Molecular mechanism of light-driven sodium pumping

ABSTRACT Microbial rhodopsins appeared to be the most abundant light-harvesting proteins on the Earth and are the major contributes to the solar energy captured in the sea. They possess highly diverse biological functions. Explosion of research on microbial rhodopsins led to breakthroughs in their applications, in particular, in neuroscience. An unexpected new discovery was a Na + -pumping KR2 rhodopsin from Krokinobacter eikastus , the first light-driven non-proton cation pump. A fundamental difference between proton and other cation pumps is that non-proton pumps cannot use tunneling or Grotthuss mechanism for the ion translocation and, therefore, Na + pumping cannot be understood in the framework of classical proton pump, like bacteriorhodopsin. Extensive studies on the molecular mechanism of KR2 failed to reveal mechanism of pumping. The existing high-resolution structures relate only to the ground state of the protein and revealed no Na + inside the protein, which is unusual for active ion transporters. KR2 is only known non proton cation transporter with demonstrated remarkable potential for optogenetic applications and, therefore, elucidation of the mechanism of cation transport is important. To understand conception of cation pumping we solved crystal structures of the functionally key O-intermediate state of physiologically relevant pentameric form of KR2 and its D116N and H30A key mutants at high resolution and performed additional functional studies. The structure of the O-state reveals a sodium ion near the retinal Schiff base coordinated by N112 and D116 residues of the characteristic (for the whole family) NDQ triad. The structural and functional data show that cation uptake and release are driven by a switching mechanism. Surprisely, Na + pathway in KR2 is lined with the chain of polar pores/cavities, similarly to the channelrhodopsin-2. Using Parinello fast molecular dynamics approach we obtained a molecular movie of a probable ion release. Our data provides insight into the mechanism of a non-proton cation light-driven pumping, strongly suggest close relation of sodium pumps to channel rhodopsins and, we believe, expand the present knowledge of rhodopsin world. Certainly they might be used for engineering of cation pumps and ion channels for optogenetics.