Multiscale structural engineering endows tetragonal tungsten bronze relaxor ferroelectrics with excellent energy storage capabilities

Multiscale structural engineering endows tetragonal tungsten bronze relaxor ferroelectrics with excellent energy storage capabilities | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Multiscale structural engineering endows tetragonal tungsten bronze relaxor ferroelectrics with excellent energy storage capabilities Peng Fu, saifei wang, Juntao Huang, Guangyao Li, Tao Yang, Haihua Huang, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8527989/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Lead-free relaxor ferroelectric ceramics are promising for pulsed-power systems due to their ultrafast discharge and high power density, yet their practical use remains limited by low breakdown strength and insufficient energy-storage density. Here, we report Ba 2 La 1 − x Bi x Ti 2 Nb 3 O 15 (BLBTN- x ) ceramics with a tetragonal tungsten bronze structure, which achieve a recoverable energy density of 14.39 J/cm 3 and an efficiency of 87.69% under an ultrahigh field of 1400 kV/cm—the highest performance reported in this material family. By combining experiments, first-principles calculations, and finite-element simulations, we unravel a multiscale structural optimization mechanism. Bi 3+ incorporation induces oxygen-octahedral distortion that disrupts long-range order and enhances relaxation behavior. Concurrent grain refinement and bandgap widening substantially raise the breakdown strength, leading to superior energy-storage properties. Moreover, the material exhibits excellent stability against variations in temperature, frequency, and fatigue cycles. This work establishes a viable design strategy for tetragonal-tungsten-bronze dielectrics with superior energy-storage performance. Physical sciences/Materials science Physical sciences/Materials science/Condensed-matter physics Physical sciences/Materials science/Condensed-matter physics/Ferroelectrics and multiferroics Energy storage characteristics Tungsten bronze structure Relaxor ferroelectric ceramic Multiscale structural optimization Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Supplementary Files supportingmaterials.docx Multiscale Structural Engineering Enables Superior Energy Storage in Tetragonal Tungsten Bronze Relaxor Ferroelectrics Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8527989","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":572385810,"identity":"bec5a57c-dac2-41d6-84b3-b64e77fe7e21","order_by":0,"name":"Peng 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capabilities","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"nature-portfolio","isNatureJournal":true,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Nature Portfolio","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":false,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Energy storage characteristics, Tungsten bronze structure, Relaxor ferroelectric ceramic, Multiscale structural optimization","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8527989/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8527989/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eLead-free relaxor ferroelectric ceramics are promising for pulsed-power systems due to their ultrafast discharge and high power density, yet their practical use remains limited by low breakdown strength and insufficient energy-storage density. Here, we report Ba\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eLa\u003csub\u003e1\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003eBi\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003eTi\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eNb\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003e (BLBTN-\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e) ceramics with a tetragonal tungsten bronze structure, which achieve a recoverable energy density of 14.39 J/cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e and an efficiency of 87.69% under an ultrahigh field of 1400 kV/cm\u0026mdash;the highest performance reported in this material family. By combining experiments, first-principles calculations, and finite-element simulations, we unravel a multiscale structural optimization mechanism. Bi\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e incorporation induces oxygen-octahedral distortion that disrupts long-range order and enhances relaxation behavior. Concurrent grain refinement and bandgap widening substantially raise the breakdown strength, leading to superior energy-storage properties. Moreover, the material exhibits excellent stability against variations in temperature, frequency, and fatigue cycles. This work establishes a viable design strategy for tetragonal-tungsten-bronze dielectrics with superior energy-storage performance.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Multiscale structural engineering endows tetragonal tungsten bronze relaxor ferroelectrics with excellent energy storage capabilities","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-13 04:24:43","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8527989/v1","editorialEvents":[],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"nature-communications","isNatureJournal":true,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"NCOMMS","sideBox":"Learn more about [Nature Communications](http://www.nature.com/ncomms/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://mts-ncomms.nature.com/","title":"Nature Communications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"Nature Communications","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d7c75d4e-4856-4fd7-a531-b55ceaf72c87","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 13th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":60913720,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science"},{"id":60913721,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science/Condensed-matter physics"},{"id":60913722,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science/Condensed-matter physics/Ferroelectrics and multiferroics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-07T15:26:43+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-13 04:24:43","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8527989","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8527989","identity":"rs-8527989","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}