Enhancing Soil Fertility and Crop Productivity in Capsicum annuum through Organic Amendments and Bio-Stimulants in Southern Zone of India

Enhancing Soil Fertility and Crop Productivity in Capsicum annuum through Organic Amendments and Bio-Stimulants in Southern Zone of India | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Enhancing Soil Fertility and Crop Productivity in Capsicum annuum through Organic Amendments and Bio-Stimulants in Southern Zone of India Vasanthkumar SS This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6083487/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The study aims to investigate the effects of various organic amendments and bio-stimulants on soil fertility, plant growth, and yield in Capsicum annuum (chilli) cultivation. The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of these treatments as sustainable alternatives to conventional chemical fertilizers. Ten treatments were applied, including combinations of organic amendments such as farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost, poultry manure, and bio-stimulants like Panchagavya, Fish amino acid, and Egg amino acid, alongside the control treatment of recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) at a 30:60:30 NPK ratio. The treatments tested included FYM, vermicompost, and poultry manure, each combined with different bio-stimulants and 3G extract at 3%. The results revealed that the treatment T₈ (Poultry manure @ 6 t ha⁻¹ + Fish amino acid @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%) was the most effective, achieving the highest fresh fruit yield (6809 kg/ha) and dry fruit yield (1224.64 kg/ha). It also improved key fruit quality parameters such as ascorbic acid (141.50 mg/100g), total soluble solids (10.95 °Brix), and calcium content (45.00 mg/100g). Organic amendments significantly enhanced soil health by increasing organic carbon content, nutrient availability, and microbial activity, while reducing stress markers like proline. In contrast, the control treatment (RDF 30:60:30 NPK) showed inferior performance in growth, yield, and soil health. These findings suggest that the combination of organic amendments and bio-stimulants offers a promising alternative to chemical fertilizers, promoting sustainable agricultural practices that improve both crop productivity and environmental resilience. Future research should focus on optimizing these organic inputs for broader agricultural applications. Cattle manure Organic farming Soil quality Soil ecology and Organic fertilizer 1. Introduction India has witnessed a remarkable expansion in organic agriculture in recent years. According to Koner and Laha ( 2024 ), the country expanded its certified organic agricultural land by nearly 2.1 million hectares in 2022, marking a 78% increase compared to 2021. This growth positioned India as the second-largest holder of organic farmland globally, following Australia, with 4.73 million hectares under organic cultivation. Furthermore, India led in the number of organic producers, with 2.48 million farmers in 2022, a sharp increase from 1.48 million in 2021 (Manna et al. 2021 ), driven by growing consumer demand, policy incentives, and environmental sustainability goals. Various initiatives such as the Participatory Guarantee System (PGS), including PGS-India and Parnanetra Organic, have significantly promoted decentralized certification and encouraged smallholder farmers to adopt organic farming. These programs have also improved market access and reduced input costs for rural communities. The transition to organic farming has demonstrated numerous benefits, including improved soil structure, enhanced biological activity, and reduced dependency on chemical fertilizers (Willer, Trávníček,Schlatter 2024 ). Mundu chilli ( Capsicum annuum L.), a globally significant spice crop belonging to the Solanaceae family (Jang, Choi,Jang 2024 ). Chilli fruits are widely valued for their nutritional, culinary, and medicinal properties. They are rich in macronutrients such as carbohydrates (55–56%), proteins (20–21.5%), fats (7.5–9.8%), and dietary fiber (35–37%) (Sreekumar et al. 2023 ; Kumar et al. 2021 ). Additionally, they contain essential vitamins (notably vitamin C), minerals (such as calcium, potassium, iron, and magnesium), and natural antioxidants that support immunity and metabolic function (Ivan et al. 2024 ); (Muscolo et al. 2024 ). These phytochemicals also confer various bioactivities including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer properties, making chilli a dual-purpose crop for both nutrition and health. A notable cultivar is the Ramnad Mundu chilli, an indigenous variety cultivated predominantly in the Ramanathapuram, Virudhunagar, and Tuticorin districts of Tamil Nadu, India (Kabilan et al. 2022 ). It is characterized by its thick pericarp (0.25–0.32 mm), rounded to oblong fruit shape, and moderate pungency due to capsaicin content ranging from 0.26–0.38%. The variety is also recognized for its high oleoresin content (13%) and a vibrant red color with an ASTA (American Spice Trade Association) value of 70.95 units, indicating its pigment concentration and commercial quality (Panday et al. 2024 ; Singh et al. 2024 ) (Calabro and Vieri 2024 ). Ramnad Mundu chilli is typically grown as a rainfed crop in coastal alkaline soils (pH 7.5–9.0) that receive approximately 460 mm of annual rainfall (Rajamanickam et al. 2023 ). Traditionally, cultivation in this region has relied heavily on mineral fertilizers (NPK), often with limited organic matter inputs due to resource constraints and market availability. However, small-scale use of farmyard manure (FYM) and compost exists among marginal farmers. The current push toward sustainable practices makes it crucial to explore the feasibility and impact of organic amendments on this crop under local agro-ecological conditions. The availability of organic inputs such as poultry manure, vermicompost, panchagavya, fish amino acid, and 3G extract (a mixture of ginger, garlic, and green chilli) is practical in southern India, where these resources are locally produced through livestock, aquaculture, and household waste recycling (Matthews, Siddiqui,Ali 2025 ). However, scientific evaluations of these inputs, particularly in combination, are limited. Given the nutritional and economic importance of Mundu chilli and the regional shift toward eco-friendly agriculture, this study was conducted to assess the effects of various organic amendments and biostimulants on growth, yield, quality, and nutrient uptake of Capsicum annuum under field conditions. The findings aim to determine whether integrated organic nutrient management can serve as a viable and sustainable alternative to conventional fertilization in the Ramnad region. 2. Materials and methods 2.1 Field Experiment Description and Treatment Details A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of compost-based fertilizers on seedling growth in Mundu chilli ( Capsicum annuum L.), variety S9 Red. The trial was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 10 treatments and 3 replications at a farmer’s field in Kombuthi, Ramanathapuram district, Tamil Nadu (9.05° to 9.50° N and 78.10° to 79.27° E). Each plot measured 4 × 4 m², with plants spaced 65 × 45 cm apart in ridges and furrows (Table 1 ). Table 1 Details of the treatments involved in the study Treatment Code Treatment Description T₁ FYM @ 12.5 t ha⁻¹ + Panchagavya @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3% T₂ FYM @ 12.5 t ha⁻¹ + Fish Amino Acid (FAA) @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3% T₃ FYM @ 12.5 t ha⁻¹ + Egg Amino Acid (EAA) @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3% T₄ Vermicompost @ 6 t ha⁻¹ + Panchagavya @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3% T₅ Vermicompost @ 6 t ha⁻¹ + FAA @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3% T₆ Vermicompost @ 6 t ha⁻¹ + EAA @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3% T₇ Poultry manure @ 6 t ha⁻¹ + Panchagavya @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3% T₈ Poultry manure @ 6 t ha⁻¹ + FAA @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3% T₉ Poultry manure @ 6 t ha⁻¹ + EAA @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3% T₁₀ Control – Recommended Dose of Fertilizers (RDF @ 30:60:30 NPK) The 3G extract refers to an indigenous biostimulant mixture consisting of garlic ( Allium sativum ), ginger ( Zingiber officinale ), and green chili ( Capsicum annuum ), traditionally used for enhancing plant growth and pest resistance. The Fish Amino Acid (FAA) and Egg Amino Acid (EAA) are nutrient-rich organic solutions derived from fish and eggs, respectively, used to promote plant health and productivity. Statistical significance for all treatments was determined using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at p < 0.05. The recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) in the control treatment follows the standard NPK ratio of 30:60:30. All organic amendments were incorporated manually into the soil one week before transplanting. The amendments were mixed into the top 15 cm of soil. Foliar sprays were applied using a knapsack sprayer at regular intervals starting 15 days after transplanting. All treatments received equivalent doses of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium to ensure a balanced nutrient input, though the form (organic vs. chemical) varied (Din et al. 2022). 2.2 Plant Material Collection Fully mature, uniform Mundu chilli fruits were collected from the Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ramanathapuram. The fruits were shade-dried and seeds were extracted using a spoon or knife, carefully removing the white placenta. Gloves were used during handling to avoid capsaicin-related irritation. 2.3 Organic Amendment Preparation The composts and biostimulants were prepared as follows: Farmyard Manure (FYM): Cow dung and farm waste composted for 3–4 months with regular turning (Ramazanoglu et al. 2024). Vermicompost: FYM mixed with crop residue and Eisenia fetida earthworms for 45–60 days (Walia and Kaur 2024 ; Bhatt and Nthebere 2024 ). Poultry Manure: Chicken litter composted for 4–6 months (Pasolini et al. 2024 ). Panchagavya: Fermented mixture of cow dung, urine, milk, curd, ghee, sugarcane juice, coconut water, and banana for 10 days (Funde, Palep,Shouche 2024 ). Fish Amino Acid (FAA): Fish waste fermented with jaggery for 15–30 days (Sahu et al. 2016 ). Egg Amino Acid (EAA): Eggs fermented with jaggery and lemon juice for 15–20 days. Compost samples were collected one week prior to field application. Each amendment was homogenized and a representative subsample was used for laboratory analysis. 2.4 Soil and Compost Analysis Soil samples were collected from the 0–15 cm depth of the experimental site, as this is the active root zone where organic amendments were incorporated. Samples were air-dried, sieved through a 2 mm mesh (and 0.5 mm for organic carbon), and stored in polythene bags (Table 2 ). Table 2 Initial Soil Physico-Chemical and Fertility Properties of the Experimental Plot Parameter 0–15 cm Depth Soil pH 7.50 Electrical Conductivity (EC) (dS m⁻¹) 0.79 Organic Carbon (%) 0.42 Total Nitrogen (kg ha⁻¹) 160.56 Available Phosphorus (kg ha⁻¹) 13.54 Available Potassium (kg ha⁻¹) 180.78 Copper (Cu) (mg kg⁻¹) 3.90 Zinc (Zn) (mg kg⁻¹) 3.03 Manganese (Mn) (mg kg⁻¹) 14.12 The values presented in this table represent the initial soil physico-chemical and fertility properties at the 0–15 cm depth of the experimental plot before the application of treatments. Soil pH indicates the acidity/alkalinity of the soil, while electrical conductivity (EC) represents the soil's salinity level. Organic carbon percentage is crucial for soil fertility, and the total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium levels are essential for plant nutrition. The concentrations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) are important micronutrients that affect plant growth. Soil testing was conducted using standard methods, and all values are presented in appropriate units. Statistical significance for changes in these parameters will be determined post-treatment application using the LSD test at p < 0.05. The physico-chemical properties of soil and composts were analyzed using standard methods: Soil texture: Triangular Diagram Method (Davis and Bennett 1927 ) Soil pH: Potentiometric method (Jackson 1973 ) Electrical Conductivity (EC): Conductometric method (Jackson 1973 ) Organic Carbon (%): Chromic Acid Wet Digestion (Allison 1965 ) Available N (mg kg⁻¹): Alkaline Permanganate method (Subbiah and Asija 1956 ) Available P (mg kg⁻¹): Olsen method using 0.5 M NaHCO₃ (Olsen 1954 ) Available K (mg kg⁻¹): 1.0 N Ammonium Acetate extraction (Jackson 1973 ) Note: All nutrient concentrations were expressed in mg kg⁻¹ soil for consistency with standard soil science practices. 2.5 Phytotoxicity Test and Seed Germination Index (SGI) To ensure the amendments were non-toxic to seedlings, phytotoxicity tests were conducted. Aqueous extracts were prepared by mixing each compost (1:10 w/v) with distilled water and filtering through Whatman No. 2 paper. In sterile Petri dishes lined with Whatman No. 2 paper, 8 ml of each extract was added. Fifteen Capsicum annuum seeds were evenly placed in each dish. Distilled water served as the control. Dishes were incubated in the dark at 21 ± 2°C. After 5 days, seed germination and root length were recorded (Wang et al. 2022 ). The Seed Germination Index (SGI) was calculated as : This test was performed for each organic amendment to confirm they were not phytotoxic before their use in field conditions. 2.6 Biochemical Analysis Ascorbic acid content was determined by titrating the fruit extract, prepared in 3% metaphosphoric acid, with 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) dye until a persistent pink endpoint was observed (Pradhan et al. 2018 ). Total soluble solids (TSS) were measured using a hand-held refractometer and expressed in °Brix (Edusei and Ofosu-Anim 2013 ). Calcium content was analyzed by digesting the dried powdered samples with diacid mixture (HNO₃:HClO₄, 9:4) followed by quantification using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) (Khan, Ahmed,Shah 2019 ). Protein content was estimated using the Kjeldahl method, where the total nitrogen content obtained through digestion, distillation, and titration was converted to crude protein by multiplying with a factor of 6.25 (Khan, Ahmed,Shah 2019 ). Proline content- Fresh tissue was homogenized in 3% sulfosalicylic acid, reacted with acid ninhydrin, and toluene was used for extraction. Absorbance was read at 520 nm and values were calculated using a standard curve(Akram et al. 2021 ). Total phenol content was estimated by the Folin–Ciocalteu method. The extract was reacted with Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and sodium carbonate, and the absorbance was measured at 765 nm using a spectrophotometer. Gallic acid was used as the standard for calibration (Sricharoen, Techawongstein,Chanthai 2015 ). 2.7 Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA in TNAU Stat (Manivannan 2014 ), following the RBD layout. Prior to analysis, data normality was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test to validate the assumptions of ANOVA. Significance was considered at P < 0.05. 2.8 Ethical and Institutional Guidelines All research involving plant material followed the institutional, national, and international guidelines for collection and experimentation (Organization 2003 ). 3. Results and discussion 3.1 Physicochemical Properties of Organic Amendments and Biostimulants The physicochemical characteristics of organic amendments and biostimulants—such as Farmyard Manure (FYM), vermicompost, poultry manure, panchagavya, fish amino acid (FAA), and egg amino acid (EAA)—are pivotal in determining their functional roles in soil nutrient dynamics, microbial stimulation, and plant physiological responses. Understanding these properties is essential for standardizing amendment strategies aimed at enhancing the growth, yield, and quality of Capsicum annuum (Mundu chilli) (Table 3 ). Table 3 Physicochemical Properties of Organic Amendments S. No. Property Vermicompost Poultry Manure Panchagavya Fish Amino Acid Egg Amino Acid 1 pH 7.48a 7.54a 5.45b - 1.2b 2 Electrical Conductivity (dS m⁻¹) 0.29a 1.97b 10.22c - - 3 Bulk Density (Mg m⁻³) 0.85a 0.47b - - - 4 Water Holding Capacity (%) 54a 90b - - - 5 Moisture Content (%) 22a 12b - - - 6 Total Organic Carbon (%) 18.5a 19.3a - - - 7 C:N Ratio 14:1a 8.5:1b - - - 8 Nitrogen (%) 1.34a 2.29b 229 ppmc 6.96%d 1.2%b 9 Phosphorus (%) 0.98a 1.19b 209 ppmd 12.58%e 0.4%b 10 Potassium (%) 1.12a 2.88b 232 ppme 0.85%f 0.6%b 11 Calcium (%) 0.80a 3.00b 25 ppmg 0.31%h - 12 Magnesium (%) 1.63a 1.20b - 0.05%i - 13 Sulphur (%) 0.46a 0.83b - 0.24%j - 14 Iron (mg kg⁻¹) 980a 1125b - 97 mg kg⁻¹k - 15 Manganese (mg kg⁻¹) 445a 150b - < 1 mg kg⁻¹l - 16 Copper (mg kg⁻¹) 20a 17b - 1.7 mg kg⁻¹m - 17 Zinc (mg kg⁻¹) 63a 140b - 14 mg kg⁻¹n - 18 Sodium (ppm) - - 90 ppmo 0.29%p - 19 IAA (ppm) - - 8.5 ppqq - - 20 GA₃ (ppm) - - 3.5 ppqq - - 21 Microbial Load (per mL) - - - - - 22 Fungi (CFU mL⁻¹) - - 38,800r - - 23 Bacteria (CFU mL⁻¹) - - 1.88 × 10⁶s - - 24 Lactobacillus (CFU mL⁻¹) - - 2.26 × 10⁶t - - 25 Total Anaerobes (CFU mL⁻¹) - - 10,000u - - 26 Acid Formers (CFU mL⁻¹) - - 360v - - 27 Methanogen (CFU mL⁻¹) - - 250w - - Units of Measurement : pH is measured on the pH scale; EC refers to electrical conductivity, expressed in deciSiemens per meter (dS m⁻¹); bulk density is measured in megagrams per cubic meter (Mg m⁻³); water holding capacity and moisture content are both expressed as percentages (%); organic carbon, C:N ratio, and nutrient contents are also expressed as percentages (%). Nutrient content is presented in parts per million (ppm), while microbial load is measured in colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU mL⁻¹). Amino acids are quantified in grams per 100 grams (g/100g), and metal content is presented as milligrams per kilogram (mg kg⁻¹). The percentage by weight is used for all values where applicable. Table 4 Effect of Organic Nutrient Treatments on Seed Germination Index (SGI%) of Capsicum annuum (Var. S9 Red) Treatment No. SGI (%) T₁ 85 T₂ 90 T₃ 88 T₄ 92 T₅ 95 T₆ 90 T₇ 93 T₈ 98 T₉ 95 T₁₀ 80 SEd (±) 1.15 CD (p = 0.05) 2.43 FYM – Farmyard manure; RDF – Recommended dose of fertilizers; 3G extract – Ginger, garlic, and green chili extract; SGI – Seed germination index; SEd – Standard error of difference; CD – Critical difference; NPK – Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Table 5 Effect of organic amendments on plant height of mundu Chilli Treatment details Plant height (cm) 30 DAT 60 DAT 90 DAT 120 DAT T 1 - FYM @ 12.5 t ha − 1 +Panchagavya @ 3% +3G extract @ 3% 31.60 43.50 57.50 82.00 T 2 - FYM @ 12.5 t ha − 1 +Fish amino acid @ 3%+ 3G extract @ 3% 32.20 44.30 58.10 83.00 T 3 - FYM @ 12.5 t ha − 1 +Egg amino acid @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3% 30.80 42.80 56.50 80.50 T 4 - Vermicompost @ 6 t ha − 1 +Panchagavya @ 3% +3G extract @ 3% 33.50 46.00 59.50 84.50 T 5 - Vermicompost @ 6 t ha − 1 +Fish amino acid @ 3% +3G extract @ 3% 35.50 49.50 63.00 89.00 T 6 - Vermicompost @ 6 t ha − 1 +Egg amino acid @ 3% +3G extract @ 3% 33.00 45.50 59.00 84.00 T 7 - Poultry manure @ 6 t ha − 1 +Panchagavya @ 3% +3G extract @ 3% 34.50 47.50 61.00 87.00 T 8 - Poultry manure @ 6 t ha − 1 +Fish amino acid @ 3% +3G extract @ 3% 36.00 50.00 64.00 91.00 T 9 - Poultry manure @ 6 t ha − 1 +Egg amino acid @ 3% +3G extract @ 3% 33.80 46.50 60.00 85.00 T 10 (Control) - RDF % 30:60:30 NPK 28.00 39.00 52.00 70.00 Mean 31.93 45.77 58.33 84.45 SE(d) 0.68 1.11 1.30 1.26 CD @ 0.05% 1.43 2.34 2.75 2.67 The table presents the plant height of Mundu Chilli under various organic amendment treatments over 30, 60, 90, and 120 days after transplanting (DAT). Each treatment consisted of different combinations of organic amendments such as farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost, poultry manure, Panchagavya, Fish Amino Acid (FAA), Egg Amino Acid, and 3G extract. The control treatment (T10) was treated with recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) only. The results highlight the positive effects of organic amendments, particularly the combination of poultry manure, FAA, and 3G extract (T8), which consistently resulted in the highest plant growth at all stages. Table 6 Effect of Organic Amendments on Flowering and Harvesting Stages of Mundu chilli Treatment Days to First Flowering Days to 50% Flowering Days to First Harvesting T₁ – FYM @ 12.5 t ha⁻¹ + Panchagavya @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3% 40.50 65.50 86.50 T₂ – FYM @ 12.5 t ha⁻¹ + Fish amino acid @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3% 39.90 62.00 83.00 T₃ – FYM @ 12.5 t ha⁻¹ + Egg amino acid @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3% 41.00 68.00 85.60 T₄ – Vermicompost @ 6 t ha⁻¹ + Panchagavya @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3% 38.50 57.00 81.10 T₅ – Vermicompost @ 6 t ha⁻¹ + Fish amino acid @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3% 36.50 51.50 79.45 T₆ – Vermicompost @ 6 t ha⁻¹ + Egg amino acid @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3% 37.80 61.00 83.35 T₇ – Poultry manure @ 6 t ha⁻¹ + Panchagavya @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3% 37.20 55.50 80.20 T₈ – Poultry manure @ 6 t ha⁻¹ + Fish amino acid @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3% 36.00 49.20 75.00 T₉ – Poultry manure @ 6 t ha⁻¹ + Egg amino acid @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3% 36.30 58.10 80.57 T₁₀ – Control (RDF @ 30:60:30 NPK kg ha⁻¹) 45.50 70.00 90.00 Mean 38.82 59.33 80.57 SEd (±) 0.81 1.20 1.56 CD (P = 0.05) NS 2.53 3.30 FYM – Farmyard manure; FAA – Fish amino acid; t ha⁻¹ – tonnes per hectare; RDF – Recommended dose of fertilizers (30:60:30 NPK kg ha⁻¹); 3G extract – Herbal growth enhancer consisting of ginger, garlic, and green chilli; SEd – Standard error of difference; CD – Critical difference at 5% significance level; NS – Non-significant. Treatments with poultry manure, FAA, and 3G extract (T₈) showed superior performance in accelerating flowering and harvesting stages in Capsicum annuum L. var. S9 Red. Table 7 Effect of organic amendments on fresh and dry fruit yield per hectare and drying percentage of mundu chilli Treatment Fresh fruit yield (kg ha⁻¹) Dry fruit yield (kg ha⁻¹) Drying percentage (%) T₁ – FYM @ 12.5 t ha⁻¹ + Panchagavya @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3% 4565.00 789.36 21.00 T₂ – FYM @ 12.5 t ha⁻¹ + Fish amino acid @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3% 4856.00 801.58 20.50 T₃ – FYM @ 12.5 t ha⁻¹ + Egg amino acid @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3% 4298.00 748.56 20.10 T₄ – Vermicompost @ 6 t ha⁻¹ + Panchagavya @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3% 5337.00 986.87 19.70 T₅ – Vermicompost @ 6 t ha⁻¹ + Fish amino acid @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3% 6561.00 1163.48 18.50 T₆ – Vermicompost @ 6 t ha⁻¹ + Egg amino acid @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3% 6782.00 1105.68 20.20 T₇ – Poultry manure @ 6 t ha⁻¹ + Panchagavya @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3% 7090.00 1136.74 19.00 T₈ – Poultry manure @ 6 t ha⁻¹ + Fish amino acid @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3% 6809.00 1224.64 18.00 T₉ – Poultry manure @ 6 t ha⁻¹ + Egg amino acid @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3% 5818.00 1043.78 20.00 T₁₀ – Control (RDF: 30:60:30 NPK) 4993.00 717.25 21.50 Mean 5710.60 979.60 20.08 SE(d) 130.22 20.95 0.35 CD (P = 0.05) 275.71 44.36 0.75 FYM – Farmyard manure; 3G extract – Garlic, Ginger, and Green chilli extract; RDF-Recommended Dose of Fertilizer; SE(d) – Standard Error of Difference; CD – Critical Difference at 5% level of significance. Values followed by different treatments were compared using ANOVA at P = 0.05 . Fresh and dry fruit yields are expressed in kilograms per hectare (kg ha⁻¹), and drying percentage represents the proportion of dry weight to fresh weight. Table 8 Effect of Organic Amendments on Chemical Quality Parameters of Capsicum Fruits Treatment Ascorbic Acid (mg/100g) TSS (°Brix) Calcium (mg/100g) Protein (g/100g) Proline (µg/g) Total Phenol (mg/100g) T₁ 114.00 8.00 21.00 9.20 193.62 130.60 T₂ 118.50 8.50 24.00 9.40 181.56 135.80 T₃ 113.00 8.10 18.00 9.00 196.65 125.95 T₄ 125.50 9.20 30.00 10.00 152.64 155.50 T₅ 140.00 10.90 42.10 11.00 135.80 165.40 T₆ 135.00 10.00 26.00 9.60 171.13 140.50 T₇ 137.50 10.50 35.00 10.50 145.45 160.70 T₈ 141.50 10.95 45.00 11.30 126.56 170.65 T₉ 126.00 9.00 29.00 9.80 165.64 145.50 T₁₀ (Control) 92.00 6.60 15.00 8.80 210.55 120.35 Mean 119.60 8.89 28.51 9.86 167.96 145.10 SE(d) 2.271 0.243 0.671 0.207 4.584 2.326 CD (0.05%) 4.809 0.515 1.420 0.438 9.705 4.925 T₁ to T₉ represent combinations of organic manures (FYM, Vermicompost, Poultry manure) along with foliar sprays of Panchagavya , Fish amino acid , or Egg amino acid , each combined with 3G extract . T₁₀ is the Control with Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF) @ 30:60:30 NPK kg ha⁻¹ . Bolded values represent the maximum and minimum among the treatments. Table 9 Influence of Organic Amendments on Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Uptake in Mundu Chilli Treatment Nitrogen Uptake (kg ha⁻¹) Phosphorus Uptake (kg ha⁻¹) Potassium Uptake (kg ha⁻¹) T₁ 50.25 7.85 35.12 T₂ 53.45 9.56 37.56 T₃ 47.12 6.54 30.24 T₄ 60.47 11.89 45.12 T₅ 68.23 13.24 49.34 T₆ 55.78 10.24 39.12 T₇ 62.14 12.14 47.34 T₈ 70.98 15.35 50.35 T₉ 58.89 10.45 35.12 T₁₀ (Control) 40.63 5.64 37.56 Mean 56.79 10.09 40.69 SE(d) 1.353 0.232 0.670 CD (0.05%) 2.860 0.490 1.420 T₁ to T₉ refer to treatments involving various combinations of organic manures (FYM, Vermicompost, Poultry manure) and foliar sprays (Panchagavya, Fish amino acid, or Egg amino acid), all combined with 3G extract @ 3% . T₁₀ is the Control with Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF) @ 30:60:30 NPK kg ha⁻¹ . Bolded values indicate the highest and lowest nutrient uptake across treatments. Table 10 Influence of Organic Amendments on Soil Physico-Chemical Properties in Mundu Chilli Treatment Code Soil pH EC (dS m⁻¹) Available Nitrogen (kg ha⁻¹) Available Phosphorus (kg ha⁻¹) Available Potassium (kg ha⁻¹) Organic Carbon (%) T1 7.43 0.30 177.56 12.45 184.75 0.41 T2 7.42 0.31 182.78 13.34 186.45 0.51 T3 7.42 0.30 172.74 14.12 190.56 0.43 T4 7.43 0.33 190.89 15.05 195.45 0.48 T5 7.44 0.34 194.15 16.05 198.45 0.58 T6 7.44 0.33 187.45 16.67 197.89 0.63 T7 7.45 0.84 192.36 17.12 203.12 0.68 T8 7.42 0.85 197.48 17.89 205.48 0.73 T9 7.44 0.83 189.56 15.78 200.34 0.53 T10 7.20 0.70 167.36 10.45 170.65 0.33 Mean 7.41 0.513 185.183 14.892 193.314 0.59 SE(d) 0.10 0.01 3.53 0.31 3.92 0.01 CD (0.05) NS NS 7.48 0.66 8.30 0.02 T1 to T10 represent different combinations of organic manures (FYM, Vermicompost, Poultry manure) and organic sprays (Panchagavya, Fish amino acid, Egg amino acid) with 3G extract. T10 is the control with recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF – 30:60:30 NPK). NS – Not Significant at 5% level. Farmyard Manure (FYM) FYM exhibited a nearly neutral pH (6.86), which favors optimal nutrient solubility and microbial colonization in the rhizosphere. The low electrical conductivity (EC) of 0.21 dS m⁻¹ ensures minimal osmotic stress, particularly important in semi-arid cultivation zones. A high organic carbon (C) content (16.6%) enhances soil organic matter (SOM) levels, improving cation exchange capacity (CEC), aggregate stability, and microbial biomass. The carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C:N) of 17:1 supports slow mineralization of nitrogen (N), resulting in a sustained N supply—a critical factor for continuous vegetative growth in long-duration chilli varieties. Additionally, FYM contributes phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and trace elements such as iron (Fe), albeit at lower concentrations, necessitating combined usage with nutrient-dense amendments for yield optimization. Vermicompost Vermicompost had a slightly alkaline pH (7.48), suitable for neutralizing acidic soils and promoting microbial activity, especially nitrifiers and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria. Its superior water-holding capacity (WHC) of 54% enhances moisture retention during dry spells—a major agronomic advantage for Mundu chilli, which exhibits shallow root systems. The organic C content (18.5%) and a moderate C:N ratio (14:1) indicate balanced nutrient release. Vermicompost was comparatively rich in N (1.34%), P (0.98%), and K (1.12%), as well as micronutrients such as Fe (980 mg kg⁻¹) and manganese (Mn) (445 mg kg⁻¹), which facilitate enzymatic activation, chlorophyll biosynthesis, and reproductive development in chilli crops. The amendment's fine texture and microbial colonization capacity further support rhizosphere conditioning and plant resilience. Poultry Manure Poultry manure emerged as the most nutrient-rich organic amendment, with high levels of N (2.29%), P (1.19%), and K (2.88%). Its low C:N ratio (8.5:1) suggests rapid decomposition and nutrient mineralization, making it ideal for use in early growth stages when nutrient demands are high. The low bulk density (0.47 Mg m⁻³) enables ease of handling and faster incorporation into soil. However, its elevated EC (1.97 dS m⁻¹) necessitates caution in poorly drained soils to prevent salt accumulation, especially under high-temperature regimes common in Mundu chilli-growing regions. The amendment also contains significant quantities of calcium (Ca, 3.00%) and magnesium (Mg, 1.20%), crucial for cell wall integrity and chlorophyll formation—both vital for flowering and fruit set in Capsicum species. Panchagavya Panchagavya demonstrated a low pH (5.45) and high EC (10.22 dS m⁻¹), indicating potential acidification and osmotic challenges if overapplied. Nonetheless, its microbial richness—with lactic acid bacteria (2.26 × 10⁶ CFU mL⁻¹) and other beneficial microbes (1.88 × 10⁶ CFU mL⁻¹)—enhances soil microbial diversity and suppresses pathogenic organisms. The presence of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA, 8.5 ppm) and gibberellic acid (GA₃, 3.5 ppm) classifies it as a natural biostimulant, facilitating root initiation, cell expansion, and shoot elongation. While its NPK values are modest, its use in Mundu chilli cultivation can promote root development, flower induction, and nutrient solubilization when combined with other nutrient-rich inputs. Fish Amino Acid (FAA) FAA exhibited exceptionally high P content (12.58%) and substantial N (6.96%), making it highly effective during the reproductive and fruit-setting stages of chilli. Phosphorus is critical for energy transfer, flowering, and fruit development, while N promotes protein synthesis and chloroplast formation. FAA also contains functional amino acids such as glycine and glutamic acid, which act as chelators and osmoprotectants, improving nutrient uptake and plant tolerance to abiotic stress, including heat and drought—frequent constraints in chilli agro-ecosystems. Despite its low K (0.85%), FAA enhances metabolic activity, seedling vigor, and resilience, justifying its use in foliar nutrition strategies. Egg Amino Acid (EAA) EAA was the least nutrient-dense (N: 1.2%, P: 0.4%, K: 0.6%), but it contains low molecular weight peptides and free amino acids that activate antioxidant defense systems and improve stomatal regulation. Its bioactive compounds stimulate enzymatic activity and stress-responsive genes, particularly useful under oxidative stress and water deficit conditions, which commonly affect fruit set and capsaicin synthesis in Mundu chilli. Although it lacks substantial macronutrients, EAA serves as a synergistic biostimulant in integrated nutrient management (INM) programs aimed at improving chilli quality attributes such as capsaicin and oleoresin content. Each organic input evaluated exhibits unique physicochemical characteristics that influence nutrient availability, soil biology, and plant physiological responses. FYM and vermicompost offer structural benefits and moderate nutrient release, while poultry manure provides immediate nutrient supply. Panchagavya, FAA, and EAA, though less nutrient-dense, act as potent biostimulants that enhance plant resilience and functional quality. Optimizing combinations of these inputs can significantly contribute to the sustainable intensification of Mundu chilli cultivation, improving both yield and quality parameters. 3.2 Phytotoxicity Tests and Seed Germination Index (SGI) The Seed Germination Index (SGI) is a critical parameter used to assess the impact of organic amendments on seed germination. It provides an insight into the maturity and safety of organic fertilizers, indicating their potential toxicity to seeds. The SGI, by definition, measures the speed and uniformity of seed germination, with a higher value signaling better seed health and growth potential. For Capsicum annuum (chilli), an SGI exceeding 80% is typically considered to signify compost maturity and indicates no harmful effects on seed germination (Fuchs et al., 2009; Lee et al., 2017). In the present study, all organic amendments were found to have no phytotoxic effects on Capsicum annuum L. seeds, confirming their suitability for agricultural applications. Treatments, particularly those with high nutrient content and bioactive compounds, such as poultry manure and Fish Amino Acid (FAA), performed better in promoting seed germination compared to others. This finding aligns with previous studies that suggest the presence of essential nutrients, along with bioactive compounds from organic sources, enhances seed vigor and overall plant health (Yadav et al., 2014). Among the treatments tested, T₈, which combined Poultry manure (6 t ha⁻¹), FAA (3%), and 3G extract (3%), resulted in the highest SGI, ranging from 88–98%. This result can be attributed to the balanced nutrient profile of poultry manure, which provides essential macro- and micronutrients that promote vigorous seedling growth (Hasan et al., 2015). Additionally, FAA, rich in amino acids and growth-promoting substances, likely acted as a bio-stimulant, enhancing seed germination and early plant growth. A similar effect has been observed by Ahmad et al. (2016), who reported that FAA can significantly improve seedling establishment by providing essential nitrogen and promoting biochemical processes such as auxin synthesis. T₁, consisting of Farmyard manure (FYM), Panchagavya, and 3G extract, displayed a lower SGI of around 75%-85%. Although this combination did not exhibit any phytotoxicity, it was less effective than T₈ in promoting seed germination. The lower performance could be attributed to the relatively slower release of nutrients from FYM, as it has a lower nutrient density compared to poultry manure, which might delay its effectiveness in stimulating germination (Gupta and Sharma, 2016). Panchagavya, while beneficial, contains a wide range of organic compounds whose slow decomposition rate may contribute to a gradual nutrient release, affecting the speed of germination. The variability in SGI across the treatments underscores the importance of selecting appropriate organic amendments to optimize seed germination. Previous studies have confirmed that the combination of organic amendments with bio-stimulants can significantly improve seed germination rates by providing both nutrients and growth regulators (Ahemad and Kibret, 2014). Furthermore, bio-stimulants like Panchagavya, containing plant growth regulators, have been shown to enhance the vigor and establishment of crops by regulating hormonal balance, improving nutrient uptake, and stimulating root development (Yadav et al., 2014). 3.3 Effect of Organic Amendments on Plant height in Mundu Chilli ​ The application of organic amendments significantly enhanced the vegetative growth of Capsicum annuum , as evidenced by increased plant height. Treatments incorporating poultry manure, vermicompost, and bio-stimulants such as fish amino acids (FAA), Panchagavya, and 3G extracts outperformed the control, indicating the synergistic effect of these organic components on plant development. Among the treatments, T₈ (poultry manure + FAA + 3G extract) exhibited the most pronounced vegetative response. The enhanced plant height under this treatment can be attributed to the integrated release of macro- and micronutrients, particularly nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), from poultry manure, which are critical for meristematic activity and vegetative biomass accumulation (Agbede and Oyewumi 2023 ); Osadebe et al. ( 2024 ). FAA further stimulated physiological activity by improving chlorophyll synthesis, enzyme activation, and root vigor, thereby enhancing nutrient uptake efficiency Ali et al. ( 2022 ). Additionally, the inclusion of 3G extracts—rich in growth-regulating bioactive compounds—may have accelerated cell division and elongation processes Merwad ( 2020 ). The contribution of vermicompost in T₅, a biologically active amendment, likely improved the rhizospheric conditions through enhanced microbial populations and enzyme activities, facilitating better nutrient cycling and root proliferation (Sani, Abdulkadir,Gurjar 2024 ). This biological synergy explains the comparable plant height observed in treatments with vermicompost and FAA. T₇, which included poultry manure, Panchagavya, and 3G extract, also promoted vegetative growth. Panchagavya is known to contain auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellin-like compounds that stimulate cell division and elongation (Wafaa, Rania,El-Shafay 2021 ) contributing to shoot elongation and internodal growth. In contrast, the control (T₁₀), receiving only the recommended dose of synthetic fertilizers (RDF), resulted in the shortest plants. Although it supplied essential nutrients, it lacked organic matter and microbial stimulants that are critical for improving soil physical structure, microbial activity, and nutrient buffering capacity.The significant variation in plant height across treatments was statistically validated (SEd and CD at 0.05%), underscoring the importance of integrating organic inputs in enhancing crop vegetative growth. The findings suggest that organic amendments, particularly combinations such as T₈, are effective alternatives to synthetic fertilizers for sustainable chilli production. 3.4 Effect of Organic Amendments on Flowering and Maturity in Mundu Chilli ​ The T₈ treatment, consisting of poultry manure, fish amino acid (FAA), and 3G extract, significantly accelerated the reproductive phenology of Capsicum annuum L. var. S9 Red. Plants under T₈ reached 50% flowering in just 49.20 days, which was 20.80 days earlier than the control (T₁₀), which required 70.00 days. This marked advancement highlights an enhanced physiological transition from vegetative to reproductive growth, attributable to the synergistic effect of nutrient-rich organic inputs. FAA, a bio-formulation rich in essential amino acids, plays a critical role in protein synthesis, chlorophyll formation, and the biosynthesis of plant growth regulators such as auxins and gibberellins, thereby enhancing photosynthetic capacity and cellular activity that expedite floral initiation. These findings are supported by Johari et al. ( 2020 ) who observed that foliar application of 1% FAA significantly increased plant height, leaf number, and chlorophyll content in okra. Moreover, the T₈ treatment advanced days to first harvest to 75.00 days, compared to 90.00 days in the control, effectively reducing the crop duration by 15 days. This is consistent with the findings of Agbede and Oyewumi ( 2022 ), who reported that poultry manure improves early maturity in vegetables through its rich nitrogen content and positive influence on soil structure. Additionally, Chawla and Kumar Sharma ( 2025 ) noted that poultry manure supplies phosphorus efficiently, supporting reproductive development and energy transfer within the plant system. The results are further corroborated by Gangadhar et al. ( 2020 ), who demonstrated that integrated organic amendments hastened maturity in chilli more effectively than single-source applications. FAA’s known benefits in enhancing chlorophyll content and photosynthetic efficiency, as reported by (Lei et al. 2023 ), likely contributed to increased biomass accumulation and an earlier transition to flowering and fruiting. Interestingly, this contrasts with the report of Adeleye, Ayeni,Adeleye ( 2025 ), who found poultry manure alone to have limited effects on earliness when compared to synthetic fertilizers. The superior performance of T₈ in the present study underscores the importance of combining multiple organic sources for holistic nutrient supply and hormonal stimulation. Furthermore, poultry manure acts as a slow-release source of essential macronutrients (N, P, K), ensuring a sustained nutrient supply during critical crop growth stages. The inclusion of 3G extract may have introduced bioactive molecules that enhanced enzymatic activity and hormonal signaling pathways associated with floral induction. This cumulative impact likely improved source–sink relationships by enhancing sink strength and nutrient partitioning toward reproductive structures. The resultant early flowering and synchronized fruit development not only facilitate earlier harvesting but also offer significant agronomic advantages such as increased cropping intensity, better market timing, and improved economic returns, particularly under organic cultivation systems. 3.5 Yield and Yield Attributing Parameters of Capsicum as Influenced by Organic Amendments Field investigations demonstrated that the application of organic amendments significantly influenced both fresh and dry fruit yields in Capsicum annuum L. Among the treatments, T₈ (poultry manure @ 6 t ha⁻¹ + fish amino acid (FAA) @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%) recorded the highest fresh fruit yield of 6809 kg ha⁻¹ , followed by T₅ (vermicompost @ 6 t ha⁻¹ + FAA @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%) with 6561 kg ha⁻¹ , while the control ( T₁₀ ) registered the lowest yield at 4993 kg ha⁻¹ . A similar trend was observed in dry fruit yield, with T₈ producing 1224.64 kg ha⁻¹ , T₅ yielding 1163.48 kg ha⁻¹ , and T₁₀ recording 717.25 kg ha⁻¹ . Regarding drying percentage, the control (T₁₀) exhibited the highest value at 21.50% , whereas the lowest drying percentage ( 18.00% ) was noted in T₈ and T₃ (FYM + egg amino acid + 3G extract), indicating improved moisture retention and possibly enhanced cellular hydration in organically treated fruits. The superior yield performance of T₈ can be attributed to the synergistic action of poultry manure, FAA, and 3G extract, which together enhanced soil fertility, nutrient uptake, plant metabolism, and phenological synchronization. Poultry manure is a well-established organic input rich in macronutrients (N, P, K) and micronutrients such as zinc and copper , which improve soil structure, microbial activity, and water-holding capacity (Dhaliwal et al. 2024 ; Lalkhumliana et al. 2025 ; Elgarahy et al. 2024 ). These attributes contribute to enhanced root proliferation, nutrient assimilation, and robust vegetative and reproductive growth in chilli. FAA, a protein hydrolysate derived from fish waste, functions as a biostimulant by promoting enzymatic activity, enhancing chlorophyll synthesis , and supporting protein metabolism and photosynthetic efficiency (Sun et al. 2024 ; Pasković et al. 2024 ).. These physiological enhancements lead to increased flowering, fruit set, and fruit development, culminating in greater yields. The incorporation of 3G extract —a natural blend of garlic, ginger, and green chilli—further amplified plant growth. Its bioactive phytochemicals , known for antimicrobial and hormone-stimulating properties , likely contributed to improved plant health, hormonal balance, and resilience under field conditions (Hayat et al. 2022 ). This combination of organic inputs created a nutrient-enriched and biologically active rhizosphere , facilitating an optimal source–sink relationship . Enhanced photosynthetic capacity (source) supported strong reproductive sinks (fruits), leading to significant improvements in overall yield (Pawar and Rana 2019 ). These findings align with those of (Sani et al. 2020 ), who reported that the integrated application of organic manures and biostimulants significantly enhanced yield and fruit quality in chilli. Moreover, the use of organic amendments contributes to long-term soil fertility , enhancing its physical, chemical, and biological properties , which are essential for sustainable agricultural productivity and environmental conservation (Usharani, Roopashree,Naik 2019 ). In conclusion, the combined application of poultry manure, fish amino acid, and 3G extract ( T₈ ) proved most effective in enhancing fresh and dry fruit yield, reducing drying percentage, and promoting crop vigor. These results underscore the potential of organic nutrient management as an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers in chilli production systems. 3.6 Chemical Quality of Capsicum Fruits Under Organic Amendment Application The application of organic amendments significantly influenced the biochemical composition of Capsicum fruits, improving multiple quality parameters including ascorbic acid, total soluble solids (TSS), calcium, protein, proline, and total phenol content. These enhancements can be attributed to the synergistic effect of nutrient-rich organic inputs and biostimulants on plant metabolism and soil health. Among all treatments, T₈ (Poultry manure @ 6 t ha⁻¹ + Fish amino acid @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%) consistently outperformed others across most quality indices. Ascorbic acid content was significantly enhanced in organically treated plants. T₈ recorded the highest value of 141.50 mg/100g, followed closely by T₅ (140.00 mg/100g), whereas the control (T₁₀) exhibited the lowest (92.00 mg/100g). This increase is likely due to enhanced soil microbial activity and micronutrient availability, particularly iron and copper—essential cofactors in the ascorbate biosynthetic pathway. Organic inputs, especially poultry manure and fish amino acid, enrich the rhizosphere with beneficial microbes and enzymatic precursors that facilitate redox cycling and ascorbate production (Abhinav et al. 2025; Farooq et al. 2025 ). Total soluble solids (TSS) were also significantly improved under organic management. T₈ recorded the highest TSS (10.95 °Brix), followed by T₅ (10.90 °Brix), while the control had the lowest value (6.60 °Brix). Higher TSS levels suggest increased carbohydrate metabolism and sugar accumulation in fruits, often associated with enhanced nitrogen and potassium uptake (Karunarathne et al. 2025 ). Organic sources like fish amino acids supply amino acids and growth hormones, which can improve enzymatic activity and photosynthate allocation toward fruit development. Calcium content was highest in T₈ (45.00 mg/100g), followed by T₅ (42.10 mg/100g), while the control recorded only 15.00 mg/100g. Poultry manure is known for its high calcium content and its capacity to improve soil cation exchange capacity (CEC), thereby enhancing calcium bioavailability (Rafique et al. 2025 ). Additionally, slow nutrient release from organic manures provides a continuous calcium supply that supports cell wall stability and membrane integrity in developing fruits. Protein content increased notably with organic treatments. T₈ recorded the highest protein concentration (11.30 g/100g), while T₁₀ had the lowest (8.80 g/100g). The presence of amino acids and peptides in fish amino acid extract acts as a precursor for protein synthesis and promotes nitrogen assimilation through enhanced glutamine synthetase and nitrate reductase activity (Sun et al. 2024 ). Moreover, poultry manure supports sustained nitrogen availability, essential for protein biosynthesis and enzyme function. Proline content, a known indicator of abiotic stress in plants, was inversely related to the quality-enhancing organic treatments. T₁₀ exhibited the highest proline accumulation (210.55 µg/g), while T₈ had the lowest (126.56 µg/g). The reduced proline levels in organically treated plants indicate a lower stress burden, possibly due to improved root-zone aeration, rhizospheric microbial interactions, and balanced nutrient supply (Secomandi et al. 2025 ). Total phenol content, a marker of antioxidant potential, was significantly higher in T₈ (170.65 mg/100g) and T₅ (165.40 mg/100g) compared to the control (120.35 mg/100g). Phenolic compounds play a crucial role in plant defense, antioxidant activity, and shelf-life extension. The enhanced phenol accumulation may be attributed to the stimulatory effect of biostimulants such as fish amino acid and the 3G extract, which can activate the phenylpropanoid pathway and upregulate phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity (Savarese et al. 2022 ). The integration of poultry manure, fish amino acid, and 3G extract not only improved essential nutritional traits—such as ascorbic acid, TSS, calcium, protein, and phenols—but also mitigated plant stress, as reflected by reduced proline levels. These results underscore the potential of organic nutrient strategies and biostimulants in enhancing the functional quality of Capsicum fruits while supporting sustainable crop production systems. Such approaches align with agroecological principles and can contribute to healthier produce, improved soil health, and reduced reliance on synthetic inputs. 3.7 Nutrient Uptake in Capsicum annuum in Response to Organic Amendments The application of organic amendments had a significant impact on the uptake of major macronutrients—nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)—in Capsicum annuum var. Mundu chilli. The highest nutrient uptake was consistently recorded in the T₈ treatment (poultry manure @ 6 t ha⁻¹ + fish amino acid @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%), indicating the enhanced nutrient-use efficiency and soil fertility associated with integrated organic management. Nitrogen Uptake T₈ exhibited the highest nitrogen uptake at 70.98 kg ha⁻¹, significantly surpassing the control (T₁₀), which recorded only 38.42 kg ha⁻¹. This increase can be attributed to the nitrogen-rich content of poultry manure, which provides both readily available and slow-release nitrogen forms (Chamoli et al. 2025 ). The addition of fish amino acid, rich in amino acids and peptides, may have further promoted root development and enzymatic activity, facilitating efficient nitrogen assimilation (Karunarathne et al. 2025 ). Organic inputs are also known to stimulate microbial populations, including nitrogen-fixing bacteria such as Azospirillum , enhancing N availability through mineralization (Woodward et al. 2025 ). Phosphorus Uptake A similar trend was observed in phosphorus uptake, with T₈ recording the highest value (15.35 kg ha⁻¹), followed by T₅ (13.24 kg ha⁻¹). Organic amendments, especially poultry manure, have been shown to improve phosphorus availability by producing organic acids during decomposition, which chelate cations and reduce phosphorus fixation in the soil matrix (Adnan et al. 2025 ). Moreover, the stimulation of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) under organic treatments further aids in mobilizing insoluble phosphorus forms, making them accessible to plants (Jin et al. 2025 ). The control treatment, devoid of organic amendments, showed minimal phosphorus uptake (5.64 kg ha⁻¹), underscoring the limited availability of native phosphorus without organic intervention. Potassium Uptake T₈ also led in potassium uptake (50.35 kg ha⁻¹), with T₅ (49.34 kg ha⁻¹) closely following. This improvement is attributed to the direct K contribution from poultry manure and vermicompost, which also enhance cation exchange capacity and moisture retention in soils, improving potassium availability (Sharma et al. 2025 ; Singh, Badiyala,Ranjha 2025 ). Organic matter improves the soil’s physical structure and promotes microbial-mediated potassium solubilization, leading to better root uptake efficiency. In contrast, the control (T₁₀) recorded a relatively lower K uptake of 37.56 kg ha⁻¹, reflecting the poor potassium availability in soils under conventional fertilization without organic supplementation. These results affirm that the integration of nutrient-dense and biologically active organic amendments can significantly enhance macronutrient uptake, support soil microbial activity, and improve nutrient-use efficiency, thereby promoting sustainable chilli cultivation(Singh 2025 ). 3.8 Effect of Organic Amendments on Soil Nutrient Content Application of organic amendments had a pronounced effect on soil nutrient availability. Post-harvest analysis revealed that the T₈ treatment (a combination of poultry manure, fish amino acid, and 3G extract) significantly enhanced soil nutrient content, recording the highest levels of available nitrogen (197.48 kg ha⁻¹), phosphorus (17.89 kg ha⁻¹), and potassium (205.48 kg ha⁻¹). Conversely, the control (T₁₀) showed the lowest nutrient values—167.36 kg ha⁻¹ N, 10.45 kg ha⁻¹ P, and 170.65 kg ha⁻¹ K. The superior nutrient availability under T₈ is likely due to the cumulative effect of slow-releasing poultry manure and the bio-stimulatory properties of fish amino acids and 3G extracts (Lindquist 2024 ). These organic sources not only supply macro- and micronutrients but also enhance soil microbial activity and organic matter decomposition. Notably, poultry manure improves nitrogen mineralization rates (Piash et al. 2025 ), while fish amino acids supply readily available nitrogenous compounds that promote microbial activity and plant uptake(Karunarathne et al. 2025 ). The enhanced phosphorus availability may be attributed to increased organic acid production from microbial decomposition, which solubilizes phosphate-bound minerals (Dong et al. 2025 ). Similarly, potassium availability improves due to the chelating effect of organic acids and reduced fixation in clay minerals (Li et al. 2025b ). The inclusion of beneficial microbes like Azospirillum and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria further facilitates nutrient release through biological fixation and enzymatic processes(Narayanan and Vyshnavi 2025 ). These findings are consistent with recent research highlighting the nutrient-enriching potential of integrated organic amendments (Ali et al. 2024 ; Alwan, Nihayati,Maghfoer 2024 ), which report improved nutrient cycling, soil fertility, and crop productivity under organic nutrient regimes. 3.9 Effect of Organic Amendments on Organic Carbon Content and Soil Health Recent studies have underscored the pivotal role of organic amendments in enhancing soil organic carbon (SOC) content and overall soil health. For instance, a comprehensive analysis revealed that the addition of organic amendments increased SOC by an average of 26.9%, equating to approximately 5.1 Mg C ha⁻¹. This augmentation in SOC is instrumental in improving soil structure, water retention, and nutrient availability, thereby fostering better plant growth and higher nutrient uptake(Cui et al. 2023 ; Gao et al. 2025 ; Šimkovic et al. 2025 ). Moreover, the quality and type of organic amendments significantly influence their efficacy. Research indicates that amendments like biochar and compost not only elevate SOC levels but also enhance microbial biomass and soil fertility(Anokye et al. 2025 ). These improvements are crucial for sustaining soil health and ensuring long-term agricultural productivity. In the context of your study, the T₈ treatment, which incorporated a combination of poultry manure, fish amino acids, and 3G extracts, recorded the highest organic carbon content at 0.73%, compared to the control's 0.33%. This significant increase aligns with the aforementioned findings, highlighting the effectiveness of integrated organic amendments in enriching SOC and promoting soil health(Anokye et al. 2025 ; Basir et al. 2025 ).​ 3.10 Effect of Organic Amendments on pH and Electrical Conductivity (EC) A study by (Cui et al. 2023 ) investigated the effects of various organic amendments on soil microbial activity and associated soil properties. They found that the application of organic materials led to a slight decrease in soil pH, attributed to the production of organic acids during microbial decomposition (Cong, Huang,Huang 2025 ). This aligns with the observation that treatments with organic amendments maintained a slightly acidic to neutral pH range (6.99 to 7.45), while the control treatment (T₁₀), lacking such amendments, exhibited a higher pH of 7.45. The study also reported that EC values remained within acceptable ranges, indicating that organic amendments did not contribute to salinity issues (Cui et al. 2023 ).​ Similarly, research by (Kugedera and Kokerai 2025 ) evaluated the impact of compost and animal manure on soil chemical properties. Their findings indicated that these organic amendments slightly lowered soil pH due to the release of organic acids but did not significantly alter EC levels(Dehghani and Haghighi 2025 ). This suggests that the application of organic amendments can improve soil nutrient availability without adversely affecting soil salinity.​ Furthermore, a study by (Rodríguez-Berbel et al. 2025 )examined the influence of different organic amendments on soil properties and microbial communities. They observed that organic amendments helped stabilize soil pH and maintained EC within optimal ranges, promoting a conducive environment for microbial activity and nutrient uptake(Hao et al. 2025 ). 3.11 Effects of comibination of the Organic Amendments on plant and soil health ​Recent studies have provided robust evidence supporting the synergistic effects of combining organic amendments—such as poultry manure, fish amino acids (FAA), and 3G extracts—on enhancing plant growth, yield, and soil health. These findings align with the superior performance observed in the T₈ treatment of your study.​ For instance, (Li et al. 2025a ) demonstrated that diverse carbon amendments can significantly benefit plant growth and improve long-term soil health. Similarly, a study by (Pandey et al. 2024 ) highlighted that the co-application of biochar and compost enhances soil and plant productivity, emphasizing the importance of combining different organic inputs. Moreover, recent research has shown that integrating bio-organic fertilizers with various soil amendments can comprehensively improve soil quality and enhance crop yield (Xiao et al. 2025 ) These studies collectively suggest that the combined use of organic amendments creates a nutrient-rich environment, maximizes nutrient uptake efficiency, and supports sustainable soil health.​ In contrast, reliance solely on chemical fertilizers (Recommended Dose of Fertilizers - RDF) has been associated with lower nutrient uptake and diminished soil health over time. The findings from your study, where the T₈ treatment outperformed the control, corroborate these observations and underscore the benefits of integrating multiple organic amendments for sustainable agricultural practices (Khan, Aleinikovienė,Butkevičienė 2024 ).​ 4. Limitations of the Study This study was conducted under specific agro-climatic conditions and a single season, which may limit the generalizability of the results across different environments and cropping systems. The lack of long-term assessment restricts conclusions on cumulative effects on soil organic carbon, nutrient cycling, and microbial dynamics. Variability in the nutrient composition of organic inputs such as poultry manure and FAA was not standardized, potentially influencing treatment consistency. 5. Conclusion The study demonstrates the significant benefits of organic amendments, particularly the T₈ treatment (Poultry manure @ 6 t ha⁻¹ + Fish amino acid @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%), in enhancing soil fertility, plant growth, and crop yield in Capsicum annuum. This combination outperformed other treatments, promoting vigorous growth, early flowering, higher yields, and improved fruit quality. Organic amendments also enhanced soil health by increasing nutrient availability, organic carbon, and microbial activity, while reducing stress markers like proline. In contrast, chemical fertilizers (control) showed inferior results, highlighting the limitations of conventional practices. These findings underscore the potential of organic farming as a sustainable alternative, offering both environmental and economic benefits. 6. Future recommendations Future research should aim to optimize the ratios and application rates of poultry manure, fish amino acid, and 3G extract for diverse crops and soil types. Long-term field trials are necessary to assess their sustained effects on soil health parameters such as organic carbon, microbial diversity, and nutrient cycling, in comparison to chemical fertilizers. Crop-specific evaluations will help determine broader applicability across economically important species. Economic analyses should be conducted to evaluate cost-effectiveness at scale. Integrating organic amendments with precision farming and efficient irrigation methods may enhance nutrient use efficiency and reduce inputs. Their potential role in mitigating abiotic stresses (e.g., drought, salinity, temperature extremes) and improving climate resilience warrants further investigation. Studies on soil microbial interactions, particularly with beneficial microbes like nitrogen-fixers and phosphorus solubilizers, can deepen understanding of nutrient dynamics. Farmer education and extension programs are essential for effective adoption, supported by policies such as subsidies and certification for organic farming. Additionally, utilizing agricultural and industrial waste as organic inputs could support sustainable waste management and circular economy goals. These directions will reinforce the role of organic amendments in advancing sustainable and resilient agriculture. Declarations Acknowledgements The authors would like to extend their sincere gratitude to Dr. S. Vallalkannan for his invaluable guidance, support, and expertise throughout the course of this study. Authors’ contribution Vasanthkumar SS Prepared the manuscript and did the research. Funding This research was conducted without any financial support or funding from any external sources. Data availability Data relevant to this study can be provided upon request from the corresponding author Ethics approval and consent to participate The collection of plants and plant parts used in this study adhered to local and national regulations. Since the chosen plant species is commonly cultivated within the research country, no special permissions or licenses were necessary for its use in the research. Consent for publication All authors have consent for publication of manuscript. 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Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIndia has witnessed a remarkable expansion in organic agriculture in recent years. According to Koner and Laha (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), the country expanded its certified organic agricultural land by nearly 2.1\u0026nbsp;million hectares in 2022, marking a 78% increase compared to 2021. This growth positioned India as the second-largest holder of organic farmland globally, following Australia, with 4.73\u0026nbsp;million hectares under organic cultivation. Furthermore, India led in the number of organic producers, with 2.48\u0026nbsp;million farmers in 2022, a sharp increase from 1.48\u0026nbsp;million in 2021 (Manna et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), driven by growing consumer demand, policy incentives, and environmental sustainability goals. Various initiatives such as the Participatory Guarantee System (PGS), including PGS-India and Parnanetra Organic, have significantly promoted decentralized certification and encouraged smallholder farmers to adopt organic farming. These programs have also improved market access and reduced input costs for rural communities. The transition to organic farming has demonstrated numerous benefits, including improved soil structure, enhanced biological activity, and reduced dependency on chemical fertilizers (Willer, Tr\u0026aacute;vn\u0026iacute;ček,Schlatter \u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMundu chilli (\u003cem\u003eCapsicum annuum\u003c/em\u003e L.), a globally significant spice crop belonging to the Solanaceae family (Jang, Choi,Jang \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Chilli fruits are widely valued for their nutritional, culinary, and medicinal properties. They are rich in macronutrients such as carbohydrates (55\u0026ndash;56%), proteins (20\u0026ndash;21.5%), fats (7.5\u0026ndash;9.8%), and dietary fiber (35\u0026ndash;37%) (Sreekumar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Kumar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, they contain essential vitamins (notably vitamin C), minerals (such as calcium, potassium, iron, and magnesium), and natural antioxidants that support immunity and metabolic function (Ivan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e); (Muscolo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). These phytochemicals also confer various bioactivities including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer properties, making chilli a dual-purpose crop for both nutrition and health. A notable cultivar is the Ramnad Mundu chilli, an indigenous variety cultivated predominantly in the Ramanathapuram, Virudhunagar, and Tuticorin districts of Tamil Nadu, India (Kabilan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). It is characterized by its thick pericarp (0.25\u0026ndash;0.32 mm), rounded to oblong fruit shape, and moderate pungency due to capsaicin content ranging from 0.26\u0026ndash;0.38%. The variety is also recognized for its high oleoresin content (13%) and a vibrant red color with an ASTA (American Spice Trade Association) value of 70.95 units, indicating its pigment concentration and commercial quality (Panday et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Singh et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) (Calabro and Vieri \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Ramnad Mundu chilli is typically grown as a rainfed crop in coastal alkaline soils (pH 7.5\u0026ndash;9.0) that receive approximately 460 mm of annual rainfall (Rajamanickam et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Traditionally, cultivation in this region has relied heavily on mineral fertilizers (NPK), often with limited organic matter inputs due to resource constraints and market availability. However, small-scale use of farmyard manure (FYM) and compost exists among marginal farmers. The current push toward sustainable practices makes it crucial to explore the feasibility and impact of organic amendments on this crop under local agro-ecological conditions. The availability of organic inputs such as poultry manure, vermicompost, panchagavya, fish amino acid, and 3G extract (a mixture of ginger, garlic, and green chilli) is practical in southern India, where these resources are locally produced through livestock, aquaculture, and household waste recycling (Matthews, Siddiqui,Ali \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). However, scientific evaluations of these inputs, particularly in combination, are limited. Given the nutritional and economic importance of Mundu chilli and the regional shift toward eco-friendly agriculture, this study was conducted to assess the effects of various organic amendments and biostimulants on growth, yield, quality, and nutrient uptake of \u003cem\u003eCapsicum annuum\u003c/em\u003e under field conditions. The findings aim to determine whether integrated organic nutrient management can serve as a viable and sustainable alternative to conventional fertilization in the Ramnad region.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Field Experiment Description and Treatment Details\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of compost-based fertilizers on seedling growth in Mundu chilli (\u003cem\u003eCapsicum annuum\u003c/em\u003e L.), variety S9 Red. The trial was laid out in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 10 treatments and 3 replications at a farmer\u0026rsquo;s field in Kombuthi, Ramanathapuram district, Tamil Nadu (9.05\u0026deg; to 9.50\u0026deg; N and 78.10\u0026deg; to 79.27\u0026deg; E). Each plot measured 4 \u0026times; 4 m\u0026sup2;, with plants spaced 65 \u0026times; 45 cm apart in ridges and furrows (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDetails of the treatments involved in the study\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatment Code\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatment Description\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT₁\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFYM @ 12.5 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; + Panchagavya @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT₂\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFYM @ 12.5 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; + Fish Amino Acid (FAA) @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT₃\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFYM @ 12.5 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; + Egg Amino Acid (EAA) @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT₄\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVermicompost @ 6 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; + Panchagavya @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT₅\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVermicompost @ 6 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; + FAA @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT₆\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVermicompost @ 6 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; + EAA @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT₇\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoultry manure @ 6 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; + Panchagavya @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT₈\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoultry manure @ 6 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; + FAA @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT₉\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoultry manure @ 6 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; + EAA @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT₁₀\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl \u0026ndash; Recommended Dose of Fertilizers (RDF @ 30:60:30 NPK)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe 3G extract refers to an indigenous biostimulant mixture consisting of garlic (\u003cem\u003eAllium sativum\u003c/em\u003e), ginger (\u003cem\u003eZingiber officinale\u003c/em\u003e), and green chili (\u003cem\u003eCapsicum annuum\u003c/em\u003e), traditionally used for enhancing plant growth and pest resistance. The Fish Amino Acid (FAA) and Egg Amino Acid (EAA) are nutrient-rich organic solutions derived from fish and eggs, respectively, used to promote plant health and productivity. Statistical significance for all treatments was determined using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at p \u0026lt; 0.05. The recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) in the control treatment follows the standard NPK ratio of 30:60:30.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAll organic amendments were incorporated manually into the soil one week before transplanting. The amendments were mixed into the top 15 cm of soil. Foliar sprays were applied using a knapsack sprayer at regular intervals starting 15 days after transplanting. All treatments received equivalent doses of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium to ensure a balanced nutrient input, though the form (organic vs. chemical) varied (Din et al. 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Plant Material Collection\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFully mature, uniform Mundu chilli fruits were collected from the Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ramanathapuram. The fruits were shade-dried and seeds were extracted using a spoon or knife, carefully removing the white placenta. Gloves were used during handling to avoid capsaicin-related irritation.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Organic Amendment Preparation\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe composts and biostimulants were prepared as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFarmyard Manure (FYM): Cow dung and farm waste composted for 3\u0026ndash;4 months with regular turning (Ramazanoglu et al. 2024).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVermicompost: FYM mixed with crop residue and \u003cem\u003eEisenia fetida\u003c/em\u003e earthworms for 45\u0026ndash;60 days (Walia and Kaur \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Bhatt and Nthebere \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoultry Manure: Chicken litter composted for 4\u0026ndash;6 months (Pasolini et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePanchagavya: Fermented mixture of cow dung, urine, milk, curd, ghee, sugarcane juice, coconut water, and banana for 10 days (Funde, Palep,Shouche \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFish Amino Acid (FAA): Fish waste fermented with jaggery for 15\u0026ndash;30 days (Sahu et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEgg Amino Acid (EAA): Eggs fermented with jaggery and lemon juice for 15\u0026ndash;20 days.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompost samples were collected one week prior to field application. Each amendment was homogenized and a representative subsample was used for laboratory analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Soil and Compost Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoil samples were collected from the 0\u0026ndash;15 cm depth of the experimental site, as this is the active root zone where organic amendments were incorporated. Samples were air-dried, sieved through a 2 mm mesh (and 0.5 mm for organic carbon), and stored in polythene bags (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInitial Soil Physico-Chemical and Fertility Properties of the Experimental Plot\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;15 cm Depth\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoil pH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElectrical Conductivity (EC) (dS m⁻\u0026sup1;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOrganic Carbon (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Nitrogen (kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAvailable Phosphorus (kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAvailable Potassium (kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCopper (Cu) (mg kg⁻\u0026sup1;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZinc (Zn) (mg kg⁻\u0026sup1;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eManganese (Mn) (mg kg⁻\u0026sup1;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003eThe values presented in this table represent the initial soil physico-chemical and fertility properties at the 0\u0026ndash;15 cm depth of the experimental plot before the application of treatments. Soil pH indicates the acidity/alkalinity of the soil, while electrical conductivity (EC) represents the soil\u0026apos;s salinity level. Organic carbon percentage is crucial for soil fertility, and the total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium levels are essential for plant nutrition. The concentrations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) are important micronutrients that affect plant growth. Soil testing was conducted using standard methods, and all values are presented in appropriate units. Statistical significance for changes in these parameters will be determined post-treatment application using the LSD test at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe physico-chemical properties of soil and composts were analyzed using standard methods:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoil texture: Triangular Diagram Method (Davis and Bennett \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1927\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSoil pH: Potentiometric method (Jackson \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElectrical Conductivity (EC): Conductometric method (Jackson \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOrganic Carbon (%): Chromic Acid Wet Digestion (Allison \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1965\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAvailable N (mg kg⁻\u0026sup1;): Alkaline Permanganate method (Subbiah and Asija \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1956\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAvailable P (mg kg⁻\u0026sup1;): Olsen method using 0.5 M NaHCO₃ (Olsen \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1954\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAvailable K (mg kg⁻\u0026sup1;): 1.0 N Ammonium Acetate extraction (Jackson \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNote: All nutrient concentrations were expressed in mg kg⁻\u0026sup1; soil for consistency with standard soil science practices.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.5 Phytotoxicity Test and Seed Germination Index (SGI)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTo ensure the amendments were non-toxic to seedlings, phytotoxicity tests were conducted. Aqueous extracts were prepared by mixing each compost (1:10 w/v) with distilled water and filtering through Whatman No. 2 paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn sterile Petri dishes lined with Whatman No. 2 paper, 8 ml of each extract was added. Fifteen \u003cem\u003eCapsicum annuum\u003c/em\u003e seeds were evenly placed in each dish. Distilled water served as the control. Dishes were incubated in the dark at 21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u0026deg;C. After 5 days, seed germination and root length were recorded (Wang et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Seed Germination Index (SGI) was calculated as\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis test was performed for each organic amendment to confirm they were not phytotoxic before their use in field conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.6 \u003cstrong\u003eBiochemical Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAscorbic acid content\u003c/strong\u003e was determined by titrating the fruit extract, prepared in 3% metaphosphoric acid, with 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) dye until a persistent pink endpoint was observed (Pradhan et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal soluble solids (TSS)\u003c/strong\u003e were measured using a hand-held refractometer and expressed in \u0026deg;Brix (Edusei and Ofosu-Anim \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCalcium content\u003c/strong\u003e was analyzed by digesting the dried powdered samples with diacid mixture (HNO₃:HClO₄, 9:4) followed by quantification using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) (Khan, Ahmed,Shah \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProtein content\u003c/strong\u003e was estimated using the Kjeldahl method, where the total nitrogen content obtained through digestion, distillation, and titration was converted to crude protein by multiplying with a factor of 6.25 (Khan, Ahmed,Shah \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProline content-\u003c/strong\u003e Fresh tissue was homogenized in 3% sulfosalicylic acid, reacted with acid ninhydrin, and toluene was used for extraction. Absorbance was read at 520 nm and values were calculated using a standard curve(Akram et al. \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal phenol content\u003c/strong\u003e was estimated by the Folin\u0026ndash;Ciocalteu method. The extract was reacted with Folin\u0026ndash;Ciocalteu reagent and sodium carbonate, and the absorbance was measured at 765 nm using a spectrophotometer. Gallic acid was used as the standard for calibration (Sricharoen, Techawongstein,Chanthai \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.7 Statistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eData were analyzed using one-way ANOVA in TNAU Stat (Manivannan \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), following the RBD layout. Prior to analysis, data normality was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test to validate the assumptions of ANOVA. Significance was considered at P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.8 Ethical and Institutional Guidelines\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAll research involving plant material followed the institutional, national, and international guidelines for collection and experimentation (Organization \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Physicochemical Properties of Organic Amendments and Biostimulants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe physicochemical characteristics of organic amendments and biostimulants\u0026mdash;such as Farmyard Manure (FYM), vermicompost, poultry manure, panchagavya, fish amino acid (FAA), and egg amino acid (EAA)\u0026mdash;are pivotal in determining their functional roles in soil nutrient dynamics, microbial stimulation, and plant physiological responses. Understanding these properties is essential for standardizing amendment strategies aimed at enhancing the growth, yield, and quality of \u003cem\u003eCapsicum annuum\u003c/em\u003e (Mundu chilli) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysicochemical Properties of Organic Amendments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS. No.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProperty\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVermicompost\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoultry Manure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePanchagavya\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFish Amino Acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEgg Amino Acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.48a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.54a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.45b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectrical Conductivity (dS m⁻\u0026sup1;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.97b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.22c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBulk Density (Mg m⁻\u0026sup3;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater Holding Capacity (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoisture Content (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Organic Carbon (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC:N Ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14:1a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5:1b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNitrogen (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.34a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.29b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e229 ppmc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.96%d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2%b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhosphorus (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.19b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e209 ppmd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.58%e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4%b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotassium (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.88b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e232 ppme\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85%f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6%b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalcium (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.80a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.00b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 ppmg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31%h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMagnesium (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.63a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05%i\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSulphur (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.83b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24%j\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIron (mg kg⁻\u0026sup1;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e980a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1125b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97 mg kg⁻\u0026sup1;k\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eManganese (mg kg⁻\u0026sup1;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e445a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1 mg kg⁻\u0026sup1;l\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCopper (mg kg⁻\u0026sup1;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7 mg kg⁻\u0026sup1;m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZinc (mg kg⁻\u0026sup1;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 mg kg⁻\u0026sup1;n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSodium (ppm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90 ppmo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29%p\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIAA (ppm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5 ppqq\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGA₃ (ppm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5 ppqq\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrobial Load (per mL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFungi (CFU mL⁻\u0026sup1;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38,800r\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBacteria (CFU mL⁻\u0026sup1;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.88 \u0026times; 10⁶s\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLactobacillus (CFU mL⁻\u0026sup1;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.26 \u0026times; 10⁶t\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Anaerobes (CFU mL⁻\u0026sup1;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,000u\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcid Formers (CFU mL⁻\u0026sup1;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e360v\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethanogen (CFU mL⁻\u0026sup1;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e250w\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eUnits of Measurement\u003c/b\u003e: pH is measured on the pH scale; EC refers to electrical conductivity, expressed in deciSiemens per meter (dS m⁻\u0026sup1;); bulk density is measured in megagrams per cubic meter (Mg m⁻\u0026sup3;); water holding capacity and moisture content are both expressed as percentages (%); organic carbon, C:N ratio, and nutrient contents are also expressed as percentages (%). Nutrient content is presented in parts per million (ppm), while microbial load is measured in colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU mL⁻\u0026sup1;). Amino acids are quantified in grams per 100 grams (g/100g), and metal content is presented as milligrams per kilogram (mg kg⁻\u0026sup1;). The percentage by weight is used for all values where applicable.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of Organic Nutrient Treatments on Seed Germination Index (SGI%) of \u003cem\u003eCapsicum annuum\u003c/em\u003e (Var. S9 Red)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment No.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSGI (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₁\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₂\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₃\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₄\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₅\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₆\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₇\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₈\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₉\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₁₀\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEd (\u0026plusmn;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCD (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003eFYM \u0026ndash; Farmyard manure; RDF \u0026ndash; Recommended dose of fertilizers; 3G extract \u0026ndash; Ginger, garlic, and green chili extract; SGI \u0026ndash; Seed germination index; SEd \u0026ndash; Standard error of difference; CD \u0026ndash; Critical difference; NPK \u0026ndash; Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of organic amendments on plant height of mundu Chilli\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment details\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant height (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 DAT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60 DAT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90 DAT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120 DAT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e - FYM @ 12.5 t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e+Panchagavya @ 3% +3G extract @ 3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e - FYM @ 12.5 t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e +Fish amino acid @ 3%+ 3G extract @ 3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e - FYM @ 12.5 t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e +Egg amino acid @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e - Vermicompost @ 6 t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e+Panchagavya @ 3% +3G extract @ 3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e - Vermicompost @ 6 t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e+Fish amino acid @ 3% +3G extract @ 3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e - Vermicompost @ 6 t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e+Egg amino acid @ 3% +3G extract @ 3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e7\u003c/sub\u003e - Poultry manure @ 6 t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e+Panchagavya @ 3% +3G extract @ 3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003e - Poultry manure @ 6 t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e+Fish amino acid @ 3% +3G extract @ 3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003e - Poultry manure @ 6 t ha\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e+Egg amino acid @ 3% +3G extract @ 3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e (Control) - RDF % 30:60:30 NPK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSE(d)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCD @ 0.05%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003eThe table presents the plant height of Mundu Chilli under various organic amendment treatments over 30, 60, 90, and 120 days after transplanting (DAT). Each treatment consisted of different combinations of organic amendments such as farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost, poultry manure, Panchagavya, Fish Amino Acid (FAA), Egg Amino Acid, and 3G extract. The control treatment (T10) was treated with recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) only. The results highlight the positive effects of organic amendments, particularly the combination of poultry manure, FAA, and 3G extract (T8), which consistently resulted in the highest plant growth at all stages.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of Organic Amendments on Flowering and Harvesting Stages of Mundu chilli\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays to First Flowering\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays to 50% Flowering\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDays to First Harvesting\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₁ \u0026ndash; FYM @ 12.5 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; + Panchagavya @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₂ \u0026ndash; FYM @ 12.5 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; + Fish amino acid @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₃ \u0026ndash; FYM @ 12.5 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; + Egg amino acid @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₄ \u0026ndash; Vermicompost @ 6 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; + Panchagavya @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₅ \u0026ndash; Vermicompost @ 6 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; + Fish amino acid @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₆ \u0026ndash; Vermicompost @ 6 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; + Egg amino acid @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₇ \u0026ndash; Poultry manure @ 6 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; + Panchagavya @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₈ \u0026ndash; Poultry manure @ 6 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; + Fish amino acid @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e36.00\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e49.20\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e75.00\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₉ \u0026ndash; Poultry manure @ 6 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; + Egg amino acid @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₁₀ \u0026ndash; Control (RDF @ 30:60:30 NPK kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSEd (\u0026plusmn;)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCD (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eFYM \u0026ndash; Farmyard manure; FAA \u0026ndash; Fish amino acid; t ha⁻\u0026sup1; \u0026ndash; tonnes per hectare; RDF \u0026ndash; Recommended dose of fertilizers (30:60:30 NPK kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;); 3G extract \u0026ndash; Herbal growth enhancer consisting of ginger, garlic, and green chilli; SEd \u0026ndash; Standard error of difference; CD \u0026ndash; Critical difference at 5% significance level; NS \u0026ndash; Non-significant. Treatments with poultry manure, FAA, and 3G extract (T₈) showed superior performance in accelerating flowering and harvesting stages in \u003cem\u003eCapsicum annuum\u003c/em\u003e L. var. S9 Red.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of organic amendments on fresh and dry fruit yield per hectare and drying percentage of mundu chilli\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFresh fruit yield (kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry fruit yield (kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrying percentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₁ \u0026ndash; FYM @ 12.5 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; + Panchagavya @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4565.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e789.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₂ \u0026ndash; FYM @ 12.5 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; + Fish amino acid @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4856.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e801.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₃ \u0026ndash; FYM @ 12.5 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; + Egg amino acid @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4298.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e748.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₄ \u0026ndash; Vermicompost @ 6 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; + Panchagavya @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5337.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e986.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₅ \u0026ndash; Vermicompost @ 6 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; + Fish amino acid @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6561.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1163.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₆ \u0026ndash; Vermicompost @ 6 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; + Egg amino acid @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6782.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1105.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₇ \u0026ndash; Poultry manure @ 6 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; + Panchagavya @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7090.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1136.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₈ \u0026ndash; Poultry manure @ 6 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; + Fish amino acid @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6809.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1224.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₉ \u0026ndash; Poultry manure @ 6 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; + Egg amino acid @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5818.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1043.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₁₀ \u0026ndash; Control (RDF: 30:60:30 NPK)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4993.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e717.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5710.60\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e979.60\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20.08\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSE(d)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCD (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e275.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eFYM \u0026ndash; Farmyard manure; 3G extract \u0026ndash; Garlic, Ginger, and Green chilli extract; RDF-Recommended Dose of Fertilizer; SE(d) \u0026ndash; Standard Error of Difference; CD \u0026ndash; Critical Difference at 5% level of significance. Values followed by different treatments were compared using ANOVA at \u003cb\u003eP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/b\u003e. Fresh and dry fruit yields are expressed in kilograms per hectare (kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;), and drying percentage represents the proportion of dry weight to fresh weight.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of Organic Amendments on Chemical Quality Parameters of Capsicum Fruits\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAscorbic Acid (mg/100g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTSS (\u0026deg;Brix)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalcium (mg/100g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtein (g/100g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProline (\u0026micro;g/g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Phenol (mg/100g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₁\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₂\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e181.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₃\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e196.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₄\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₅\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e165.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₆\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e171.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₇\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e160.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₈\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e141.50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10.95\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e45.00\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11.30\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e126.56\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e170.65\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₉\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e165.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₁₀ (Control)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e92.00\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.60\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15.00\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.80\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e210.55\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e120.35\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e167.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSE(d)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.271\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.243\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.671\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.584\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.326\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCD (0.05%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.809\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.515\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.420\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.438\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.705\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.925\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eT₁ to T₉\u003c/b\u003e represent combinations of organic manures (FYM, Vermicompost, Poultry manure) along with foliar sprays of \u003cb\u003ePanchagavya\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eFish amino acid\u003c/b\u003e, or \u003cb\u003eEgg amino acid\u003c/b\u003e, each combined with \u003cb\u003e3G extract\u003c/b\u003e.\u003cb\u003eT₁₀\u003c/b\u003e is the Control with \u003cb\u003eRecommended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF) @ 30:60:30 NPK kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;\u003c/b\u003e.\u003cb\u003eBolded values\u003c/b\u003e represent the \u003cb\u003emaximum\u003c/b\u003e and \u003cb\u003eminimum\u003c/b\u003e among the treatments.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfluence of Organic Amendments on Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Uptake in Mundu Chilli\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNitrogen Uptake (kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhosphorus Uptake (kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotassium Uptake (kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₁\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₂\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₃\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₄\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₅\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₆\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₇\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₈\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e70.98\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15.35\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e50.35\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₉\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₁₀ (Control)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e40.63\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.64\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSE(d)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.353\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.232\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.670\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCD (0.05%)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.860\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.490\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.420\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eT₁ to T₉\u003c/b\u003e refer to treatments involving various combinations of organic manures (FYM, Vermicompost, Poultry manure) and foliar sprays (Panchagavya, Fish amino acid, or Egg amino acid), all combined with \u003cb\u003e3G extract @ 3%\u003c/b\u003e. \u003cb\u003eT₁₀\u003c/b\u003e is the Control with \u003cb\u003eRecommended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF) @ 30:60:30 NPK kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;\u003c/b\u003e.\u003cb\u003eBolded values\u003c/b\u003e indicate the \u003cb\u003ehighest\u003c/b\u003e and \u003cb\u003elowest\u003c/b\u003e nutrient uptake across treatments.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfluence of Organic Amendments on Soil Physico-Chemical Properties in Mundu Chilli\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment Code\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoil pH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEC (dS m⁻\u0026sup1;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvailable Nitrogen (kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvailable Phosphorus (kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvailable Potassium (kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganic Carbon (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e177.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e184.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e182.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e186.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e172.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e190.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e190.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e195.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e194.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e187.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e197.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e192.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e203.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e197.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e205.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e189.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e167.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e170.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMean\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.41\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.513\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e185.183\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14.892\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e193.314\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.59\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSE(d)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCD (0.05)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eT1 to T10 represent different combinations of organic manures (FYM, Vermicompost, Poultry manure) and organic sprays (Panchagavya, Fish amino acid, Egg amino acid) with 3G extract. T10 is the control with recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF \u0026ndash; 30:60:30 NPK). NS \u0026ndash; Not Significant at 5% level.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFarmyard Manure (FYM)\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFYM exhibited a nearly neutral pH (6.86), which favors optimal nutrient solubility and microbial colonization in the rhizosphere. The low electrical conductivity (EC) of 0.21 dS m⁻\u0026sup1; ensures minimal osmotic stress, particularly important in semi-arid cultivation zones. A high organic carbon (C) content (16.6%) enhances soil organic matter (SOM) levels, improving cation exchange capacity (CEC), aggregate stability, and microbial biomass. The carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C:N) of 17:1 supports slow mineralization of nitrogen (N), resulting in a sustained N supply\u0026mdash;a critical factor for continuous vegetative growth in long-duration chilli varieties. Additionally, FYM contributes phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and trace elements such as iron (Fe), albeit at lower concentrations, necessitating combined usage with nutrient-dense amendments for yield optimization.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eVermicompost\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVermicompost had a slightly alkaline pH (7.48), suitable for neutralizing acidic soils and promoting microbial activity, especially nitrifiers and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria. Its superior water-holding capacity (WHC) of 54% enhances moisture retention during dry spells\u0026mdash;a major agronomic advantage for Mundu chilli, which exhibits shallow root systems. The organic C content (18.5%) and a moderate C:N ratio (14:1) indicate balanced nutrient release. Vermicompost was comparatively rich in N (1.34%), P (0.98%), and K (1.12%), as well as micronutrients such as Fe (980 mg kg⁻\u0026sup1;) and manganese (Mn) (445 mg kg⁻\u0026sup1;), which facilitate enzymatic activation, chlorophyll biosynthesis, and reproductive development in chilli crops. The amendment's fine texture and microbial colonization capacity further support rhizosphere conditioning and plant resilience.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePoultry Manure\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoultry manure emerged as the most nutrient-rich organic amendment, with high levels of N (2.29%), P (1.19%), and K (2.88%). Its low C:N ratio (8.5:1) suggests rapid decomposition and nutrient mineralization, making it ideal for use in early growth stages when nutrient demands are high. The low bulk density (0.47 Mg m⁻\u0026sup3;) enables ease of handling and faster incorporation into soil. However, its elevated EC (1.97 dS m⁻\u0026sup1;) necessitates caution in poorly drained soils to prevent salt accumulation, especially under high-temperature regimes common in Mundu chilli-growing regions. The amendment also contains significant quantities of calcium (Ca, 3.00%) and magnesium (Mg, 1.20%), crucial for cell wall integrity and chlorophyll formation\u0026mdash;both vital for flowering and fruit set in Capsicum species.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePanchagavya\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePanchagavya demonstrated a low pH (5.45) and high EC (10.22 dS m⁻\u0026sup1;), indicating potential acidification and osmotic challenges if overapplied. Nonetheless, its microbial richness\u0026mdash;with lactic acid bacteria (2.26 \u0026times; 10⁶ CFU mL⁻\u0026sup1;) and other beneficial microbes (1.88 \u0026times; 10⁶ CFU mL⁻\u0026sup1;)\u0026mdash;enhances soil microbial diversity and suppresses pathogenic organisms. The presence of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA, 8.5 ppm) and gibberellic acid (GA₃, 3.5 ppm) classifies it as a natural biostimulant, facilitating root initiation, cell expansion, and shoot elongation. While its NPK values are modest, its use in Mundu chilli cultivation can promote root development, flower induction, and nutrient solubilization when combined with other nutrient-rich inputs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFish Amino Acid (FAA)\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFAA exhibited exceptionally high P content (12.58%) and substantial N (6.96%), making it highly effective during the reproductive and fruit-setting stages of chilli. Phosphorus is critical for energy transfer, flowering, and fruit development, while N promotes protein synthesis and chloroplast formation. FAA also contains functional amino acids such as glycine and glutamic acid, which act as chelators and osmoprotectants, improving nutrient uptake and plant tolerance to abiotic stress, including heat and drought\u0026mdash;frequent constraints in chilli agro-ecosystems. Despite its low K (0.85%), FAA enhances metabolic activity, seedling vigor, and resilience, justifying its use in foliar nutrition strategies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eEgg Amino Acid (EAA)\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEAA was the least nutrient-dense (N: 1.2%, P: 0.4%, K: 0.6%), but it contains low molecular weight peptides and free amino acids that activate antioxidant defense systems and improve stomatal regulation. Its bioactive compounds stimulate enzymatic activity and stress-responsive genes, particularly useful under oxidative stress and water deficit conditions, which commonly affect fruit set and capsaicin synthesis in Mundu chilli. Although it lacks substantial macronutrients, EAA serves as a synergistic biostimulant in integrated nutrient management (INM) programs aimed at improving chilli quality attributes such as capsaicin and oleoresin content.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEach organic input evaluated exhibits unique physicochemical characteristics that influence nutrient availability, soil biology, and plant physiological responses. FYM and vermicompost offer structural benefits and moderate nutrient release, while poultry manure provides immediate nutrient supply. Panchagavya, FAA, and EAA, though less nutrient-dense, act as potent biostimulants that enhance plant resilience and functional quality. Optimizing combinations of these inputs can significantly contribute to the sustainable intensification of Mundu chilli cultivation, improving both yield and quality parameters.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Phytotoxicity Tests and Seed Germination Index (SGI)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Seed Germination Index (SGI) is a critical parameter used to assess the impact of organic amendments on seed germination. It provides an insight into the maturity and safety of organic fertilizers, indicating their potential toxicity to seeds. The SGI, by definition, measures the speed and uniformity of seed germination, with a higher value signaling better seed health and growth potential. For \u003cem\u003eCapsicum annuum\u003c/em\u003e (chilli), an SGI exceeding 80% is typically considered to signify compost maturity and indicates no harmful effects on seed germination (Fuchs et al., 2009; Lee et al., 2017).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present study, all organic amendments were found to have no phytotoxic effects on \u003cem\u003eCapsicum annuum\u003c/em\u003e L. seeds, confirming their suitability for agricultural applications. Treatments, particularly those with high nutrient content and bioactive compounds, such as poultry manure and Fish Amino Acid (FAA), performed better in promoting seed germination compared to others. This finding aligns with previous studies that suggest the presence of essential nutrients, along with bioactive compounds from organic sources, enhances seed vigor and overall plant health (Yadav et al., 2014).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong the treatments tested, T₈, which combined Poultry manure (6 t ha⁻\u0026sup1;), FAA (3%), and 3G extract (3%), resulted in the highest SGI, ranging from 88\u0026ndash;98%. This result can be attributed to the balanced nutrient profile of poultry manure, which provides essential macro- and micronutrients that promote vigorous seedling growth (Hasan et al., 2015). Additionally, FAA, rich in amino acids and growth-promoting substances, likely acted as a bio-stimulant, enhancing seed germination and early plant growth. A similar effect has been observed by Ahmad et al. (2016), who reported that FAA can significantly improve seedling establishment by providing essential nitrogen and promoting biochemical processes such as auxin synthesis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₁, consisting of Farmyard manure (FYM), Panchagavya, and 3G extract, displayed a lower SGI of around 75%-85%. Although this combination did not exhibit any phytotoxicity, it was less effective than T₈ in promoting seed germination. The lower performance could be attributed to the relatively slower release of nutrients from FYM, as it has a lower nutrient density compared to poultry manure, which might delay its effectiveness in stimulating germination (Gupta and Sharma, 2016). Panchagavya, while beneficial, contains a wide range of organic compounds whose slow decomposition rate may contribute to a gradual nutrient release, affecting the speed of germination.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe variability in SGI across the treatments underscores the importance of selecting appropriate organic amendments to optimize seed germination. Previous studies have confirmed that the combination of organic amendments with bio-stimulants can significantly improve seed germination rates by providing both nutrients and growth regulators (Ahemad and Kibret, 2014). Furthermore, bio-stimulants like Panchagavya, containing plant growth regulators, have been shown to enhance the vigor and establishment of crops by regulating hormonal balance, improving nutrient uptake, and stimulating root development (Yadav et al., 2014).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.3 Effect of Organic Amendments on Plant height in Mundu Chilli\u003c/b\u003e​\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe application of organic amendments significantly enhanced the vegetative growth of \u003cem\u003eCapsicum annuum\u003c/em\u003e, as evidenced by increased plant height. Treatments incorporating poultry manure, vermicompost, and bio-stimulants such as fish amino acids (FAA), Panchagavya, and 3G extracts outperformed the control, indicating the synergistic effect of these organic components on plant development.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong the treatments, T₈ (poultry manure\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;FAA\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3G extract) exhibited the most pronounced vegetative response. The enhanced plant height under this treatment can be attributed to the integrated release of macro- and micronutrients, particularly nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), from poultry manure, which are critical for meristematic activity and vegetative biomass accumulation (Agbede and Oyewumi \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e); Osadebe et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). FAA further stimulated physiological activity by improving chlorophyll synthesis, enzyme activation, and root vigor, thereby enhancing nutrient uptake efficiency Ali et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, the inclusion of 3G extracts\u0026mdash;rich in growth-regulating bioactive compounds\u0026mdash;may have accelerated cell division and elongation processes Merwad (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe contribution of vermicompost in T₅, a biologically active amendment, likely improved the rhizospheric conditions through enhanced microbial populations and enzyme activities, facilitating better nutrient cycling and root proliferation (Sani, Abdulkadir,Gurjar \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). This biological synergy explains the comparable plant height observed in treatments with vermicompost and FAA.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₇, which included poultry manure, Panchagavya, and 3G extract, also promoted vegetative growth. Panchagavya is known to contain auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellin-like compounds that stimulate cell division and elongation (Wafaa, Rania,El-Shafay \u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) contributing to shoot elongation and internodal growth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn contrast, the control (T₁₀), receiving only the recommended dose of synthetic fertilizers (RDF), resulted in the shortest plants. Although it supplied essential nutrients, it lacked organic matter and microbial stimulants that are critical for improving soil physical structure, microbial activity, and nutrient buffering capacity.The significant variation in plant height across treatments was statistically validated (SEd and CD at 0.05%), underscoring the importance of integrating organic inputs in enhancing crop vegetative growth. The findings suggest that organic amendments, particularly combinations such as T₈, are effective alternatives to synthetic fertilizers for sustainable chilli production.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.4 Effect of Organic Amendments on Flowering and Maturity in Mundu Chilli\u003c/b\u003e​\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe T₈ treatment, consisting of poultry manure, fish amino acid (FAA), and 3G extract, significantly accelerated the reproductive phenology of \u003cem\u003eCapsicum annuum\u003c/em\u003e L. var. S9 Red. Plants under T₈ reached 50% flowering in just 49.20 days, which was 20.80 days earlier than the control (T₁₀), which required 70.00 days. This marked advancement highlights an enhanced physiological transition from vegetative to reproductive growth, attributable to the synergistic effect of nutrient-rich organic inputs. FAA, a bio-formulation rich in essential amino acids, plays a critical role in protein synthesis, chlorophyll formation, and the biosynthesis of plant growth regulators such as auxins and gibberellins, thereby enhancing photosynthetic capacity and cellular activity that expedite floral initiation. These findings are supported by Johari et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) who observed that foliar application of 1% FAA significantly increased plant height, leaf number, and chlorophyll content in okra.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, the T₈ treatment advanced days to first harvest to 75.00 days, compared to 90.00 days in the control, effectively reducing the crop duration by 15 days. This is consistent with the findings of Agbede and Oyewumi (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), who reported that poultry manure improves early maturity in vegetables through its rich nitrogen content and positive influence on soil structure. Additionally, Chawla and Kumar Sharma (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e) noted that poultry manure supplies phosphorus efficiently, supporting reproductive development and energy transfer within the plant system.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results are further corroborated by Gangadhar et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), who demonstrated that integrated organic amendments hastened maturity in chilli more effectively than single-source applications. FAA\u0026rsquo;s known benefits in enhancing chlorophyll content and photosynthetic efficiency, as reported by (Lei et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), likely contributed to increased biomass accumulation and an earlier transition to flowering and fruiting. Interestingly, this contrasts with the report of Adeleye, Ayeni,Adeleye (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e), who found poultry manure alone to have limited effects on earliness when compared to synthetic fertilizers. The superior performance of T₈ in the present study underscores the importance of combining multiple organic sources for holistic nutrient supply and hormonal stimulation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, poultry manure acts as a slow-release source of essential macronutrients (N, P, K), ensuring a sustained nutrient supply during critical crop growth stages. The inclusion of 3G extract may have introduced bioactive molecules that enhanced enzymatic activity and hormonal signaling pathways associated with floral induction. This cumulative impact likely improved source\u0026ndash;sink relationships by enhancing sink strength and nutrient partitioning toward reproductive structures. The resultant early flowering and synchronized fruit development not only facilitate earlier harvesting but also offer significant agronomic advantages such as increased cropping intensity, better market timing, and improved economic returns, particularly under organic cultivation systems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.5 Yield and Yield Attributing Parameters of \u003cem\u003eCapsicum\u003c/em\u003e as Influenced by Organic Amendments\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eField investigations demonstrated that the application of organic amendments significantly influenced both fresh and dry fruit yields in \u003cem\u003eCapsicum annuum\u003c/em\u003e L. Among the treatments, \u003cb\u003eT₈\u003c/b\u003e (poultry manure @ 6 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; + fish amino acid (FAA) @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%) recorded the \u003cb\u003ehighest fresh fruit yield of 6809 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;\u003c/b\u003e, followed by \u003cb\u003eT₅\u003c/b\u003e (vermicompost @ 6 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; + FAA @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%) with \u003cb\u003e6561 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;\u003c/b\u003e, while the control (\u003cb\u003eT₁₀\u003c/b\u003e) registered the \u003cb\u003elowest yield at 4993 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;\u003c/b\u003e. A similar trend was observed in dry fruit yield, with T₈ producing \u003cb\u003e1224.64 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;\u003c/b\u003e, T₅ yielding \u003cb\u003e1163.48 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;\u003c/b\u003e, and T₁₀ recording \u003cb\u003e717.25 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding drying percentage, the control (T₁₀) exhibited the highest value at \u003cb\u003e21.50%\u003c/b\u003e, whereas the lowest drying percentage (\u003cb\u003e18.00%\u003c/b\u003e) was noted in \u003cb\u003eT₈\u003c/b\u003e and \u003cb\u003eT₃\u003c/b\u003e (FYM\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;egg amino acid\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;3G extract), indicating improved moisture retention and possibly enhanced cellular hydration in organically treated fruits.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe \u003cb\u003esuperior yield performance of T₈\u003c/b\u003e can be attributed to the synergistic action of poultry manure, FAA, and 3G extract, which together enhanced soil fertility, nutrient uptake, plant metabolism, and phenological synchronization. Poultry manure is a well-established organic input rich in \u003cb\u003emacronutrients (N, P, K)\u003c/b\u003e and micronutrients such as \u003cb\u003ezinc and copper\u003c/b\u003e, which improve soil structure, microbial activity, and water-holding capacity (Dhaliwal et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Lalkhumliana et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Elgarahy et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). These attributes contribute to enhanced root proliferation, nutrient assimilation, and robust vegetative and reproductive growth in chilli.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFAA, a protein hydrolysate derived from fish waste, functions as a \u003cb\u003ebiostimulant\u003c/b\u003e by promoting enzymatic activity, enhancing \u003cb\u003echlorophyll synthesis\u003c/b\u003e, and supporting \u003cb\u003eprotein metabolism\u003c/b\u003e and \u003cb\u003ephotosynthetic efficiency\u003c/b\u003e (Sun et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Pasković et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).. These physiological enhancements lead to increased flowering, fruit set, and fruit development, culminating in greater yields.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe incorporation of \u003cb\u003e3G extract\u003c/b\u003e\u0026mdash;a natural blend of garlic, ginger, and green chilli\u0026mdash;further amplified plant growth. Its \u003cb\u003ebioactive phytochemicals\u003c/b\u003e, known for \u003cb\u003eantimicrobial\u003c/b\u003e and \u003cb\u003ehormone-stimulating properties\u003c/b\u003e, likely contributed to improved plant health, hormonal balance, and resilience under field conditions (Hayat et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis combination of organic inputs created a \u003cb\u003enutrient-enriched and biologically active rhizosphere\u003c/b\u003e, facilitating an optimal \u003cb\u003esource\u0026ndash;sink relationship\u003c/b\u003e. Enhanced photosynthetic capacity (source) supported strong reproductive sinks (fruits), leading to significant improvements in overall yield (Pawar and Rana \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). These findings align with those of (Sani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), who reported that the integrated application of organic manures and biostimulants significantly enhanced yield and fruit quality in chilli.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, the use of organic amendments contributes to long-term \u003cb\u003esoil fertility\u003c/b\u003e, enhancing its \u003cb\u003ephysical, chemical, and biological properties\u003c/b\u003e, which are essential for sustainable agricultural productivity and environmental conservation (Usharani, Roopashree,Naik \u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, the combined application of poultry manure, fish amino acid, and 3G extract (\u003cb\u003eT₈\u003c/b\u003e) proved most effective in enhancing fresh and dry fruit yield, reducing drying percentage, and promoting crop vigor. These results underscore the potential of \u003cb\u003eorganic nutrient management\u003c/b\u003e as an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers in chilli production systems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.6 Chemical Quality of \u003cem\u003eCapsicum\u003c/em\u003e Fruits Under Organic Amendment Application\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe application of organic amendments significantly influenced the biochemical composition of \u003cem\u003eCapsicum\u003c/em\u003e fruits, improving multiple quality parameters including ascorbic acid, total soluble solids (TSS), calcium, protein, proline, and total phenol content. These enhancements can be attributed to the synergistic effect of nutrient-rich organic inputs and biostimulants on plant metabolism and soil health.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong all treatments, T₈ (Poultry manure @ 6 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; + Fish amino acid @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%) consistently outperformed others across most quality indices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAscorbic acid content was significantly enhanced in organically treated plants. T₈ recorded the highest value of 141.50 mg/100g, followed closely by T₅ (140.00 mg/100g), whereas the control (T₁₀) exhibited the lowest (92.00 mg/100g). This increase is likely due to enhanced soil microbial activity and micronutrient availability, particularly iron and copper\u0026mdash;essential cofactors in the ascorbate biosynthetic pathway. Organic inputs, especially poultry manure and fish amino acid, enrich the rhizosphere with beneficial microbes and enzymatic precursors that facilitate redox cycling and ascorbate production (Abhinav et al. 2025; Farooq et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal soluble solids (TSS) were also significantly improved under organic management. T₈ recorded the highest TSS (10.95 \u0026deg;Brix), followed by T₅ (10.90 \u0026deg;Brix), while the control had the lowest value (6.60 \u0026deg;Brix). Higher TSS levels suggest increased carbohydrate metabolism and sugar accumulation in fruits, often associated with enhanced nitrogen and potassium uptake (Karunarathne et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Organic sources like fish amino acids supply amino acids and growth hormones, which can improve enzymatic activity and photosynthate allocation toward fruit development.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalcium content was highest in T₈ (45.00 mg/100g), followed by T₅ (42.10 mg/100g), while the control recorded only 15.00 mg/100g. Poultry manure is known for its high calcium content and its capacity to improve soil cation exchange capacity (CEC), thereby enhancing calcium bioavailability (Rafique et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, slow nutrient release from organic manures provides a continuous calcium supply that supports cell wall stability and membrane integrity in developing fruits.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtein content increased notably with organic treatments. T₈ recorded the highest protein concentration (11.30 g/100g), while T₁₀ had the lowest (8.80 g/100g). The presence of amino acids and peptides in fish amino acid extract acts as a precursor for protein synthesis and promotes nitrogen assimilation through enhanced glutamine synthetase and nitrate reductase activity (Sun et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, poultry manure supports sustained nitrogen availability, essential for protein biosynthesis and enzyme function.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eProline content, a known indicator of abiotic stress in plants, was inversely related to the quality-enhancing organic treatments. T₁₀ exhibited the highest proline accumulation (210.55 \u0026micro;g/g), while T₈ had the lowest (126.56 \u0026micro;g/g). The reduced proline levels in organically treated plants indicate a lower stress burden, possibly due to improved root-zone aeration, rhizospheric microbial interactions, and balanced nutrient supply (Secomandi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal phenol content, a marker of antioxidant potential, was significantly higher in T₈ (170.65 mg/100g) and T₅ (165.40 mg/100g) compared to the control (120.35 mg/100g). Phenolic compounds play a crucial role in plant defense, antioxidant activity, and shelf-life extension. The enhanced phenol accumulation may be attributed to the stimulatory effect of biostimulants such as fish amino acid and the 3G extract, which can activate the phenylpropanoid pathway and upregulate phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity (Savarese et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe integration of poultry manure, fish amino acid, and 3G extract not only improved essential nutritional traits\u0026mdash;such as ascorbic acid, TSS, calcium, protein, and phenols\u0026mdash;but also mitigated plant stress, as reflected by reduced proline levels. These results underscore the potential of organic nutrient strategies and biostimulants in enhancing the functional quality of \u003cem\u003eCapsicum\u003c/em\u003e fruits while supporting sustainable crop production systems. Such approaches align with agroecological principles and can contribute to healthier produce, improved soil health, and reduced reliance on synthetic inputs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.7 Nutrient Uptake in \u003cem\u003eCapsicum annuum\u003c/em\u003e in Response to Organic Amendments\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe application of organic amendments had a significant impact on the uptake of major macronutrients\u0026mdash;nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)\u0026mdash;in \u003cem\u003eCapsicum annuum\u003c/em\u003e var. Mundu chilli. The highest nutrient uptake was consistently recorded in the T₈ treatment (poultry manure @ 6 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; + fish amino acid @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%), indicating the enhanced nutrient-use efficiency and soil fertility associated with integrated organic management.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNitrogen Uptake\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₈ exhibited the highest nitrogen uptake at 70.98 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;, significantly surpassing the control (T₁₀), which recorded only 38.42 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;. This increase can be attributed to the nitrogen-rich content of poultry manure, which provides both readily available and slow-release nitrogen forms (Chamoli et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). The addition of fish amino acid, rich in amino acids and peptides, may have further promoted root development and enzymatic activity, facilitating efficient nitrogen assimilation (Karunarathne et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Organic inputs are also known to stimulate microbial populations, including nitrogen-fixing bacteria such as \u003cem\u003eAzospirillum\u003c/em\u003e, enhancing N availability through mineralization (Woodward et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhosphorus Uptake\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA similar trend was observed in phosphorus uptake, with T₈ recording the highest value (15.35 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;), followed by T₅ (13.24 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;). Organic amendments, especially poultry manure, have been shown to improve phosphorus availability by producing organic acids during decomposition, which chelate cations and reduce phosphorus fixation in the soil matrix (Adnan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, the stimulation of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) under organic treatments further aids in mobilizing insoluble phosphorus forms, making them accessible to plants (Jin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). The control treatment, devoid of organic amendments, showed minimal phosphorus uptake (5.64 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;), underscoring the limited availability of native phosphorus without organic intervention.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotassium Uptake\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eT₈ also led in potassium uptake (50.35 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;), with T₅ (49.34 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;) closely following. This improvement is attributed to the direct K contribution from poultry manure and vermicompost, which also enhance cation exchange capacity and moisture retention in soils, improving potassium availability (Sharma et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Singh, Badiyala,Ranjha \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Organic matter improves the soil\u0026rsquo;s physical structure and promotes microbial-mediated potassium solubilization, leading to better root uptake efficiency. In contrast, the control (T₁₀) recorded a relatively lower K uptake of 37.56 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;, reflecting the poor potassium availability in soils under conventional fertilization without organic supplementation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese results affirm that the integration of nutrient-dense and biologically active organic amendments can significantly enhance macronutrient uptake, support soil microbial activity, and improve nutrient-use efficiency, thereby promoting sustainable chilli cultivation(Singh \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.8 Effect of Organic Amendments on Soil Nutrient Content\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplication of organic amendments had a pronounced effect on soil nutrient availability. Post-harvest analysis revealed that the T₈ treatment (a combination of poultry manure, fish amino acid, and 3G extract) significantly enhanced soil nutrient content, recording the highest levels of available nitrogen (197.48 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;), phosphorus (17.89 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;), and potassium (205.48 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1;). Conversely, the control (T₁₀) showed the lowest nutrient values\u0026mdash;167.36 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; N, 10.45 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; P, and 170.65 kg ha⁻\u0026sup1; K.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe superior nutrient availability under T₈ is likely due to the cumulative effect of slow-releasing poultry manure and the bio-stimulatory properties of fish amino acids and 3G extracts (Lindquist \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). These organic sources not only supply macro- and micronutrients but also enhance soil microbial activity and organic matter decomposition. Notably, poultry manure improves nitrogen mineralization rates (Piash et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e), while fish amino acids supply readily available nitrogenous compounds that promote microbial activity and plant uptake(Karunarathne et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe enhanced phosphorus availability may be attributed to increased organic acid production from microbial decomposition, which solubilizes phosphate-bound minerals (Dong et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, potassium availability improves due to the chelating effect of organic acids and reduced fixation in clay minerals (Li et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025b\u003c/span\u003e). The inclusion of beneficial microbes like \u003cem\u003eAzospirillum\u003c/em\u003e and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria further facilitates nutrient release through biological fixation and enzymatic processes(Narayanan and Vyshnavi \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese findings are consistent with recent research highlighting the nutrient-enriching potential of integrated organic amendments (Ali et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Alwan, Nihayati,Maghfoer \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), which report improved nutrient cycling, soil fertility, and crop productivity under organic nutrient regimes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.9 Effect of Organic Amendments on Organic Carbon Content and Soil Health\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecent studies have underscored the pivotal role of organic amendments in enhancing soil organic carbon (SOC) content and overall soil health. For instance, a comprehensive analysis revealed that the addition of organic amendments increased SOC by an average of 26.9%, equating to approximately 5.1 Mg C ha⁻\u0026sup1;. This augmentation in SOC is instrumental in improving soil structure, water retention, and nutrient availability, thereby fostering better plant growth and higher nutrient uptake(Cui et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Gao et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Šimkovic et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, the quality and type of organic amendments significantly influence their efficacy. Research indicates that amendments like biochar and compost not only elevate SOC levels but also enhance microbial biomass and soil fertility(Anokye et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). These improvements are crucial for sustaining soil health and ensuring long-term agricultural productivity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the context of your study, the T₈ treatment, which incorporated a combination of poultry manure, fish amino acids, and 3G extracts, recorded the highest organic carbon content at 0.73%, compared to the control's 0.33%. This significant increase aligns with the aforementioned findings, highlighting the effectiveness of integrated organic amendments in enriching SOC and promoting soil health(Anokye et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e; Basir et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).​\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.10 Effect of Organic Amendments on pH and Electrical Conductivity (EC)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA study by (Cui et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) investigated the effects of various organic amendments on soil microbial activity and associated soil properties. They found that the application of organic materials led to a slight decrease in soil pH, attributed to the production of organic acids during microbial decomposition (Cong, Huang,Huang \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). This aligns with the observation that treatments with organic amendments maintained a slightly acidic to neutral pH range (6.99 to 7.45), while the control treatment (T₁₀), lacking such amendments, exhibited a higher pH of 7.45. The study also reported that EC values remained within acceptable ranges, indicating that organic amendments did not contribute to salinity issues (Cui et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).​\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilarly, research by (Kugedera and Kokerai \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e) evaluated the impact of compost and animal manure on soil chemical properties. Their findings indicated that these organic amendments slightly lowered soil pH due to the release of organic acids but did not significantly alter EC levels(Dehghani and Haghighi \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). This suggests that the application of organic amendments can improve soil nutrient availability without adversely affecting soil salinity.​\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, a study by (Rodr\u0026iacute;guez-Berbel et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e)examined the influence of different organic amendments on soil properties and microbial communities. They observed that organic amendments helped stabilize soil pH and maintained EC within optimal ranges, promoting a conducive environment for microbial activity and nutrient uptake(Hao et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.11 Effects of comibination of the Organic Amendments on plant and soil health\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e​Recent studies have provided robust evidence supporting the synergistic effects of combining organic amendments\u0026mdash;such as poultry manure, fish amino acids (FAA), and 3G extracts\u0026mdash;on enhancing plant growth, yield, and soil health. These findings align with the superior performance observed in the T₈ treatment of your study.​ For instance, (Li et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025a\u003c/span\u003e) demonstrated that diverse carbon amendments can significantly benefit plant growth and improve long-term soil health. Similarly, a study by (Pandey et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) highlighted that the co-application of biochar and compost enhances soil and plant productivity, emphasizing the importance of combining different organic inputs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, recent research has shown that integrating bio-organic fertilizers with various soil amendments can comprehensively improve soil quality and enhance crop yield (Xiao et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e) These studies collectively suggest that the combined use of organic amendments creates a nutrient-rich environment, maximizes nutrient uptake efficiency, and supports sustainable soil health.​ In contrast, reliance solely on chemical fertilizers (Recommended Dose of Fertilizers - RDF) has been associated with lower nutrient uptake and diminished soil health over time. The findings from your study, where the T₈ treatment outperformed the control, corroborate these observations and underscore the benefits of integrating multiple organic amendments for sustainable agricultural practices (Khan, Aleinikovienė,Butkevičienė \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).​\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Limitations of the Study","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted under specific agro-climatic conditions and a single season, which may limit the generalizability of the results across different environments and cropping systems. The lack of long-term assessment restricts conclusions on cumulative effects on soil organic carbon, nutrient cycling, and microbial dynamics. Variability in the nutrient composition of organic inputs such as poultry manure and FAA was not standardized, potentially influencing treatment consistency.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study demonstrates the significant benefits of organic amendments, particularly the T₈ treatment (Poultry manure @ 6 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; + Fish amino acid @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%), in enhancing soil fertility, plant growth, and crop yield in Capsicum annuum. This combination outperformed other treatments, promoting vigorous growth, early flowering, higher yields, and improved fruit quality. Organic amendments also enhanced soil health by increasing nutrient availability, organic carbon, and microbial activity, while reducing stress markers like proline. In contrast, chemical fertilizers (control) showed inferior results, highlighting the limitations of conventional practices. These findings underscore the potential of organic farming as a sustainable alternative, offering both environmental and economic benefits.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"6. Future recommendations","content":"\u003cp\u003eFuture research should aim to optimize the ratios and application rates of poultry manure, fish amino acid, and 3G extract for diverse crops and soil types. Long-term field trials are necessary to assess their sustained effects on soil health parameters such as organic carbon, microbial diversity, and nutrient cycling, in comparison to chemical fertilizers. Crop-specific evaluations will help determine broader applicability across economically important species. Economic analyses should be conducted to evaluate cost-effectiveness at scale. Integrating organic amendments with precision farming and efficient irrigation methods may enhance nutrient use efficiency and reduce inputs. Their potential role in mitigating abiotic stresses (e.g., drought, salinity, temperature extremes) and improving climate resilience warrants further investigation. Studies on soil microbial interactions, particularly with beneficial microbes like nitrogen-fixers and phosphorus solubilizers, can deepen understanding of nutrient dynamics. Farmer education and extension programs are essential for effective adoption, supported by policies such as subsidies and certification for organic farming. Additionally, utilizing agricultural and industrial waste as organic inputs could support sustainable waste management and circular economy goals. These directions will reinforce the role of organic amendments in advancing sustainable and resilient agriculture.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to extend their sincere gratitude to Dr. S. Vallalkannan for his invaluable guidance, support, and expertise throughout the course of this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contribution\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVasanthkumar SS Prepared the manuscript and did the research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was conducted without any financial support or funding from any external sources.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData relevant to this study can be provided upon request from the corresponding author\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe collection of plants and plant parts used in this study adhered to local and national regulations. Since the chosen plant species is commonly cultivated within the research country, no special permissions or licenses were necessary for its use in the research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;All authors have consent for publication of manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo clinical trail was conducted in this study\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbhinav, Sharma N, Chauhan P, Kumar P, Sharma N, Rathore MS (2025) Organic Alternatives Improve Growth, Yield and Soil Attributes of Strawberry (Fragaria\u0026times; Ananassa Duch.) Cv.\u0026lsquo;Sweet Charlie\u0026rsquo;. 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In: Earthworms and Vermicomposting: Species, Procedures and Crop Application. Springer, pp 135\u0026ndash;146\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWang G, Yang Y, Kong Y, Ma R, Yuan J, Li G (2022) Key factors affecting seed germination in phytotoxicity tests during sheep manure composting with carbon additives. Journal of Hazardous Materials 421:126809\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWiller H, Tr\u0026aacute;vn\u0026iacute;ček J, Schlatter B (2024) The world of organic agriculture. Statistics and emerging trends 2024.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWoodward LP, Sible CN, Seebauer JR, Below FE (2025) Soil inoculation with nitrogen-fixing bacteria to supplement maize fertilizer need. 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Soil and Tillage Research 248:106433. doi:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2024.106433\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.still.2024.106433\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Plates","content":"\n\u003cp\u003ePlates 1 to 12 are available in the Supplementary Files section\u003c/p\u003e\n"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-applied-sciences","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Applied Sciences](https://link.springer.com/journal/42452)","snPcode":"42452","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/42452/3","title":"Discover Applied Sciences","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Cattle manure, Organic farming, Soil quality, Soil ecology and Organic fertilizer","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6083487/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6083487/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe study aims to investigate the effects of various organic amendments and bio-stimulants on soil fertility, plant growth, and yield in \u003cem\u003eCapsicum annuum\u003c/em\u003e (chilli) cultivation. The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of these treatments as sustainable alternatives to conventional chemical fertilizers. Ten treatments were applied, including combinations of organic amendments such as farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost, poultry manure, and bio-stimulants like Panchagavya, Fish amino acid, and Egg amino acid, alongside the control treatment of recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) at a 30:60:30 NPK ratio. The treatments tested included FYM, vermicompost, and poultry manure, each combined with different bio-stimulants and 3G extract at 3%. The results revealed that the treatment T₈ (Poultry manure @ 6 t ha⁻\u0026sup1; + Fish amino acid @ 3% + 3G extract @ 3%) was the most effective, achieving the highest fresh fruit yield (6809 kg/ha) and dry fruit yield (1224.64 kg/ha). It also improved key fruit quality parameters such as ascorbic acid (141.50 mg/100g), total soluble solids (10.95 \u0026deg;Brix), and calcium content (45.00 mg/100g). Organic amendments significantly enhanced soil health by increasing organic carbon content, nutrient availability, and microbial activity, while reducing stress markers like proline. In contrast, the control treatment (RDF 30:60:30 NPK) showed inferior performance in growth, yield, and soil health. These findings suggest that the combination of organic amendments and bio-stimulants offers a promising alternative to chemical fertilizers, promoting sustainable agricultural practices that improve both crop productivity and environmental resilience. Future research should focus on optimizing these organic inputs for broader agricultural applications.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Enhancing Soil Fertility and Crop Productivity in Capsicum annuum through Organic Amendments and Bio-Stimulants in Southern Zone of India","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-28 08:41:45","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6083487/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-05-08T17:59:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-04-29T13:15:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"217294445669656759598372447472708823053","date":"2025-04-28T10:03:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-04-24T20:18:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"338279145427788672045732408357763237419","date":"2025-04-24T09:59:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-04-24T09:47:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-04-24T08:50:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Applied Sciences","date":"2025-04-19T11:01:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-applied-sciences","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Applied Sciences](https://link.springer.com/journal/42452)","snPcode":"42452","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/42452/3","title":"Discover Applied Sciences","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f0b83292-dafc-4618-825f-cb91f892680c","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 28th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-06-19T10:53:44+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-28 08:41:45","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6083487","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6083487","identity":"rs-6083487","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}