Geostationary satellites reveal long‑range transport of internal gravity waves from the November 2025 Haily Gubbi eruption

Geostationary satellites reveal long‑range transport of internal gravity waves from the November 2025 Haily Gubbi eruption | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Geostationary satellites reveal long‑range transport of internal gravity waves from the November 2025 Haily Gubbi eruption Taichi Murakami, Kenji Tanaka This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8489873/v2 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 05 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 2 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract The 23 November 2025 eruption of the Haily Gubbi volcano in Ethiopia generated internal gravity waves that were analyzed using combined observations from the geostationary satellites Himawari‑8 and Meteosat‑9. Several hours of sustained plume emission produced a wave packet embedded within SO₂‑rich volcanic air masses, which propagated eastward under strong mid‑ to upper‑tropospheric westerlies. The propagation direction and phase speed matched the 300‑hPa wind field, indicating advection along the subtropical jet. Exceptionally dry conditions within the jet core (relative humidity < 30%) likely helped maintain the volcanic plume and prevented attenuation of the wave signal during long‑range transport. No clear signatures were detected in channels sensitive to the lower troposphere or stratosphere, reflecting the absence of an unstable layer capable of forming a wave duct. Without ducting, vertical leakage of wave energy inhibited downward penetration, explaining the lack of detectable signals over Japan in lower‑tropospheric channels. The combined satellite observations show that the wave packet propagated primarily within a narrow mid‑ to upper‑tropospheric layer constrained by background wind and humidity structure. These results demonstrate the value of multi‑satellite observations for detecting eruption‑generated internal gravity waves and highlight the environmental conditions that enable their long‑distance transport. Earth and environmental sciences/Climate sciences Earth and environmental sciences/Natural hazards Earth and environmental sciences/Solid earth sciences Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Supplement1FulldiskVideo.mp4 Supple2Himawarijp.mp4 Suppl3pressureanomaly.png Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 05 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 2 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 02 Mar, 2026 Reviews received at journal 27 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 25 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Feb, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 27 Jan, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 21 Jan, 2026 Editor invited by journal 12 Jan, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 05 Jan, 2026 First submitted to journal 05 Jan, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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