Comparative Effects of Tirzepatide and Semaglutide on Asthma-Related Complications: A Target Trial Emulation Using the TriNetX Networks

Comparative Effects of Tirzepatide and Semaglutide on Asthma-Related Complications: A Target Trial Emulation Using the TriNetX Networks | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Comparative Effects of Tirzepatide and Semaglutide on Asthma-Related Complications: A Target Trial Emulation Using the TriNetX Networks Brian Shiian Chen, Iok-Kei Tang, Jen-Yu Lo, Jing-Yang Huang, Chen Dong, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7126343/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objective Tirzepatide and semaglutide are widely administered for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or obesity. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the overall impact of these medications on patients with asthma. Patients and Methods This retrospective cohort was based on data from the TriNetX US Collaborative Network for patients who received either tirzepatide or semaglutide between June 1, 2022, and December 1, 2023. After propensity score matching on baseline profile, 2,239 patients were indentifed in both cohorts. The follow-up started from Day 1 after drug initiation, and continued up to Day 365. Results Compared to the semaglutide cohort, the tirzepatide cohort had higher risks of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) (HR = 1.122; 95% CI: 1.015–1.239; p = 0.024) and sleep apnea (HR = 1.115; 95% CI: 1.014–1.226; p = 0.024). Subgroup analysis on patients with T2DM found that the risk for OSA (HR = 1.252; 95% CI: 1.021–1.534; p = 0.030) and sleep apnea (HR = 1.273; 95% CI: 1.050–1.544; p = 0.014) were also elevated. For patients without T2DM, the use of tirzepatide was related to a lower risk of receiving antiasthmatic bronchodilators (HR = 0.860; 95% CI: 0.745–0.993; p = 0.040). Conclusion Tirzepatide use in asthma patients, particularly those with coexisting T2DM, may be associated with a higher risk of OSA compared to semaglutide. In asthma patients without T2DM, tirzepatide may reduce the need for bronchodilators. Semaglutide Tirzepatide Diabetes Asthma Figures Figure 1 Introduction Asthma is a chronic condition in the airway, marked by chronic inflammation and obstruction. Symptoms like dyspnea, cough, and chest tightness are commonly presented in individuals across all age groups [1]. In recent years, a parallel rise in obesity and asthma has led to speculation about a interconnection between these comorbid conditions [2]. Overweight individuals have been found to respond poorly to asthma treatments and experience more severe symptoms [3]. Notably, clinical evidence suggests that intentional weight loss in asthma patients may lead to better asthma control and symptomatic outcomes, further reinforcing the link between obesity and asthma [4]. Additionally, diabetes mellitus (DM) is another complication associated with an increased risk of asthma development and exacerbation. Although the link between asthma and DM is not fully elucidated, a hyperglycemic state in patients with asthma could lead to more microangiopathy and inflammation, damaging the alveolar-capillary network of lungs [5, 6]. Among emerging treatments for obesity and DM, tirzepatide stands out as a dual agonist of both glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors, stimulating the release of insulin from the beta cells of pancreas [7]. It has also been shown to delay gastric emptying, suppress appetite, and lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, contributing to significant weight loss [7, 8]. Similarly, semaglutide, another widely used GLP-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA), aids metabolic regulation by enhancing insulin sensitivity and promoting satiety [9]. Beyond their role in weight management and glycemic control, growing evidence suggests that GLP-1RAs may exert beneficial effects on the respiratory system. Initially developed for DM, these agents have been associated with reduced airway inflammation, decreased bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and mitigation of structural changes linked to chronic asthma [10]. GLP-1 receptors are broadly expressed on lung tissue, and their activation has been shown to reduce pulmonary fibrosis by upregulating surfactant production and downregulating collagen synthesis [11]. Preclinical studies have further demonstrated that tirzepatide may suppress allergic airway responses more effectively than semaglutide in mouse models of obesity-associated asthma [12]. In real-world settings, GLP-1RAs have also been associated with a lower risk of asthma exacerbations among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), performing better in this regard than other antidiabetic agents such as insulin, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, or sulfonylureas [13]. Overall, these observations suggest that both semaglutide and tirzepatide may offer respiratory benefits in addition to their known metabolic advantages for patients with comorbid asthma. Building on this evidence, this study aims to evaluate whether these agents could benefit individuals living with both asthma and metabolic conditions. To this end, we conducted a retrospective cohort study using data from the TriNetX U.S. Collaborative Network to assess the overall effects of tirzepatide and semaglutide. Methods Data Source This is a retrospective cohort study that utilized data on the TriNetX U.S. Collaborative Network, which is a vast international healthcare database that consolidates de-identified electronic medical records (EMRs) from a wide array of healthcare institutions in the United States. The extraction of data and statistical analysis for this research took place on May 6, 2025. The dataset encompassed a comprehensive range of clinical datasets. It included demographic details such as age at index, gender, and ethnicity, alongside clinical data. Diagnoses were categorized according to the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM), while laboratory results were standardized using Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC). Healthcare utilization records and medical procedural history were coded based on either the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes or International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Procedure Coding System (ICD-10-PCS). Medication records were organized through the Veterans Affairs National Formulary (VA), RxNorm, and the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification System. Ethics Statement The TriNetX database adheres to all relevant regulations on privacy, The data analyzed in this study is a secondary evaluation of existing information, with no intervention or interaction involving human subjects. It has been de-identified in accordance with the standard outlined in Section §164.514(a) of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule. The de-identification process has been formally validated by a qualified expert, as specified in Section §164.514(b)(1) of the HIPAA Privacy Rule. This expert determination was last reaffirmed in December 2020. This study has obtained ethics approval from the [XXX] review board [#XXX]. Subject Selection of study participants In our study, eligible participants were patients with a documented diagnosis of asthma (ICD-10-CM J45) between June 1, 2022, and December 1, 2023 (n = 1,473,237). These patients had to have a record for either tirzepatide or semaglutide during this period of time. These medications could only be administered after having a diagnosis with asthma at the age of at least 18 years. Next, the patients were divided into two study groups based on the GLP1-RA used, the tirzepatide cohort (n=5,769) or the semaglutide cohort (n=41,073). Patients who passed away on the same day or before using the either semaglutide or tirzepatide were not allowed to enter the study. These patients would be excluded if they did not have a record for the diagnosis of asthma at the age of at least 18 years. They would also not be considered eligible if they did not have a record for asthma at least one year after the initiations of therapeutics. For the tirzepatide cohort, individuals who had taken tirzepatide or semaglutide before May 31, 2022, or who had taken semaglutide after December 2, 2023 were excluded. The reverse criteria were applied to the semaglutide cohort. Following these selection criteria, 2,246 patients in the tirzepatide cohort and 19,037 in the semaglutide cohort met the final inclusion requirements (Figure 1). The tirzepatide cohort and the semaglutide cohort were therefore matched using propensity score matching (PSM) at a ratio of 1:1, based on age at index, gender, ethnicity, type 1 DM (ICD-10-CM E10), T2DM (ICD-10-CM E11) disorders of other endocrine glands (ICD-10-CM E20-E35), diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (ICD-10-CM M00-M99), neoplasms (ICD-10-CM C00-D49), certain disorders involving the immune mechanism (ICD-10-CM D80-D89), diseases of the circulatory system (ICD-10-CM I00-I99), vasomotor and allergic rhinitis (ICD-10-CM J30), chronic rhinitis, nasopharyngitis and pharyngitis (ICD-10-CM J31), chronic sinusitis (ICD-10-CM J32), other and unspecified disorders of nose and nasal sinuses (ICD-10-CM J34), emphysema (ICD-10-CM J43), other chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ICD-10-CM J44), anophthalmos, microphthalmos and microphthalmos (ICD-10-CM Q11), cleft lip and cleft palate (ICD-10-CM Q35-Q37), other congenital malformations (ICD-10-CM Q80-Q89) persons with potential health hazards related to communicable diseases (deprecated 2018) (ICD-10-CM Z20-Z28), tobacco use (ICD-10-CM Z72.0), family history of certain disabilities and chronic diseases (leading to disablement) (CD-10-CM Z82). The participants of the study were also matched based on surgical procedures and use of continuous positive airway pressure ventilation (CPAP). Diabetes medications and asthma biologics were also balanced among study participants, which included metformin, empagliflozin, glipizide, glimepiride, pioglitazone, linagliptin, sitagliptin, dapagliflozin, canagliflozin, ertugliflozin, repaglinide, glyburide, acarbose, nateglinide, alogliptin, saxagliptin, insulin, dulaglutide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, mepolizumab, benralizumab, tezepelumab, omalizumab and dupilumab. Laboratory data on body mass index (BMI), number of eosinophils/100 leukocytes in blood, cholesterol in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) [Mass/volume] in serum or plasma, hemoglobin A1c/hemoglobin.total in blood, and cholesterol in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) [Mass/volume] in serum or plasma, were also included in the process of PSM. Following PSM, 2,239 individuals were identified in each of the tirzepatide and semaglutide cohorts. The index date was defined as the initiation date of either tirzepatide or semaglutide treatment. A standardized difference of less than 0.1 was considered indicative of a negligible statistical difference. Subgroup analyses For the T2DM subgroup, the patients had to have a record for T2DM (ICD-10-CM E11) between June 1, 2022, and December 1, 2023, along with laboratory results showing hemoglobin A1c/hemoglobin.total in blood at least or above 6.5 % based on the most recent data. These criteria also had to be met one year before and after the initiation of either semaglutide or tirzepatide. For the non-T2DM subgroup, the patients had no record for T2DM (ICD-10-CM E11) at any time in the database. Outcomes of the study The hazard ratio (HR) for the risk of certain results were evaluated. The outcomes observed from Day 1 till Day 365 after the use of tirzepatide or semaglutide were: deceased, use of epinephrine (RXNORM 3992), use of systemic corticosteroid (ATC H02), long term use of inhaled corticosteroid (ICD-10-CM Z79.51), use of inhaled sympathomimetic bronchodilators (VA RE102), use of oral sympathomimetic bronchodilators (VA RE103), use of anticholinergic bronchodilators (VA RE105), use of leukotriene receptor antagonist (ATC R03DC), use of magnesium sulfate (RXNORM 6585), use of Antiasthma/bronchodilators (VA RE100), use of xanthine derivative bronchodilator (VA RE104), use of theophylline (RXNORM 10438), nausea (ICD-10-CM R11), vomiting (ICD-10-CM R11.1), wheezing (ICD-10-CM R06.2), cough (ICD-10-CM R05), dyspnea (ICD-10-CM R06.0), bronchiectasis (ICD-10-CM J47), acute bronchiolitis (ICD-10-CM J21), bronchitis, not specified as acute or chronic (ICD-10-CM J40), lower respiratory tract infection (ICD-10-CM J22), respiratory failure (ICD-10-CM J960), pneumonia, unspecified organism (ICD-10-CM J18), other chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ICD-10-CM J44), obstructive sleep apnea (ICD-10-CM G47.33), sleep apnea (ICD-10-CM G47.3), central sleep apnea (ICD-10-CM G47.37), gastroesophageal reflux disease (ICD-10-CM K21), gastro esophageal reflux disease with esophagitis (ICD-10-CM K21.0), gastroesophageal reflux disease without esophagitis (ICD-10-CM K21.9), osteoporosis (ICD-10-CM M81.0), cataract (ICD-10-CM H25, H26), fracture (ICD-10-CM S42.009), other anxiety disorders (ICD-10-CM F41), depressive episode (ICD-10-CM F32), insomnia (ICD-10-CM G47.0). The p-value was calculated using the log-rank test, with a value less than 0.05 considered having statistical significance. Results The Baseline Profiles and Characteristics of the study participants The baseline characteristics of the study participants are presented in Table 1. In the tirzepatide cohort, the mean age was 53.4 ± 12.5 years, with the majority of participants being female (75.1%) and White (70.5%). Similarly, in the semaglutide cohort, the mean age was 53.7 ± 13.3 years, with females comprising 75.5% of the group and White patients accounting for 72.1%. Comorbid conditions, medical procedures, use of antidiabetic medications, antiasthma biologics, and laboratory parameters were evenly distributed between the two cohorts, supporting the comparability of the study groups (Table 1). Overall Outcomes and Risk Analyses In our analysis, individuals receiving tirzepatide exhibited a higher risk of several asthma-related complications, including obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) (HR = 1.122; 95% CI: 1.015–1.239; p = 0.024) and sleep apnea (HR = 1.115; 95% CI: 1.014–1.226; p = 0.024). For OSA, a sustained separation of curves over time was also found throughout the study period (Figure E1), with the tirzepatide cohort consistently demonstrated a higher risk of developing the symptoms. However, no significant differences were observed between the two cohorts with respect to mortality or the use of asthma-related treatments. Furthermore, there were no significant between-group differences in the risks of nausea, vomiting, wheezing, cough, dyspnea, bronchiectasis, acute bronchiolitis, unspecified acute or chronic bronchitis, lower respiratory tract infection, respiratory failure, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease (with or without esophagitis), osteoporosis, cataract, fracture, anxiety disorders, depressive episodes, or insomnia. The follow-up period began the day after the index event and continued through the first year. A summary of outcome incidences is presented in Table 2. Subgroup Analyses Stratified by Patients with or without T2DM We also conducted subgroup analyses of patients with asthma, stratified by the presence or absence of T2DM, as summarized in Tables 3 and 4. Among patients with both asthma and T2DM, those treated with tirzepatide showed a higher risk of experiencing OSA (HR = 1.252; 95% CI: 1.021–1.534; p = 0.030) and sleep apnea (HR = 1.273; 95% CI: 1.050–1.544; p = 0.014) compared to those receiving semaglutide (Table 3). Throughout the study period, the cumulative risk for OSA remained separated, indicating an increased risk of experiencing OSA in the tirzepatide cohort (Figure E2). In contrast, among patients with asthma but without a T2DM diagnosis, tirzepatide use was associated with a significantly lower likelihood of receiving asthma-related treatments such as epinephrine (HR = 0.633; 95% CI: 0.427–0.938; p = 0.021), leukotriene receptor antagonists (HR = 0.730; 95% CI: 0.562–0.948; p = 0.018), and other antiasthmatic bronchodilators (HR = 0.860; 95% CI: 0.745–0.993; p = 0.040), compared to those on semaglutide (Table 4). A separation of the curves was observed throughout the study period, with the semaglutide cohort consistently exhibiting a higher risk of antiasthmatic bronchodilator use (Figure E3). Additionally, the tirzepatide cohort was found to have a reduced risk of complications including nausea (HR = 0.650; 95% CI: 0.424–0.996; p = 0.046) and pneumonia due to unspecified organisms (HR = 0.254; 95% CI: 0.111–0.584; p < 0.001). Discussion In this study, we found that in patients with asthma, tirzepatide users could have an elevated risk in developing OSA and sleep apnea compared to semaglutide users. A similar finding was noted in patients with asthma and T2DM, where tirzepatide was associated with a higher risk of OSA and sleep apnea. Nonetheless, in patients with asthma but without T2DM, the use of tirzepatide could lead to a reduction in the use of epinephrine, leukotriene receptor antagonists, and other antiasthmatic bronchodilators, compared to semaglutide. We also found that in this subgroup of study participants, tirzepatide could lower the risk of nausea and pneumonia caused by unspecified organisms. Numerous studies have highlighted the coexistence of OSA and asthma, suggesting a reciprocal relationship between upper and lower airway diseases, with individuals with asthma being two to three times more likely to develop OSA [14]. Though the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, several factors have been proposed. For instance, the chronic use of inhaled corticosteroid in treating asthma could lead to the deposition of drugs in the mouth and pharynx. The local effects of corticosteroid could cause interstitial edema in the upper airway wall, myopathy in and pharyngeal muscles, reduced power generated by genioglossus or even the accumulation of fat in the pharynx, which ultimately promote the occurrence of OSA [15]. Obesity could further exacerbate this condition by narrowing the airway lumen with fat deposition [16]. Additionally, asthma-induced negative inspiratory pressure during asthma attacks can collapse pharyngeal tissues, worsening OSA symptoms in these patients [17]. In the SURMOUNT-OSA trial, tirzepatide was used as a treatment for OSA and obesity in comparison to the placebo group. The study population was divided into two cohorts, without (trial 1) or with (trial 2) the support of positive airway pressure (PAP) [18]. Prominent results were exhibited in the trial, in which tirzepatide contributed to a difference by approximately -20.0 and -23.8 events per hour in the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) in trial 1 and 2, respectively. This led to the approval of tirzepatide as the first medication in treating OSA on December 20, 2024 [19]. Previous studies also noted that reducing tongue fat would lower AHI in OSA patients, which could be achieved by the use of GLP1-RA [20, 21]. However, in our study, the cutoff date of the follow-up was December 1, 2024, meaning that patients were less likely to use tirzepatide for OSA. Besides, the unique asthma phenotype was not fully explored in the clinical trial, highlighting a gap in current evidence. Our analysis found that patients on tirzepatide were more likely to have OSA records within one year compared to those on semaglutide, despite similar corticosteroid use and balanced risk factors (BMI, rhinitis, obesity, PAP use) after PSM. This suggests that semaglutide may be better suited for OSA management in asthmatic patients. One possible explanation is tirzepatide’s dual GLP-1/GIP action, which induced faster fat loss than semaglutide, potentially destabilizing airway structures which was propped by fat scaffolding. This, coupled with negative inspiratory pressure in asthma, may worsen OSA symptoms. Further research is needed to confirm these findings. All types of GLP1-RA have been widely used as an effective approach toward weight management in people without T2DM [22]. Notably, obesity is recognized as a major risk factor in the worsening of asthma [23]. Recently, findings from the SURMOUNT-5 trial, comparing tirzepatide to semaglutide in the treatment of obesity, were published. The trial reported a mean body weight reduction of 20.2% in the tirzepatide group, compared to 13.7% in the semaglutide group after 72 weeks of treatment [8]. We extended this knowledge by finding that the use of tirzepatide, compared to semaglutide, was related to a lower risk of using antiasthmatic bronchodilators in patients with asthma but did not have a record for T2DM. A similar trend was observed with the use of other asthma-related medications, including epinephrine and leukotriene receptor antagonists. Previous research has shown that obesity could elevate the risk of airway inflammation and impaired lung function [24]. Visceral adipose tissue, in particular, may release higher levels of leptin and cytokines (e.g., interleukin-6 [IL-6] and IL-8), which can exacerbate asthma by promoting systemic inflammation and airway remodeling [25]. Thus, by acting on both GLP-1 and GIP receptors, tirzepatide may induce greater weight loss, thereby reducing obesity-related asthma risk [23, 26]. Additionally, GLP-1 receptors are abundantly expressed in lung tissue and are thought to regulate surfactant secretion [27]. In previous research, GIP receptor and GLP-1 receptor signaling exhibited great potential in inhibiting allergen-induced airway inflammation, suggesting a pleiotropic anti-inflammatory effects on the lungs [28]. Although their role against lung inflammation has yet been fully elucidated, other studies have found the effect of GLP-1RA in attenuating lung fibrosis, a hallmark of long-term asthma due to airway remodeling [29, 30]. Asthmatic individuals are also more susceptible to respiratory infections due to impaired interferon responses in dendritic and mononuclear cells [31]. In our study, patients treated with tirzepatide exhibited a lower risk of developing pneumonia. These protective effects may stem from tirzepatide’s dual GLP-1/GIP receptor activity, which could enhance anti-inflammatory responses in the respiratory tract and limit airway remodeling. Although the incidence of pneumonia was low, clinicians should exercise caution in managing patients at risk. Further research is warranted to fully understand the pulmonary pharmacological effects of GLP-1RAs. There are several limitations to this study. First, it was based on secondary data, which may contain inaccuracies beyond our control and could have influenced the results. Second, asthma severity could not be accurately assessed due to the lack of standardized indicators in the electronic health record database; spirometric measures such as forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were available for only a very small subset of patients in the database. Third, we were unable to evaluate eosinophilic and neutrophilic inflammation in the lungs directly. Instead, we could only rely on peripheral blood eosinophil counts to balance the study groups, which may not accurately reflect pulmonary cell composition. Fourth, we did not analyze changes in body weight following GLP-1RA use, as the reduction in weight could have a systemic effect on the outcome of asthma and asthma-related complications. Lastly, important confounding variables such as environmental exposures, family history of asthma, and lifestyle factors could not be accounted for due to limitations in the dataset. These factors should be considered in future studies to better understand the relationship between GLP-1RA use, asthma, and OSA. Conclusion Tirzepatide use in asthma patients, particularly those with coexisting T2DM, may be associated with a higher risk of OSA compared to semaglutide. In asthma patients without T2DM, tirzepatide may reduce the need for bronchodilators. Abbreviations DM: diabetes mellitus; GIP: glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1; GLP-1RA: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; SGLT-2: sodium-glucose co-transporter-2; DPP-4: dipeptidyl peptidase-4; EMRs: electronic medical records; ICD-10-CM: International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification; LOINC: Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes; CPT: Current Procedural Terminology; ICD-10-PCS:International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Procedure Coding System; VA: Veterans Affairs National Formulary; ATC: Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical; HIPAA: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act; PSM: propensity score matching; CPAP: continuous positive airway pressure ventilation; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: level of cholesterol in high-density lipoprotein; HR: hazard ratio; BMI; body mass index; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; OSA: obstructive sleep apnea; CI: confidence interval; AHI: apnea-hypopnea index; IL: interleukin; Declarations Declaration of Conflict of interests: The authors declare they have no conflict of interest. Funding: This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Presentation: The results of this study have not been published elsewhere or presented before at any conference. Data Availability Statement: The data contained in this article could only be shared on request to the corresponding author. Human Ethics and Consent to Participate declarations: not applicable Author Contribution: Brian Shiian Chen was responsible for conceptualizing the study, performing data analysis and drafting the manuscript. Iok-Kei Tang and Jen-Yu Lo managed data curation. Jing-Yang Huang verified the data analysis. Chen Dong and Chun Hsien Wu provided to administrative supports. Fu-Shun Yen validated the project. James Cheng-Chung Wei supervised and oversaw the entire project. References Porsbjerg, C., et al., Asthma. Lancet, 2023. 401 (10379): p. 858-873. Eder, W., M.J. Ege, and E. von Mutius, The asthma epidemic. N Engl J Med, 2006. 355 (21): p. 2226-35. Peters, U., A.E. Dixon, and E. Forno, Obesity and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2018. 141 (4): p. 1169-1179. Juel, C.T., et al., Asthma and obesity: does weight loss improve asthma control? a systematic review. J Asthma Allergy, 2012. 5 : p. 21-6. Khateeb, J., E. Fuchs, and M. Khamaisi, Diabetes and Lung Disease: A Neglected Relationship. Rev Diabet Stud, 2019. 15 : p. 1-15. Torres, R.M., et al., Association between Asthma and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Mechanisms and Impact on Asthma Control-A Literature Review. Can Respir J, 2021. 2021 : p. 8830439. Forzano, I., et al., Tirzepatide: A Systematic Update. Int J Mol Sci, 2022. 23 (23). Aronne, L.J., et al., Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med, 2025. Fonseca, V.A., et al., Reductions in Insulin Resistance are Mediated Primarily via Weight Loss in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes on Semaglutide. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2019. 104 (9): p. 4078-4086. Lee, B., et al., Antidiabetic Medication and Asthma Attacks. JAMA Intern Med, 2025. 185 (1): p. 16-25. Fandiño, J., et al., GLP-1 receptor agonist ameliorates experimental lung fibrosis. Sci Rep, 2020. 10 (1): p. 18091. Toki, S., et al., Dual GIPR and GLP-1R agonist tirzepatide inhibits aeroallergen-induced allergic airway inflammation in mouse model of obese asthma. Clin Exp Allergy, 2023. 53 (2): p. 216-221. Foer, D., et al., Asthma Exacerbations in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Asthma on Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2021. 203 (7): p. 831-840. Prasad, B., et al., Asthma and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Overlap: What Has the Evidence Taught Us? Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2020. 201 (11): p. 1345-1357. Gozal, D., et al., Do Inhaled Corticosteroids Increase the Risk of Obstructive Sleep Apnea? Arch Bronconeumol, 2023. 59 (9): p. 553-555. Romero-Corral, A., et al., Interactions between obesity and obstructive sleep apnea: implications for treatment. Chest, 2010. 137 (3): p. 711-9. Teodorescu, M., et al., Association between asthma and risk of developing obstructive sleep apnea. Jama, 2015. 313 (2): p. 156-64. Malhotra, A., et al., Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity. N Engl J Med, 2024. 391 (13): p. 1193-1205. Anderer, S., FDA Approves Tirzepatide as First Drug for Obstructive Sleep Apnea. JAMA, 2025. 333 (8): p. 656-656. Wang, S.H., et al., Effect of Weight Loss on Upper Airway Anatomy and the Apnea-Hypopnea Index. The Importance of Tongue Fat. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2020. 201 (6): p. 718-727. Dragonieri, S., et al., Therapeutic Potential of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Management: A Narrative Review. Diseases, 2024. 12 (9). Popoviciu, M.S., et al., Emerging Role of GLP-1 Agonists in Obesity: A Comprehensive Review of Randomised Controlled Trials. Int J Mol Sci, 2023. 24 (13). Beuther, D.A. and E.R. Sutherland, Overweight, obesity, and incident asthma: a meta-analysis of prospective epidemiologic studies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2007. 175 (7): p. 661-6. Marko, M. and R. Pawliczak, Obesity and asthma: risk, control and treatment. Postepy Dermatol Alergol, 2018. 35 (6): p. 563-571. Sideleva, O., et al., Obesity and asthma: an inflammatory disease of adipose tissue not the airway. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2012. 186 (7): p. 598-605. Xia, Y., et al., Tirzepatide's role in targeting adipose tissue macrophages to reduce obesity-related inflammation and improve insulin resistance. Int Immunopharmacol, 2024. 143 (Pt 2): p. 113499. Benito, E., E. Blazquez, and M.A. Bosch, Glucagon-like peptide-1-(7-36)amide increases pulmonary surfactant secretion through a cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase mechanism in rat type II pneumocytes. Endocrinology, 1998. 139 (5): p. 2363-8. Toki, S., et al., Endogenous Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor and Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Receptor Signaling Inhibits Aeroallergen-Induced Innate Airway Inflammation. Allergy, 2024. 79 (12): p. 3373-3384. Savin, I.A., M.A. Zenkova, and A.V. Sen'kova, Bronchial Asthma, Airway Remodeling and Lung Fibrosis as Successive Steps of One Process. Int J Mol Sci, 2023. 24 (22). Liu, C., et al., GLP-1R activation attenuates the progression of pulmonary fibrosis via disrupting NLRP3 inflammasome/PFKFB3-driven glycolysis interaction and histone lactylation. J Transl Med, 2024. 22 (1): p. 954. Sharma, S., et al., Vulnerability for Respiratory Infections in Asthma Patients: A Systematic Review. Cureus, 2022. 14 (9): p. e28839. Tables Table 1. Baseline characteristics (within 3 months before the study) of study subjects (before and after matching) Variables Before PSM After PSM Tirzepatide users (n=2,246) Semaglutide users (n=19,037 ) Standard difference Tirzepatide users (n=2,239) Semaglutide users (n=2,239) Standard difference Age at index Mean ± Standard Deviation 53.4 ± 12.5 53.9 ± 13.4 0.044 53.4 ± 12.5 53.7 ± 13.3 0.025 Sex, n (%) Male 509 (22.7) 3942 (20.7) 0.047 505 (22.6) 506 (22.6) 0.001 Female 1685 (75.0) 14626 (76.8) 0.042 1682 (75.1) 1691 (75.5) 0.009 Unknown Gender 52 (2.3) 469 (2.5) 0.010 52 (2.3) 42 (1.9) 0.031 Race, n (%) White 1585 (70.6) 11873 (62.4) 0.174 1578 (70.5) 1615 (72.1) 0.037 American Indian or Alaska Native 16 (0.7) 134 (0.7) 0.001 16 (0.7) 12 (0.5) 0.023 Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander 19 (0.8) 247 (1.3) 0.044 19 (0.8) 20 (0.9) 0.005 Black or African American 374 (16.7) 4198 (22.1) 0.137 374 (16.7) 345 (15.4) 0.035 Asian 57 (2.5) 645 (3.4) 0.050 57 (2.5) 52 (2.3) 0.014 Other Race 62 (2.8) 631 (3.3) 0.032 62 (2.8) 59 (2.6) 0.008 Unknown Race 133 (5.9) 1309 (6.9) 0.039 133 (5.9) 136 (6.1) 0.006 Diagnoses, n (%) Type 1 diabetes mellitus (E10) 35 (1.6) 277 (1.5) 0.008 35 (1.6) 36 (1.6) 0.004 Type 2 diabetes mellitus (E11) 1186 (52.8) 7924 (41.6) 0.225 1179 (52.7) 1166 (52.1) 0.012 Disorders of other endocrine glands (E20-E35) 138 (6.1) 872 (4.6) 0.069 137 (6.1) 112 (5.0) 0.049 Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (M00-M99) 936 (41.7) 8101 (42.6) 0.018 933 (41.7) 875 (39.1) 0.053 Neoplasms (C00-D49) 263 (11.7) 2098 (11.0) 0.022 262 (11.7) 243 (10.9) 0.027 Certain disorders involving the immune mechanism (D80-D89) 56 (2.5) 412 (2.2) 0.022 56 (2.5) 54 (2.4) 0.006 Diseases of the circulatory system (I00-I99) 1146 (51.0) 9283 (48.8) 0.045 1139 (50.9) 1073 (47.9) 0.059 Vasomotor and allergic rhinitis (J30) 217 (9.7) 2259 (11.9) 0.071 217 (9.7) 198 (8.8) 0.029 Chronic rhinitis, nasopharyngitis and pharyngitis (J31) 22 (1.0) 228 (1.2) 0.021 22 (1.0) 16 (0.7) 0.029 Chronic sinusitis (J32) 60 (2.7) 509 (2.7) <0.001 59 (2.6) 64 (2.9) 0.014 Other and unspecified disorders of nose and nasal sinuses (J34) 38 (1.7) 310 (1.6) 0.005 38 (1.7) 32 (1.4) 0.022 Emphysema (J43) 15 (0.7) 139 (0.7) 0.007 15 (0.7) 18 (0.8) 0.016 Other chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (J44) 105 (4.7) 950 (5.0) 0.015 103 (4.6) 119 (5.3) 0.033 Anophthalmos, microphthalmos and microphthalmos (Q11) 0 (0) 10 (0.1) 0.032 0 (0) 0 (0) - Cleft lip and cleft palate (Q35-Q37) 0 (0) 10 (0.1) 0.032 0 (0) 0 (0) - Other congenital malformations (Q80-Q89) 10 (0.4) 57 (0.3) 0.024 10 (0.4) 10 (0.4) <0.001 Persons with potential health hazards related to communicable diseases (deprecated 2018) (Z20-Z28) 388 (17.3) 2924 (15.4) 0.052 384 (17.2) 361 (16.1) 0.028 Tobacco use (Z72.0) 32 (1.4) 220 (1.2) 0.024 30 (1.3) 37 (1.7) 0.026 Family history of certain disabilities and chronic diseases (leading to disablement) (Z82) 47 (2.1) 430 (2.3) 0.011 47 (2.1) 39 (1.7) 0.026 Procedure, n (%) Continuous positive airway pressure ventilation (CPAP), initiation and management 19 (0.8) 117 (0.6) 0.027 19 (0.8) 20 (0.9) 0.005 Surgical procedure on the larynx 11 (0.5) 114 (0.6) 0.015 11 (0.5) 11 (0.5) <0.001 Surgical procedure on the accessory sinuses 12 (0.5) 126 (0.7) 0.017 12 (0.5) 12 (0.5) <0.001 Medication, n (%) Metformin 330 (14.7) 2870 (15.1) 0.011 330 (14.7) 314 (14.0) 0.020 Empagliflozin 119 (5.3) 779 (4.1) 0.057 119 (5.3) 107 (4.8) 0.024 Glipizide 47 (2.1) 434 (2.3) 0.013 47 (2.1) 31 (1.4) 0.055 Glimepiride 31 (1.4) 242 (1.3) 0.010 31 (1.4) 30 (1.3) 0.004 Pioglitazone 25 (1.1) 145 (0.8) 0.036 25 (1.1) 24 (1.1) 0.004 Linagliptin 10 (0.4) 54 (0.3) 0.027 10 (0.4) 12 (0.5) 0.013 Sitagliptin 31 (1.4) 264 (1.4) 0.001 31 (1.4) 24 (1.1) 0.028 Dapagliflozin 41 (1.8) 271 (1.4) 0.032 40 (1.8) 31 (1.4) 0.032 Canagliflozin 10 (0.4) 39 (0.2) 0.042 10 (0.4) 10 (0.4) <0.001 Ertugliflozin 10 (0.4) 22 (0.1) 0.062 10 (0.4) 10 (0.4) <0.001 Repaglinide 10 (0.4) 16 (0.1) 0.070 10 (0.4) 10 (0.4) <0.001 Glyburide 10 (0.4) 32 (0.2) 0.050 10 (0.4) 10 (0.4) <0.001 Acarbose 10 (0.4) 10 (0.1) 0.079 10 (0.4) 10 (0.4) <0.001 Nateglinide 10 (0.4) 10 (0.1) 0.079 10 (0.4) 10 (0.4) <0.001 Alogliptin 0 (0) 11 (0.1) 0.034 0 (0) 0 (0) - Saxagliptin 0 (0) 10 (0.1) 0.032 0 (0) 0 (0) - Insulin 354 (15.8) 2117 (11.1) 0.136 349 (15.6) 333 (14.9) 0.020 Dulaglutide 231 (10.3) 520 (2.7) 0.310 224 (10.0) 227 (10.1) 0.004 Liraglutide 61 (2.7) 381 (2.0) 0.047 60 (2.7) 63 (2.8) 0.008 Lixisenatide 10 (0.4) 15 (0.1) 0.072 10 (0.4) 10 (0.4) <0.001 Mepolizumab 10 (0.4) 55 (0.3) 0.026 10 (0.4) 12 (0.5) 0.013 Benralizumab 10 (0.4) 68 (0.4) 0.014 10 (0.4) 10 (0.4) <0.001 Tezepelumab 10 (0.4) 24 (0.1) 0.060 10 (0.4) 0 (0) 0.095 Omalizumab 13 (0.6) 87 (0.5) 0.017 13 (0.6) 14 (0.6) 0.006 Dupilumab 10 (0.4) 106 (0.6) 0.016 10 (0.4) 10 (0.4) <0.001 Laboratory BMI (kg/m2) 40.8 ± 8.9 38.9 ± 8.5 0.218 40.7 ± 8.9 39.8 ± 8.6 0.108 n (%) 1456 (64.8) 11584 (60.8) 1449 (64.7) 1378 (61.5) BMI 0 - 25 kg/m2, n (%) 14 (0.6) 311 (1.6) 0.096 14 (0.6) 17 (0.8) 0.016 BMI 25 – 29.90 kg/m2, n (%) 122 (5.4) 1376 (7.2) 0.074 122 (5.4) 138 (6.2) 0.031 BMI 30 – 34.90 kg/m2, n (%) 329 (14.6) 3009 (15.8) 0.032 329 (14.7) 325 (14.5) 0.005 BMI 35 – 39.90 kg/m2, n (%) 387 (17.2) 3183 (16.7) 0.014 386 (17.2) 379 (16.9) 0.008 BMI 40 – 0 kg/m2, n (%) 729 (32.5) 4873 (25.6) 0.152 722 (32.2) 666 (29.7) 0.054 Eosinophils/100 leukocytes in Blood 2.7 ± 2.3 2.8 ± 2.3 0.020 2.7 ± 2.3 2.7 ± 2.3 0.009 n (%) 671 (29.9) 5371 (28.2) 668 (29.8) 616 (27.5) Hemoglobin A1c/Hemoglobin total in Blood 7.5 ± 1.7 7.1 ± 1.8 0.183 7.5 ± 1.7 7.4 ± 1.9 0.029 n (%) 947 (42.2) 6858 (36.0) 940 (42.0) 898 (40.1) Cholesterol in HDL[Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma (mg/dL) 45.8 ± 15.6 45.6 ± 18.4 0.009 45.8 ± 15.6 45.1 ± 17.1 0.043 n (%) 656 (29.2) 5051 (26.5) 654 (29.2) 622 (27.8) Cholesterol in LDL [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma (mg/dL) 97.9 ± 38.7 99.7 ± 37.8 0.046 98.0 ± 38.7 98.1 ± 37.7 0.003 n (%) 649 (28.9) 5008 (26.3) 647 (28.9) 618 (27.6) PSM: Propensity score matching; BMI: Body mass index; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein Table 2. Outcomes among patients with asthma after propensity score matching Tirzepatide cohorts (n=2,239) Semaglutide cohorts (n=2,239) Hazard ratio (95%: Confidence Interval) Log-Rank Test P value Deceased 0 10 -- 0.317 Asthma medications Use of epinephrine 279 281 0.991 (0.839-1.169) 0.912 Use of systemic corticosteroid 1,295 1,265 1.049 (0.970-1.133) 0.230 Long term use of inhaled corticosteroid 175 182 0.960 (0.780-1.181) 0.698 Use of inhaled sympathomimetic bronchodilators 1,444 1.465 0.969 (0.901-1.042) 0.393 Use of oral sympathomimetic bronchodilators 1,244 1,275 0.953 (0.882-1.031) 0.229 Use of anticholinergic bronchodilators 462 476 0.964 (0.849-1.096) 0.579 Use of leukotriene receptor antagonist 589 541 1.093 (0.973-1.229) 0.134 Use of magnesium sulfate 185 188 0.984 (0.804-1.206) 0.879 Use of Antiasthma/ bronchodilators 1,675 1,721 0.945 (0.883-1.011) 0.099 Use of xanthine derivative bronchodilator 24 24 1.000 (0.568-1.761) 1.000 Use of theophylline 10 10 1.000 (0.351-2.851) 1.000 Complications Nausea 207 219 0.941 (0.778-1.137) 0.527 Vomiting 39 47 0.829 (0.543-1.268) 0.387 Wheezing 75 72 1.045 (0.756-1.444) 0.790 Cough 429 443 0.975 (0.854-1.113) 0.708 Dyspnea 451 474 0.945 (0.830-1.075) 0.386 Bronchiectasis 16 24 0.665 (0.353-1.252) 0.203 Acute bronchiolitis 10 10 1.751 (0.513-5.983) 0.365 Bronchitis, not specified as acute or chronic 91 88 1.035 (0.772-1.387) 0.819 Lower respiratory tract infection 13 19 0.684 (0.338-1.385) 0.288 Respiratory failure 94 96 0.980 (0.738-1.303) 0.891 Pneumonia, unspecified organism 86 96 0.894 (0.668-1.196) 0.449 Other chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 214 238 0.890 (0.740-1.071) 0.218 Obstructive sleep apnea 811 737 1.122 (1.015-1.239) 0.024 Sleep apnea 894 816 1.115 (1.014-1.226) 0.024 Central sleep apnea 0 10 -- 0.083 Gastroesophageal reflux disease 934 932 1.001 (0.915-1.097) 0.976 Gastro esophageal reflux disease with esophagitis 99 85 1.168 (0.874-1.561) 0.293 Gastroesophageal reflux disease without esophagitis 902 909 0.989 (0.902-1.085) 0.819 Osteoporosis 91 84 1.081 (0.803-1.454) 0.608 Cataract 192 200 0.962 (0.789-1.173) 0.700 Fracture 10 10 4.003 (0.447-35.813) 0.179 Other anxiety disorders 757 761 0.993 (0.898-1.098) 0.885 Depressive episode 568 586 0.959 (0.855-1.076) 0.478 Insomnia 211 227 0.928 (0.770-1.120) 0.436 *To protect patient privacy, numbers are rounded up to 10. This may impact results, particularly for small cohorts and infrequent outcomes. Table 3. Outcomes among patients with asthma and type 2 diabetes mellitus after propensity score matching Tirzepatide cohorts (n=513) Semaglutide cohorts (n=513) Hazard ratio (95%: Confidence Interval) Log-Rank Test P value Deceased 0 0 -- 1 Asthma medications Use of epinephrine 72 75 0.959 (0.694-1.325) 0.799 Use of systemic corticosteroid 295 298 0.985 (0.839-1.157) 0.855 Long term use of inhaled corticosteroid 41 53 0.762 (0.507-1.146) 0.191 Use of inhaled sympathomimetic bronchodilators 355 357 0.980 (0.846-1.135) 0.789 Use of oral sympathomimetic bronchodilators 316 311 1.014 (0.867-1.186) 0.864 Use of anticholinergic bronchodilators 129 120 1.100 (0.858-1.411) 0.451 Use of leukotriene receptor antagonist 139 116 1.211 (0.947-1.550) 0.127 Use of magnesium sulfate 60 50 1.205 (0.828-1.754) 0.328 Use of Antiasthma/ bronchodilators 398 397 0.975 (0.849, 1.121) 0.724 Use of xanthine derivative bronchodilator 10 0 -- 0.003 Use of theophylline 10 0 -- 0.045 Complications Nausea 54 44 1.239 (0.832-1.845) 0.290 Vomiting 11 19 0.575 (0.274-1.209) 0.139 Wheezing 24 31 0.770 (0.452-1.311) 0.334 Cough 114 121 0.928 (0.719-1.199) 0.567 Dyspnea 140 131 1.074 (0.846-1.363) 0.558 Bronchiectasis 10 10 0.798 (0.214-2.971) 0.736 Acute bronchiolitis 10 0 -- 0.157 Bronchitis, not specified as acute or chronic 33 22 1.517 (0.884-2.601) 0.127 Lower respiratory tract infection 10 10 0.500 (0.125-1.997) 0.317 Respiratory failure 43 31 1.410 (0.888-2.237) 0.143 Pneumonia, unspecified organism 30 35 0.861 (0.528-1.401) 0.546 Other chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 70 74 0.949 (0.684-1.315) 0.752 Obstructive sleep apnea 204 171 1.252 (1.021-1.534) 0.030 Sleep apnea 227 190 1.273 (1.050-1.544) 0.014 Central sleep apnea 0 10 -- 0.317 Gastroesophageal reflux disease 222 226 0.986 (0.819-1.187) 0.881 Gastro esophageal reflux disease with esophagitis 21 16 1.321 (0.689-2.531) 0.401 Gastroesophageal reflux disease without esophagitis 218 220 0.998 (0.828-1.204) 0.985 Osteoporosis 23 24 0.957 (0.540-1.695) 0.880 Cataract 81 72 1.147 (0.835-1.576) 0.395 Fracture 10 0 -- 0.157 Other anxiety disorders 172 163 1.055 (0.852-1.307) 0.622 Depressive episode 163 154 1.061 (0.851-1.322) 0.598 Insomnia 48 60 0.798 (0.546-1.166) 0.242 *To protect patient privacy, numbers are rounded up to 10. This may impact results, particularly for small cohorts and infrequent outcomes. Table 4. Outcomes among patients with asthma and without type 2 diabetes mellitus after propensity score matching Tirzepatide cohorts (n=514) Semaglutide cohorts (n=514) Hazard ratio (95%: Confidence Interval) Log-Rank Test P value Deceased 0 0 -- 1 Asthma medications Use of epinephrine 41 63 0.633 (0.427-0.938) 0.021 Use of systemic corticosteroid 288 290 0.966 (0.821-1.137) 0.679 Long term use of inhaled corticosteroid 24 18 1.344 (0.729-2.477) 0.341 Use of inhaled sympathomimetic bronchodilators 307 330 0.887 (0.759-1.036) 0.129 Use of oral sympathomimetic bronchodilators 263 282 0.900 (0.761-1.065) 0.219 Use of anticholinergic bronchodilators 77 85 0.893 (0.656-1.215) 0.471 Use of leukotriene receptor antagonist 99 130 0.730 (0.562-0.948) 0.018 Use of magnesium sulfate 21 23 0.909 (0.503-1.642) 0.751 Use of Antiasthma/ bronchodilators 361 386 0.860 (0.745-0.993) 0.040 Use of xanthine derivative bronchodilator 10 10 0.332 (0.035-3.195) 0.316 Use of theophylline 0 10 -- 0.157 Complications Nausea 35 53 0.650 (0.424-0.996) 0.046 Vomiting 10 10 1.753 (0.513-5.988) 0.364 Wheezing 15 20 0.747 (0.382-1.458) 0.390 Cough 83 102 0.813 (0.608-1.086) 0.160 Dyspnea 60 80 0.737 (0.527-1.030) 0.073 Bronchiectasis 10 10 0.499 (0.091-2.724) 0.413 Acute bronchiolitis 10 0 -- 0.317 Bronchitis, not specified as acute or chronic 19 23 0.821 (0.447-1.508) 0.524 Lower respiratory tract infection 10 10 0.500 (0.045-5.511) 0.563 Respiratory failure 10 10 0.570 (0.167-1.947) 0.364 Pneumonia, unspecified organism 10 27 0.254 (0.111-0.584) < 0.001 Other chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 20 20 1.001 (0.538-1.860) 0.998 Obstructive sleep apnea 132 127 1.026 (0.804-1.309) 0.835 Sleep apnea 142 145 0.958 (0.760-1.207) 0.716 Central sleep apnea 0 0 -- 1 Gastroesophageal reflux disease 180 171 1.076 (0.873-1.327) 0.492 Gastro esophageal reflux disease with esophagitis 24 28 0.860 (0.499-1.484) 0.588 Gastroesophageal reflux disease without esophagitis 170 160 1.077 (0.868-1.336) 0.502 Osteoporosis 17 12 1.415 (0.676-2.963) 0.354 Cataract 15 18 0.826 (0.417-1.640) 0.585 Fracture 10 0 -- 0.317 Other anxiety disorders 178 196 0.884 (0.722-1.083) 0.234 Depressive episode 104 126 0.816 (0.629-1.057) 0.123 Insomnia 48 50 0.960 (0.646-1.427) 0.842 *To protect patient privacy, numbers are rounded up to 10. This may impact results, particularly for small cohorts and infrequent outcomes. Supplementary Files Supplementaryfigure1.jpg Supplementaryfigure2.jpg Supplementaryfigure3.jpg Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Jul, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 18 Jul, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 18 Jul, 2025 First submitted to journal 17 Jul, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7126343","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":487260531,"identity":"8ee0a7b1-61be-427b-8e97-64f268da8fed","order_by":0,"name":"Brian Shiian Chen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chung Shan Medical University Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Brian","middleName":"Shiian","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""},{"id":487260532,"identity":"c314b2dd-57ed-4d3f-b820-d3d8f87e0dda","order_by":1,"name":"Iok-Kei Tang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chung Shan Medical University Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Iok-Kei","middleName":"","lastName":"Tang","suffix":""},{"id":487260533,"identity":"a3fdee99-9673-4ed8-810d-69ea8c4e289c","order_by":2,"name":"Jen-Yu Lo","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCTCy4WFjZmx88AEowMZOnJY0GT725sOGM0BamInTcthGjudYmjQPSISQFvnZzQ9vfGw7zMMmkWMmbfNrmzwfMwPjh485uLUY3DlmbDmzLR2kxdg6t++2YRszA7PkzG14tEgkmEnzbrMGaTG8ndtzmxGohY2ZF48W+Rnp34BamEFaDKQte27bE9TCcCMHZIszDxvPsSRphh+3EwlqMbiRU2w5818aDxsokHsbbie3MTM24/UL0GEbb3w4Y2Mv3wyMyh9/btvOb28++OEjPoehAMY2MNlArHoQ+EOK4lEwCkbBKBgpAAD0W0xlnFzmOAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1561-9580","institution":"Chung Shan Medical University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jen-Yu","middleName":"","lastName":"Lo","suffix":""},{"id":487260534,"identity":"a091d634-a08a-44d2-bde9-5c33bcba1234","order_by":3,"name":"Jing-Yang Huang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chung Shan Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jing-Yang","middleName":"","lastName":"Huang","suffix":""},{"id":487260535,"identity":"aca9bb25-d155-43fa-aee9-a54bfb3347c8","order_by":4,"name":"Chen Dong","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chung Shan Medical University Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chen","middleName":"","lastName":"Dong","suffix":""},{"id":487260536,"identity":"c1a6e316-18c7-40ee-84ae-609fe94b17bf","order_by":5,"name":"Chun Hsien Wu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chung Shan Medical University Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chun","middleName":"Hsien","lastName":"Wu","suffix":""},{"id":487260537,"identity":"4115feeb-311f-4da4-b157-9a0d78d9bd05","order_by":6,"name":"Fu-Shun Yen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Yen Clinic","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fu-Shun","middleName":"","lastName":"Yen","suffix":""},{"id":487260538,"identity":"5478d295-9f00-4ff4-8427-87076b317909","order_by":7,"name":"James Cheng Chung Wei","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chung Shan Medical University Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"James","middleName":"Cheng Chung","lastName":"Wei","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-15 05:10:25","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7126343/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7126343/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":87386417,"identity":"fce3eba5-b540-48a0-ad27-36e4a2ca7ed6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-23 08:57:17","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":619048,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFlow chart of patient selection\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7126343/v1/34a7b05b3e63f124ca652a49.jpg"},{"id":87387135,"identity":"42f952ac-1140-416b-97ca-2a8a99ee001b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-23 09:05:22","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2329222,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7126343/v1/330b09c2-61aa-4246-8d8d-90439ab2e0a2.pdf"},{"id":87383147,"identity":"976095c0-051f-4854-ba18-e95a6057d190","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-23 08:41:18","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":158326,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementaryfigure1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7126343/v1/6343c0088c587c02a9ef38c4.jpg"},{"id":87383148,"identity":"75cd29ed-2cd7-4229-8489-812c138911a7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-23 08:41:18","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":161567,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementaryfigure2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7126343/v1/28866ac08785e90c8d568ce0.jpg"},{"id":87384378,"identity":"d450d0e3-930c-4a2e-aaf5-c3231237c507","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-23 08:49:18","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":175666,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementaryfigure3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7126343/v1/76d828c294902dfdcfb0f04f.jpg"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Comparative Effects of Tirzepatide and Semaglutide on Asthma-Related Complications: A Target Trial Emulation Using the TriNetX Networks","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAsthma is a chronic condition in the airway, marked by chronic inflammation and obstruction. Symptoms like dyspnea, cough, and chest tightness are commonly presented in individuals across all age groups [1]. In recent years, a parallel rise in obesity and asthma has led to speculation about a interconnection between these comorbid conditions [2]. Overweight individuals have been found to respond poorly to asthma treatments and experience more severe symptoms [3]. Notably, clinical evidence suggests that intentional weight loss in asthma patients may lead to better asthma control and symptomatic outcomes, further reinforcing the link between obesity and asthma [4]. Additionally, diabetes mellitus (DM) is another complication associated with an increased risk of asthma development and exacerbation. Although the link between asthma and DM is not fully elucidated, a hyperglycemic state in patients with asthma could lead to more microangiopathy and inflammation, damaging the alveolar-capillary network of lungs [5, 6].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong emerging treatments for obesity and DM, tirzepatide stands out as a dual agonist of both glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors, stimulating the release of insulin from the beta cells of pancreas [7]. It has also been shown to delay gastric emptying, suppress appetite, and lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, contributing to significant weight loss [7, 8]. Similarly, semaglutide, another widely used GLP-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA), aids metabolic regulation by enhancing insulin sensitivity and promoting satiety [9]. Beyond their role in weight management and glycemic control, growing evidence suggests that GLP-1RAs may exert beneficial effects on the respiratory system. Initially developed for DM, these agents have been associated with reduced airway inflammation, decreased bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and mitigation of structural changes linked to chronic asthma [10]. GLP-1 receptors are broadly expressed on lung tissue, and their activation has been shown to reduce pulmonary fibrosis by upregulating surfactant production and downregulating collagen synthesis [11]. Preclinical studies have further demonstrated that tirzepatide may suppress allergic airway responses more effectively than semaglutide in mouse models of obesity-associated asthma [12]. In real-world settings, GLP-1RAs have also been associated with a lower risk of asthma exacerbations among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), performing better in this regard than other antidiabetic agents such as insulin, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, or sulfonylureas [13]. Overall, these observations suggest that both semaglutide and tirzepatide may offer respiratory benefits in addition to their known metabolic advantages for patients with comorbid asthma. Building on this evidence, this study aims to evaluate whether these agents could benefit individuals living with both asthma and metabolic conditions. To this end, we conducted a retrospective cohort study using data from the TriNetX U.S. Collaborative Network to assess the overall effects of tirzepatide and semaglutide.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Source\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis is a retrospective cohort study that utilized data on the TriNetX U.S. Collaborative Network, which is a vast international healthcare database that consolidates de-identified electronic medical records (EMRs) from a wide array of healthcare institutions in the United States. The extraction of data and statistical analysis for this research took place on May 6, 2025.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dataset encompassed a comprehensive range of clinical datasets. It included demographic details such as age at index, gender, and ethnicity, alongside clinical data. Diagnoses were categorized according to the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM), while laboratory results were standardized using Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC). Healthcare utilization records and medical procedural history were coded based on either the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes or International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Procedure Coding System (ICD-10-PCS). Medication records were organized through the Veterans Affairs National Formulary (VA), RxNorm, and the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification System.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe TriNetX database adheres to all relevant regulations on privacy, The data analyzed in this study is a secondary evaluation of existing information, with no intervention or interaction involving human subjects. It has been de-identified in accordance with the standard outlined in Section §164.514(a) of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy Rule. The de-identification process has been formally validated by a qualified expert, as specified in Section §164.514(b)(1) of the HIPAA Privacy Rule. This expert determination was last reaffirmed in December 2020.\u0026nbsp;This study has obtained ethics approval from the [XXX] review board [#XXX].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSubject Selection of study participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn our study, eligible participants were patients with a documented diagnosis of asthma (ICD-10-CM J45) between June 1, 2022, and December 1, 2023 (n = 1,473,237).\u0026nbsp;These patients had to have a record for either tirzepatide or semaglutide during this period of time. These medications could only be administered after having a diagnosis with asthma at the age of at least 18 years. Next, the patients were divided into two study groups based on the GLP1-RA used, the tirzepatide cohort (n=5,769) or the semaglutide cohort (n=41,073). Patients who passed away on the same day or before using the either semaglutide or tirzepatide were not allowed to enter the study. These patients would be excluded if they did not have a record for the diagnosis of asthma at the age of at least 18 years. They would also not be considered eligible if they did not have a record for asthma at least one year after the initiations of therapeutics. For the tirzepatide cohort, individuals who had taken tirzepatide or semaglutide before May 31, 2022, or who had taken semaglutide after December 2, 2023 were excluded. The reverse criteria were applied to the semaglutide cohort. Following these selection criteria, 2,246 patients in the tirzepatide cohort and 19,037 in the semaglutide cohort met the final inclusion requirements (Figure 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe tirzepatide cohort and the semaglutide cohort were therefore matched using propensity score matching (PSM) at a ratio of 1:1, based on age at index, gender, ethnicity, type 1 DM (ICD-10-CM E10), T2DM (ICD-10-CM E11) disorders of other endocrine glands (ICD-10-CM E20-E35), diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (ICD-10-CM M00-M99), neoplasms (ICD-10-CM C00-D49), certain disorders involving the immune mechanism (ICD-10-CM D80-D89), diseases of the circulatory system (ICD-10-CM I00-I99), vasomotor and allergic rhinitis (ICD-10-CM J30), chronic rhinitis, nasopharyngitis and pharyngitis (ICD-10-CM J31), chronic sinusitis (ICD-10-CM J32), other and unspecified disorders of nose and nasal sinuses (ICD-10-CM J34), emphysema (ICD-10-CM J43), other chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ICD-10-CM J44), anophthalmos, microphthalmos and microphthalmos (ICD-10-CM Q11), cleft lip and cleft palate (ICD-10-CM Q35-Q37), other congenital malformations (ICD-10-CM Q80-Q89) persons with potential health hazards related to communicable diseases (deprecated 2018) (ICD-10-CM Z20-Z28), tobacco use (ICD-10-CM Z72.0), family history of certain disabilities and chronic diseases (leading to disablement) (CD-10-CM Z82). The participants of the study were also matched based on surgical procedures and use of continuous positive airway pressure ventilation (CPAP). Diabetes medications and asthma biologics were also balanced among study participants, which included metformin, empagliflozin, glipizide, glimepiride, pioglitazone, linagliptin, sitagliptin, dapagliflozin, canagliflozin, ertugliflozin, repaglinide, glyburide, acarbose, nateglinide, alogliptin, saxagliptin, insulin, dulaglutide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, mepolizumab, benralizumab, tezepelumab, omalizumab and dupilumab. Laboratory data on body mass index (BMI), number of eosinophils/100 leukocytes in blood,\u0026nbsp;cholesterol in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) [Mass/volume] in serum or plasma, hemoglobin A1c/hemoglobin.total in blood, and cholesterol in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) [Mass/volume] in serum or plasma, were also included in the process of PSM.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFollowing PSM, 2,239 individuals were identified in each of the tirzepatide and semaglutide cohorts. The index date was defined as the initiation date of either tirzepatide or semaglutide treatment. A standardized difference of less than 0.1 was considered indicative of a negligible statistical difference.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSubgroup analyses\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor the T2DM subgroup, the patients had to have a record for T2DM (ICD-10-CM E11) between June 1, 2022, and December 1, 2023, along with laboratory results showing hemoglobin A1c/hemoglobin.total in blood at least or above 6.5 % based on the most recent data. These criteria also had to be met one year before and after the initiation of either semaglutide or tirzepatide. For the non-T2DM subgroup, the patients had no record for T2DM (ICD-10-CM E11) at any time in the database.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOutcomes of the study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe hazard ratio (HR) for the risk of certain results were evaluated. The outcomes observed from Day 1 till Day 365 after the use of tirzepatide or semaglutide were: deceased, use of epinephrine (RXNORM 3992), use of systemic corticosteroid (ATC H02), long term use of inhaled corticosteroid (ICD-10-CM Z79.51), use of inhaled sympathomimetic bronchodilators (VA RE102), use of oral sympathomimetic bronchodilators (VA RE103), use of anticholinergic bronchodilators (VA RE105), use of leukotriene receptor antagonist (ATC R03DC), use of magnesium sulfate (RXNORM 6585), use of Antiasthma/bronchodilators (VA RE100), use of xanthine derivative bronchodilator (VA RE104), use of theophylline (RXNORM 10438), nausea (ICD-10-CM R11), vomiting (ICD-10-CM R11.1), wheezing (ICD-10-CM R06.2), cough (ICD-10-CM R05), dyspnea (ICD-10-CM R06.0), bronchiectasis (ICD-10-CM J47), acute bronchiolitis (ICD-10-CM J21), bronchitis, not specified as acute or chronic (ICD-10-CM J40), lower respiratory tract infection (ICD-10-CM J22), respiratory failure (ICD-10-CM J960), pneumonia, unspecified organism (ICD-10-CM J18), other chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ICD-10-CM J44), obstructive sleep apnea (ICD-10-CM G47.33), sleep apnea (ICD-10-CM G47.3), central sleep apnea (ICD-10-CM G47.37), gastroesophageal reflux disease (ICD-10-CM K21), gastro esophageal reflux disease with esophagitis (ICD-10-CM K21.0), gastroesophageal reflux disease without esophagitis (ICD-10-CM K21.9), osteoporosis (ICD-10-CM M81.0), cataract (ICD-10-CM H25, H26), fracture (ICD-10-CM S42.009), other anxiety disorders (ICD-10-CM F41), depressive episode (ICD-10-CM F32), insomnia (ICD-10-CM G47.0). The p-value was calculated using the log-rank test, with a value less than 0.05 considered having statistical significance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Baseline Profiles and Characteristics of the study participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe baseline characteristics of the study participants are presented in Table 1. In the tirzepatide cohort, the mean age was 53.4 ± 12.5 years, with the majority of participants being female (75.1%) and White (70.5%). Similarly, in the semaglutide cohort, the mean age was 53.7 ± 13.3 years, with females comprising 75.5% of the group and White patients accounting for 72.1%. Comorbid conditions, medical procedures, use of antidiabetic medications, antiasthma biologics, and laboratory parameters were evenly distributed between the two cohorts, supporting the comparability of the study groups (Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverall Outcomes and Risk Analyses\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn our analysis, individuals receiving tirzepatide exhibited a higher risk of several asthma-related complications, including obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) (HR = 1.122; 95% CI: 1.015–1.239; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.024) and sleep apnea (HR = 1.115; 95% CI: 1.014–1.226; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.024). For OSA, a sustained separation of curves over time was also found throughout the study period (Figure E1), with the tirzepatide cohort consistently demonstrated a higher risk of developing the symptoms. However, no significant differences were observed between the two cohorts with respect to mortality or the use of asthma-related treatments.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, there were no significant between-group differences in the risks of nausea, vomiting, wheezing, cough, dyspnea, bronchiectasis, acute bronchiolitis, unspecified acute or chronic bronchitis, lower respiratory tract infection, respiratory failure, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease (with or without esophagitis), osteoporosis, cataract, fracture, anxiety disorders, depressive episodes, or insomnia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe follow-up period began the day after the index event and continued through the first year. A summary of outcome incidences is presented in Table 2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSubgroup Analyses Stratified by Patients with or without T2DM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe also conducted subgroup analyses of patients with asthma, stratified by the presence or absence of T2DM, as summarized in Tables 3 and 4. Among patients with both asthma and T2DM, those treated with tirzepatide showed a higher risk of experiencing OSA (HR = 1.252; 95% CI: 1.021–1.534; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.030) and sleep apnea (HR = 1.273; 95% CI: 1.050–1.544; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.014) compared to those receiving semaglutide (Table 3). Throughout the study period, the cumulative risk for OSA remained separated, indicating an increased risk of experiencing OSA in the tirzepatide cohort (Figure E2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn contrast, among patients with asthma but without a T2DM diagnosis, tirzepatide use was associated with a significantly lower likelihood of receiving asthma-related treatments such as epinephrine (HR = 0.633; 95% CI: 0.427–0.938; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.021), leukotriene receptor antagonists (HR = 0.730; 95% CI: 0.562–0.948; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.018), and other antiasthmatic bronchodilators (HR = 0.860; 95% CI: 0.745–0.993; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.040), compared to those on semaglutide (Table 4). A separation of the curves was observed throughout the study period, with the semaglutide cohort consistently exhibiting a higher risk of antiasthmatic bronchodilator use (Figure E3). Additionally, the tirzepatide cohort was found to have a reduced risk of complications including nausea (HR = 0.650; 95% CI: 0.424–0.996; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.046) and pneumonia due to unspecified organisms (HR = 0.254; 95% CI: 0.111–0.584; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; 0.001).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we found that in patients with asthma, tirzepatide users could have an elevated risk in developing OSA and sleep apnea compared to semaglutide users. A similar finding was noted in patients with asthma and T2DM, where tirzepatide was associated with a higher risk of OSA and sleep apnea. Nonetheless, in patients with asthma but without T2DM, the use of tirzepatide could lead to a reduction in the use of epinephrine, leukotriene receptor antagonists, and other antiasthmatic bronchodilators, compared to semaglutide. We also found that in this subgroup of study participants, tirzepatide could lower the risk of nausea and pneumonia caused by unspecified organisms.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNumerous studies have highlighted the coexistence of OSA and asthma, suggesting a reciprocal relationship between upper and lower airway diseases, with individuals with asthma being two to three times more likely to develop OSA [14]. Though the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, several factors have been proposed. For instance, the chronic use of inhaled corticosteroid in treating asthma could lead to the deposition of drugs in the mouth and pharynx. The local effects of corticosteroid could cause interstitial edema in the upper airway wall, myopathy in and pharyngeal muscles, reduced power generated by genioglossus or even the accumulation of fat in the pharynx, which ultimately promote the occurrence of OSA [15]. Obesity could further exacerbate this condition by narrowing the airway lumen with fat deposition [16]. Additionally, asthma-induced negative inspiratory pressure during asthma attacks can collapse pharyngeal tissues, worsening OSA symptoms in these patients [17]. In the SURMOUNT-OSA trial, tirzepatide was used as a treatment for OSA and obesity in comparison to the placebo group. The study population was divided into two cohorts, without (trial 1) or with (trial 2) the support of positive airway pressure (PAP) [18]. Prominent results were exhibited in the trial, in which tirzepatide contributed to a difference by approximately -20.0 and -23.8 events per hour in the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) in trial 1 and 2, respectively. This led to the approval of tirzepatide as the first medication in treating OSA on December 20, 2024 [19]. Previous studies also noted that reducing tongue fat would lower AHI in OSA patients, which could be achieved by the use of GLP1-RA [20, 21]. However, in our study, the cutoff date of the follow-up was December 1, 2024, meaning that patients were less likely to use tirzepatide for OSA. Besides, the unique asthma phenotype was not fully explored in the clinical trial, highlighting a gap in current evidence. Our analysis found that patients on tirzepatide were more likely to have OSA records within one year compared to those on semaglutide, despite similar corticosteroid use and balanced risk factors (BMI, rhinitis, obesity, PAP use) after PSM. This suggests that semaglutide may be better suited for OSA management in asthmatic patients. One possible explanation is tirzepatide\u0026rsquo;s dual GLP-1/GIP action, which induced faster fat loss than semaglutide, potentially destabilizing airway structures which was propped by fat scaffolding. This, coupled with negative inspiratory pressure in asthma, may worsen OSA symptoms. Further research is needed to confirm these findings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll types of GLP1-RA have been widely used as an effective approach toward weight management in people without T2DM [22]. Notably, obesity is recognized as a major risk factor in the worsening of asthma [23]. Recently, findings from the SURMOUNT-5 trial, comparing tirzepatide to semaglutide in the treatment of obesity, were published. The trial reported a mean body weight reduction of 20.2% in the tirzepatide group, compared to 13.7% in the semaglutide group after 72 weeks of treatment [8]. We extended this knowledge by finding that the use of tirzepatide, compared to semaglutide, was related to a lower risk of using antiasthmatic bronchodilators in patients with asthma but did not have a record for T2DM. A similar trend was observed with the use of other asthma-related medications, including epinephrine and leukotriene receptor antagonists. Previous research has shown that obesity could elevate the risk of airway inflammation and impaired lung function [24]. Visceral adipose tissue, in particular, may release higher levels of leptin and cytokines (e.g., interleukin-6 [IL-6] and IL-8), which can exacerbate asthma by promoting systemic inflammation and airway remodeling [25]. Thus, by acting on both GLP-1 and GIP receptors, tirzepatide may induce greater weight loss, thereby reducing obesity-related asthma risk [23, 26]. Additionally, GLP-1 receptors are abundantly expressed in lung tissue and are thought to regulate surfactant secretion [27]. In previous research, GIP receptor and GLP-1 receptor signaling exhibited great potential in inhibiting allergen-induced airway inflammation, suggesting a pleiotropic anti-inflammatory effects on the lungs [28]. Although their role against lung inflammation has yet been fully elucidated, other studies have found the effect of GLP-1RA in attenuating lung fibrosis, a hallmark of long-term asthma due to airway remodeling [29, 30]. Asthmatic individuals are also more susceptible to respiratory infections due to impaired interferon responses in dendritic and mononuclear cells [31]. In our study, patients treated with tirzepatide exhibited a lower risk of developing pneumonia. These protective effects may stem from tirzepatide\u0026rsquo;s dual GLP-1/GIP receptor activity, which could enhance anti-inflammatory responses in the respiratory tract and limit airway remodeling. Although the incidence of pneumonia was low, clinicians should exercise caution in managing patients at risk. Further research is warranted to fully understand the pulmonary pharmacological effects of GLP-1RAs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere are several limitations to this study. First, it was based on secondary data, which may contain inaccuracies beyond our control and could have influenced the results. Second, asthma severity could not be accurately assessed due to the lack of standardized indicators in the electronic health record database; spirometric measures such as forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were available for only a very small subset of patients in the database. Third, we were unable to evaluate eosinophilic and neutrophilic inflammation in the lungs directly. Instead, we could only rely on peripheral blood eosinophil counts to balance the study groups, which may not accurately reflect pulmonary cell composition. Fourth, we did not analyze changes in body weight following GLP-1RA use, as the reduction in weight could have a systemic effect on the outcome of asthma and asthma-related complications. Lastly, important confounding variables such as environmental exposures, family history of asthma, and lifestyle factors could not be accounted for due to limitations in the dataset. These factors should be considered in future studies to better understand the relationship between GLP-1RA use, asthma, and OSA.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eTirzepatide use in asthma patients, particularly those with coexisting T2DM, may be associated with a higher risk of OSA compared to semaglutide. In asthma patients without T2DM, tirzepatide may reduce the need for bronchodilators.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eDM: diabetes mellitus; GIP: glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1; GLP-1RA: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; SGLT-2: sodium-glucose co-transporter-2; DPP-4: dipeptidyl peptidase-4; EMRs: electronic medical records; ICD-10-CM: International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification; LOINC: Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes; CPT: Current Procedural Terminology; ICD-10-PCS:International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Procedure Coding System; VA: Veterans Affairs National Formulary; ATC: Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical; HIPAA: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act; PSM: propensity score matching; CPAP: continuous positive airway pressure ventilation; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: level of cholesterol in high-density lipoprotein; HR: hazard ratio; BMI; body mass index; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; OSA: obstructive sleep apnea; CI: confidence interval; AHI: apnea-hypopnea index; IL: interleukin;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of Conflict of interests:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare they have no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePresentation:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe results of this study have not been published elsewhere or presented before at any conference.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe data contained in this article could only be shared on request to the corresponding author.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHuman Ethics and Consent to Participate declarations:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003enot applicable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contribution:\u003c/strong\u003e Brian Shiian Chen was responsible for conceptualizing the study, performing data analysis and drafting the manuscript. Iok-Kei Tang and Jen-Yu Lo managed data curation. Jing-Yang Huang verified the data analysis. Chen Dong and Chun Hsien Wu provided to administrative supports. Fu-Shun Yen validated the project. James Cheng-Chung Wei supervised and oversaw the entire project.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePorsbjerg, C., et al., \u003cem\u003eAsthma.\u003c/em\u003e Lancet, 2023. \u003cstrong\u003e401\u003c/strong\u003e(10379): p. 858-873.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEder, W., M.J. Ege, and E. von Mutius, \u003cem\u003eThe asthma epidemic.\u003c/em\u003e N Engl J Med, 2006. \u003cstrong\u003e355\u003c/strong\u003e(21): p. 2226-35.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePeters, U., A.E. Dixon, and E. Forno, \u003cem\u003eObesity and asthma.\u003c/em\u003e J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2018. \u003cstrong\u003e141\u003c/strong\u003e(4): p. 1169-1179.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJuel, C.T., et al., \u003cem\u003eAsthma and obesity: does weight loss improve asthma control? a systematic review.\u003c/em\u003e J Asthma Allergy, 2012. \u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e: p. 21-6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKhateeb, J., E. Fuchs, and M. Khamaisi, \u003cem\u003eDiabetes and Lung Disease: A Neglected Relationship.\u003c/em\u003e Rev Diabet Stud, 2019. \u003cstrong\u003e15\u003c/strong\u003e: p. 1-15.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTorres, R.M., et al., \u003cem\u003eAssociation between Asthma and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Mechanisms and Impact on Asthma Control-A Literature Review.\u003c/em\u003e Can Respir J, 2021. \u003cstrong\u003e2021\u003c/strong\u003e: p. 8830439.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eForzano, I., et al., \u003cem\u003eTirzepatide: A Systematic Update.\u003c/em\u003e Int J Mol Sci, 2022. \u003cstrong\u003e23\u003c/strong\u003e(23).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAronne, L.J., et al., \u003cem\u003eTirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity.\u003c/em\u003e N Engl J Med, 2025.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFonseca, V.A., et al., \u003cem\u003eReductions in Insulin Resistance are Mediated Primarily via Weight Loss in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes on Semaglutide.\u003c/em\u003e J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2019. \u003cstrong\u003e104\u003c/strong\u003e(9): p. 4078-4086.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLee, B., et al., \u003cem\u003eAntidiabetic Medication and Asthma Attacks.\u003c/em\u003e JAMA Intern Med, 2025. \u003cstrong\u003e185\u003c/strong\u003e(1): p. 16-25.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFandi\u0026ntilde;o, J., et al., \u003cem\u003eGLP-1 receptor agonist ameliorates experimental lung fibrosis.\u003c/em\u003e Sci Rep, 2020. \u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c/strong\u003e(1): p. 18091.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eToki, S., et al., \u003cem\u003eDual GIPR and GLP-1R agonist tirzepatide inhibits aeroallergen-induced allergic airway inflammation in mouse model of obese asthma.\u003c/em\u003e Clin Exp Allergy, 2023. \u003cstrong\u003e53\u003c/strong\u003e(2): p. 216-221.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFoer, D., et al., \u003cem\u003eAsthma Exacerbations in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Asthma on Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists.\u003c/em\u003e Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2021. \u003cstrong\u003e203\u003c/strong\u003e(7): p. 831-840.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePrasad, B., et al., \u003cem\u003eAsthma and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Overlap: What Has the Evidence Taught Us?\u003c/em\u003e Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2020. \u003cstrong\u003e201\u003c/strong\u003e(11): p. 1345-1357.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGozal, D., et al., \u003cem\u003eDo Inhaled Corticosteroids Increase the Risk of Obstructive Sleep Apnea?\u003c/em\u003e Arch Bronconeumol, 2023. \u003cstrong\u003e59\u003c/strong\u003e(9): p. 553-555.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRomero-Corral, A., et al., \u003cem\u003eInteractions between obesity and obstructive sleep apnea: implications for treatment.\u003c/em\u003e Chest, 2010. \u003cstrong\u003e137\u003c/strong\u003e(3): p. 711-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTeodorescu, M., et al., \u003cem\u003eAssociation between asthma and risk of developing obstructive sleep apnea.\u003c/em\u003e Jama, 2015. \u003cstrong\u003e313\u003c/strong\u003e(2): p. 156-64.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMalhotra, A., et al., \u003cem\u003eTirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity.\u003c/em\u003e N Engl J Med, 2024. \u003cstrong\u003e391\u003c/strong\u003e(13): p. 1193-1205.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAnderer, S., \u003cem\u003eFDA Approves Tirzepatide as First Drug for Obstructive Sleep Apnea.\u003c/em\u003e JAMA, 2025. \u003cstrong\u003e333\u003c/strong\u003e(8): p. 656-656.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang, S.H., et al., \u003cem\u003eEffect of Weight Loss on Upper Airway Anatomy and the Apnea-Hypopnea Index. The Importance of Tongue Fat.\u003c/em\u003e Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2020. \u003cstrong\u003e201\u003c/strong\u003e(6): p. 718-727.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDragonieri, S., et al., \u003cem\u003eTherapeutic Potential of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Management: A Narrative Review.\u003c/em\u003e Diseases, 2024. \u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e(9).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePopoviciu, M.S., et al., \u003cem\u003eEmerging Role of GLP-1 Agonists in Obesity: A Comprehensive Review of Randomised Controlled Trials.\u003c/em\u003e Int J Mol Sci, 2023. \u003cstrong\u003e24\u003c/strong\u003e(13).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBeuther, D.A. and E.R. Sutherland, \u003cem\u003eOverweight, obesity, and incident asthma: a meta-analysis of prospective epidemiologic studies.\u003c/em\u003e Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2007. \u003cstrong\u003e175\u003c/strong\u003e(7): p. 661-6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMarko, M. and R. Pawliczak, \u003cem\u003eObesity and asthma: risk, control and treatment.\u003c/em\u003e Postepy Dermatol Alergol, 2018. \u003cstrong\u003e35\u003c/strong\u003e(6): p. 563-571.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSideleva, O., et al., \u003cem\u003eObesity and asthma: an inflammatory disease of adipose tissue not the airway.\u003c/em\u003e Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2012. \u003cstrong\u003e186\u003c/strong\u003e(7): p. 598-605.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eXia, Y., et al., \u003cem\u003eTirzepatide\u0026apos;s role in targeting adipose tissue macrophages to reduce obesity-related inflammation and improve insulin resistance.\u003c/em\u003e Int Immunopharmacol, 2024. \u003cstrong\u003e143\u003c/strong\u003e(Pt 2): p. 113499.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBenito, E., E. Blazquez, and M.A. Bosch, \u003cem\u003eGlucagon-like peptide-1-(7-36)amide increases pulmonary surfactant secretion through a cyclic adenosine 3\u0026apos;,5\u0026apos;-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase mechanism in rat type II pneumocytes.\u003c/em\u003e Endocrinology, 1998. \u003cstrong\u003e139\u003c/strong\u003e(5): p. 2363-8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eToki, S., et al., \u003cem\u003eEndogenous Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor and Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Receptor Signaling Inhibits Aeroallergen-Induced Innate Airway Inflammation.\u003c/em\u003e Allergy, 2024. \u003cstrong\u003e79\u003c/strong\u003e(12): p. 3373-3384.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSavin, I.A., M.A. Zenkova, and A.V. Sen\u0026apos;kova, \u003cem\u003eBronchial Asthma, Airway Remodeling and Lung Fibrosis as Successive Steps of One Process.\u003c/em\u003e Int J Mol Sci, 2023. \u003cstrong\u003e24\u003c/strong\u003e(22).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiu, C., et al., \u003cem\u003eGLP-1R activation attenuates the progression of pulmonary fibrosis via disrupting NLRP3 inflammasome/PFKFB3-driven glycolysis interaction and histone lactylation.\u003c/em\u003e J Transl Med, 2024. \u003cstrong\u003e22\u003c/strong\u003e(1): p. 954.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSharma, S., et al., \u003cem\u003eVulnerability for Respiratory Infections in Asthma Patients: A Systematic Review.\u003c/em\u003e Cureus, 2022. \u003cstrong\u003e14\u003c/strong\u003e(9): p. e28839.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u003c/strong\u003e Baseline characteristics (within 3 months before the study) of study subjects (before and after matching)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"955\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e Variables\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 280px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBefore PSM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 275px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfter PSM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTirzepatide users\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=2,246)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSemaglutide users\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=19,037 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStandard difference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTirzepatide users\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=2,239)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSemaglutide users\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=2,239)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStandard difference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge at index\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; Standard Deviation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.4 \u0026plusmn; 12.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.9 \u0026plusmn; 13.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.044\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.4 \u0026plusmn; 12.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.7 \u0026plusmn; 13.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.025\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSex, n (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e509 (22.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3942 (20.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.047\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e505 (22.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e506 (22.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1685 (75.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14626 (76.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.042\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1682 (75.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1691 (75.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.009\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnknown Gender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e469 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.010\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42 (1.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.031\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRace, n (%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhite\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1585 (70.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11873 (62.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.174\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1578 (70.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1615 (72.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.037\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmerican Indian or Alaska Native\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e134 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.023\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNative Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (0.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e247 (1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.044\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (0.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.005\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBlack or African American\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e374 (16.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4198 (22.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.137\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e374 (16.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e345 (15.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.035\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e645 (3.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.050\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.014\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther Race\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62 (2.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e631 (3.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.032\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62 (2.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59 (2.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.008\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnknown Race\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e133 (5.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1309 (6.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.039\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e133 (5.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e136 (6.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.006\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiagnoses, n (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType 1 diabetes mellitus (E10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (1.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e277 (1.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.008\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (1.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 (1.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.004\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eType 2 diabetes mellitus (E11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1186 (52.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7924 (41.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.225\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1179 (52.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1166 (52.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.012\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDisorders of other endocrine glands (E20-E35)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e138 (6.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e872 (4.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.069\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e137 (6.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112 (5.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.049\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiseases of the musculoskeletal system\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eand connective tissue (M00-M99)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e936 (41.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8101 (42.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.018\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e933 (41.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e875 (39.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.053\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeoplasms (C00-D49)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e263 (11.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2098 (11.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.022\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e262 (11.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e243 (10.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.027\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCertain disorders involving the immune mechanism (D80-D89)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e412 (2.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.022\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56 (2.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54 (2.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.006\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiseases of the circulatory system (I00-I99)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1146 (51.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9283 (48.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.045\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1139 (50.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1073 (47.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.059\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVasomotor and allergic rhinitis (J30)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e217 (9.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2259 (11.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.071\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e217 (9.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e198 (8.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.029\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChronic rhinitis, nasopharyngitis and pharyngitis (J31)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e228 (1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.021\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (1.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.029\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChronic sinusitis (J32)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 (2.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e509 (2.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59 (2.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64 (2.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.014\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther and unspecified disorders of nose and nasal sinuses (J34)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38 (1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e310 (1.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.005\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38 (1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.022\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmphysema (J43)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e139 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.007\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (0.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.016\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (J44)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105 (4.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e950 (5.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.015\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103 (4.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119 (5.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.033\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnophthalmos, microphthalmos and microphthalmos (Q11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.032\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCleft lip and cleft palate (Q35-Q37)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.032\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther congenital malformations (Q80-Q89)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePersons with potential health hazards related to\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ecommunicable diseases (deprecated 2018) (Z20-Z28)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e388 (17.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2924 (15.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.052\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e384 (17.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e361 (16.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.028\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTobacco use (Z72.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e220 (1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37 (1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.026\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFamily history of certain disabilities\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eand chronic diseases (leading to disablement) (Z82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47 (2.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e430 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.011\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47 (2.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39 (1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.026\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProcedure, n (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eContinuous positive airway pressure ventilation (CPAP),\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003einitiation and management\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (0.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.027\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (0.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.005\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSurgical procedure on the larynx\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.015\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSurgical procedure on the accessory sinuses\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126 (0.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.017\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMedication, n (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMetformin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e330 (14.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2870 (15.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.011\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e330 (14.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e314 (14.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.020\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmpagliflozin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119 (5.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e779 (4.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.057\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119 (5.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107 (4.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.024\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGlipizide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47 (2.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e434 (2.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.013\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47 (2.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.055\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGlimepiride\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e242 (1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.010\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (1.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.004\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePioglitazone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e145 (0.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.036\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.004\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLinagliptin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.027\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.013\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSitagliptin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e264 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (1.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.028\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDapagliflozin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 (1.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e271 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.032\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (1.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31 (1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.032\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCanagliflozin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39 (0.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.042\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eErtugliflozin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.062\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRepaglinide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.070\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGlyburide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (0.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.050\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcarbose\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.079\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNateglinide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.079\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlogliptin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.034\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSaxagliptin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.032\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInsulin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e354 (15.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2117 (11.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.136\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e349 (15.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e333 (14.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.020\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDulaglutide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e231 (10.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e520 (2.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.310\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e224 (10.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e227 (10.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.004\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLiraglutide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61 (2.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e381 (2.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.047\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 (2.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63 (2.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.008\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLixisenatide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.072\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMepolizumab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55 (0.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.026\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.013\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBenralizumab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.014\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTezepelumab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (0.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.060\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.095\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOmalizumab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87 (0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.017\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.006\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDupilumab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.016\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (0.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLaboratory\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI (kg/m2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.8 \u0026plusmn; 8.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.9 \u0026plusmn; 8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.218\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.7 \u0026plusmn; 8.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.8 \u0026plusmn; 8.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.108\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1456 (64.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11584 (60.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1449 (64.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1378 (61.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI 0 - 25 kg/m2, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e311 (1.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.096\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (0.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (0.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.016\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI 25 \u0026ndash; 29.90 kg/m2, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122 (5.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1376 (7.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.074\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122 (5.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e138 (6.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.031\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI 30 \u0026ndash; 34.90 kg/m2, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e329 (14.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3009 (15.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.032\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e329 (14.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e325 (14.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.005\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI 35 \u0026ndash; 39.90 kg/m2, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e387 (17.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3183 (16.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.014\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e386 (17.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e379 (16.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.008\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBMI 40 \u0026ndash; 0 kg/m2, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e729 (32.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4873 (25.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.152\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e722 (32.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e666 (29.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.054\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEosinophils/100 leukocytes in Blood\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.7 \u0026plusmn; 2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.8 \u0026plusmn; 2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.020\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.7 \u0026plusmn; 2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.7 \u0026plusmn; 2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.009\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e671 (29.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5371 (28.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e668 (29.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e616 (27.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHemoglobin A1c/Hemoglobin total in Blood\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5 \u0026plusmn; 1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.1 \u0026plusmn; 1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.183\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5 \u0026plusmn; 1.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.4 \u0026plusmn; 1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.029\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e947 (42.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6858 (36.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e940 (42.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e898 (40.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCholesterol in HDL[Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma (mg/dL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.8 \u0026plusmn; 15.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.6 \u0026plusmn; 18.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.009\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.8 \u0026plusmn; 15.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.1 \u0026plusmn; 17.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.043\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e656 (29.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5051 (26.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e654 (29.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e622 (27.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCholesterol in LDL [Mass/volume] in Serum or Plasma (mg/dL)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.9 \u0026plusmn; 38.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.7 \u0026plusmn; 37.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.046\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.0 \u0026plusmn; 38.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.1 \u0026plusmn; 37.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.003\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 401px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e649 (28.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5008 (26.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e647 (28.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e618 (27.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 63px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePSM: Propensity score matching; BMI: Body mass index; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u003c/strong\u003e Outcomes among patients with asthma after propensity score matching\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTirzepatide cohorts\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=2,239)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSemaglutide cohorts\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=2,239)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHazard ratio (95%: Confidence Interval)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLog-Rank Test\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDeceased\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.317\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAsthma medications\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of epinephrine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e279\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e281\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.991 (0.839-1.169)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.912\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of systemic corticosteroid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,295\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,265\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.049 (0.970-1.133)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.230\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLong term use of inhaled corticosteroid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e182\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.960 (0.780-1.181)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.698\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of inhaled sympathomimetic bronchodilators\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,444\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.465\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.969 (0.901-1.042)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.393\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of oral sympathomimetic bronchodilators\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,244\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,275\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.953 (0.882-1.031)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.229\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of anticholinergic bronchodilators\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e462\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e476\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.964 (0.849-1.096)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.579\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of leukotriene receptor antagonist\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e589\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e541\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.093 (0.973-1.229)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.134\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of magnesium sulfate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e185\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e188\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.984 (0.804-1.206)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.879\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of Antiasthma/ bronchodilators\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,675\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,721\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.945 (0.883-1.011)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.099\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of xanthine derivative bronchodilator\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000 (0.568-1.761)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of theophylline\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000 (0.351-2.851)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComplications\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNausea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e207\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e219\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.941 (0.778-1.137)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.527\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVomiting\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.829 (0.543-1.268)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.387\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWheezing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.045 (0.756-1.444)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.790\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCough\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e429\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e443\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.975 (0.854-1.113)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.708\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDyspnea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e451\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e474\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.945 (0.830-1.075)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.386\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBronchiectasis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.665 (0.353-1.252)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.203\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcute bronchiolitis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.751 (0.513-5.983)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.365\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBronchitis, not specified as acute or chronic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.035 (0.772-1.387)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.819\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLower respiratory tract infection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.684 (0.338-1.385)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.288\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRespiratory failure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.980 (0.738-1.303)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.891\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePneumonia, unspecified organism\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.894 (0.668-1.196)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.449\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther chronic obstructive pulmonary disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e214\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e238\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.890 (0.740-1.071)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.218\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObstructive sleep apnea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e811\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e737\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.122 (1.015-1.239)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSleep apnea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e894\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e816\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.115 (1.014-1.226)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCentral sleep apnea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.083\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGastroesophageal reflux disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e934\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e932\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.001 (0.915-1.097)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.976\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGastro esophageal reflux disease with esophagitis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.168 (0.874-1.561)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.293\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGastroesophageal reflux disease without esophagitis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e902\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e909\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.989 (0.902-1.085)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.819\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOsteoporosis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.081 (0.803-1.454)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.608\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCataract\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e192\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.962 (0.789-1.173)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.700\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFracture\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.003 (0.447-35.813)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.179\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther anxiety disorders\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e757\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e761\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.993 (0.898-1.098)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.885\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDepressive episode\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e568\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e586\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.959 (0.855-1.076)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.478\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInsomnia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e211\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e227\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.928 (0.770-1.120)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.436\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*To protect patient privacy, numbers are rounded up to 10. This may impact results, particularly for small cohorts and infrequent outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eOutcomes among patients with asthma and type 2 diabetes mellitus after propensity score matching\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTirzepatide cohorts\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=513)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSemaglutide cohorts\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=513)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHazard ratio (95%: Confidence Interval)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLog-Rank Test\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDeceased\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAsthma medications\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of epinephrine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.959 (0.694-1.325)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.799\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of systemic corticosteroid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e295\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e298\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.985 (0.839-1.157)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.855\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLong term use of inhaled corticosteroid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.762 (0.507-1.146)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.191\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of inhaled sympathomimetic bronchodilators\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e355\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e357\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.980 (0.846-1.135)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.789\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of oral sympathomimetic bronchodilators\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e316\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e311\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.014 (0.867-1.186)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.864\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of anticholinergic bronchodilators\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.100 (0.858-1.411)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.451\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of leukotriene receptor antagonist\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.211 (0.947-1.550)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of magnesium sulfate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.205 (0.828-1.754)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.328\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of Antiasthma/\u0026nbsp;bronchodilators\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e398\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e397\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.975 (0.849, 1.121)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.724\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of xanthine derivative bronchodilator\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of theophylline\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.045\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComplications\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNausea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.239 (0.832-1.845)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.290\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVomiting\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.575 (0.274-1.209)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.139\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWheezing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.770 (0.452-1.311)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.334\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCough\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.928 (0.719-1.199)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.567\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDyspnea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e131\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.074 (0.846-1.363)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.558\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBronchiectasis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.798 (0.214-2.971)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.736\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcute bronchiolitis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.157\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBronchitis, not specified as acute or chronic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.517 (0.884-2.601)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLower respiratory tract infection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.500 (0.125-1.997)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.317\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRespiratory failure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.410 (0.888-2.237)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.143\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePneumonia, unspecified organism\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.861 (0.528-1.401)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.546\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther chronic obstructive pulmonary disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.949 (0.684-1.315)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.752\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObstructive sleep apnea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e204\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e171\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.252 (1.021-1.534)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.030\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSleep apnea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e227\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e190\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.273 (1.050-1.544)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCentral sleep apnea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.317\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGastroesophageal reflux disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e222\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e226\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.986 (0.819-1.187)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.881\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGastro esophageal reflux disease with esophagitis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.321 (0.689-2.531)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.401\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGastroesophageal reflux disease without esophagitis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e218\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e220\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.998 (0.828-1.204)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.985\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOsteoporosis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.957 (0.540-1.695)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.880\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCataract\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.147 (0.835-1.576)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.395\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFracture\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.157\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther anxiety disorders\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e172\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.055 (0.852-1.307)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.622\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDepressive episode\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.061 (0.851-1.322)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.598\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInsomnia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.798 (0.546-1.166)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.242\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*To protect patient privacy, numbers are rounded up to 10. This may impact results, particularly for small cohorts and infrequent outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eOutcomes among patients with asthma and without type 2 diabetes mellitus after propensity score matching\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTirzepatide cohorts\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=514)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSemaglutide cohorts\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=514)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHazard ratio (95%: Confidence Interval)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLog-Rank Test\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDeceased\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAsthma medications\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of epinephrine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.633 (0.427-0.938)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of systemic corticosteroid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e288\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e290\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.966 (0.821-1.137)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.679\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLong term use of inhaled corticosteroid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.344 (0.729-2.477)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.341\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of inhaled sympathomimetic bronchodilators\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e307\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e330\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.887 (0.759-1.036)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.129\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of oral sympathomimetic bronchodilators\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e263\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e282\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.900 (0.761-1.065)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.219\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of anticholinergic bronchodilators\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.893 (0.656-1.215)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.471\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of leukotriene receptor antagonist\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.730 (0.562-0.948)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of magnesium sulfate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.909 (0.503-1.642)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.751\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of Antiasthma/ bronchodilators\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e361\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e386\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.860 (0.745-0.993)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of xanthine derivative bronchodilator\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.332 (0.035-3.195)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.316\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of theophylline\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.157\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComplications\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNausea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.650 (0.424-0.996)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.046\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVomiting\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.753 (0.513-5.988)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.364\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWheezing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.747 (0.382-1.458)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.390\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCough\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.813 (0.608-1.086)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDyspnea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.737 (0.527-1.030)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.073\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBronchiectasis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.499 (0.091-2.724)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.413\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcute bronchiolitis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.317\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBronchitis, not specified as acute or chronic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.821 (0.447-1.508)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.524\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLower respiratory tract infection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.500 (0.045-5.511)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.563\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRespiratory failure\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.570 (0.167-1.947)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.364\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePneumonia, unspecified organism\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.254 (0.111-0.584)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther chronic obstructive pulmonary disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.001 (0.538-1.860)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.998\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObstructive sleep apnea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.026 (0.804-1.309)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.835\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSleep apnea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.958 (0.760-1.207)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.716\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCentral sleep apnea\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGastroesophageal reflux disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e171\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.076 (0.873-1.327)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.492\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGastro esophageal reflux disease with esophagitis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.860 (0.499-1.484)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.588\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGastroesophageal reflux disease without esophagitis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.077 (0.868-1.336)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.502\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOsteoporosis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.415 (0.676-2.963)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.354\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCataract\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.826 (0.417-1.640)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.585\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFracture\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.317\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther anxiety disorders\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e196\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.884 (0.722-1.083)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.234\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDepressive episode\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.816 (0.629-1.057)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInsomnia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.960 (0.646-1.427)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.842\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*To protect patient privacy, numbers are rounded up to 10. This may impact results, particularly for small cohorts and infrequent outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"internal-and-emergency-medicine","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"iaem","sideBox":"Learn more about [Internal and Emergency Medicine](http://link.springer.com/journal/11739)","snPcode":"11739","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/iaem/default.aspx","title":"Internal and Emergency Medicine","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Semaglutide, Tirzepatide, Diabetes, Asthma","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7126343/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7126343/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObjective\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTirzepatide and semaglutide are widely administered for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or obesity. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the overall impact of these medications on patients with asthma.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePatients and Methods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis retrospective cohort was based on data from the TriNetX US Collaborative Network for patients who received either tirzepatide or semaglutide between June 1, 2022, and December 1, 2023. After propensity score matching on baseline profile, 2,239 patients were indentifed in both cohorts. The follow-up started from Day 1 after drug initiation, and continued up to Day 365.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompared to the semaglutide cohort, the tirzepatide cohort had higher risks of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) (HR = 1.122; 95% CI: 1.015–1.239; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.024) and sleep apnea (HR = 1.115; 95% CI: 1.014–1.226; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.024). Subgroup analysis on patients with T2DM found that the risk for OSA (HR = 1.252; 95% CI: 1.021–1.534; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.030) and sleep apnea (HR = 1.273; 95% CI: 1.050–1.544; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e = 0.014) were also elevated. For patients without T2DM, the use of tirzepatide was related to a lower risk of receiving antiasthmatic bronchodilators (HR = 0.860; 95% CI: 0.745–0.993; \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e= 0.040).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTirzepatide use in asthma patients, particularly those with coexisting T2DM, may be associated with a higher risk of OSA compared to semaglutide. In asthma patients without T2DM, tirzepatide may reduce the need for bronchodilators.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Comparative Effects of Tirzepatide and Semaglutide on Asthma-Related Complications: A Target Trial Emulation Using the TriNetX Networks","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-23 08:41:13","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7126343/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2025-07-19T21:19:23+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-07-18T07:06:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-07-18T05:51:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Internal and Emergency Medicine","date":"2025-07-17T09:06:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"internal-and-emergency-medicine","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"iaem","sideBox":"Learn more about [Internal and Emergency Medicine](http://link.springer.com/journal/11739)","snPcode":"11739","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/iaem/default.aspx","title":"Internal and Emergency Medicine","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2092436c-0618-47aa-9091-8af03c0f17cb","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 23rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-23T08:41:13+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-23 08:41:13","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7126343","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7126343","identity":"rs-7126343","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}