Self-Oblivion Questionnaire Development and its Reliability and Validity

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Method： Thematic keywords were extracted to form a preliminary questionnaire and an actual questionnaire through literature reviews of Taoism’s Self Oblivion literature and interview with relevant parties. Preliminary test was administered to 303 tertiary students and working adults, where questionnaire items were analyzed for their quality and structure of the questionnaire was examined. The actual test was administered on other 361 tertiary students and working adults, of which went through confirmatory factor analysis and criterion analysis. Results： Exploratory factor analysis showed that Oblivion of Self questionnaire is made up of 3 factors (15 items in total). Confirmatory factor analysis results support the trifactor structure, where fit indices were reasonable. Self Oblivion trait scores are negatively related to anxiety trait (-0.374), but positively related to peace of mind and mindful attention awareness (0.348 and 0.247 respectively). The overall questionnaire has an internal consistency coefficient of 0.849, and the three factors have an internal consistency coefficient of 0.828-0,904. Retest reliability of the overall questionnaire is 0.738, and the retest reliability of the three factors range between 0.694 and 0.785. Conclusion： The Self-Oblivion questionnaire developed in this study possess good reliability and validity, which can be used as an assessment instrument for further study and in practice. Trait of self-oblivion Coexistence cognition Enlightenment Questionnaire Development Figures Figure 1 Introduction In Taoism, “self oblivion” is an important concept. “self oblivion” is Chuang-Tze’s main philosophical advocacy, and the core ideology of Chuang-Tze’s written work that was named after him. Throughout Chuang-Tze ( book ), the word “ wàng ” – or oblivion – appears frequently, with more than 80 mentions of it in the book, where the discussion includes different degrees, processes, substance and stages of “ wàng ” in life. It needs to be pinpointed that Zhuang-Tze’s “wàng” differs from the secular meaning of “wàng” which can be understood as forgetting something, a natural form of forgetfulness. It also differs from Freud’s Motivated Forgetting where people forget unwanted memories intentionally, in order to achieve avoidance from certain emotions or inner conflicts – a suppressive form of forgetting or oblivion. Zhuang-Tze’s “wàng” is initiative, active, having the ability to filter and separate irrelevant factors and highlight relevant factors without eliminating the object entirely ­­– a conscientious form of forgetting or oblivion(Wang, 1992). Such form of “wàng” isn’t just a temporal form of forgetting or oblivion, it is beyond the mental level of men. Through such initiative form of oblivion, it liberates one from the complexities and attachment to materials and secularity, achieving a form of spiritual and mental freedom. "Self oblivion" is an important method and means of Zhuangzi's cultivation of mind and nature and Realization of truth, and has an important influence on later practitioners. Logically, the subject of "forgetting" is "I", and the object of "forgetting" is all things (that is, society, nature and itself) that "I" is aware of. The occurrence of "forgetting" is the process that "I" turn a blind eye to society and nature, and "I hear nothing" and reduce my own cognitive experience. Its progressive relationship is a process of forgetting from outside to inside, from things to people, from body to heart, from shallow to deep. From the perspective of methodology, "Qi Wu", "Xin Zhai" and "sit and forget" are generally accepted methods (Meng, 2007; Guo, Pan, 1993; Luo, 2013). Among them, "Qi Wu" is the key to self forgetting, which solves the cognitive problem of Tao, and is the bridge from the starting point to the destination in the process of Tao practice (Liu, 2010; Chen, 2014); while "sit and forget" is the core concept of self-cultivation theory, which is the combination of mind and Tao. It can be seen that the process of selflessness contains the change of cognition, the withdrawal of self-consciousness and the good experience of the soul. It has not only become the life wisdom and spiritual sustenance of traditional intellectuals, but also the excellent traditional cultural resources for people to pursue physical and mental health, nourish the spirit and survive the crisis. In recent years, studies（Zhang, 2002; Wang, 2010; Li, Zhang, 2011; Wei, 2011; Tong, Wang, 2017）have showed that oblivion of self has an effect on encouraging overall wellbeing, where it eliminates distracting thoughts, calms, relaxes, achieve peak experience and surpass oneself. Obviously, the significance of self oblivion to physical and mental health is obvious. However, so far, there are many theoretical articles on the significance and value of "self oblivion", while there are few articles on the relationship and mechanism between "self oblivion" and mental health, and the introduction of "self oblivion" into the methods and effect evaluation of physical and mental adjustment, especially the quantitative research. One of the important reasons is how to clarify the concept of "self oblivion" and how to measure it. Therefore, it is very important to develop a questionnaire if we want to explore the mechanism of self oblivion and its relationship with related variables. This study uses the method of literature research and interview to collect entries, and gather them into a database of entries, and then form the questionnaire items, and mainly take college students as samples to prepare the self oblivion questionnaire, which lays the foundation for the follow-up related research. Methods 1.1 Participants Sample 1 (Preliminary Survey): 267 questionnaires were distributed across tertiary institutions at Zhejiang, Chongqing and Xinjiang through convenience sampling. After excluding 11 sets of invalid responses, 256 sets of responses were validated. In addition, the survey was also distributed digitally through WeChat groups and 47 sets of responses were received from working adults. Both groups combined to a total of 303 sets of responses, of which were made up of 96 males and 207 females. 137 were 18-20 years old; 117 were 21-25 years old; 26 were 26-40 years old and 22 were 41 years old and above. The data collected were used for items analysis and exploratory factor analysis for the preliminary questionnaire. Sample 2 (Actual Survey): 335 questionnaires were distributed across tertiary institutions at Zhejiang, Chongqing, Beijing and Xinjiang through convenience sampling. After excluding 26 sets of invalid responses, 309 sets of responses were validated. In addition, the survey was also distributed digitally through WeChat groups and 51 sets of responses were received from working adults. Both groups combined to a total of 360 sets of responses, of which were made up of 108 males and 252 females. 137 were 18-20 years old; 173 were 21-25 years old; 30 were 26-40 years old and 20 were 41 years old and above. The data collected were used in confirmatory factor analysis and predictive validity test. 1.2 Questionnaire Development 1.2.1 Literature Review and Interview As mentioned earlier, “oblivion” in Taoism’s context differs from what is secularly known as suppressing memories, it refers to the reductive process of oneself from societal, natural and cognitive experiences. As such, the essence of “oblivion” in Taoism is a form of deconstruction and surpassing of oneself(Wang, 1992). Chen Xia (2012) postulated that Zhuang-Tze’s “oblivion” can be classified as 4 categories of – oblivion to things, oblivion to virtue, oblivion to knowledge and oblivion to self, where these categories follows a forgetting process in a progressive manner from the inwards to the outwards, from things to the person, from bodily to emotionally, superficial to deep. Oblivion to things refer to being free from the temptations of secularity and material goods; oblivion to virtues refers to separation from morality and putting away moral judgement of others; oblivion to knowledge refers to forgoing and not using prejudices formed by prior knowledge and experiences; and oblivion to self refers to breaking away from the liabilities of life, looking pass life and death, and forgetting the existence of oneself, achieving Tao. Hence, oblivion to self is a series of deconstruction process of oneself, which is also the path to return to nature. In this process, there are two main enlightenment stages of understanding the equality of things and oblivion of self to achieve Tao. To understand the equality of things will allow us to forgo them, then to be oblivious of self and achieve enlightenment. Figure 1 the theoretical framework of self oblivon As such, we have separated “oblivion of self” to two parts – coexistence cognition and oblivion of self to achieve Tao, with the former being a process state and latter an outcome state (See Figure 1). Using this concept, we interviewed 15 Taoists and Taoism Scholars, where most suggested that the key of oblivion of self is in “disciplining the heart”, where one should evaluate his or her relationship with the external world. A peaceful heart would allow one to achieve void-quietness and from there, oblivion of oneself. It was also postulated that oblivion of self is not simply an experience, but an attitude towards life and a realm of life, where under prolonged period of influence, it can become a more stable psychological trait. Thus, the results from the interview matches the theoretical concept. 1.2.2 Development of Questionnaire Based on the concept mentioned earlier, the current study retrieves keywords from Zhuang-Tze, 3 passages on Zuowang from the Tang Dynasty (namely, Seven Steps of Zuowang, Xingshen Zuowanglun and Tianyinzi) as well as Taoist interview content. On top of that, the current study took reference from the keywords present in the oblivion of self dimension in Du Tian-Li’s (2015) Self-resilience Questionnaire. The process is as followed: First, all related keywords and phrases were extracted and were processed into thematic words and phrases, repeated words or phrases were omitted, and an initial set of words were formed. Second, a researcher of Zhuang’s philosophy was invited to edit and categorize the keywords generated to formulate the materials for initial items. Next, three psychology researchers analyzed, removed ambiguous and unfamiliar items from the item pool, and drafted a 42-item Oblivion of Self questionnaire. After which, the questionnaire was distributed to 28 undergraduates for testing, where they were asked about their thoughts on the questioonnaire, where 5 items were removed based on the feedback received (subjects suggested that the 5 items did not match real life), and 37 items were retained. Lastly, based on exploratory factor analysis, the official Oblivion of Self questionnaire was generated, which consisted of 15 items, encompassing 3 factors, adopted a 6-point likert scale (1- 6) for individuals to rate how relevant are the items, from “highly irrelevant/almost never” to “highly relevant/almost always”, where the higher the scores, the higher the degree of oblivion of self. 1.3 Criterion Validity Questionnaires 1.3.1 Peace of Mind Scale (POM) Developed by Lee Yizhen (2013), this scale is suitable to explore happiness and peacefulness under the great influence of Asian Culture. There is a total of 7 items, where a self-reporting 6-point scale is used with 1 being never and 6 being always. The higher the total score, the stronger sense of peace of mind. The Cronbach α level of the scale is 0.91-0.94. 1.3.2 Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T) Developed by Spielbergi et. al, a total of 20 items, each with a likert scale of 4 was administered. With 1 being rarely, 2 being sometimes, 3 being often and 4 as always. The higher the scores, the higher the level of anxiety personality trait. The Chinese version has good reliability and validity(Wang, Wang, Ma, 1999). 1.3.3 Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) Mindful Attention Awareness Scale was developed by Brown and Ryan, which tests the levels of mindful awareness, describes as the “present attention and sensations”. The MAAS is a single-dimension structure that includes 15 items that involves individuals’ day-to-day cognition, emotions and physiological aspects(Brown, Ryan, 2003). Chinese scholars adopted it and it has good reliability and validity(Chen, Cui, Zhou, Jia, 2012). 1.4 Actual Test The actual Oblivion of Self Questionnaire was administered to sample 2 together with POMS, STAI-T and MAAS. The collected responses were analyzed with confirmatory factor analysis and criterion relation to ascertain the validity, criterion validity and internal consistency reliability of the structure of the questionnaire. All questionnaires were distributed in a group in class, through online response methods. After which, the questionnaires were collected on the spot upon completion. 1.5 Statistical Method SPSS 17.0 was used on the data collected for descriptive statistical analysis, correlation analysis, exploratory factor analysis as well as reliability and validity analysis. Amos 17.0 was used for confirmatory factor analysis. P < 0.05 is statistically significant. Results 2.1 Preliminary Test Results 2.1.1 Items Analysis The 37-item Oblivion of Self questionnaire was distributed to sample 1 for preliminary testing. The current study adopted methods such as item overall correlation, critical ratio of items, reliability analysis and common extraction for the analysis of items. Item overall correlation measures the correlation between items and the oblivion of self total score, leaving out items with a lesser correlation coefficient than 0.32(Zhao & Gu, 2010). For critical ratio levels (CR level) oblivion of self scores were arranged in a descending order, where the first 27% consist of the highest scores and last 27%, the lowest scores, and one-sample t test was conducted on the values of every item from each sample, to test if the difference value is statistically significant (p < 0.05). Next, based on the current reliability analysis of Cronbach α, items were carefully omitted should the removal of items increases reliability. Lastly, the questionnaire ran through a homogeneity test as a single factor where if the common value of items is smaller than 0.1 or negative 0.32, the item will be considered for omission(Wu, 2010). Combining the four methods above, 12 items were omitted, retaining 25 items. 2.1.2 Exploratory Factor Analysis and Item-naming Exploratory factor analysis was conducted on the 25 items using principal component analysis, with varimax rotation. Firstly, examining the suitability of using exploratory factor analysis on the data. The results have shown that the KMO value is 0.899, Bartlett ‘s test of sphericity value of 2392.56, degrees of freedom as 105, p<0.001, signifying that the data collected is suitable for factor analysis. Secondly, abiding to the following criteria to select factors and questionnaire items: One, factor’s characteristic root must be bigger than 1; Two, combining the cumulative variance and scree plot; Three, omitting items that maximum load is smaller than 0.45 and commonalty smaller than 0.4; Four, remove any items that has a cross-loading value greater than 0.4 and lastly, ensuring that every factor has at least 3 items. Table 1 Results of Oblivion of Self Questionnaire Exploratory Factor Analysis Based on the above-mentioned criteria, after much exploration, 11 items were eventually omitted, and 14 items were retained. Three factors were chosen in total and the cumulative variance was 64.492% (See Table 1). Overall consideration of the context of the three factors and their inherent relation, they were named as: Experience of oblivion of self (6 items), coexistence cognition (5 items), and Enlightenment (3 items). Experience of oblivion of self mainly refers to temporal breaking away from one’s consciousness and body, as well as the subjective experience with the external world, such as oblivion of the body, things and time, etc. Coexistence cognition refers to equal, unbiased attitude towards oneself, others and things such as fame, glory, and material goods. Enlightenment refers to the instinct that one has that transcends cognition, such as freedom of the mind and spirit. 2.2 Actual Questionnaire Results 2.2.1 Questionnaire Scores The actual questionnaire of 15 items were administered to 360 subjects, the data collected for each factors and overall data is as followed (See Table 2). Table 2 Scores from Actual Questionnaire and Each Factors 2.2.2 Reliability Analysis Reliability testing of questionnaire is usually done using internal and external testing. The current study first used the internal concordance coefficient (Cronbach α ) to test the questionnaire’s reliability. The overall Cronbach α is 0.849 and the α level of the three factors were between 0.828-0.904 (See Table 3). In addition, using convenience sampling principle, a retest was conducted on 39 subjects who were administered the actual test on. Of which comprised of 25 females, 14 males, with average age of 20±1 years old. The order of the items was different during both tests. The questionnaire’s retest α level was 0.738, and there were some changes to the three factors (See Table 2), however, overall-wise, the questionnaire has good stability. Table 3 Reliability Analysis of Questionnaire 2.2.3 Validity Analysis Structure Validity: Amos 17.0 was used for the confirmatory factor analysis of the structure of the three factors in the questionnaire. Results showed that model fitting level (M1) is reasonable. In order to test if M1 was the best model, the “Enlightenment” and “Experience of Oblivion of Self” factors were combined and formed a two-factor model (M2); In addition, the three factors were combined to form a single-factor model (M3). Results have shown that M1’s fit index was the most ideal (See Table 4). Table 4 Model Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Oblivion of Self trait in Trifactor, Two-factor and Single-factor Models Criterion Validity: The three dimensions of Oblivion of Self questionnaire is negatively related with anxiety; Coexistence cognition and enlightenment are positively related to peace of mind and mindful attention awareness whereas Experience of Oblivion of Self factor has no significant relationship with both (See Table 5). Table 5 Correlation of Oblivion of self-Questionnaire with Anxiety, Peace of Mind and Mindful Attention Awareness Discussion As the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, oblivion of self trait is a first order trifactor structure. This is similar to the theoretical framework mentioned above. The three factors: Coexistence cognition, experience of oblivion of self and enlightenment formed the three aspects of oblivion of self. From data analysis viewpoint, the three are independent factors, however, from the theory of oblivion of self, there is relevance between the three. Coexistence cognition is the foundation, to understand the equality of things will allow us to forgo them, then to be oblivious of self and achieve enlightenment.。Of course, the experience of oblivion of self and enlightenment would also increase the cognition levels of coexistence. These relationships can be further studied in future research. Reliability analysis of the questionnaire has proven that the items predicting oblivion of self trait has good stability and the retested correlation coefficient is also logical. Thus, the oblivion of self trait explored in the current study is a relatively stable mental state and psychological quality. Construct validity analysis results have shown, each confirmatory factor spans in a relatively good goodness of fit index range, which explains that the structure of the questionnaire is logical. The overall score of the questionnaire has significant relationships with anxiety trait, peace of mind and mindful attention awareness, where it is positively related to peace of mind and mindful attention awareness and negatively related to anxiety train, this matches with available research(Tong, Li, Liu, Qi, Wang, 2017). Among the three factors, the relationships of coexistence cognition, enlightenment and the scores of each criteria validity questionnaire is similar to the overall questionnaire, however, the factor of experience of oblivion of self significantly negatively related to anxiety train and is not significantly related to peace of mind and mindful attention awareness, this requires further research. The above results showed that the questionnaire has a good criterion validity, and at the same time proved that Tao’s oblivion of self has a positive effect on one’s wellbeing. In conclusion, the Oblivion of Self questionnaire developed in this study has good reliability and validity, and this questionnaire can be used as a measurement method in research and practice as well as an assessment instrument in training of oblivion of self or materials development. What needs to be pointed out is that the current study’s main subjects were tertiary students and most of them were females. Whether or not the results are representative of the greater population requires further study. In addition, the relationship between the structure of oblivion of self trait and overall wellbeing requires further exploration and confirmation. Declarations Ethnic Statement The study was approved by the Research Ethic Committee of Wenzhou University. All methods were performed in accordance with the local relevant guidelines and regulations in China. All participants were provided written informed consent. We certify that this manuscript is original and has not been published and will not be submitted elsewhere for publication while being considered by Current Psychology. And the study is not split up into several parts to increase the quantity of submissions and submitted to various journals or to one journal over time. No data have been fabricated or manipulated (including images) to support our conclusions. No data, text, or theories by others are presented as if they were our own. The submission has been received explicitly from all co-authors. And authors whose names appear on the submission have contributed sufficiently to the scientific work and therefore share collective responsibility and accountability for the results. Conflict of interest statement We declare that we have no financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations that can inappropriately influence our work, there is no professional or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service and/or company that could be construed as influencing the position presented in, or the review of, the manuscript entitled, “Self Oblivion Questionnaire Development and its Reliability and Validity”. Data Availability The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request. References Brown KW, Ryan RM.（2003）. The benefits of being present: Mind-fulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4):822-848. Chen Shaoming. (2014). "I lost me": a classical self concept. Philosophical studies, 8: 42-50. Chen Siyi, Cui Hong, Zhou Renlai, Jia Yanyan (2012). Revision and reliability and validity of mindfulness attention scale (MAAS). Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 20(2): 148-151. Chen Xia (2012). On Zhuangzi s forgetfulness: Forgetting each other and adapting. Philosophical Studies, 8:44-49. Du Tianli (2015). Research on self-resilience: Theory and practice. SuZhou: Soochow University. Guo Qiyong, Pan Boxiang.(1993). On Xu Guan Fu's thought history view. Jianghan forum, 6: 34-36+33. Lee YC，Lin YC，Huang CL，et al.（2013） The construct and measurement of peace of mind . J Happiness Stud，14(2):571－590. Li Shujun, Zhang Luning (2011). A Comparative Study of Zhuangzi's thoughts of meditation, sitting and forgetting, and transpersonal psychology. Henan Social Sciences, 19(1), 198-201. Liu Xiaogan.(2010). Chuang-tzu's philosophy and its evolution. Renmin University of China press, 188. Luo Anxian.(2013). Chuang-tzu's "I lost my" meaning. Philosophical research, 6: 54-61+78. Meng Zhou.(2007). Chuang-tzu's thought of body order. 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Tables Table 1 Results of Oblivion of Self Questionnaire Exploratory Factor Analysis Item Factors Experience of Oblivion of Self Coexistence Cognition Enlightenment T 31 .852 .789 .770 .686 .642 .590 .820 .789 .745 T 29 .831 T 28 .823 T 33 .765 T 32 .739 T 30 .726 T 25 T 8 T 26 T 19 T 24 T 37 T 35 T 34 Eigenvalue 4.106 2.510 2.413 Contribution Rate 29.331 17.927 17.234 Cumulative Contribution Rate 29.331 47.258 64.492 Table 2 Scores from Actual Questionnaire and Each Factors Factors Item Count M ± SD Experience of Oblivion of Self 6 2.568 ± .971 Coexistence Cognition 5 3.689 ± 1.014 Enlightenment 3 3.106 ± 1.244 Overall Mean 14 3.082 ± .821 Table 3 Reliability Analysis of Questionnaire Reliability Experience of Oblivion of Self Coexistence Cognition Enlightenment Overall Mean Internal Reliability .880 .852 .841 .885 External Reliability .694 .785 .736 .738 Table 4 Model Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Oblivion of Self trait in Trifactor, Two-factor and Single-factor Models Model χ 2 /df RMR GFI AGFI NFI IFI TLI CFI RMSEA M1 2.345 0.081 0.924 0.892 0.917 0.950 0.939 0.950 0.067 M2 3.179 0.083 0.925 0.885 0.911 0.937 0.919 0.937 0.085 M3 8.375 0.221 0.719 0.617 0.690 0.717 0.663 0.715 0.156 Table 5 Correlation of Oblivion of self-Questionnaire with Anxiety, Peace of Mind and Mindful Attention Awareness Factors Experience of Oblivion of Self Coexistence Cognition Enlightenment Oblivion of Self Total Score Anxiety Trait -0.30** -0.461** -0.485** -0.513** Peace of Mind 0.170** 0.346** 0.381** 0.362** Mindful attention Awareness 0.153** 0.304** 0.300** 0.309** Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Throughout Chuang-Tze (\u003cem\u003ebook\u003c/em\u003e), the word \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003ew\u0026agrave;ng\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; \u0026ndash; or oblivion \u0026ndash; appears frequently, with more than 80 mentions of it in the book, where the discussion includes different degrees, processes, substance and stages of \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003ew\u0026agrave;ng\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; in life. It needs to be pinpointed that Zhuang-Tze\u0026rsquo;s \u0026ldquo;w\u0026agrave;ng\u0026rdquo; differs from the secular meaning of \u0026ldquo;w\u0026agrave;ng\u0026rdquo; which can be understood as forgetting something, a natural form of forgetfulness. It also differs from Freud\u0026rsquo;s \u003cem\u003eMotivated Forgetting\u003c/em\u003e where people forget unwanted memories intentionally, in order to achieve avoidance from certain emotions or inner conflicts \u0026ndash; a suppressive form of forgetting or oblivion. Zhuang-Tze\u0026rsquo;s \u0026ldquo;w\u0026agrave;ng\u0026rdquo; is initiative, active, having the ability to filter and separate irrelevant factors and highlight relevant factors without eliminating the object entirely \u0026shy;\u0026shy;\u0026ndash; a conscientious form of forgetting or oblivion(Wang, 1992). Such form of \u0026ldquo;w\u0026agrave;ng\u0026rdquo; isn\u0026rsquo;t just a temporal form of forgetting or oblivion, it is beyond the mental level of men. Through such initiative form of oblivion, it liberates one from the complexities and attachment to materials and secularity, achieving a form of spiritual and mental freedom.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026quot;Self oblivion\u0026quot; is an important method and means of Zhuangzi\u0026apos;s cultivation of mind and nature and Realization of truth, and has an important influence on later practitioners. Logically, the subject of \u0026quot;forgetting\u0026quot; is \u0026quot;I\u0026quot;, and the object of \u0026quot;forgetting\u0026quot; is all things (that is, society, nature and itself) that \u0026quot;I\u0026quot; is aware of. The occurrence of \u0026quot;forgetting\u0026quot; is the process that \u0026quot;I\u0026quot; turn a blind eye to society and nature, and \u0026quot;I hear nothing\u0026quot; and reduce my own cognitive experience. Its progressive relationship is a process of forgetting from outside to inside, from things to people, from body to heart, from shallow to deep. From the perspective of methodology, \u0026quot;Qi Wu\u0026quot;, \u0026quot;Xin Zhai\u0026quot; and \u0026quot;sit and forget\u0026quot; are generally accepted methods (Meng, 2007; Guo, Pan, 1993; Luo, 2013). Among them, \u0026quot;Qi Wu\u0026quot; is the key to self forgetting, which solves the cognitive problem of Tao, and is the bridge from the starting point to the destination in the process of Tao practice (Liu, 2010; Chen, 2014); while \u0026quot;sit and forget\u0026quot; is the core concept of self-cultivation theory, which is the combination of mind and Tao. It can be seen that the process of selflessness contains the change of cognition, the withdrawal of self-consciousness and the good experience of the soul. It has not only become the life wisdom and spiritual sustenance of traditional intellectuals, but also the excellent traditional cultural resources for people to pursue physical and mental health, nourish the spirit and survive the crisis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn recent years, studies（Zhang, 2002; Wang, 2010; Li, Zhang, 2011; Wei, 2011; Tong, Wang, 2017）have showed that oblivion of self has an effect on encouraging overall wellbeing, where it eliminates distracting thoughts, calms, relaxes, achieve peak experience and surpass oneself. Obviously, the significance of self oblivion to physical and mental health is obvious. However, so far, there are many theoretical articles on the significance and value of \u0026quot;self oblivion\u0026quot;, while there are few articles on the relationship and mechanism between \u0026quot;self oblivion\u0026quot; and mental health, and the introduction of \u0026quot;self oblivion\u0026quot; into the methods and effect evaluation of physical and mental adjustment, especially the quantitative research. One of the important reasons is how to clarify the concept of \u0026quot;self oblivion\u0026quot; and how to measure it. Therefore, it is very important to develop a questionnaire if we want to explore the mechanism of self oblivion and its relationship with related variables. This study uses the method of literature research and interview to collect entries, and gather them into a database of entries, and then form the questionnaire items, and mainly take college students as samples to prepare the self oblivion questionnaire, which lays the foundation for the follow-up related research.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.1 Participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSample 1 (Preliminary Survey): 267 questionnaires were distributed across tertiary institutions at Zhejiang, Chongqing and Xinjiang through convenience sampling. After excluding 11 sets of invalid responses, 256 sets of responses were validated. In addition, the survey was also distributed digitally through WeChat groups and 47 sets of responses were received from working adults. Both groups combined to a total of 303 sets of responses, of which were made up of 96 males and 207 females. 137 were 18-20 years old; 117 were 21-25 years old; 26 were 26-40 years old and 22 were 41 years old and above. The data collected were used for items analysis and exploratory factor analysis for the preliminary questionnaire.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSample 2 (Actual Survey):\u0026nbsp;335 questionnaires were distributed across tertiary institutions at Zhejiang, Chongqing, Beijing and Xinjiang through convenience sampling. After excluding 26 sets of invalid responses, 309 sets of responses were validated. In addition, the survey was also distributed digitally through WeChat groups and 51 sets of responses were received from working adults. Both groups combined to a total of 360 sets of responses, of which were made up of 108 males and 252 females. 137 were 18-20 years old; 173 were 21-25 years old; 30 were 26-40 years old and 20 were 41 years old and above. The data collected were used in confirmatory factor analysis and predictive validity test.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.2 Questionnaire Development\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.2.1 Literature Review and Interview\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs mentioned earlier, \u0026ldquo;oblivion\u0026rdquo; in Taoism\u0026rsquo;s context differs from what is secularly known as suppressing memories, it refers to the reductive process of oneself from societal, natural and cognitive experiences. As such, the essence of \u0026ldquo;oblivion\u0026rdquo; in Taoism is a form of deconstruction and surpassing of oneself(Wang, 1992). Chen Xia (2012) postulated that Zhuang-Tze\u0026rsquo;s \u0026ldquo;oblivion\u0026rdquo; can be classified as 4 categories of \u0026ndash; oblivion to things, oblivion to virtue, oblivion to knowledge and oblivion to self, where these categories follows a forgetting process in a progressive manner from the inwards to the outwards, from things to the person, from bodily to emotionally, superficial to deep. Oblivion to things refer to being free from the temptations of secularity and material goods; oblivion to virtues refers to separation from morality and putting away moral judgement of others; oblivion to knowledge refers to forgoing and not using prejudices formed by prior knowledge and experiences; and oblivion to self refers to breaking away from the liabilities of life, looking pass life and death, and forgetting the existence of oneself, achieving Tao. Hence, oblivion to self is a series of deconstruction process of oneself, which is also the path to return to nature. In this process, there are two main enlightenment stages of understanding the equality of things and oblivion of self to achieve Tao. To understand the equality of things will allow us to forgo them, then to be oblivious of self and achieve enlightenment. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 1 \u0026nbsp;the theoretical framework of self oblivon\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs such, we have separated \u0026ldquo;oblivion of self\u0026rdquo; to two parts \u0026ndash; coexistence cognition and oblivion of self to achieve Tao, with the former being a process state and latter an outcome state (See Figure 1). Using this concept, we interviewed 15 Taoists and Taoism Scholars, where most suggested that the key of oblivion of self is in \u0026ldquo;disciplining the heart\u0026rdquo;, where one should evaluate his or her relationship with the external world. A peaceful heart would allow one to achieve void-quietness and from there, oblivion of oneself. It was also postulated that oblivion of self is not simply an experience, but an attitude towards life and a realm of life, where under prolonged period of influence, it can become a more stable psychological trait. Thus, the results from the interview matches the theoretical concept.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.2.2 Development of Questionnaire\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the concept mentioned earlier, the current study retrieves keywords from Zhuang-Tze, 3 passages on Zuowang from the Tang Dynasty (namely, Seven Steps of Zuowang, Xingshen Zuowanglun and Tianyinzi) as well as Taoist interview content. On top of that, the current study took reference from the keywords present in the oblivion of self dimension in Du Tian-Li\u0026rsquo;s (2015) Self-resilience Questionnaire. The process is as followed: \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFirst, all related keywords and phrases were extracted and were processed into thematic words and phrases, repeated words or phrases were omitted, and an initial set of words were formed. Second, a researcher of Zhuang\u0026rsquo;s philosophy was invited to edit and categorize the keywords generated to formulate the materials for initial items. Next, three psychology researchers analyzed, removed ambiguous and unfamiliar items from the item pool, and drafted a 42-item Oblivion of Self questionnaire. After which, the questionnaire was distributed to 28 undergraduates for testing, where they were asked about their thoughts on the questioonnaire, where 5 items were removed based on the feedback received (subjects suggested that the 5 items did not match real life), and 37 items were retained. Lastly, based on exploratory factor analysis, the official Oblivion of Self questionnaire was generated, which consisted of 15 items, encompassing 3 factors, adopted a 6-point likert scale (1- 6) for individuals to rate how relevant are the items, from \u0026ldquo;highly irrelevant/almost never\u0026rdquo; to \u0026ldquo;highly relevant/almost always\u0026rdquo;, where the higher the scores, the higher the degree of oblivion of self.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.3 Criterion Validity Questionnaires\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.3.1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ePeace of Mind Scale (POM)\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDeveloped by Lee Yizhen (2013), this scale is suitable to explore happiness and peacefulness under the great influence of Asian Culture. There is a total of 7 items, where a self-reporting 6-point scale is used with 1 being never and 6 being always. The higher the total score, the stronger sense of peace of mind. The Cronbach \u003cem\u003e\u0026alpha;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003elevel of the scale is 0.91-0.94.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.3.2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eTrait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDeveloped by Spielbergi et. al, a total of 20 items, each with a likert scale of 4 was administered. With 1 being rarely, 2 being sometimes, 3 being often and 4 as always. The higher the scores, the higher the level of anxiety personality trait. The Chinese version has good reliability and validity(Wang, Wang, Ma, 1999).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.3.3\u003c/strong\u003e Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMindful Attention Awareness Scale was developed by Brown and Ryan, which tests the levels of mindful awareness, describes as the \u0026ldquo;present attention and sensations\u0026rdquo;. The MAAS is a single-dimension structure that includes 15 items that involves individuals\u0026rsquo; day-to-day cognition, emotions and physiological aspects(Brown, Ryan, 2003). Chinese scholars adopted it and it has good reliability and validity(Chen, Cui, Zhou, Jia, 2012).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.4 Actual Test\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe actual Oblivion of Self Questionnaire was administered to sample 2 together with POMS, STAI-T and MAAS. The collected responses were analyzed with confirmatory factor analysis and criterion relation to ascertain the validity, criterion validity and internal consistency reliability of the structure of the questionnaire. All questionnaires were distributed in a group in class, through online response methods. After which, the questionnaires were collected on the spot upon completion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.5 Statistical Method\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSPSS 17.0 was used on the data collected for descriptive statistical analysis, correlation analysis, exploratory factor analysis as well as reliability and validity analysis. Amos 17.0 was used for confirmatory factor analysis. P \u0026lt; 0.05 is statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1 Preliminary Test Results\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1.1 Items Analysis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe 37-item Oblivion of Self questionnaire was distributed to sample 1 for preliminary testing. The current study adopted methods such as item overall correlation, critical ratio of items, reliability analysis and common extraction for the analysis of items. Item overall correlation measures the correlation between items and the oblivion of self total score, leaving out items with a lesser correlation coefficient than 0.32(Zhao \u0026amp; Gu, 2010). For critical ratio levels (CR level) oblivion of self scores were arranged in a descending order, where the first 27% consist of the highest scores and last 27%, the lowest scores, and one-sample t test was conducted on the values of every item from each sample, to test if the difference value is statistically significant (p \u0026lt; 0.05). Next, based on the current reliability analysis of Cronbach \u003cem\u003e\u0026alpha;,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eitems were carefully omitted should the removal of items increases reliability. Lastly, the questionnaire ran through a homogeneity test as a single factor where if the common value of items is smaller than 0.1 or negative 0.32, the item will be considered for omission(Wu, 2010). Combining the four methods above, 12 items were omitted, retaining 25 items.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1.2 Exploratory Factor Analysis and Item-naming\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExploratory factor analysis was conducted on the 25 items using principal component analysis, with varimax rotation. Firstly, examining the suitability of using exploratory factor analysis on the data. The results have shown that the KMO value is 0.899, Bartlett \u0026lsquo;s test of sphericity value of 2392.56, degrees of freedom as 105, p\u0026lt;0.001, signifying that the data collected is suitable for factor analysis. Secondly, abiding to the following criteria to select factors and questionnaire items: One, factor\u0026rsquo;s characteristic root must be bigger than 1; Two, combining the cumulative variance and scree plot; Three, omitting items that maximum load is smaller than 0.45 and commonalty smaller than 0.4; Four, remove any items that has a cross-loading value greater than 0.4 and lastly, ensuring that every factor has at least 3 items.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1 Results of Oblivion of Self Questionnaire Exploratory Factor Analysis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the above-mentioned criteria, after much exploration, 11 items were eventually omitted, and 14 items were retained. Three factors were chosen in total and the cumulative variance was 64.492% (See Table 1). Overall consideration of the context of the three factors and their inherent relation, they were named as: Experience of oblivion of self (6 items), coexistence cognition (5 items), and Enlightenment (3 items). Experience of oblivion of self mainly refers to temporal breaking away from one\u0026rsquo;s consciousness and body, as well as the subjective experience with the external world, such as oblivion of the body, things and time, etc. Coexistence cognition refers to equal, unbiased attitude towards oneself, others and things such as fame, glory, and material goods. Enlightenment refers to the instinct that one has that transcends cognition, such as freedom of the mind and spirit.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2 Actual Questionnaire Results\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2.1 Questionnaire Scores\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe actual questionnaire of 15 items were administered to 360 subjects, the data collected for each factors and overall data is as followed (See Table 2).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2 Scores from Actual Questionnaire and Each Factors\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2.2 Reliability Analysis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReliability testing of questionnaire is usually done using internal and external testing. The current study first used the internal concordance coefficient (Cronbach \u003cem\u003e\u0026alpha;\u003c/em\u003e) to test the questionnaire\u0026rsquo;s reliability. The overall Cronbach \u003cem\u003e\u0026alpha;\u003c/em\u003e is 0.849 and the \u003cem\u003e\u0026alpha;\u003c/em\u003e level of the three factors were between 0.828-0.904 (See Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition, using convenience sampling principle, a retest was conducted on 39 subjects who were administered the actual test on. Of which comprised of 25 females, 14 males, with average age of 20\u0026plusmn;1 years old. The order of the items was different during both tests. The questionnaire\u0026rsquo;s retest \u003cem\u003e\u0026alpha;\u003c/em\u003e level was 0.738, and there were some changes to the three factors (See Table 2), however, overall-wise, the questionnaire has good stability.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3 Reliability Analysis of Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2.3 Validity Analysis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStructure Validity: Amos 17.0 was used for the confirmatory factor analysis of the structure of the three factors in the questionnaire. Results showed that model fitting level (M1) is reasonable. In order to test if M1 was the best model, the \u0026ldquo;Enlightenment\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Experience of Oblivion of Self\u0026rdquo; factors were combined and formed a two-factor model (M2); In addition, the three factors were combined to form a single-factor model (M3). Results have shown that M1\u0026rsquo;s fit index was the most ideal (See Table 4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4 Model Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Oblivion of Self trait in Trifactor, Two-factor and Single-factor Models\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCriterion Validity: The three dimensions of Oblivion of Self questionnaire is negatively related with anxiety; Coexistence cognition and enlightenment are positively related to peace of mind and mindful attention awareness whereas Experience of Oblivion of Self factor has no significant relationship with both (See Table 5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5 Correlation of Oblivion of self-Questionnaire with Anxiety, Peace of Mind and Mindful Attention Awareness\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAs the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, oblivion of self trait is a first order trifactor structure. This is similar to the theoretical framework mentioned above. The three factors: Coexistence cognition, experience of oblivion of self and enlightenment formed the three aspects of oblivion of self. From data analysis viewpoint, the three are independent factors, however, from the theory of oblivion of self, there is relevance between the three. Coexistence cognition is the foundation,\u0026nbsp;to understand the equality of things will allow us to forgo them, then to be oblivious of self and achieve enlightenment.。Of course, the experience of oblivion of self and enlightenment would also increase the cognition levels of coexistence. These relationships can be further studied in future research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReliability analysis of the questionnaire has proven that the items predicting oblivion of self trait has good stability and the retested correlation coefficient is also logical. Thus, the oblivion of self trait explored in the current study is a relatively stable mental state and psychological quality. Construct validity analysis results have shown, each confirmatory factor spans in a relatively good goodness of fit index range, which explains that the structure of the questionnaire is logical. The overall score of the questionnaire has significant relationships with anxiety trait, peace of mind and mindful attention awareness, where it is positively related to peace of mind and mindful attention awareness and negatively related to anxiety train, this matches with available research(Tong, Li, Liu, Qi, Wang, 2017). Among the three factors, the relationships of coexistence cognition, enlightenment and the scores of each criteria validity questionnaire is similar to the overall questionnaire, however, the factor of experience of oblivion of self significantly negatively related to anxiety train and is not significantly related to peace of mind and mindful attention awareness, this requires further research. The above results showed that the questionnaire has a good criterion validity, and at the same time proved that Tao\u0026rsquo;s oblivion of self has a positive effect on one\u0026rsquo;s wellbeing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, the Oblivion of Self questionnaire developed in this study has good reliability and validity, and this questionnaire can be used as a measurement method in research and practice as well as an assessment instrument in training of oblivion of self or materials development.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhat needs to be pointed out is that the current study\u0026rsquo;s main subjects were tertiary students and most of them were females. Whether or not the results are representative of the greater population requires further study. In addition, the relationship between the structure of oblivion of self trait and overall wellbeing requires further exploration and confirmation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthnic Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was approved by the Research Ethic Committee of Wenzhou University. All methods were performed in accordance with the local relevant guidelines and regulations in China. All participants were provided written informed consent. We certify that this manuscript is original and has not been published and will not be submitted elsewhere for publication while being considered by Current Psychology. And the study is not split up into several parts to increase the quantity of submissions and submitted to various journals or to one journal over time. No data have been fabricated or manipulated (including images) to support our conclusions. No data, text, or theories by others are presented as if they were our own. The submission has been received explicitly from all co-authors. And authors whose names appear on the submission have contributed sufficiently to the scientific work and therefore share collective responsibility and accountability for the results.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe declare that we have no financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations that can inappropriately influence our work, there is no professional or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service and/or company that could be construed as influencing the position presented in, or the review of, the manuscript entitled, \u0026ldquo;Self Oblivion Questionnaire Development and its Reliability and Validity\u0026rdquo;.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBrown KW, Ryan RM.（2003）. The benefits of being present: Mind-fulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4):822-848.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChen Shaoming. (2014). \u0026quot;I lost me\u0026quot;: a classical self concept. Philosophical studies, 8: 42-50.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChen Siyi, Cui Hong, Zhou Renlai, Jia Yanyan (2012). Revision and reliability and validity of mindfulness attention scale (MAAS). Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 20(2): 148-151.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChen Xia (2012). On Zhuangzi s forgetfulness: Forgetting each other and adapting. Philosophical Studies, 8:44-49.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDu Tianli (2015). Research on self-resilience: Theory and practice. SuZhou: Soochow University.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGuo Qiyong, Pan Boxiang.(1993). On Xu Guan Fu\u0026apos;s thought history view. Jianghan forum, 6: 34-36+33.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLee YC，Lin YC，Huang CL，et al.（2013） The construct and measurement of peace of mind . J Happiness Stud，14(2):571－590.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLi Shujun, Zhang Luning (2011). A Comparative Study of Zhuangzi\u0026apos;s thoughts of meditation, sitting and forgetting, and transpersonal psychology. Henan Social Sciences, 19(1), 198-201. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiu Xiaogan.(2010). Chuang-tzu\u0026apos;s philosophy and its evolution. Renmin University of China press, 188.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLuo Anxian.(2013). Chuang-tzu\u0026apos;s \u0026quot;I lost my\u0026quot; meaning. Philosophical research, 6: 54-61+78.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMeng Zhou.(2007). Chuang-tzu\u0026apos;s thought of body order. Ancient Chinese literature search (Fourth Series), 5-44.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTong Huijie, Li Lianlian, Liu Li, Qi Shanshan, Wang Zhonghui (2017). A study on the changes of psychology and Eeg in the treatment of anxiety by sitting-forgetting, mindfulness and meditation. Medicine and philosophy, 38(9B): 84-87.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTong Huijie, Wang Zhonghui, Zhang Hui, Chen Yan (2017). Intervention effect of sitting-forgetting on psychological symptoms and its brain mechanism. Special Education in China, 9:76-82.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang Damei (2010). Zhuangzi\u0026apos;s view of the unity of all things and its significance in mental health care. Journal of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine (Social Sciences), 11(4), 187-190.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang Xiangdong, Wang Xilin, Ma Hong (1999). Updated manual of mental health rating scale. BEIJING: Chinese Journal of Mental Health, 238-241.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang Shengping (1992). An analysis of Zhuangzi\u0026apos;s forgetfulness. Gansu Social Sciences, 1:1-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWu Minglong (2010). Statistical analysis of questionnaire transactions \u0026mdash;\u0026mdash; Operation and application of SPSS. Chongqing: Chongqing University Press, 184-193.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang Hongru (2002). An analysis of Zhuangzi\u0026apos;s mental health thought. Social Psychological Science, 17(65), 37-38.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhao Bihua, Gu Haigen (2010). Some problems and solutions in the development of psychological scale. Psychological Science, 336:1467-1469.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 1 Results of Oblivion of Self Questionnaire Exploratory Factor Analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" width=\"22.22222222222222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" width=\"77.77777777777777%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" width=\"32%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExperience of Oblivion of Self\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoexistence Cognition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnlightenment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"22.68041237113402%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT 31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"24.742268041237114%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.852\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"12\" width=\"23.711340206185568%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.789\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.770\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.686\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.642\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.590\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"12\" width=\"28.8659793814433%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.820\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.789\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.745\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"47.82608695652174%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT 29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"52.17391304347826%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.831\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"47.82608695652174%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT 28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"52.17391304347826%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.823\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"47.82608695652174%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT 33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"52.17391304347826%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.765\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"47.82608695652174%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT 32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"52.17391304347826%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.739\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"47.82608695652174%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT 30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"52.17391304347826%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.726\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.82608695652174%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT 25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"52.17391304347826%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.82608695652174%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT 8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"52.17391304347826%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.82608695652174%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT 26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"52.17391304347826%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.82608695652174%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT 19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"52.17391304347826%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.82608695652174%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT 24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"52.17391304347826%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.82608695652174%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT 37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT 35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT 34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"52.17391304347826%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"29.591836734693878%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEigenvalue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"18.367346938775512%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.510\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.571428571428573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.413\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"29.591836734693878%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eContribution Rate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"18.367346938775512%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.331\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.927\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.571428571428573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.234\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"29.591836734693878%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCumulative Contribution Rate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"18.367346938775512%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.331\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.46938775510204%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.258\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.571428571428573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.492\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2 Scores from Actual Questionnaire and Each Factors\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItem Count\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e \u0026plusmn; \u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExperience of Oblivion of Self\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.568\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;.971\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoexistence Cognition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.689\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;1.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnlightenment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.106\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn; 1.244\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall Mean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.082\u0026nbsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026nbsp;.821\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3 Reliability Analysis of Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.2020202020202%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReliability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.19191919191919%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExperience of Oblivion of Self\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.19191919191919%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoexistence Cognition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.2020202020202%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnlightenment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.21212121212121%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall Mean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.2020202020202%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInternal Reliability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.19191919191919%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.880\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.19191919191919%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.852\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.2020202020202%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.841\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.21212121212121%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.885\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.2020202020202%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExternal Reliability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.19191919191919%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.694\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.19191919191919%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.785\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.2020202020202%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.736\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.21212121212121%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.738\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4 Model Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Oblivion of Self trait in Trifactor, Two-factor and Single-factor Models\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"margin-right: calc(2%); width: 98%;\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 6.8038%;\" width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 6.306%;\" width=\"9.473684210526315%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/df\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 5.9741%;\" width=\"9.473684210526315%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRMR\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.8911%;\" width=\"9.473684210526315%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGFI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 5.9741%;\" width=\"9.473684210526315%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAGFI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 6.223%;\" width=\"9.473684210526315%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNFI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 6.1401%;\" width=\"9.473684210526315%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIFI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 6.306%;\" width=\"9.473684210526315%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTLI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.2187%;\" width=\"10.526315789473685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCFI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 4.2283%;\" width=\"12.631578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRMSEA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.223%;\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 6.389%;\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.345\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 6.0571%;\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.081\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 6.389%;\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.924\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 6.472%;\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.892\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 6.306%;\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.917\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 6.223%;\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.950\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 6.223%;\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.939\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.6379%;\" width=\"10.638297872340425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.950\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.5506%;\" width=\"12.76595744680851%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.223%;\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 6.389%;\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.179\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 6.0571%;\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.083\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 6.389%;\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.925\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 6.472%;\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.885\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 6.306%;\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.911\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 6.223%;\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.937\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 6.223%;\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.919\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.6379%;\" width=\"10.638297872340425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.937\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.5506%;\" width=\"12.76595744680851%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.085\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.223%;\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 6.389%;\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.375\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 6.0571%;\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.221\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 6.389%;\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.719\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 6.472%;\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.617\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 6.306%;\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.690\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 6.223%;\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.717\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 6.223%;\" width=\"9.574468085106384%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.663\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.6379%;\" width=\"10.638297872340425%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.715\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.5506%;\" width=\"12.76595744680851%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5 Correlation of Oblivion of self-Questionnaire with Anxiety, Peace of Mind and Mindful Attention Awareness\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExperience of Oblivion of Self\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoexistence Cognition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnlightenment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOblivion of Self Total Score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnxiety Trait\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.30**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.461**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.485**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.513**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePeace of Mind\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.170**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.346**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.381**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.362**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMindful attention Awareness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.153**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.304**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.300**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.309**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Trait of self-oblivion, Coexistence cognition, Enlightenment, Questionnaire Development","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2052657/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2052657/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAim：\u003c/strong\u003eDevelop Self Oblivion trait questionnaire, explore its structure and examine its reliability and validity.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethod：\u003c/strong\u003eThematic keywords were extracted to form a preliminary questionnaire and an actual questionnaire through literature reviews of Taoism’s Self Oblivion literature and interview with relevant parties. Preliminary test was administered to 303 tertiary students and working adults, where questionnaire items were analyzed for their quality and structure of the questionnaire was examined. The actual test was administered on other 361 tertiary students and working adults, of which went through confirmatory factor analysis and criterion analysis.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults：\u003c/strong\u003eExploratory factor analysis showed that Oblivion of Self questionnaire is made up of 3 factors (15 items in total). Confirmatory factor analysis results support the trifactor structure, where fit indices were reasonable. Self Oblivion trait scores are negatively related to anxiety trait (-0.374), but positively related to peace of mind and mindful attention awareness (0.348 and 0.247 respectively). The overall questionnaire has an internal consistency coefficient of 0.849, and the three factors have an internal consistency coefficient of 0.828-0,904. Retest reliability of the overall questionnaire is 0.738, and the retest reliability of the three factors range between 0.694 and 0.785.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion：\u003c/strong\u003eThe Self-Oblivion questionnaire developed in this study possess good reliability and validity, which can be used as an assessment instrument for further study and in practice.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Self-Oblivion Questionnaire Development and its Reliability and Validity","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-09-20 21:21:56","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2052657/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"02f5335f-4a36-4ec0-9fb1-fdd70b77d490","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 20th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-09-30T11:29:22+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2022-09-20 21:21:56","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-2052657","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2052657","identity":"rs-2052657","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}