 BC3 MW788492 A. marina Tudor creek Aspergillus oryzae [MT558944] Zhejiang rosy rice vinegar (Meletiadis et al., 2017 ) China 100 BA7 MW788493 B. gymnorrhiza Tudor creek Aspergillus flavus [MT584825] N/A China 100 BC5 MW788494 A. marina Mida creek Aspergillus aculeatus [MN187297] Marine Estuary (Meletiadis et al., 2017 ) India 99 Screening for antibacterial activity The fungal broth and mycelia were tested against three human pathogenic strains of Gram-positive bacteria ( S. aureus (ATCC 27853) and Gram-negative bacteria ( Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and P. aeruginosa ( ATCC 25923) (Tables 2 , 3 and 4 ). Seven fungal broth crude extracts (LB4, BD4, BE5, BA11, RC6, RC3 and LB1) out of the twenty-nine exhibited high antibacterial activities against the three tested microorganisms and were more effective than the positive control (Tables 2 and 3 ). The ethyl acetate extracts of the endophytic fungal isolates LB4, BD4, BE5 and BA11 exhibited high antibacterial activities against all the test microorganisms compared to the positive control (Table 2 ). The extracts of RC6 (29.17 ± 0.1 mm 0.1 mm) and RC3 (29.17 ± 0.1 mm) showed a wide variety of antibacterial activities against P. aeruginosa (ATCC 25923) compared to the positive control. The ethyl acetate extracts of LB4 (41.03 ± 0.1), BD4 (39.07 ± 0.1), BE5 (34.03 ± 0.1) and BA11 (36.03 ± 0.1) showed a comparable higher antibacterial activity against E. coli (ATCC 25922) than the positive control (Table 2 ). The inhibitory activity of the ethyl acetate extracts against P. aeruginosa (ATCC 25923) was observed as LB4 (35.07 ± 0.1 mm), BD4 (35.07 ± 0.1 mm), BE5 (32.13 ± 0.1 mm) and BA11 (39.03 ± 0.1 mm) compared to the positive control. A wide range of antibacterial activity was exhibited by ethyl acetate extracts of LB4 (44.07 ± 0.1 mm), BD4 (31.07 ± 0.1 mm), BE5 (35.07 ± 0.1 mm) and BA11 (39.03 ± 0.1 mm) against S. aureus (ATCC 27853) compared to the positive control. Butanol extracts of isolate LB1 (29.07 ± 0.1 mm) showed a wide range of antibacterial activities against P. aeruginosa (ATCC 25923) compared to the positive control (28.30 ± 0.2 mm) (Table 3 ). In the fungal mycelia, ethyl acetate extract of sample M2 was more effective in S. aureus (ATCC 27853) compared to other extracts (Table 4 ). Butanol extract of sample M8 was effective in S. aureus (ATCC 27853) and E. coli (ATCC 25922) but not in P. aeruginosa (ATCC 25923). Note that ethyl acetate extracts of isolate BB6 recovered from R. mucronata (Table 2 ) and butanol extracts of isolates RA3 and BA6 from B. gymnorrhiza of Mida Creek (Table 3 ) showed no antibacterial activities against all test microorganisms. From this study work, ethyl acetate was the most effective solvent compared with butanol (p < 0.05). Table 2 Antibacterial activities of ethyl acetate extracts from mangrove endophytic fungi. Endophytic fungal isolate Site sampled Host plant Tissue type Ethyl acetate extracts inhibition zone diameters (mm) Sample ID Gram-negative bacteria Gram-positive bacteria Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( ATCC 27853) Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) LA1 Alternaria Mida creek B. gymnorrhiza L 0.00 ± 0.0 f 7.03 ± 0.1 d 14.07 ± 0.1 abcd LB1 Alternaria Mida creek R. mucronata L 7.07 ± 0.1 ef 8.17 ± 0.2 cd 10.30 ± 0.1 bcd BB3 Alternaria Tudor creek R. mucronata B 19.03 ± 0.1 bcde 19.17 ± 0.2 bcd 11.03 ± 0.1 bcd BB6 Alternaria Mida creek R. mucronata B 0.00 ± 0.0 f 0.00 ± 0.0 d 0.00 ± 0.0 d Negative control 0.00 ± 0.0 f 0.00 ± 0.0 d 0.00 ± 0.0 d Positive control 28.10 ± 0.1 bcde 28.30 ± 0.2 abc 31.70 ± 0.1 abc LC3 Penicillium Mida creek A. marina L 0.00 ± 0.0 f 8.03 ± 0.1 cd 9.07 ± 0.1 bcd LC5 Penicillium Tudor creek A. marina L 10.13 ± 0.1 def 0.00 ± 0.0 d 14.07 ± 0.1 abcd RC6 Penicillium Mida creek A. marina R 14.10 ± 0.1 def 29.17 ± 0.1 abc 26.07 ± 0.1 abcd Negative control 0.00 ± 0.0 f 0.00 ± 0.0 d 0.00 ± 0.0 d Positive control 32.20 ± 0.1 abcd 27.09 ± 0.1 abc 37.10 ± 0.1 ab LB2 Cladosporium Mida creek R. mucronata L 20.03 ± 0.1 bcde 7.03 ± 0.1 d 0.00 ± 0.0 d LB4 Cladosporium Tudor creek R. mucronata L 41.03 ± 0.1 a 35.07 ± 0.1 ab 44.07 ± 0.1 a RA2 Cladosporium Mida creek B. gymnorrhiza R 0.00 ± 0.0 f 10.03 ± 0.1 cd 0.00 ± 0.0 d Negative control 0.00 ± 0.0 f 0.00 ± 0.0 d 0.00 ± 0.0 d Positive control 35.40 ± 0.1 abc 28.07 ± 0.1 abc 37.40 ± 0.1 ab RA3 Aspergillus Mida creek B. gymnorrhiza R 26.07 ± 0.1 bcde 29.07 ± 0.1 abc 22.10 ± 0.1 abcd BA5 Aspergillus Tudor creek B. gymnorrhiza B 9.03 ± 0.1 ef 10.17 ± 0.1 cd 14.07 ± 0.1 abcd BA6 Aspergillus Mida creek B. gymnorrhiza B 6.03 ± 0.1 ef 10.67 ± 0.1 cd 0.00 ± 0.0 d BB8 Aspergillus Gazi bay R. mucronata B 0.00 ± 0.0 f 19.03 ± 0.1 bcd 15.03 ± 0.1 abcd BC3 Aspergillus Gazi bay A. marina B 10.67 ± 0.1 def 11.03 ± 0.1 cd 8.07 ± 0.1 bcd BC8 Aspergillus Tudor creek A. marina B 14.10 ± 0.1 def 8.07 ± 0.1 cd 9.03 ± 0.1 bcd BC9 Aspergillus Mida creek A. marina B 10.03 ± 0.1 def 10.03 ± 0.1 cd 13.07 ± 0.1 bcd BD4 Aspergillus Gazi bay X. granatum B 39.07 ± 0.1 ab 35.07 ± 0.1 ab 31.07 ± 0.1 abc BE5 Aspergillus Gazi bay H. littoralis B 34.03 ± 0.1 abc 32.13 ± 0.1 ab 35.07 ± 0.1 abc Negative control 0.00 ± 0.0 f 0.00 ± 0.0 d 0.00 ± 0.0 d Positive control 28.30 ± 0.1 bcde 29.30 ± 0.4 abc 29.20 ± 0.3 BA10 Fusarium Gazi bay B. gymnorrhiza B 0.00 ± 0.0 f 12.07 ± 0.1 cd 10.07 ± 0.1 bcd BC6 Fusarium Mida creek A. marina B 0.00 ± 0.0 f 0.00 ± 0.0 d 11.03 ± 0.1 bcd Negative control 0.00 ± 0.0 f 0.00 ± 0.0 d 0.00 ± 0.0 d Positive control 21.03 ± 0.1 bcde 24.10 ± 0.1 abc 28.60 ± 0.1 abcd RB4 Lasiodiplodia Mida creek R. mucronata R 0.00 ± 0.0 f 10.07 ± 0.1 cd 15.07 ± 0.1 abcd BB4 Lasiodiplodia Tudor creek R. mucronata B 9.03 ± 0.1 ef 8.03 ± 0.1 cd 18.07 ± 0.1 abcd BB7 Lasiodiplodia Mida creek R. mucronata B 16.03 ± 0.1 def 25.10 ± 0.1 abc 21.13 ± 0.1 abcd Negative control 0.00 ± 0.0 f 0.00 ± 0.0 d 0.00 ± 0.0 d Positive control 25.70 ± 0.1 bcde 30.10 ± 0.1 abc 39.70 ± 0.1 a BA8 Nigrospora Mida creek B. gymnorrhiza B 0.00 ± 0.0 f 9.03 ± 0.1 cd 9.03 ± 0.1 bcd BA11 Nigrospora Tudor creek B. gymnorrhiza B 36.03 ± 0.1 abc 39.03 ± 0.1 a 39.03 ± 0.1 a BC7 Nigrospora Mida creek A. marina B 11.03 ± 0.1 def 0.00 ± 0.0 d 0.00 ± 0.0 d RC3 Nigrospora Mida creek A. marina R 26.07 ± 0.1 bcde 29.17 ± 0.1 abc 22.03 ± 0.1 abcd Negative control 0.00 ± 0.0 f 0.00 ± 0.0 d 0.00 ± 0.0 d Positive control 34.60 ± 0.1 abc 27.00 ± 0.1 abc 30.10 ± 0.1 abc BC2 Chaetomium Gazi bay A. marina B 10.07 ± 0.1 def 19.03 ± 0.1 cd 17.03 ± 0.1 abcd Negative control 0.00 ± 0.0 f 0.00 ± 0.0 d 0.00 ± 0.0 d Positive control 25.03 ± 0.1 bcde 25.03 ± 0.1 abc 28.07 ± 0.1 abcd The isolates are coded depending on the part of the tree sampled; the prefix letters L, B, and R representing leaf, branch, and root tissue of the mangrove species respectively. Then followed by the letters (A, B, C, D, and E) representing B. gymnorrhiza, R. mucronata, A. marina, X. granatum and H. littoralis mangrove species, respectively, and the isolate number of the sample collected from the mangrove species. There was significant difference between gram (-ve) and, gram (+ ve) inhibition (p < 0.05 (α = 0.05)). Table 3 Antibacterial activities of butanol extracts from mangrove endophytic fungi. Endophytic fungal isolate Site sampled Host plant Tissue type Butanol extracts inhibition zone diameters (mm) Sample ID Gram-negative bacteria Gram-positive bacteria Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( ATCC 27853) Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) LA1 Alternaria Mida creek B. gymnorrhiza L 9.03 ± 0.1 ab 10.13 ± 0.2 ab 9.03 ± 0.1 bcd LB1 Alternaria Mida creek R. mucronata L 10.13 ± 0.1 ab 29.07 ± 0.1 a 10.07 ± 0.1 abcd BB3 Alternaria Tudor creek R. mucronata B 7.07 ± 0.1 ab 19.17 ± 0.1 a 6.07 ± 0.1 cd BB6 Alternaria Mida creek R. mucronata B 10.03 ± 0.1 ab 12.07 ± 0.1 ab 10.13 ± 0.1 abcd Negative control 0.00 ± 0.0 b 0.00 ± 0.0 b 0.00 ± 0.0 e Positive control 28.10 ± 0.1 28.30 ± 0.2 31.70 ± 0.1 LC3 Penicillium Mida creek A. marina L 0.00 ± 0.0 b 10.13 ± 0.1 ab 10.03 ± 0.1 abcd LC5 Penicillium Tudor creek A. marina L 12.07 ± 0.1 ab 8.07 ± 0.1 ab 10.10 ± 0.1 abcd RC6 Penicillium Mida creek A. marina R 0.00 ± 0.0 b 8.03 ± 0.1 ab 0.00 ± 0.0 e Negative control 0.00 ± 0.0 b 0.00 ± 0.0 b 0.00 ± 0.0 e Positive control 32.20 ± 0.1 27.09 ± 0.1 37.10 ± 0.1 LB2 Cladosporium Mida creek R. mucronata L 10.23 ± 0.1 ab 8.03 ± 0.1 ab 12.03 ± 0.1 abc LB4 Cladosporium Tudor creek R. mucronata L 15.07 ± 0.1 ab 10.07 ± 0.1 ab 8.07 ± 0.1 abcde RA2 Cladosporium Mida creek B. gymnorrhiza R 7.17 ± 0.1 ab 7.07 ± 0.1 ab 8.07 ± 0.1 abcde Negative control 0.00 ± 0.0 b 0.00 ± 0.0 b 0.00 ± 0.0 e Positive control 35.40 ± 0.1 28.07 ± 0.1 37.40 ± 0.1 RA3 Aspergillus Mida creek B. gymnorrhiza R 0.00 ± 0.0 b 0.00 ± 0.0 b 0.00 ± 0.0 e BA5 Aspergillus Tudor creek B. gymnorrhiza B 10.03 ± 0.1 ab 10.03 ± 0.1 ab 10.03 ± 0.1 abcd BA6 Aspergillus Mida creek B. gymnorrhiza B 0.00 ± 0.0 b 0.00 ± 0.0 b 0.00 ± 0.0 e BB8 Aspergillus Gazi bay R. mucronata B 0.00 ± 0.0 b 10.07 ± 0.1 ab 19.07 ± 0.1 a BC3 Aspergillus Gazi bay A. marina B 8.03 ± 0.1 ab 9.03 ± 0.1 ab 9.03 ± 0.1 bcd BC8 Aspergillus Tudor creek A. marina B 9.03 ± 0.1 ab 8.07 ± 0.1 ab 9.03 ± 0.1 bcd BC9 Aspergillus Mida creek A. marina B 0.00 ± 0.0 b 9.03 ± 0.1 ab 0.00 ± 0.0 e BD4 Aspergillus Gazi bay X. granatum B 11.03 ± 0.1 ab 8.03 ± 0.1 ab 9.03 ± 0.1 bcd BE5 Aspergillus Gazi bay H. littoralis B 17.03 ± 0.1 a 16.03 ± 0.1 a 21.23 ± 0.3 a Negative control 0.00 ± 0.0 b 0.00 ± 0.0 b 0.00 ± 0.0 e Positive control 28.30 ± 0.1 29.30 ± 0.4 29.20 ± 0.3 BA10 Fusarium Gazi bay B. gymnorrhiza B 8.03 ± 0.1 ab 8.03 ± 0.1 ab 9.03 ± 0.1 bcd BC6 Fusarium Mida creek A. marina B 7.17 ± 0.1 ab 10.07 ± 0.1 ab 12.07 ± 0.1 abc Negative control 0.00 ± 0.0 b 0.00 ± 0.0 b 0.00 ± 0.0 e Positive control 21.03 ± 0.1 24.10 ± 0.1 28.60 ± 0.1 RB4 Lasiodiplodia Mida creek R. mucronata R 8.03 ± 0.1 ab 10.07 ± 0.1 ab 11.03 ± 0.1 abc BB4 Lasiodiplodia Tudor creek R. mucronata B 19.03 ± 0.1 ab 7.07 ± 0.1 ab 19.03 ± 0.1 a BB7 Lasiodiplodia Mida creek R. mucronata B 0.00 ± 0.0 b 9.03 ± 0.1 ab 18.07 ± 0.1 ab Negative control 0.00 ± 0.0 b 0.00 ± 0.0 b 0.00 ± 0.0 e Positive control 25.70 ± 0.1 30.10 ± 0.1 39.70 ± 0.1 BA8 Nigrospora Mida creek B. gymnorrhiza B 10.07 ± 0.1 ab 12.07 ± 0.1 ab 7.07 ± 0.1 bcde BA11 Nigrospora Tudor creek B. gymnorrhiza B 15.07 ± 0.1 ab 26.07 ± 0.1 a 20.03 ± 0.1 a BC7 Nigrospora Mida creek A. marina B 11.03 ± 0.1 ab 10.07 ± 0.1 ab 10.07 ± 0.1 abcd RC3 Nigrospora Mida creek A. marina R 0.00 ± 0.0 b 16.03 ± 0.1 a 10.07 ± 0.1 abcd Negative control 0.00 ± 0.0 b 0.00 ± 0.0 b 0.00 ± 0.0 e Positive control 34.60 ± 0.1 27.00 ± 0.1 30.10 ± 0.1 BC2 Chaetomium Gazi bay A. marina B 9.03 ± 0.1 ab 11.03 ± 0.1 ab 10.03 ± 0.1 abcd Negative control 0.00 ± 0.0 b 0.00 ± 0.0 b 0.00 ± 0.0 e Positive control 25.03 ± 0.1 25.03 ± 0.1 28.07 ± 0.1 The isolates are coded depending on the part of the tree sampled; the prefix letters L, B, and R representing leaf, branch, and root tissue of the mangrove species respectively. Then followed by the letters (A, B, C, D, and E) representing B. gymnorrhiza, R. mucronata, A. marina, X. granatum and H. littoralis mangrove species, respectively, and the isolate number of the sample collected from the mangrove species. There was significant difference between gram (-ve) and, gram (+ ve) inhibition (p < 0.05 (α = 0.05)). Table 4 Antibacterial activities of Ethyl acetate and Butanol extracts of fungal mycelia. ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI Ethyl acetate and Butanol extracts inhibition zone diameters (mm) Gram-negative bacteria Gram-positive bacteria Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) Staphylococcus aureus ( ATCC 25923 ) EXTRACTS Ethyl acetate Butanol Ethyl acetate Butanol Ethyl acetate Butanol Negative control 0.00 ± 0.0 0.00 ± 0.0 0.00 ± 0.0 0.00 ± 0.0 0.00 ± 0.0 0.00 ± 0.0 M1 10.07 ± 0.1 a 10.07 ± 0.1 b 11.03 ± 0.1 a 10.07 ± 0.1 a 15.07 ± 0.1 a 14.07 ± 0.1 a M2 12.07 ± 0.1 a 10.07 ± 0.1 b 15.07 ± 0.1 a 15.07 ± 0.1 a 18.07 ± 0.1 a 16.03 ± 0.1 a M3 12.07 ± 0.1 a 10.07 ± 0.1 b 9.03 ± 0.1 a 11.03 ± 0.1 a 15.07 ± 0.1 a 15.07 ± 0.1 a M4 9.03 ± 0.1 a 10.07 ± 0.1 b 12.07 ± 0.1 a 12.07 ± 0.1 a 15.07 ± 0.1 a 12.07 ± 0.1 a M5 16.03 ± 0.1 a 11.03 ± 0.1 b 11.03 ± 0.1 a 8.03 ± 0.1 a 11.03 ± 0.1 a 9.03 ± 0.1 a M6 10.07 ± 0.1 a 14.07 ± 0.1 a 9.03 ± 0.1 a 10.07 ± 0.1 a 10.07 ± 0.1 a 13.07 ± 0.1 a M7 0.00 ± 0.0 a 9.03 ± 0.1 b 9.03 ± 0.1 a 10.07 ± 0.1 a 10.07 ± 0.1 a 9.03 ± 0.1 a M8 12.07 ± 0.1 a 16.03 ± 0.1 a 16.03 ± 0.1 a 10.07 ± 0.1 a 15.07 ± 0.1 a 20.03 ± 0.1 a Positive control 28.06 ± 3.4 28.06 ± 3.4 29.15 ± 3.9 29.15 ± 3.9 33.40 ± 2.3 33.40 ± 2.3 Note that ethyl acetate extracts of isolate BB6 recovered from R. mucronata and butanol extracts of isolates RA3 and BA6 from B. gymnorrhiza of Mida Creek showed no antibacterial activities against all test microorganisms (Tables 2 and 3 ). From this study work, ethyl acetate was the most effective solvent compared with butanol (p < 0.05). Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) The varying concentrations between 0.625 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml of the endophytic fungal extracts were tested to determine their MICs (Table 5 ). The lowest MIC (2.86 ± 0.01), ethyl acetate extract of isolate BE5 was observed against E. coli . The butanol extract of isolate LB1 showed the least MIC activity (4.57 ± 0.01) against P. aeruginosa. The Ethyl acetate extracts of isolates BE5, BA11, LB4 and RC6 showed significantly lower MIC activity (Table 5 ) compared to the standard drug/control (streptomycin) against test microorganisms (𝑃< 0.05). The ethyl acetate extracts of isolate BE5 had a MIC of 2.86 ± 0.01 compared to the control (3.77 ± 0.00) against E. coli. The MIC (3.05 ± 0.01) for the ethyl acetate extracts of isolate BA11 against S. aureus was lower than the positive control (4.5 ± 0.00). For the isolate LB4, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of 3.23 ± 0.01 and 3.69 ± 0.01 were observed against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus respectively compared to the positive controls that had minimum inhibitory concentrations of 3.84 ± 0.00 and 4.5 ± 0.00, respectively. The MIC (3.31 ± 0.01) for isolate RC6 was observed compared to the positive control (3.84 ± 0.00) against P. aeruginosa. Table 5 Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of ethyl acetate and butanol extracts of the fungal isolates against the tested human pathogenic bacteria. MIC (mg/ml) No. SAMPLE ID EXTRACT Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus 1 BD4 Ethyl acetate 3.88 ± 0.01 b 4.96 ± 0.01 b 4.90 ± 0.00 b 2 BA11 5.32 ± 0.01 a 4.62 ± 0.01 b 3.05 ± 0.01 c Butanol - 4.96 ± 0.01 b - 3 BE5 Ethyl acetate 2.86 ± 0.01 d 5.17 ± 0.01 a 2.96 ± 0.01 d 4 LB4 4.94 ± 0.01 a 3.23 ± 0.01 c 3.69 ± 0.01 c 5 RC6 Ethyl acetate - 3.31 ± 0.01 c - 6 RC3 - 4.58 ± 0.01 b - 7 LB1 Butanol - 4.57 ± 0.01 b - CONTROL (Streptomycin) 3.77 ± 0.00 b 3.84 ± 0.00 c 4.5 ± 0.00 b The isolates are denoted as LB4 and LB1 (leaf isolates of R. mucronata ); RC6 and RC3 (root isolates of A. marina ); and BD4, BA11, and BE5 (branch isolates of X. granatum, B. gymnorrhiza and H. littoralis species); ‘– ‘denotes those values not determined. Data are presented as means ± SD of three replicates. Values with the different superscript in the same column are significantly different (P < 0.05). There was significant difference between gram (- ve) and gram (+ ve) inhibition (p < 0.05 (α = 0.05)). *Concentration of positive control (Streptomycin) is 20 mg/ml in distilled water. DISCUSSION A total of 30 fungal isolates were randomly selected as morphotypes of genus Aspergillus according to (Arnold et al., 2000 ) since they were the most dominant isolates in all the five-mangrove species. This study revealed that Aspergillus niger , is the predominant fungal species associated with the B. gymnorrhiza, H. littoralis, A. marina, R. mucronata and X. granatum mangrove species. A similar study along the Coast of South Andaman Sea, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India reported that A. niger was found to be prominent with a trend of rapid growth (Thorati et al., 2016 ). Other Aspergillus species reported in this study were Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus aculeatus, Aspergillus tubingensis, Aspergillus assiutensis and several unidentified Aspergillus sp. The phylogenetic analysis revealed three main clusters that were represented by the following sections of the aspergilli; A. niger, A. flavus, A. oryzae A. aculeatus, A. tubingensis and A. assiutensis . One cluster comprised of A. oryzae and A. flavus that confirmed the evolutionary closeness between the two species. The close genetic relatedness between A. oryzae and A. flavus was also recorded by (Arnold et al., 2000 ). A study on the diversity of fungi from mangroves of Mahanadi delta, Orissa, India found A. oryzae, A. flavus and A. niger were common in the area (Arnold et al., 2000 ). Another main cluster consisted of the filamentous black aspergilli in the Nigri section. Within this cluster was a minor sub-cluster, which comprised of A. niger , A. tubingensis and A. sp. BA1 [MW788481]. A. niger and A. tubingensis are both classified as biseriate species (Arnold et al., 2000 ). A. niger was found in abundance compared to the other species recorded in this study. The last main cluster consisted of A. assiutensis and A. aculeatus . A. aculeatus and A. niger were previously found in the soil of grapevine plantations (Abdel-Sater et al., 2016). A. assiutensis was reported in ElKhawaled village, Sahel-Saleem city from air of grapevine plantation by (Ah et al., 2022 ). The results on antibacterial activity showed that ethyl acetate was the most effective solvent compared to butanol. The endophytic fungal extracts of isolates LB4, BD4, BE5, BA11, RC6, RC3 and LB1 exhibited high antibacterial activities against the test microorganisms compared to the positive control. Among the five-mangrove species sampled, root isolates of A. marina (RC6 and RC3) and leaf isolates of R. mucronata (LB4 and LB1) had the most effective extracts against the test microorganisms compared to the positive control. Antibacterial activity of leaf extract of mangroves including R. mucronata from Chorao Island, Goa was investigated against human bacterial pathogens and it was reported to be a potential source for the development of novel antibiotics (Sahoo et al., 2012 ). Ethyl acetate root extracts of A. marina have also been found in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and observed to have antibacterial activities against E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa (Okla et al., 2021 ). From this study, ethyl acetate and butanol broth extracts isolated from leaves found in Mida creek were the most effective against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa respectively compared to all the other isolates. Fungal extracts isolated from the mangrove leaves in Luzon Island, Philippines, showed antibacterial activity against the gram-positive bacteria S. aureus. (Ramirez et al., 2020 ). Both ethyl acetate and butanol mycelial extracts were most effective against S. aureus. Synytsya et al., 2017 ,observed that extracts from the fungal mycelia had antibacterial property. The Ethyl acetate extracts of isolates BE5, BA11, LB4 and RC6 that showed a significantly lower MIC activity compared to the standard drug/control (streptomycin) against test microorganisms. Therefore, branch isolates of X. granatum and B. gymnorrhiza species; leaf isolate of R. mucronata species, and root isolate of A. marina species had more inhibitory effects on the tested microorganisms. CONCLUSION From this study, it is concluded that Aspergillus niger were the predominant fungal endophytes associated with the R. mucronata, B . gymnorrhiza, A. marina, X. granatum and H. littoralis mangrove species. It is also evident that genus Aspergillus has a high adaptability to various ecological environments and cytotoxic studies to determine if the extracts are safe would be useful. Some fungal isolates have antibacterial activity and hence results generated form the basis of future efforts on drug discovery. Declarations DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT The data presented in this study are available upon request from the corresponding authors. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks are extended to the Technical University of Mombasa (TUM) and Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI), Mombasa Headquarters. Laboratory investigations were performed at TUM and KMFRI. Identification of mangroves was conducted by KMFRI, Mombasa Headquarters. Funding Thanks are extended to the Technical University of Mombasa (TUM) — (grant number TUM/PRI/RP/18-19/VOLII (39)). Competing Interests The authors have not declared any conflict of interests. 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Studies in Fungi , 5 . https://doi.org/10.5943/sif/5/1/14 Rana KL, Kour D, Sheikh I, Dhiman A, Yadav N, Rastegari A, Yadav AN, Singh K, Saxena A (2019). Endophytic fungi: Biodiversity, ecological significance, and potential industrial applications . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10480-1_1 Sahoo G, Mulla N, Ansari Z, Mohandass C (2012). Antibacterial Activity of Mangrove Leaf Extracts against Human Pathogens. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 74 , 348–351. https://doi.org/10.4103/0250-474X.107068 Saitou, N., & Nei, M. (1987). The Neighbor-joining Method : A New Method for Reconstructing Phylogenetic Trees ’ . 4 (4), 406–425. Sarasan M, Puthumana J, Job N, Han J, Lee JS, Philip R (2017). Marine Algicolous Endophytic Fungi - A Promising Drug Resource of the Era. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology , 0 , 0. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1701.01036 Sievers F, Higgins D (2017). Clustal Omega for making accurate alignments of many protein sequences. Protein Science : A Publication of the Protein Society , 27 . https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.3290 Sridhar K. (2012). Aspect and prospect of endophytic fungi (pp. 43–62). https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.4207.5766 Sridhar KR, Alias SA, & Pang, K.-L. (2012). 14 Mangrove fungi. Marine Fungi and Fungal-like Organisms , ii . https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264067.253 Strobel G, Daisy B (2003). Bioprospecting for microbial endophytes and their natural products. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews : MMBR , 67 (4), 491–502. https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.67.4.491-502.2003 Sun W, Wu W, Liu X, Zaleta DA, Clark BR (2019). Bioactive Compounds Isolated from Marine-Derived Microbes in China: 2009-2018. Marine Drugs , 17 (6), 339. https://doi.org/10.3390/md17060339 Suryanarayanan T, Thirunavukkarasu N, Rajulu G, Sasse F, Jansen R, Murali TS (2009). Fungal endophytes and bioprospecting. Fungal Biology Reviews , 23 , 9–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbr.2009.07.001 Synytsya A, Monkai J, Bleha R, Macurkova A, Ruml T, Ahn J, Chukeatirote, E. (2017). Antimicrobial activity of crude extracts prepared from fungal mycelia. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine , 7 (3), 257–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.12.011 Tamura K, Nei M, Kumar S (2004). Prospects for inferring very large phylogenies by using the neighbor-joining method. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 101 (30), 11030–11035. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0404206101 Thorati M, Mishra J, Santhosh Kumar C (2016). Isolation, Identification of Endophytic Fungi from Mangrove Roots along the Coast of South Andaman Sea,Andaman and Nicobar Islands,India. Journal of Marine Biology & Oceanography , 5 . https://doi.org/10.4172/2324-8661.1000157 Wacira TN, Makonde HM, Bosire CM, Mzee SS, Mwamburi SM, Kibiti CM (2020). Isolation and morphological characterization of endophytic fungi isolated from mangrove plants along the Kenyan coastline . 14 (10), 594–607. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR2020. White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor J (1990). Amplification and Direct Sequencing of Fungal Ribosomal Rna Genes for Phylogenetics. PCR Protocols , January , 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1 Yuan H, Ma Q, Ye L, Piao G (2016). The Traditional Medicine and Modern Medicine from Natural Products. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) , 21 (5), 559. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21050559 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3948440","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":275895634,"identity":"de774163-96c6-4a54-b032-42644ca118bb","order_by":0,"name":"Teresia Nyambura Wacira","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA8ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYLACxgYgwd7GwFDBIAHiM+NVzQPXwnOMgeEMaVok0kBaGAhrsZfuMfx0c8fhfP6Zz1I3HNxjwSDv3sBs8AGfLTJnjKVzzxy2nHE77diNA88kGAzPHGBOnIFPi0SOgXRu22EDhtvpbbc/HABqmZHAfJgHvxbj3yAt8jePt904ANPyB78WM7AtBjfYjoG1yEskMCfj8z7PjbQy69wz6QaGZ9LSQFp4DHgONhv24NHCPiN58+3cHdYGcsePmQG11MnJtzcflviBzxoGDgNUaw0OgKMJH2B/gMqXJ6RhFIyCUTAKRhwAALaSUkDRbYS2AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Technical University of Mombasa","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Teresia","middleName":"Nyambura","lastName":"Wacira","suffix":""},{"id":275895635,"identity":"f08a19e4-cf9c-4f36-a135-edbaf11b0163","order_by":1,"name":"Huxley Mae Makonde","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Technical University of Mombasa","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Huxley","middleName":"Mae","lastName":"Makonde","suffix":""},{"id":275895636,"identity":"ebf2d39b-8219-40ad-902a-a5207624b5d5","order_by":2,"name":"Carren Moraa Bosire","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Technical University of Mombasa","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Carren","middleName":"Moraa","lastName":"Bosire","suffix":""},{"id":275895637,"identity":"a8203a74-6388-4bbc-9963-a35353c47319","order_by":3,"name":"Cromwell Mwiti Kibiti","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Technical University of Mombasa","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Cromwell","middleName":"Mwiti","lastName":"Kibiti","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-02-11 12:29:15","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3948440/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3948440/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":52049689,"identity":"270cdb0b-0aaf-4709-8463-387b00c85529","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-05 21:49:57","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":66306,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEvolutionary relationships between partial ITS gene sequences of the isolates and some closest known fungal species. \u003cem\u003eTuber maculatum\u003c/em\u003e (Accession No.FM205560) was used to root the phylogenetic tree. Bootstrap values (\u0026gt;50 %) based on 1000 replications are shown at branch nodes. Bar, 0.05 substitutions per nucleotide position\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3948440/v1/c8f813ed20543e173d70c083.jpg"},{"id":52274544,"identity":"940b43a7-4d11-45f2-84de-f856d3d3c9c7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-08 13:35:06","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":927784,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3948440/v1/286603c4-99fc-43b7-b15c-aded69bd4b65.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Molecular Characterization and Antibacterial Potential of Endophytic Fungal isolates from selected Mangroves along the Coastline of Kenya","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThroughout thousands of years and ages, nature has been a source of medicinal agents (Petrovska, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). An impressive number of drugs in the modern world have been isolated from natural sources based on their use in traditional medicine (Yuan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Natural products remain a consistent source of drug and drug leads with several exciting molecules being reported from naturally occurring and genetically engineered microorganisms (Cragg and Newman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA recent survey conducted by China-based research groups reported that there has been an increase in the number of scientific publications on a large proportion of discovered marine bioactive compounds of microbial origin rather than plant origin (Sun et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The main featured microorganisms are endophytes from mangroves, marine algae, and marine invertebrates, making up more than 60% of the investigated microbial strains (Sun et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Out of 897 publications from 2009\u0026ndash;2018, 80% strongly focused on fungi as a potential natural source of marine bioactive compounds (Sun et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Marine environment has been a center of focus lately since the oceans cover more than 70% of the world\u0026rsquo;s surface and more than 15,000 unique natural compounds have been discovered from marine organisms (Malve, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). It is predicted that there are over two million marine species but only between 200,000 and 230,000 have been described (Appeltans et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). The marine invertebrates make up over 75% of the described marine species and over 95% of all marine animal species (Kemp and Baillie, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). This indicates that oceans offer unlimited potential for natural products and chemical diversity. Secondly, it provides quantitative habitat diversity, indicating that large populations of useful microorganisms are found in the ocean.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther, majority of anticancer and antimicrobial drugs currently in clinical use or in development phases are natural molecules or their derivatives (Greenwell and Rahman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). In comparison to other natural sources such as higher plants, microorganisms have not been greatly explored for human benefit (Jacoby et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFungal endophytes are potential sources of bioactive compounds for medicinal purposes and there is a need to explore their diversity (Sarasan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Fungal endophytes are important to plant growth by producing enzymes and secondary metabolites, which assist in adaptation of plants to biotic stresses such as insects, herbivores, or invading pathogens and abiotic stresses such as drought and light (Isah, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Plants that grow in great biodiversity also have the potential for housing endophytes with great diversity and many endophytic fungi have been found to colonize the mangrove species (Sridhar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Mangroves in special environments should be frequently studied for screening for presence of endophytes that produce antimicrobial agents (Suryanarayanan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome of the challenges to the development of therapeutics against diseases are resistance to the already existing antibiotics and hence there less toxic and more potent antibiotics are required (Davies and Davies, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). It is emphasized by modern researchers that there is a need to search for unexplored habitats like forests (Strobel \u0026amp; Daisy, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e), marine sponges (H\u0026ouml;ller et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e) and mangroves (Lin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e) for pharmacologically active compounds. Mangrove endophytic fungi constitute the second largest group of marine endophytes (Sridhar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) with leaves harboring a more diverse fungal endophytes community compared to other parts of the plant (Hamzah et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Endophytic fungi have been reported to be abundant in all tissues such as flowers, fruits, stems, roots, and leaves that are potential natural sources of bioactive compounds (Rana et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). This study aimed at molecular characterization and determination of the antibacterial activity of endophytic fungi associated with selected mangrove plants of the Kenyan coast.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSample collection, preparation and isolation of mangrove endophytic fungi\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealthy leaves, aerial branches, and submerged roots of \u003cem\u003eHeritiera littoralis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eRhizophora mucronata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAvicennia marina\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eXylocarpus granatum\u003c/em\u003e mangrove species were collected from Mida creek, Tudor creek and Gazi bay along the Kenyan coastline. Isolation of the mangrove fungal endophytic was done at the Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI), Mombasa.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 30 fungal isolates out of 76 fungal isolates (Wacira et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e)were randomly selected based on their morphological characters and identified based on the analysis of the ITS gene region. In addition, the isolates were screened for their antibacterial activity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMolecular characterization\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGenomic DNA Extraction\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eApproximately 100mg of fungal mycelia from 5-day old fungal pure cultures grown on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) at room temperature was scraped out from the culture plates using a sterile surgical blade. A Quick-DNA bacterial/ fungal kit (Zymo Research Corp. CA, United States) was used to extract the genomic DNA (gDNA) as described by the manufacturer, and the presence of the extracted gDNA was confirmed by running gel electrophoresis. Briefly, a 1% agarose gel was prepared by weighing 1-gram agarose and mixing it into 100 ml of 1x TAE buffer. The mixture was then heated to boil in a microwave and cooled down to a 50\u003csup\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/sup\u003eC. Gel electrophoresis was conducted in 1\u0026times; TAE buffer at 90 units of voltage for 1 hour and visualized under ultraviolet after staining with ethidium bromide. To evaluate DNA purity, absorbance was observed from 230nm to 320nm to detect other possible contaminants (Eppendorf BioSpectrometer, Germany). The gDNA was stored at \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;20\u0026deg;C for further use.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePolymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification of the ITS gene and Sequencing\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe PCR amplification of the fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA gene region from the gDNA was performed using ITS1 (5́TCCGTAGGTGAACCTTGCGG3 ́) and ITS4 (5 ́TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC 3 ́) primers (White et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e). Amplification proceeded in a 30 cycles PCR using the HotStarTaq Plus Master Mix Kit (Qiagen, USA) with initial heating at 94\u0026deg;C for 3 minutes, followed by 30 cycles of denaturation at 94\u0026deg;C for 30 seconds, annealing at 53\u0026deg;C for 40 seconds and extension at 72\u0026deg;C for 1 minute. The final elongation step was done at 72\u0026deg;C for 5 minutes. The presence of PCR products was confirmed using 1% agarose gel electrophoresis in 1\u0026times; TAE buffer at 90 voltage for 1 hour and visualized under ultraviolet upon staining with ethidium bromide. The PCR products were purified using the QIA quick PCR purification Kit protocol (Qiagen, Germany) based on manufacturer\u0026rsquo;s instructions. The purified PCR products were stored at \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;20\u003csup\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/sup\u003eC before being shipped for sequencing. Sequencing of the purified PCR products was done using a commercial service provider (Inqaba Biotech,Pretoria, South Africa).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePhylogenetic analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe DNA sequences were trimmed and edited to obtain complete sequences using BioEdit software. A search for similar sequences using BLASTN (Altschul et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e) was performed at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) GenBank: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (Benson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). From the GenBank sequence database, the closest nucleotide sequences were retrieved and put onto a fasta file format that had the other newly obtained sequences from the study. Subsequently, all the sequences were aligned using the CLUSTAL Omega program (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://www.clustal.org\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://www.clustal.org\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) (Sievers and Higgins, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) against the nearest neighbours. A neighbor-joining tree of the aligned sequences was constructed (Saitou and Nei, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e) using MEGA X software (Kumar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Evolutionary distances were computed using the Maximum Composite Likelihood method (Tamura et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). To obtain statistical support values for the branches, bootstrapping (Felsenstein, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1985\u003c/span\u003e) was conducted with 1000 replicates. All sites, including gaps in the sequence alignment, were excluded pairwise in the phylogenetic analysis. Using the resultant neighbor-joining tree, each isolate was assigned to the proper taxonomic group. The taxonomic assignment was confirmed at 90% confidence level using the na\u0026iuml;ve Bayesian rRNA classifier on the RDP website (Cole et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eExtraction of crude extracts for antibacterial activity screening\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlugs of agar with mycelia growth covering the surface of the inoculated PDA (HiMedia, Mumbai, India) (39 g in 1 L distilled water) were transferred aseptically into 500ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 100ml of Potato dextrose broth (TM Media, Rajasthan, India) (24 g in 1 L sterile seawater). The inoculated flasks were then incubated at 26\u0026deg;C both stationary and on a shaker at 200 rpm for 15 days. Cultures were harvested by filtering off the mycelium using a filter funnel and Whatman # 1 filter paper.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe broth of each flask was filtered through Whatman # 1 filter paper and the residue (mycelium) was harvested. The filtrate was extracted with 200ml ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 10 minutes at room temperature and the upper layer (ethyl acetate) was collected and poured into a sterile conical flask. The extraction was repeated three times with equal volumes of EtOAc. The filtrate was also fractionated with 200ml butanol and repeated thrice. The harvested mycelia cultures were frozen at -40\u0026deg;C overnight, frozen-dried in a freeze dryer (ULVAC Technologies, Methuen, Japan) and the powdered material (10g) was extracted twice with ethyl acetate and butanol (Synytsya et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The ethyl acetate and butanol extracts for both fungal broth and mycelia were then evaporated in a vacuum using a rotary evaporator (BIOBASE Company, Jiangsu, China) and dried to form an oil residue. The crude extracts were then dissolved in 1 ml Dimethyl sulphoxide (1% DMSO) for antibacterial bioassay and stored at -20\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eScreening for antibacterial activity\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe crude extracts of the broth and fungal mycelia were screened for their antibacterial activity based on Kirby\u0026ndash;Bauer test (Hudzicki, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). The EtOAc and butanol extracts were tested against two gram-negative bacteria: \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e (ATCC 25922); \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus (\u003c/em\u003eATCC 27853) and one gram-positive bacteria \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e (ATCC 25923) using the paper disk method and each treatment comprised of three replicates. The test microorganisms were sourced from the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya. The cell suspensions of the bacteria were adjusted to approximately 10\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003eCFU/ml using McFarland standards.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA sterile cotton swab was dipped into the bacterial suspension. To remove excess liquid, the swab was rotated several times with firm pressure on the inside wall of the tube above the fluid level. Using the swab, the Mueller-Hinton agar plate (MHA) (HiMedia, Mumbai, India) was streaked to form a bacterial lawn. To obtain uniform growth, the plate was streaked with the swab in one direction, rotated at 90\u0026deg;, and streaked again in that direction. The plate was allowed to dry for approximately 5 minutes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEach of the 6 mm sterile Whatman Antibiotic Assay Discs (Sigma-Aldrich Company, St. Louis, Germany) was impregnated with 2\u0026micro;L of crude extracts, negative (DMSO) or positive control (streptomycin antibiotic). In each of the test plates, 10 mg/ml in distilled water of positive control (streptomycin antibiotic), negative control (DMSO), ethyl acetate and butanol crude extracts (10 mg/ml in DMSO) were placed. The discs were placed on the surface of the medium containing 10\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e cells of bacteria test strains and the plates were kept in the biosafety cabinet for 5 minutes to allow the agents to diffuse into the agar. After overnight incubation at 37\u0026deg;C, the diameter of zones of inhibition were measured in millimeters using a ruler.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMinimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe MICs of the seven most promising endophytic fungal extracts on the test isolates (\u003cem\u003eE. coli, S. aureus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e) were analyzed using the broth dilution method described by (Andrews, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). Five tubes were used; to each tube, 2 ml of sterile nutrient broth (NB) was placed in the 2nd to 5th tubes (except in tube 1). To tube 1 and 2, 2 ml of the endophytic fungal extracts (10 mg/ml) was placed and a 2-fold serial dilution was performed from the 2nd to 5th tubes, while 2 ml was discarded from the 5th tube to obtain 0.625 mg/ml, 1.25 mg/ml, 2.5 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml concentrations. Equal volume of 0.2ml broth culture of 0.5 McFarland turbid identified bacteria was added to all the tubes dilution ranges. An overnight broth culture of 0.2 ml was placed in a positive control tube and 2 ml of NB was added to serve as control for testing the growing ability of the medium. 2ml nutrient broth was to serve as negative control for testing the sterility of medium and equipment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe turbidity of each tube (optical density) was measured at zero hour (T\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e) using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer (Konik, Barcelona, Spain) at 620nm wavelength. The tubes were incubated at 37\u0026deg;C for 24 hours and absorbance of each tube which is proportional to the turbidity of the bacterial growth was noted (Meletiadis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The MIC was defined and recorded as the lowest concentration of the test antibacterial agent that had inhibition on 50% bacterial growth. This was determined by assessing growth by calculating the difference in absorbance between the test tubes and the control tubes that had the broth and antibacterial agent alone without the test bacteria.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll the experiments were carried out in triplicates. Two-way ANOVA was performed to test whether or not there were significant differences in diameter of zones of inhibition between the different extracts of fungal endophytes recovered from the mangrove species. The zones of inhibition were presented as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation (SD).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, statistical tests of means with the same letters within the column are not significantly different from one another (Fisher LSD at 95% confidence) using MINITAB. The differences were decided as significantly different with condition \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAffiliation of ITS gene sequences of the isolates\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 30 endophytic isolates were analyzed. The isolates (with their accession numbers in parenthesis) in the inferred phylogenetic trees were affiliated with the genus \u003cem\u003eAspergillus\u003c/em\u003e, belonging to the fungal phylum Ascomycota (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Comparison of the newly isolated ITS gene sequences to known sequences in the GenBank database using BLASTn analysis indicated sequences similarities of \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;98% with known sequences in the nucleotide sequence database (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). All the isolates were affiliated with several known fungal species from the genus \u003cem\u003eAspergillus\u003c/em\u003e with \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;98% sequence identity (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Ten isolates (accession numbers MW788473 to MW788478, MW788489, and MW788491 to MW788493) had between 98\u0026ndash;100% sequences identities with known \u003cem\u003eAspergillus\u003c/em\u003e species (\u003cem\u003eAspergillus flavus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAspergillus oryzae\u003c/em\u003e) and together formed a single sub-cluster supported with a bootstrap value of 98% (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e; Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Out of the ten isolates, BB5 (MW788473) from Mida Creek and LB3 (MW788474) from Tudor Creek were recovered from a branch and leaf of \u003cem\u003eR. mucronata\u003c/em\u003e, respectively. Isolates RA3 (MW788477) from Mida Creek and BA5 (MW788478) from Tudor Creek were recovered from a root and branch of \u003cem\u003eB. gymnorrhiza\u003c/em\u003e, while isolates BD5 (MW788476) and BD2 (MW788489) were recovered from a branch of \u003cem\u003eX. granatum\u003c/em\u003e from Gazi Bay. Isolates BE6 [MW788491], BC3 [MW788492] and BA7 [MW788493] were recovered from branches of \u003cem\u003eH. littoralis, A. marina\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eB. gymnorrhiza\u003c/em\u003e, respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNine isolates (BE5 (MW788480), BB8 (MW788482), BB2 (MW788483), BD4 (MW788484), RA4 (MW788485), RC7 (MW788486), BE3 (MW788487), BB10 (MW788488) and BC10 (MW788490)) had\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;98% sequence identities with \u003cem\u003eAspergillus niger\u003c/em\u003e (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) and together formed a minor sub-cluster supported with a bootstrap value of 92% (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Out of the nine, three isolates (BB8 (MW788482), BB2 (MW788483) and BB10 (MW788488) were obtained from branches of \u003cem\u003eR. mucronata.\u003c/em\u003e Two isolates (RC7 (MW788486) and BC10 (MW788490)) were recovered from a root and branch of \u003cem\u003eA. marina\u003c/em\u003e, while isolates BE5 (MW788480) and BE3 (MW788487) were recovered from branches of \u003cem\u003eH. littoralis.\u003c/em\u003e Isolates BD4 (MW788484) and RA4 (MW788485) were recovered from \u003cem\u003eX. granatum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eB. gymnorrhiza\u003c/em\u003e, respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Within the same sub-cluster, isolate BA1 (MW788481), which was recovered from a branch of \u003cem\u003eB. gymnorrhiza\u003c/em\u003e, formed a minor sub-cluster with \u003cem\u003eAspergillus tubingensis\u003c/em\u003e (KX664401) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo isolates namely (BC9 (MW788479) and BC5 (MW788479)) were closely related to \u003cem\u003eAspergillus assiutensis\u003c/em\u003e with 99% sequence identity and together formed a separate sub-cluster supported with a bootstrap value of 100% (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). These isolates (BC9 and BC5) were both obtained from the branches of \u003cem\u003eA. marina\u003c/em\u003e from Mida creek (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAffiliation of endophytic fungi with their closest taxonomic relatives and their associated host mangrove species.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample ID\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccession No.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHost mangrove species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClosest taxonomic affiliation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsolation Source\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% ID\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBB5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMW788473\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. mucronata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus\u003c/em\u003e sp. [MN844036]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRubia plant endophyte (Meletiadis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLB3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMW788474\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. mucronata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTudor creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus flavus\u003c/em\u003e [MT558941]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRosy rice vinegar solid mash (Meletiadis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBC8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMW788475\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA. \u003cem\u003emarina\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTudor creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus flavus\u003c/em\u003e [MT645322]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsect larva (Meletiadis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBD5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMW788476\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eX. granatum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGazi Bay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus oryzae\u003c/em\u003e [MG437005]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoastal marine sediment (Meletiadis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRA3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMW788477\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003egymnorrhiza\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus flavus\u003c/em\u003e [MT558941]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRosy rice vinegar solid mash (Meletiadis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBA5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMW788478\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB. gymnorrhiza\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTudor creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus\u003c/em\u003e sp. [MH341160]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnimal Leather \u003cem\u003e(\u003c/em\u003eMeletiadis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePakistan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBC9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMW788479\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. marina\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus aculeatus\u003c/em\u003e [MN187974]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarine Estuary Tamil Nadu (Meletiadis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBE5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMW788480\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH. littoralis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGazi Bay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus niger\u003c/em\u003e [MK534501]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeachate contaminated soil (Meletiadis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalaysia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBA1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMW788481\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003egymnorrhiza\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus tubingensis\u003c/em\u003e [KX664401]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFloor surface (Meletiadis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUSA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBB8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMW788482\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. mucronata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGazi Bay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus niger\u003c/em\u003e [KJ410675]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil from Stevia plants (Meletiadis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBB2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMW788483\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. mucronata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus niger\u003c/em\u003e [MT620753]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRice Wine (Meletiadis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBD4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMW788484\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eX. granatum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGazi Bay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus niger\u003c/em\u003e [MT588793]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant (Meletiadis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRA4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMW788485\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB. gymnorrhiza\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus niger\u003c/em\u003e [MT620753]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRice Wine (Meletiadis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRC7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMW788486\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. marina\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus niger\u003c/em\u003e [MT588793]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant (Meletiadis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBE3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMW788487\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH. littoralis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGazi Bay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus niger\u003c/em\u003e [MK534501]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeachate contaminated soil (Meletiadis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalaysia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBB10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMW788488\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. mucronata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTudor creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus niger\u003c/em\u003e [MT550026]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThailand\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBD2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMW788489\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eX. granatum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGazi Bay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus oryzae\u003c/em\u003e [MT558944]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZhejiang rosy rice vinegar (Meletiadis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBC10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMW788490\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. mucronata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGazi Bay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus niger\u003c/em\u003e [MT588793]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil from Stevia plants (Meletiadis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBE6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMW788491\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH. littoralis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGazi Bay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus oryzae\u003c/em\u003e [MT558944]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZhejiang rosy rice vinegar (Meletiadis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBC3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMW788492\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. marina\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTudor creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus oryzae\u003c/em\u003e [MT558944]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZhejiang rosy rice vinegar (Meletiadis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBA7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMW788493\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB. gymnorrhiza\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTudor creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus flavus\u003c/em\u003e [MT584825]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBC5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMW788494\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. marina\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus aculeatus\u003c/em\u003e [MN187297]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarine Estuary (Meletiadis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eScreening for antibacterial activity\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe fungal broth and mycelia were tested against three human pathogenic strains of Gram-positive bacteria (\u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e (ATCC 27853) and Gram-negative bacteria (\u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e (ATCC 25922) and \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa (\u003c/em\u003eATCC 25923) (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeven fungal broth crude extracts (LB4, BD4, BE5, BA11, RC6, RC3 and LB1) out of the twenty-nine exhibited high antibacterial activities against the three tested microorganisms and were more effective than the positive control (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ethyl acetate extracts of the endophytic fungal isolates LB4, BD4, BE5 and BA11 exhibited high antibacterial activities against all the test microorganisms compared to the positive control (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The extracts of RC6 (29.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1 mm 0.1 mm) and RC3 (29.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1 mm) showed a wide variety of antibacterial activities against \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e (ATCC 25923) compared to the positive control.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ethyl acetate extracts of LB4 (41.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1), BD4 (39.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1), BE5 (34.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1) and BA11 (36.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1) showed a comparable higher antibacterial activity against \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e (ATCC 25922) than the positive control (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The inhibitory activity of the ethyl acetate extracts against \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e (ATCC 25923) was observed as LB4 (35.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1 mm), BD4 (35.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1 mm), BE5 (32.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1 mm) and BA11 (39.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1 mm) compared to the positive control.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA wide range of antibacterial activity was exhibited by ethyl acetate extracts of LB4 (44.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1 mm), BD4 (31.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1 mm), BE5 (35.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1 mm) and BA11 (39.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1 mm) against \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e (ATCC 27853) compared to the positive control.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eButanol extracts of isolate LB1 (29.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1 mm) showed a wide range of antibacterial activities against \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e (ATCC 25923) compared to the positive control (28.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2 mm) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the fungal mycelia, ethyl acetate extract of sample M2 was more effective in \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e (ATCC 27853) compared to other extracts (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Butanol extract of sample M8 was effective in \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e (ATCC 27853) and \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e (ATCC 25922) but not in \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e (ATCC 25923).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNote that ethyl acetate extracts of isolate BB6 recovered from \u003cem\u003eR. mucronata\u003c/em\u003e (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) and butanol extracts of isolates RA3 and BA6 from \u003cem\u003eB. gymnorrhiza\u003c/em\u003e of Mida Creek (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) showed no antibacterial activities against all test microorganisms. From this study work, ethyl acetate was the most effective solvent compared with butanol \u003cem\u003e(p\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibacterial activities of ethyl acetate extracts from mangrove endophytic fungi.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndophytic fungal isolate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSite sampled\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHost plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTissue type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthyl acetate extracts inhibition zone diameters (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eID\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGram-negative bacteria\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGram-positive bacteria\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(ATCC 25922)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(\u003c/em\u003eATCC 27853)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(ATCC 25923)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLA1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB. gymnorrhiza\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLB1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. mucronata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBB3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTudor creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. mucronata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ebcde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBB6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. mucronata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ebcde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePenicillium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. marina\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePenicillium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTudor creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. marina\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003edef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRC6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePenicillium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. marina\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003edef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLB2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCladosporium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. mucronata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ebcde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLB4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCladosporium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTudor creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. mucronata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRA2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCladosporium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB. gymnorrhiza\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRA3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB. gymnorrhiza\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ebcde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBA5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTudor creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB. gymnorrhiza\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBA6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB. gymnorrhiza\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBB8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGazi bay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. mucronata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBC3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGazi bay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. marina\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003edef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBC8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTudor creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. marina\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003edef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1 \u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBC9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. marina\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003edef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1 \u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBD4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGazi bay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eX. granatum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBE5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGazi bay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH. littoralis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ebcde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBA10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFusarium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGazi bay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB. gymnorrhiza\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBC6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFusarium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. marina\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ebcde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRB4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLasiodiplodia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. mucronata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBB4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLasiodiplodia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTudor creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. mucronata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBB7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLasiodiplodia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. mucronata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003edef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ebcde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBA8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNigrospora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB. gymnorrhiza\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBA11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNigrospora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTudor creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB. gymnorrhiza\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBC7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNigrospora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. marina\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003edef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0 \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRC3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNigrospora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. marina\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ebcde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBC2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChaetomium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGazi bay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. marina\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003edef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ebcde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe isolates are coded depending on the part of the tree sampled; the prefix letters L, B, and R representing leaf, branch, and root tissue of the mangrove species respectively. Then followed by the letters (A, B, C, D, and E) representing \u003cem\u003eB. gymnorrhiza, R. mucronata, A. marina, X. granatum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eH. littoralis\u003c/em\u003e mangrove species, respectively, and the isolate number of the sample collected from the mangrove species. There was significant difference between gram (-ve) and, gram (+\u0026thinsp;ve) inhibition (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibacterial activities of butanol extracts from mangrove endophytic fungi.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndophytic fungal isolate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSite sampled\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHost plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTissue type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eButanol extracts inhibition zone diameters (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eID\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGram-negative bacteria\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGram-positive bacteria\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(ATCC 25922)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(\u003c/em\u003eATCC 27853)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(ATCC 25923)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLA1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB. gymnorrhiza\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLB1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. mucronata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBB3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTudor creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. mucronata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBB6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlternaria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. mucronata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePenicillium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. marina\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003eabcd\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLC5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePenicillium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTudor creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. marina\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003eabcd\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRC6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePenicillium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. marina\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.09\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLB2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCladosporium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. mucronata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLB4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCladosporium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTudor creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. mucronata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabcde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRA2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCladosporium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB. gymnorrhiza\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabcde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRA3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB. gymnorrhiza\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBA5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTudor creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB. gymnorrhiza\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003eabcd\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBA6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB. gymnorrhiza\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBB8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGazi bay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. mucronata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBC3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGazi bay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. marina\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBC8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTudor creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. marina\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBC9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. marina\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBD4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGazi bay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eX. granatum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBE5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAspergillus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGazi bay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eH. littoralis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBA10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFusarium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGazi bay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB. gymnorrhiza\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ebcd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBC6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFusarium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. marina\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRB4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLasiodiplodia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. mucronata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eabc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBB4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLasiodiplodia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTudor creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. mucronata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBB7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLasiodiplodia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR. mucronata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBA8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNigrospora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB. gymnorrhiza\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ebcde\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBA11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNigrospora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTudor creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eB. gymnorrhiza\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBC7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNigrospora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. marina\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003eabcd\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRC3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNigrospora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMida creek\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. marina\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003eabcd\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBC2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChaetomium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGazi bay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. marina\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003eabcd\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe isolates are coded depending on the part of the tree sampled; the prefix letters L, B, and R representing leaf, branch, and root tissue of the mangrove species respectively. Then followed by the letters (A, B, C, D, and E) representing \u003cem\u003eB. gymnorrhiza, R. mucronata, A. marina, X. granatum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eH. littoralis\u003c/em\u003e mangrove species, respectively, and the isolate number of the sample collected from the mangrove species. There was significant difference between gram (-ve) and, gram (+\u0026thinsp;ve) inhibition (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibacterial activities of Ethyl acetate and Butanol extracts of fungal mycelia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eENDOPHYTIC FUNGI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthyl acetate and Butanol extracts inhibition zone diameters (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGram-negative bacteria\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGram-positive bacteria\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(ATCC 25922)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eaeruginosa (ATCC 27853)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e(\u003c/em\u003eATCC 25923\u003cem\u003e)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEXTRACTS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEthyl acetate\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eButanol\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEthyl acetate\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eButanol\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEthyl acetate\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eButanol\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive control\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.06\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eNote\u003c/b\u003e that ethyl acetate extracts of isolate BB6 recovered from \u003cem\u003eR. mucronata\u003c/em\u003e and butanol extracts of isolates RA3 and BA6 from \u003cem\u003eB. gymnorrhiza\u003c/em\u003e of Mida Creek showed no antibacterial activities against all test microorganisms (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). From this study work, ethyl acetate was the most effective solvent compared with butanol \u003cem\u003e(p\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMinimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe varying concentrations between 0.625 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml of the endophytic fungal extracts were tested to determine their MICs (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The lowest MIC (2.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01), ethyl acetate extract of isolate BE5 was observed against \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e. The butanol extract of isolate LB1 showed the least MIC activity (4.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01) against \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa.\u003c/em\u003e The Ethyl acetate extracts of isolates BE5, BA11, LB4 and RC6 showed significantly lower MIC activity (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) compared to the standard drug/control (streptomycin) against test microorganisms (\u0026#119875;\u0026lt; 0.05). The ethyl acetate extracts of isolate BE5 had a MIC of 2.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01 compared to the control (3.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00) against \u003cem\u003eE. coli.\u003c/em\u003e The MIC (3.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01) for the ethyl acetate extracts of isolate BA11 against \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e was lower than the positive control (4.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00). For the isolate LB4, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of 3.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01 and 3.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01 were observed against \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e respectively compared to the positive controls that had minimum inhibitory concentrations of 3.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00 and 4.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00, respectively. The MIC (3.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01) for isolate RC6 was observed compared to the positive control (3.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00) against \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of ethyl acetate and butanol extracts of the fungal isolates against the tested human pathogenic bacteria.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMIC (mg/ml)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSAMPLE ID\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEXTRACT\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBD4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthyl acetate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBA11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eButanol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBE5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthyl acetate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.17\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLB4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRC6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthyl acetate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRC3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLB1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eButanol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCONTROL (Streptomycin)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe isolates are denoted as LB4 and LB1 (leaf isolates of \u003cem\u003eR. mucronata\u003c/em\u003e); RC6 and RC3 (root isolates of \u003cem\u003eA. marina\u003c/em\u003e); and BD4, BA11, and BE5 (branch isolates of \u003cem\u003eX. granatum, B. gymnorrhiza and H. littoralis\u003c/em\u003e species); \u0026lsquo;\u0026ndash; \u0026lsquo;denotes those values not determined. Data are presented as means\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD of three replicates. Values with the different superscript in the same column are significantly different (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). There was significant difference between gram \u003cem\u003e(-\u003c/em\u003eve) and gram (+\u0026thinsp;ve) inhibition \u003cem\u003e(p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.05 (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)). *Concentration of positive control (Streptomycin) is 20 mg/ml in distilled water.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 30 fungal isolates were randomly selected as morphotypes of genus \u003cem\u003eAspergillus\u003c/em\u003e according to (Arnold et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e) since they were the most dominant isolates in all the five-mangrove species.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study revealed that \u003cem\u003eAspergillus niger\u003c/em\u003e, is the predominant fungal species associated with the \u003cem\u003eB. gymnorrhiza, H. littoralis, A. marina, R. mucronata\u003c/em\u003e and X. granatum mangrove species. A similar study along the Coast of South Andaman Sea, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India reported that \u003cem\u003eA. niger\u003c/em\u003e was found to be prominent with a trend of rapid growth (Thorati et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Other \u003cem\u003eAspergillus\u003c/em\u003e species reported in this study were \u003cem\u003eAspergillus flavus, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus aculeatus, Aspergillus tubingensis, Aspergillus assiutensis\u003c/em\u003e and several unidentified \u003cem\u003eAspergillus\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe phylogenetic analysis revealed three main clusters that were represented by the following sections of the aspergilli; \u003cem\u003eA. niger, A. flavus, A. oryzae A. aculeatus, A. tubingensis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. assiutensis\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne cluster comprised of \u003cem\u003eA. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. flavus\u003c/em\u003e that confirmed the evolutionary closeness between the two species. The close genetic relatedness between \u003cem\u003eA. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. flavus\u003c/em\u003e was also recorded by (Arnold et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). A study on the diversity of fungi from mangroves of Mahanadi delta, Orissa, India found \u003cem\u003eA. oryzae, A. flavus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. niger\u003c/em\u003e were common in the area (Arnold et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother main cluster consisted of the filamentous black aspergilli in the Nigri section. Within this cluster was a minor sub-cluster, which comprised of \u003cem\u003eA. niger\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eA. tubingensis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA.\u003c/em\u003e sp. BA1 [MW788481]. \u003cem\u003eA. niger\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. tubingensis\u003c/em\u003e are both classified as biseriate species (Arnold et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eA. niger\u003c/em\u003e was found in abundance compared to the other species recorded in this study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe last main cluster consisted of \u003cem\u003eA. assiutensis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. aculeatus\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eA. aculeatus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. niger\u003c/em\u003e were previously found in the soil of grapevine plantations (Abdel-Sater et al., 2016). \u003cem\u003eA. assiutensis\u003c/em\u003e was reported in ElKhawaled village, Sahel-Saleem city from air of grapevine plantation by (Ah et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results on antibacterial activity showed that ethyl acetate was the most effective solvent compared to butanol. The endophytic fungal extracts of isolates LB4, BD4, BE5, BA11, RC6, RC3 and LB1 exhibited high antibacterial activities against the test microorganisms compared to the positive control. Among the five-mangrove species sampled, root isolates of \u003cem\u003eA. marina\u003c/em\u003e (RC6 and RC3) and leaf isolates of \u003cem\u003eR. mucronata\u003c/em\u003e (LB4 and LB1) had the most effective extracts against the test microorganisms compared to the positive control. Antibacterial activity of leaf extract of mangroves including \u003cem\u003eR. mucronata\u003c/em\u003e from Chorao Island, Goa was investigated against human bacterial pathogens and it was reported to be a potential source for the development of novel antibiotics (Sahoo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Ethyl acetate root extracts of \u003cem\u003eA. marina\u003c/em\u003e have also been found in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and observed to have antibacterial activities against \u003cem\u003eE. coli, S. aureus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e (Okla et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom this study, ethyl acetate and butanol broth extracts isolated from leaves found in Mida creek were the most effective against S. \u003cem\u003eaureus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e respectively compared to all the other isolates. Fungal extracts isolated from the mangrove leaves in Luzon Island, Philippines, showed antibacterial activity against the gram-positive bacteria \u003cem\u003eS. aureus.\u003c/em\u003e (Ramirez et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Both ethyl acetate and butanol mycelial extracts were most effective against \u003cem\u003eS. aureus.\u003c/em\u003e Synytsya et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e,observed that extracts from the fungal mycelia had antibacterial property.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Ethyl acetate extracts of isolates BE5, BA11, LB4 and RC6 that showed a significantly lower MIC activity compared to the standard drug/control (streptomycin) against test microorganisms. Therefore, branch isolates of \u003cem\u003eX. granatum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eB. gymnorrhiza\u003c/em\u003e species; leaf isolate of \u003cem\u003eR. mucronata\u003c/em\u003e species, and root isolate of \u003cem\u003eA. marina\u003c/em\u003e species had more inhibitory effects on the tested microorganisms.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eFrom this study, it is concluded that \u003cem\u003eAspergillus niger\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewere the predominant fungal endophytes associated with the\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eR. mucronata,\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;B\u003cem\u003e. gymnorrhiza, A. marina, X. granatum and H. littoralis mangrove species.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/em\u003e It is also evident that genus \u003cem\u003eAspergillus\u003c/em\u003e has a high adaptability to various ecological environments and cytotoxic studies to determine if the extracts are safe would be useful. Some fungal isolates have antibacterial activity and hence results generated form the basis of future efforts on drug discovery.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data presented in this study are available upon request from the corresponding authors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eACKNOWLEDGEMENTS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThanks are extended to the Technical University of Mombasa (TUM) and Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI), Mombasa Headquarters. Laboratory investigations were performed at TUM and KMFRI. Identification of mangroves was conducted by KMFRI, Mombasa Headquarters.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThanks are extended to\u0026nbsp;the Technical University of Mombasa (TUM)\u0026nbsp;— (grant number\u0026nbsp;TUM/PRI/RP/18-19/VOLII (39)).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have not declared any conflict of interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConceptualization, Teresia Nyambura Wacira, Huxley Mae Makonde, Carren Moraa Bosire and Cromwell Mwiti Kibiti; writing— original draft preparation, Teresia Nyambura Wacira; writing—review and editing, Teresia Nyambura Wacira, Huxley Mae Makonde, Carren Moraa Bosire and Cromwell Mwiti Kibiti. All authors have read and agreed to publish the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe National Commission for Science, Technology, and Innovation (NACOSTI) granted its approval for this study (approval number: TUM ERC PHD/002/2020).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbdel MA, Moubasher AAH, Soliman ZSM (2016). Diversity of filamentous and yeast fungi in soil of citrus and grapevine plantations in the Assiut region, Egypt. \u003cem\u003eCzech Mycology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e68\u003c/em\u003e(2), 183\u0026ndash;214. https://doi.org/10.33585/cmy.68206\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAh M, Soliman ZS, Ma AS (2022). \u003cem\u003eContribution to the mycobiota of Egypt: 25 new records and interesting fungal taxa from citrus and grapevine plantations\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAltschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ (1990). 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The Traditional Medicine and Modern Medicine from Natural Products. \u003cem\u003eMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e21\u003c/em\u003e(5), 559. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21050559\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"molecular characterization, sequence identity, ethyl acetate, antibacterial activity.","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3948440/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3948440/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe increasing emergence and re-emergence of resistant pathogenic microbes causes a health threat to the human population. This study aimed to characterize mangrove endophytic fungi and evaluate their antibacterial activity. \u003cem\u003eHeritiera littoralis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eRhizophora mucronata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAvicennia marina\u003c/em\u003e and\u003cem\u003e Xylocarpus granatum\u003c/em\u003e species were collected from Tudor Creek, Mida Creek and Gazi Bay. A total of 30 fungal isolates were subjected to molecular identification based on analysis of their ITS gene region. The isolates in the inferred phylogenetic trees were affiliated with the genus \u003cem\u003eAspergillus\u003c/em\u003e. Ethyl acetate and butanol crude extracts of 29 fungal isolates and eight mycelia samples were screened for antibacterial activity against \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e (ATCC 27853), \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e (ATCC 25922) and \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa (\u003c/em\u003eATCC 25923) using the disc diffusion method. \u003cem\u003eA. marina \u003c/em\u003eand\u003cem\u003e R. mucronata \u003c/em\u003eharboured the most fungal endophytes that showed the highest antibacterial activity. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) activity for the seven isolates that exhibited high antibacterial activities against the test microorganisms compared to the positive control was determined. \u0026nbsp;The ethyl acetate extracts of isolates BE5, BA11, LB4 and RC6 showed significantly lower MIC activity compared to the positive control against test microorganisms (𝑃\u0026lt; 0.05). Therefore, this study confirms that mangrove species harbour fungal isolates that have antibacterial activity and hence could serve as a novel source of antibiotics.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Molecular Characterization and Antibacterial Potential of Endophytic Fungal isolates from selected Mangroves along the Coastline of Kenya","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-05 21:49:52","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3948440/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2037dd50-8cac-462f-9cc4-d4bb91fac845","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 5th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-03-08T13:32:59+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-05 21:49:52","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3948440","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3948440","identity":"rs-3948440","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}