Ultra-Sensitive Glucose Detection in Biological Fluids Using Optimized Photonic Crystal Nanocavity Sensor

Ultra-Sensitive Glucose Detection in Biological Fluids Using Optimized Photonic Crystal Nanocavity Sensor | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Ultra-Sensitive Glucose Detection in Biological Fluids Using Optimized Photonic Crystal Nanocavity Sensor Shivesh Kumar, Mrinal Sen This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6470796/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This article presents a biosensor design based on a two-dimensional rods-in-air photonic crystal (PhC) slab with a hexagonal lattice structure for detecting glucose concentrations in both urine and blood. The band structure is analyzed using the plane-wave expansion method (PWE), while sensing parameters are analyzed using the finite -difference time-domain (FDTD) method. To enhance sensor performance, the nanocavity width and the radii of silicon rods above the w1 waveguide are optimized. The sensor provides a large band gap and strong light confinement within the cavity region, enabling highly sensitive detection of refractive index variations. Both 2D and 3D designs of the structure are investigated. The sensor exhibits a noticeable frequency shift and variation in transmitted output power in response to small refractive index variations. Numerical simulations confirm the high performance of the sensor, achieving a sensitivity of 1000 nm/ RIU, a high quality factor of 1.8956×10 \((^{\rm 4})\) , a low detection limit of 1.256×10 \((^{-5})\) RIU and a high figure of merit of 8968.385 RIU \((^{-1})\) . Moreover, since PhC fabrication is inherently prone to imperfections during manufacturing, the impact of these fabrication-induced disorders on sensor performance is thoroughly assessed. Finally, the small footprint area of the proposed design, 100.55 \((\mu\text{m}^2)\) and its excellent performance make it well-suited for on-chip photonic integrated circuit applications. Photonic Crystals Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) Plane Wave Expansion (PWE) Sensitivity Biosensor Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6470796","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":458142025,"identity":"fdeea3f7-a43c-4f97-9022-c5067e05e561","order_by":0,"name":"Shivesh Kumar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shivesh","middleName":"","lastName":"Kumar","suffix":""},{"id":458142026,"identity":"2710d81c-2553-40c1-b053-c766ddb7df25","order_by":1,"name":"Mrinal Sen","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA5ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACxgYGhgIgzd7YcIDBACqYQFALSCXPwYYDB4jTAgIglRJAZQeIcZbu7MNtD34Y1MmZSz5uPPyhoC6agf3wA4aHO3BrMTuX2G7YY3DY2HJ2Ishhh3MbeNIMGBLP4NFyhrFNgsfgQOKG22AtB3IbGHIYGBLb8GuR/GNQV7/hJtj7dbkN/G8Ia5HmMWBOMLjBCNLCnNsgQYQt0jIGhw03nAE67AzQL20Sz4DuxKuF/Znkm4o6eYPjxx9/qPhTl9vPn/zw4U88WjABGwOR8TMKRsEoGAWjADcAAE3QWCdhRvXBAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines)","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mrinal","middleName":"","lastName":"Sen","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-17 10:23:22","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6470796/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6470796/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":83638929,"identity":"2398408b-75f0-4f50-bd73-8f72cece8c05","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-30 02:31:53","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4278713,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ManuscriptSilicon.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6470796/v1_covered_ff45c3c7-ba72-4a99-a471-96df7b8878b0.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Ultra-Sensitive Glucose Detection in Biological Fluids Using Optimized Photonic Crystal Nanocavity Sensor","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Photonic Crystals, Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD), Plane Wave Expansion (PWE), Sensitivity, Biosensor","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6470796/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6470796/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis article presents a biosensor design based on a two-dimensional rods-in-air photonic crystal (PhC) slab with a hexagonal lattice structure for detecting glucose concentrations in both urine and blood. The band structure is analyzed using the plane-wave expansion method (PWE), while sensing parameters are analyzed using the finite -difference time-domain (FDTD) method. To enhance sensor performance, the nanocavity width and the radii of silicon rods above the w1 waveguide are optimized. The sensor provides a large band gap and strong light confinement within the cavity region, enabling highly sensitive detection of refractive index variations. Both 2D and 3D designs of the structure are investigated. The sensor exhibits a noticeable frequency shift and variation in transmitted output power in response to small refractive index variations. Numerical simulations confirm the high performance of the sensor, achieving a sensitivity of 1000 nm/ RIU, a high quality factor of 1.8956\u0026times;10\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\((^{\\rm 4})\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, a low detection limit of 1.256\u0026times;10\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\((^{-5})\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e RIU and a high figure of merit of 8968.385 RIU\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\((^{-1})\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. Moreover, since PhC fabrication is inherently prone to imperfections during manufacturing, the impact of these fabrication-induced disorders on sensor performance is thoroughly assessed. Finally, the small footprint area of the proposed design, 100.55 \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\((\\mu\\text{m}^2)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and its excellent performance make it well-suited for on-chip photonic integrated circuit applications.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Ultra-Sensitive Glucose Detection in Biological Fluids Using Optimized Photonic Crystal Nanocavity Sensor","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-19 18:09:04","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6470796/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d40da1f5-7dfe-4d0a-8557-3d29ca0a72fb","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 19th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-05-30T02:23:42+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-19 18:09:04","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6470796","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6470796","identity":"rs-6470796","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}