Adoption of ARDU Moldboard Plough in Arsi and West Arsi Zones, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

Adoption of ARDU Moldboard Plough in Arsi and West Arsi Zones, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Adoption of ARDU Moldboard Plough in Arsi and West Arsi Zones, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia Ephrem Boka, Ibsa Dawid This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4393589/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 3 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study was conducted with the objectives of quantifying the adoption rate and its determinants that affect the adoption of ARDU plough in the Arsi and West Arsi Zones. The data were collected from a sample of 192 farm households (90 adopters and 102 non-adopters of ARDU plough). Adopter farming experience was higher than that of non-adopter households and significant at 1% level of significance. Utilizing the ARDU moldboard plough had advantage of saving time of plough, reducing repetition of plough, turning over furrow slices, and serving for a long period of time. However, availability, portability, and easiness for Oxen to pull were the top three ranked constraints. The results of the binary logistics regression model indicate that adoption of ARDU moldboard plough was influenced by distance from extension services, total livestock holdings, and access to ARDU moldboard plough services. Since the ARDU moldboard ploughs has several advantages, demonstrations and scaling up of the technology, training microenterprises and individual firms for mass production, and modifying its weight, are very important. Adopter Adoption-rate ARDU plough Logistic-regression Non-adopter 1. Introduction Tillage implements are broadly categorized into several groups depending on the purpose for which it used [ 1 ]. Since 1970s there have been several attempts to develop and made major modifications to the local maresha though the traditional oxen drawn plough, mainly used to increases soil moisture and grain yield and reduces soil loss [ 2 ]. The improvement of the design and performance of the ARDU plough has been undertaken by various researchers and research centers. In 1960, the ‘Jimma’ plough provided better tillage than the traditional plough on sandier soils during on-farm trials [ 3 ]. Similalry, in 1968, the Chilallo Agricultural Development Unit (CADU), later changed to the Arsi Rural Development Unit (ARDU), initiated a research program to develop tillage implements [ 4 ]. In 1970, the ‘Vita’ plough was introduced, and constructed from a metal moldboard assembly instead of the metal tine and wings that had characterized previous designs [ 3 ]. In order to allow the adaptation of the angle of the handle for easier use, the ‘Vita’ plough design was modified to come up with the ‘ARDU’ plough [ 5 ]. ARDU plough is drawn as local maresha , the only difference is the way it cultivates the land. Asella Agricultural Engineering Research Center takeover the activity of CADU and ARDU continued the pre-extension demonstration and pre-scaling up activities and besides the research effort to replace the plough by local materials. To this end the center was brought remarkable result by creating high demand and replacing the plough parts completely in the center. Addtionally, to facilitate the availability of the technology training has been given to micro-enterprises and other small holder farmers. According to Arsi and West Arsi zone agriculture office survey report [ 6 ]; more than 500 ARDU plough were distributed in different districts of the study areas. Promotion and scaling-up of this plough has been carried out in different districts by Asella Agricultural Engineering Research Center and agricultural extension team before some years. Even though different efforts have been made and different micro-enterprises were trained by Asella Agricultural Engineering Research Center to facilitate supply of the technology, adoption of the technology was not studied so far for further research and development action. Hence, this study was initiated to quantify adoption rate of ARDU moldboard plough and its determinant that affects the adoption of ARDU plough. 2. Research Methodology 2.1. Description of the study area The study was conducted in Arsi and West Arsi zones of Oromia regional state in Ethiopia. Arsi zone is located in central Oromia with a distance of 175 KM from Addis Ababa to South-east direction. Similarly, West Arsi zone is located at 250 Km from Addis Ababa to the South direction. Both Arsi and West Arsi zones are also known for its surplus product with a crop-livestock mixed farming system with a dominancy of crop production. The major crops grown are annual crops such as cereals, pulses, oilseed and vegetables [ 7 ]. The major livestock’s reared in the areas are large ruminant (cattle’s), small ruminant (sheep’s and Goats), Equine (horses, donkeys and mules) and poultry production [ 8 ]. The agro ecological zone of the study area is comprised of low altitude, mid altitude and high altitude. 2.2. Sampling methods and sample size A three stage sampling procedure was employed to select the specific respondent. Both purposive and random sampling methods were used to select the representatives’ districts, kebeles and individual households. At first stage, districts from both Arsi and West Arsi zone were selected purposively in collaboration with respective experts from zonal Agricultural offices based on wide utilization and dissemination of technologies. In the second stage among selected districts, two kebeles from each district were again purposively selected based on their ARDU plough practiced in collaboration with respective experts from district level Agricultural office (Table 1 ). In the third stage, using the population list of ARDU plough users (adopters) and non-users (non-adopters), the representative farmers were selected and interviewed. Sample households were selected by using systematic random sampling technique. Then the sample size was determined using Cochran [ 9 ] with 94% level of confidence and 6% level of precision. \({ \text{n}}_{0} = \frac{{\text{z}}^{2}\text{p}\left(1-\text{p}\right)}{{\text{e}}^{2}}\) = \(\frac{3.84\text{*}0.5\text{*}0.5}{0.0036}\) = 266 ………………… (1) Where, “n o ” is the sample size, “z” is the selected critical value of desired confidence level = 1.96 “P” is the estimated proportion of an attribute that is present in the population but the researcher taken (p = 0.5) since its degree of variability was not known, “e” is the desired level of precision. But, Cochran pointed out that if the population is finite, then the sample size can be reduced by using the next correction formula and the final sample size became \(n=\frac{{n}_{o}}{1+\frac{{n}_{o}-1}{N}}\) = \(\frac{266}{1+\frac{266-1}{720}}\) = 192 …………………………….. (2) N” is total number of adopters and non-adopters farmers of ARDU plough in selected Kebeles Table 1 Sampled distribution of respondents in selected Kebeles’ Zone Districts Kebele Total adopter & non-adopters (N) Sampled adopter & non-adopters (n) West Arsi Dodola Keta-berenda 130 35 Serufta 74 20 Gadeb Asasa Huruba-walkite 54 14 Debara-walteyi 52 14 Arsi Hetosa Guchi-habe-badosa 135 36 Gonde-finchema 52 14 Tiyo Harobilalo 98 26 Shala-chabeti 125 33 Total 720 192 2.3. Data type, source, and method of data collection The data was collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data was collected using questionnaire after the questionnaire was tested randomly on users and non-users of the plough. Substantial qualitative and quantitative information was gathered on the use of land cultivation technologies and its benefits, the different aspects of the ARDU plough adopted, problems related with the technology intervention and potential solutions and reason not to adopt by non-users of the technology. Secondary data was collected from relevant governmental and non-governmental offices, published and unpublished sources to consolidate the primary data. Similarly, checklists were used for group discussion of users and non-users, Key informants interview at Zones, Districts and kebele level. 2.4. Method of data analysis Descriptive statistics and econometric model were employed for analyzing the data collected from ARDU plough adopters and non-adopters. In descriptive part, analysis was conducted using STATA/MP 17.0 to calculate mean, frequency, percentage. In addition, binary logit model was used. Even though there is exist statistical similarity between the outputs of logit and probit models [ 10 ], logit model is easier to estimate and provides a close approximation to the cumulative normal distribution. The binary logit model is used to estimate the probability of a household to adopt or not to adopt ARDU moldboard plough. The dependent variable in this study is dichotomous, the researcher assign a value of 0 to non-adopters and 1 to adopters. The logit regression model can be specified as: $${ \text{P}}_{i}= \text{P}\text{r}\text{o}\text{b} \left({\text{y}}_{i}=1|{x}_{i}\right)=\frac{1}{1+{\mathfrak{e}}^{-({\beta }_{0}+{\beta }_{i}{x}_{i})}}$$ 3 ……………………. Equation ( 3 ) can be simplified as $${\text{P}}_{i}= \text{P}\text{r}\text{o}\text{b} ({\text{y}}_{i}=1|{x}_{i})=\frac{1}{1+{\mathfrak{e}}^{-zi}}$$ 4 ……………………….. Where, P i is the probability that the i th household participated in ARDU moldboard plough adoption and ranges from 0 to 1; L i is a function of n explanatory variables ( x ) expressed as: $${Z}_{i}={{\beta }}_{0}+{\beta }_{1}{{\rm X}}_{1}+{\beta }_{2}{{\rm X}}_{2}+{\beta }_{3}{{\rm X}}_{3 }+\dots +{\beta }_{n}{{\rm X}}_{n }$$ 5 ………….. Since the conditional distribution of the outcome variable follows a binomial distribution with a probability given by the conditional mean P i , interpretation of the coefficient would be understandable if the logistic model can be rewritten in terms of the odds and log of the odds [ 11 ]. The odds to be used can be defined as the ratio of the probability that a farmer would adopt (P i ) to the probability that not adopt (1-P i ). Eq. ( 4 ) is the probability of adopters, and from this, the probability of non-adopters of ARDU moldboard plough can be expressed as: $$1-{\text{P}}_{i}=\frac{1}{1+{\mathfrak{e}}^{zi}}$$ 6 …………………………………………….. The odds ratio, i.e., the ratio of the probability of adopters to the probability of non-adopters of ARDU moldboard plough, can be expressed as: $$\frac{{\text{P}}_{i}}{1-{\text{P}}_{i}}=\frac{1+{\mathfrak{e}}^{zi}}{1+{\mathfrak{e}}^{-zi}}={\mathfrak{e}}^{zi}$$ 7 ………………………………… Where, (1 − P i ) is the probability of non-adoption. The odds of adoption (Y = 1) versus the odds of non-adoption (Y = 0) can be defined as the ratio of the probability that a farmer adopts (P i ) to the probability of non-adoption (1 − P i ), namely $${\text{L}}_{i}=\text{ln}\left[\frac{{\text{P}}_{i}}{1-{\text{P}}_{i}}\right]={\beta }_{0}+{\beta }_{1}{{\rm X}}_{1}+{\beta }_{2}{{\rm X}}_{2}+{\beta }_{3}{{\rm X}}_{3 }+\dots +{\beta }_{n}{{\rm X}}_{n }+{\text{U}}_{i}$$ 8 …. Where: Li is the log of the odds ratio, β 1 , β 2 , β 3 … βn are the coefficients to be estimated, X i are the vectors of explanatory variables and U i is the disturbance term. 2.5. Definition of variables and working hypotheses Dependent variable: This is a dummy variable that takes the value of 1 for adopters and 0 for non-adopters of ARDU moldboard plough and also some explanatory variables that influenced the adoption of ARDU moldboard plough in the study areas were hypothesized (Table 2 ). Table 2 Description of the explanatory variables and its sign (direction) Variables Category Measurements Expected sign Education level of households Continuous School grade + Family size of the households Continuous Adult equivalent +/- Experience in farming Continuous N o of years + Distance to Plough Suppliers Continuous Minute - Distance to extension service center Continuous Minute - Total Cultivated Land Continuous Hectares + Live stock holding Continuous TLU + Access to credit services Dummy 1 = yes, 0 = No + Access to ARDU plough Dummy 1 = yes, 0 = No + Access to extension services Dummy 1 = yes, 0 = No + Off farm income Participation Dummy 1 = yes, 0 = No + 2.6. Model diagnosis test results Before running the model, multi-collinearity test for continuous variables and contingency coefficient test for dummy variables (Annex 1 and 2) respectively. After running the logistic regression, the model was checked for goodness of fit test by using estat gof (Prob > chi2 = 0.3194). 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Descriptive statistics of continuous variables In the descriptive statistics of continuous variables, out of seven (7) included variables, four (4) of them were significant at 1% and 5%, level significance (Table 3 ). Farming experience: The mean farming experience of adopter is 27.58 years and that of non-adopters is 21.68 years while combined mean for the total sample is 24.44 years. Farming experience of ARDU plough adopters were higher than non-adopter households that is statistically significant at 1% level of significance, implying that adopter of ARDU moldboard plough has more experience than non-adopters (Table 3 ). Table 3 Descriptive statistics of continuous variables Mean Variables Adopters (90) Non adopters (102) Combined (192) T value / X 2 Education (in grade) 6.89 7.09 6.99 0.42 Experience in farming 27.58 21.68 24.44 3.81*** Family size 6.67 6.18 6.41 1.54 Total cultivated land 3.37 2.24 2.77 4.41*** Distance to ARDU plough suppliers 97.42 87.06 91.92 1.35 Distance from extension services 18.37 24.49 21.62 2.33** Total livestock holding 2.22 1.17 1.17 2.41** ***, and ** indicate significance at 1%, and 5% significance levels, respectively Total cultivated land: mean total cultivated land of adopters were 3.37ha and that of non-adopters 2.24ha while combined mean for the total sample was 2.77ha. Adopter households utilized on average 1.13ha of cultivated land higher than non-adopter households that is statistically significant at 1% level of significance. This indicated that adopters of ARDU moldboard plough own more land than non-adopters (Table 3 ). Distance from extension services: the mean distance from extension services provision of adopter was 97min and that of non-adopters 87min while combined mean for the total sample was 92min. Adopter households had on average 5min less walking hour from extension service than non-adopter households that is statistically significant at 5% level of significance (Table 3 ). Total livestock holding: The mean livestock holding of adopter was 2.22tlu and that of non-adopters 1.17tlu while combined mean for the total sample was 1.66. Adopter households had on average 1.05tlu higher holder than non-adopter households that is significant at 5% level. This indicated that adopters of ARDU moldboard plough own more livestock than non-adopters (Table 3 ). 3.2. Descriptive Statistics of dummy variables The descriptive statistics of dummy variables used to explain the sampled households was presents on (Table 4 ) and out of four (4) included variables, three (3) of them were significant at 1%, 5%, and 10% level significance. Access to credit services, extension services and ARDU plough: from total respondents 27.23% have access to credit services while 72.77% of the respondents have no access to credit services and statistically significant at 10% level of significance in ARDU plough adoption. This indicated that those farmers which utilized credit services adopted ARDU plough than others. Access to extension services means receiving advice or information from extension workers about ARDU plough. Out of total respondents 93.75% have access to extension services while only 6.25% of the respondents have no access to extension services and statistically significant at 5% level of significance in ARDU plough adoption. From total respondents 20.83% have access to ARDU plough while 79.17% of the respondents have no access to ARDU plough and statistically significant at 1% level of significance in ARDU plough adoption (Table 4 ). Table 4 Descriptive statistics of dummy variables Variables Dummy Adopters Non-adopters Combines (192) Chi-square value/X 2 Frequency % frequency % Frequency % Access to credit Yes 19 9.95 33 17.28 52 27.23 3.0598* No 71 36.98 69 35.94 140 72.77 Access extension Yes 88 45.83 92 47.92 180 93.75 4.6905** No 2 1.04 10 5.21 12 6.25 Off-farm Income Yes 27 14.06 30 15.63 57 29.69 0.0079 No 63 28.81 72 37.50 135 70.31 Access to ARDU plough Yes 35 18.23 5 2.6 40 20.83 33.4861*** No 55 28.65 97 50.52 152 79.17 ***, ** and * indicate significance at 1%, 5% and 10% significance levels, respectively 3.3. Perception on the advantages of utilizing ARDU plough Perception of adopters on advantage of utilizing ARDU moldboard plough stated on (Table 5 ). Out of total adopters about 95.6% of the respondents replied that ARDU plough save time of plough and 98.9% of the respondents replied it has sharp edge to cut the land. Regarding furrow slices and weeds 98.9% of the respondents replied that it turnover furrow slices and buried weeds. Out of adopters respondents 95.6% replied that it reduces repetition of plough and 96.7% replied that it covers large size within time, and 92% replied that it serves for a long period of time (Table 5 ). From these result one can conclude that those farmers which adopt ARDU plough has a lot of advantages. Table 5 Advantages of utilizing ARDU moldboard plough Adopter ARDU moldboard plough Yes Percent No Percent Save time of plough 86 95.6 4 4.4 Has sharp age to cut the land 89 98.9 1 1.1 Reduces repetition of plough 86 95.6 4 4.4 Turnover furrow slices 89 98.9 1 1.1 Buried weeds 89 98.9 1 1.1 Covers large size within short time 87 96.7 3 3.3 Serve for a long period of time 83 92.0 7 8.0 Doesn’t left unplowed land 73 80.51 17 19.5 3.4. Adoption rate of ARDU moldboard plough Table 6 Adoption rate of ARDU moldboard plough Adopters and non-adopters Response Frequency Percent Are you adopter of ARDU plough? Yes 90 46.9 No 102 53.1 Total 192 100 Are you active users of ARDU plough? Yes 36 40 No 54 60 Total 90 100 Out of total respondents 46.9% of the respondents were adopters and 53.1% of the respondents were non-adopters (Table 6 ). Adoption rate can be calculated by dividing the number of active users to the total number of users with access to that product and multiply the result by 100. In this study adoption rate was calculated by dividing the number of ARDU moldboard plough active users or adopters (36 farmers) to total number of users or adopters (90 farmers) and the adoption rate of ARDU moldboard plough in the study area is 0.40 or 40 percent. 3.5. Factors affecting the adoption of ARDU Moldboard plough The results indicated that from selected and included variables, distance from extension service center, total cultivated land, livestock ownership (TLU) and access to ARDU moldboard plough were statistically significant in influencing adoption probability of ARDU moldboard plough in the study areas (Table 7 ). From four districts of the study areas the model took Dodola as reference for other districts and the three districts were negative when compared to Dodola but only Hetosa has significant affect at 5% level of significance (Table 7 ). The possible justification, even though Dodola is far from Asella when compared to Tiyo and Hetosa districts, the result of FGD and KII indicated that during AGP II program ARDU plough was well demonstrated and distributed in Dodola District. Distance from extension service center: It affects the decisions of households to adopt ARDU plough negatively at 5% level of significance. The result showed that as the distance from extension service increases by one walking minute on foot, the probability of adopting ARDU plough decreases by 0.40% (Table 7 ). The possible justification could be households that are far from extension service, also far from different information and knowledge. Other studies also confirmed that distance from extension service has a significant and negative effect on farmer’s decision to adopt agricultural technology [ 12 ] and [ 13 ]. Table 7 Logit estimation of factors influencing the adoption ARDU moldboard plough Variables Coefficient Std. err Z P >|z| Marg. effects (dy/dx) Distrc Asasa Distrct -0.745 0.629 -1.18 0.237 -0.123 Hetosa Distrct -1.834 *** 0.700 -2.62 0.009 -0.282 TiyoDistrct -0.219 0.546 -0.40 0.689 -0.037 Education level -0.033 0.071 -0.46 0.644 -0.005 Family size -0.020 0.095 -0.21 0.836 -0.003 Experience in farming 0.035 0.022 1.61 0.108 0.005 Distance from plow suppliers -0.006 -0.004 -1.56 0.119 -0.001 Distance to extension service -0.028 ** 0.013 -2.11 0.035 -0.004 Total cultivated land 0.289** 0.124 2.33 0.020 0.042 Total livestock holding 0.364* 0.206 1.77 0.077 0.053 Access to credit services 0.062 0.484 0.13 0.898 0.009 Access to ARDU plough 2.574*** 0.605 4.26 0.000 0.377 Access to extension services 1.094 0.988 1.11 0.268 0.160 Off-farm income 0.600 0.468 1.28 0.200 0.088 Cons -2.705** 1.364 -1.98 0.047 Number of obs = 192 LR chi2 (14) = 92.13 Prob > chi2 = 0.0000 Pseudo R2 = 0.3471 Log likelihood = -86.641829 ***, ** and * indicate significance at 1%, 5% and 10% significance levels, respectively Total cultivated land: Cultivated land positively affects household decisions of ARDU plough adoption at 5% level of significance. The marginal effect coefficient revealed that if the total cultivated land of the respondent increased by one hectare, the probability of adopting ARDU plough will be increased by 4.24% (Table 7 ). The reasons for this may be, the larger farm size itself means holding more resources. Farmers which own and manage more resources have a higher ability to learn and apply new technologies. This result also agreed with the finding of others [ 14 – 17 ]. Total livestock holding: it affects the decision of households’ decisions to adopt ARDU plough positively at 10% level of significance. This indicates that households with more livestock holdings able to adopt ARDU moldboard plough as compared to those with less livestock holdings. The marginal effect shows that as the number of livestock increased by one TLU, the probability of adopting ARDU moldboard plough increased by 5.34% (Table 7 ). The reasons for this may be the larger livestock holding itself means holding more resources and traction power for crop cultivation. The results of this study also agree with finding of Gebiso [ 18 ] where farmers with larger livestock holding are more likely to adopt new technology. Access to ARDU moldboard plough: it positively affects the decision of household decisions to adopt ARDU plough at 1% level of significance. The marginal effect coefficient revealed that as the access to ARDU moldboard plough increase by one unit, the probability of adopting ARDU moldboard plough increases by 37.73% (Table 7 ). The inference of this positive relationship was that as household getting access to ARDU moldboard plough, the more would be farmers’ initiative to adopt the technology. The possible justification could be that households that have access to improved technology, has more chance of adopting ARDU moldboard plough. This result is similar to the findings of Wossen et al. [ 19 ], Simtowe et al. [ 20 ], Udima et al. [ 21 ], Milkias and Abdulahi [ 13 ], Feyisa [ 22 ], and Workineh et al. [ 23 ]. 3.6. Constraints of ARDU moldboard plough adoption Availability of ARDU moldboard plough on the market scored 86.46% and ranked first, portability of the implement moving from place to place scored 56.77%, and ranked second, and easiness of the implement for oxen to pull scored 51.04% and ranked third. Availability, portability and easiness for oxen to pull were ranked from first to third as ARDU moldboard plough adoption constraints respectively. The response from non-adopters shows that about 82.7% were likely to adopt the plough and 88.5% replied that ARDU plough is not found in near market (Table 8 ). Table 8 Constraints of ARDU moldboard plough adoption ARDU plough challenges Percent Not challenges Percent Rank Portability 109 56.77 83 43.23 2 Easy for operation 28 14.58 164 85.42 4 Availability 166 86.46 26 13.54 1 Affordability 17 8.85 175 91.15 6 Durability 23 11.98 169 88.02 5 Easiness for Oxen to pull 98 51.04 94 48.96 3 4. Conclusion and Recommendations 4.1. Conclusion The study was conducted to quantify adoption rate and its determinant that affects the adoption of ARDU plough. The study proved that there is no mean educational background difference between adopter and non-adopters of ARDU moldboard plough, though adopter farming experience is higher than non-adopter households. The ARDU moldboard plough adopters indicted that, ARDU moldboard plough save time of plough, reduced repetition of plough, turnover furrow slices, covers large size within time and served for a long period of time than convensional ploughing. However, availability, portability and easiness for oxen to pull are top three criteria for ARDU moldboard plough adoption. Generally, the decision of the houshold to adopt ARDU moldboard plough were affected by distance from extension services, total cultivated land, total livestock holdings and access to ARDU moldboard plough services. 4.2. Recommendations Since utilizing ARDU moldboard plough had a lot of advantages for farmers, demonstrations and scaling-up of the technology should be carried out by bureau of agricultures in collaboration with agricultural engineering research centers. Additionally, to enhce the access to ARDU moldboard plough, agricultural engineering research centers should have to provide training to micro enterprises and individual firms to supply the technology on nearby markets. Finnally, portability and easiness for oxen to pull should be prioirly considered by agricultural engineering research centers need further modification. Declarations Acknowledgements First of all, we would like to thank almighty God for being with us in all aspects during this study. Our thanks and appreciation also goes to Oromia Agricultural Research Institute and Asella Agricultural Engineering Research Center Technical and Administrative staff, for their, provision of required logistics. We owe our special thanks to Arsi and West Arsi zones Agriculture office staff for their unreserved assistance during household selection and data collection. However, the information drived from this study remains to the responsibility of the authors. Conflicts of Interest We hereby declare that this study is our solely work and that all sources of materials used for this study have been duly acknowledged. The authors declare no conflict of interest. References TNAU. 2016. Land preparation describe primary and secondary tillage NYSSEN, J., and B. G. 2010. 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Agricultural Economics, 46:81-97. Simtowe, F., Asfaw, S, and Abate.T. 2016. Determinants of Agricultural Technology Adoption under Partial Population awareness: The Case of Pigeonpea in Malawi. Agricultural and Food Economics, 4(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-016-0051-z Udima, T. B., Jincai, Z. Mensah, O. S. and Caesar, A. E. 2017. Factors Influencing the Agricultural Technology Adoption: The Case of Improved Rice Varieties in the Northern Region, Ghana. J. of Economics and Sustainable Development , 8(8), 137-148. Feyisa, B. W. 2020. Determinants of Agricultural Technology Adoption in Ethiopia: A Meta-Analysis. Cogent Food and Agriculture , 6(1), 1. https://doi.org/10. Workineh, A., Tayech, L. and Ehite, HK. 2020. Agricultural technology adoption and its impact on smallholder farmers’ welfare in Ethiopia. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 15 (3):431–445. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4393589","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":304463058,"identity":"afe966c4-9f88-4439-b267-025bf6667859","order_by":0,"name":"Ephrem Boka","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA3ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAwY2EHUAiJlBhIQMKVrYEkBaeEjRwmMAYhHWYs7elvjh4447+fxiZz6/ulFjwcPAfvjoBnxaLHuOHZaceeaZ5czZudusc44BHcaTlnYDr8NupDdI87YdNjC4nbvNOIcNqEWCx4yQlubff4Fa7G/nPDPO+UeUlrRj0owgW6RzmB/nthGhBeiXNMveM4cNJG6nmTHn9knwsBHyCzDEjG/83HHYgH928uPPOd/q5PjZDx/DqwUMGBvAFJsEmCSoHEkL8weiVI+CUTAKRsGIAwD42kvIIA/TXAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Oromia Agricultural Research Institute","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ephrem","middleName":"","lastName":"Boka","suffix":""},{"id":304463059,"identity":"9127ee48-8b45-449c-b721-095cd155e81c","order_by":1,"name":"Ibsa Dawid","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Oromia Agricultural Research Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ibsa","middleName":"","lastName":"Dawid","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-09 08:08:09","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4393589/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4393589/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":57468027,"identity":"bc8f67b0-7136-4df3-90fe-3046d3992e18","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-31 05:29:25","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":802888,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4393589/v1/de5ae94d-34b5-4bd1-a6ba-810b4dd1b715.pdf"},{"id":57467995,"identity":"f40b36f5-3dbc-46f2-b083-b1eeb7869d2b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-31 05:29:18","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":15521,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupportiveTables.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4393589/v1/81b72427056de331598a028f.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Adoption of ARDU Moldboard Plough in Arsi and West Arsi Zones, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eTillage implements are broadly categorized into several groups depending on the purpose for which it used [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Since 1970s there have been several attempts to develop and made major modifications to the local \u003cem\u003emaresha\u003c/em\u003e though the traditional oxen drawn plough, mainly used to increases soil moisture and grain yield and reduces soil loss [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe improvement of the design and performance of the ARDU plough has been undertaken by various researchers and research centers. In 1960, the \u0026lsquo;Jimma\u0026rsquo; plough provided better tillage than the traditional plough on sandier soils during on-farm trials [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Similalry, in 1968, the Chilallo Agricultural Development Unit (CADU), later changed to the Arsi Rural Development Unit (ARDU), initiated a research program to develop tillage implements [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. In 1970, the \u0026lsquo;Vita\u0026rsquo; plough was introduced, and constructed from a metal moldboard assembly instead of the metal tine and wings that had characterized previous designs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. In order to allow the adaptation of the angle of the handle for easier use, the \u0026lsquo;Vita\u0026rsquo; plough design was modified to come up with the \u0026lsquo;ARDU\u0026rsquo; plough [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. ARDU plough is drawn as local \u003cem\u003emaresha\u003c/em\u003e, the only difference is the way it cultivates the land.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsella Agricultural Engineering Research Center takeover the activity of CADU and ARDU continued the pre-extension demonstration and pre-scaling up activities and besides the research effort to replace the plough by local materials. To this end the center was brought remarkable result by creating high demand and replacing the plough parts completely in the center. Addtionally, to facilitate the availability of the technology training has been given to micro-enterprises and other small holder farmers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to Arsi and West Arsi zone agriculture office survey report [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]; more than 500 ARDU plough were distributed in different districts of the study areas. Promotion and scaling-up of this plough has been carried out in different districts by Asella Agricultural Engineering Research Center and agricultural extension team before some years. Even though different efforts have been made and different micro-enterprises were trained by Asella Agricultural Engineering Research Center to facilitate supply of the technology, adoption of the technology was not studied so far for further research and development action. Hence, this study was initiated to quantify adoption rate of ARDU moldboard plough and its determinant that affects the adoption of ARDU plough.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Research Methodology","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Description of the study area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in Arsi and West Arsi zones of Oromia regional state in Ethiopia. Arsi zone is located in central Oromia with a distance of 175 KM from Addis Ababa to South-east direction. Similarly, West Arsi zone is located at 250 Km from Addis Ababa to the South direction.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoth Arsi and West Arsi zones are also known for its surplus product with a crop-livestock mixed farming system with a dominancy of crop production. The major crops grown are annual crops such as cereals, pulses, oilseed and vegetables [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. The major livestock\u0026rsquo;s reared in the areas are large ruminant (cattle\u0026rsquo;s), small ruminant (sheep\u0026rsquo;s and Goats), Equine (horses, donkeys and mules) and poultry production [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. The agro ecological zone of the study area is comprised of low altitude, mid altitude and high altitude.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Sampling methods and sample size\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA three stage sampling procedure was employed to select the specific respondent. Both purposive and random sampling methods were used to select the representatives\u0026rsquo; districts, kebeles and individual households. At first stage, districts from both Arsi and West Arsi zone were selected purposively in collaboration with respective experts from zonal Agricultural offices based on wide utilization and dissemination of technologies. In the second stage among selected districts, two kebeles from each district were again purposively selected based on their ARDU plough practiced in collaboration with respective experts from district level Agricultural office (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). In the third stage, using the population list of ARDU plough users (adopters) and non-users (non-adopters), the representative farmers were selected and interviewed. Sample households were selected by using systematic random sampling technique. Then the sample size was determined using Cochran [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e] with 94% level of confidence and 6% level of precision.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({ \\text{n}}_{0} = \\frac{{\\text{z}}^{2}\\text{p}\\left(1-\\text{p}\\right)}{{\\text{e}}^{2}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e = \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\frac{3.84\\text{*}0.5\\text{*}0.5}{0.0036}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e = 266 \u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip; (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere, \u0026ldquo;n\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026rdquo; is the sample size, \u0026ldquo;z\u0026rdquo; is the selected critical value of desired confidence level\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.96 \u0026ldquo;P\u0026rdquo; is the estimated proportion of an attribute that is present in the population but the researcher taken (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.5) since its degree of variability was not known, \u0026ldquo;e\u0026rdquo; is the desired level of precision. But, Cochran pointed out that if the population is finite, then the sample size can be reduced by using the next correction formula and the final sample size became\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(n=\\frac{{n}_{o}}{1+\\frac{{n}_{o}-1}{N}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e = \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\frac{266}{1+\\frac{266-1}{720}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e= 192 \u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;.. (2)\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eN\u0026rdquo; is total number of adopters and non-adopters farmers of ARDU plough in selected Kebeles\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSampled distribution of respondents in selected Kebeles\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistricts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKebele\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal adopter \u0026amp; non-adopters (N)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSampled adopter \u0026amp; non-adopters (n)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWest Arsi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDodola\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKeta-berenda\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSerufta\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGadeb Asasa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuruba-walkite\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDebara-walteyi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArsi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHetosa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGuchi-habe-badosa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGonde-finchema\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTiyo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHarobilalo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShala-chabeti\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e720\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e192\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Data type, source, and method of data collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data was collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data was collected using questionnaire after the questionnaire was tested randomly on users and non-users of the plough. Substantial qualitative and quantitative information was gathered on the use of land cultivation technologies and its benefits, the different aspects of the ARDU plough adopted, problems related with the technology intervention and potential solutions and reason not to adopt by non-users of the technology. Secondary data was collected from relevant governmental and non-governmental offices, published and unpublished sources to consolidate the primary data. Similarly, checklists were used for group discussion of users and non-users, Key informants interview at Zones, Districts and kebele level.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4. Method of data analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics and econometric model were employed for analyzing the data collected from ARDU plough adopters and non-adopters. In descriptive part, analysis was conducted using STATA/MP 17.0 to calculate mean, frequency, percentage. In addition, binary logit model was used. Even though there is exist statistical similarity between the outputs of logit and probit models [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e], logit model is easier to estimate and provides a close approximation to the cumulative normal distribution. The binary logit model is used to estimate the probability of a household to adopt or not to adopt ARDU moldboard plough. The dependent variable in this study is dichotomous, the researcher assign a value of 0 to non-adopters and 1 to adopters. The logit regression model can be specified as:\u003cdiv id=\"Equ1\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ1\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${ \\text{P}}_{i}= \\text{P}\\text{r}\\text{o}\\text{b} \\left({\\text{y}}_{i}=1|{x}_{i}\\right)=\\frac{1}{1+{\\mathfrak{e}}^{-({\\beta }_{0}+{\\beta }_{i}{x}_{i})}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e3\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEquation (\u003cspan refid=\"Equ1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) can be simplified as\u003cdiv id=\"Equ2\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ2\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${\\text{P}}_{i}= \\text{P}\\text{r}\\text{o}\\text{b} ({\\text{y}}_{i}=1|{x}_{i})=\\frac{1}{1+{\\mathfrak{e}}^{-zi}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e4\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;..\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere, P\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e is the probability that the \u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e household participated in ARDU moldboard plough adoption and ranges from 0 to 1; L\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e is a function of \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e explanatory variables (\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e) expressed as:\u003cdiv id=\"Equ3\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ3\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${Z}_{i}={{\\beta }}_{0}+{\\beta }_{1}{{\\rm X}}_{1}+{\\beta }_{2}{{\\rm X}}_{2}+{\\beta }_{3}{{\\rm X}}_{3 }+\\dots +{\\beta }_{n}{{\\rm X}}_{n }$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e5\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;..\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSince the conditional distribution of the outcome variable follows a binomial distribution with a probability given by the conditional mean P\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e, interpretation of the coefficient would be understandable if the logistic model can be rewritten in terms of the odds and log of the odds [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. The odds to be used can be defined as the ratio of the probability that a farmer would adopt (P\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) to the probability that not adopt (1-P\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e). Eq.\u0026nbsp;(\u003cspan refid=\"Equ2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) is the probability of adopters, and from this, the probability of non-adopters of ARDU moldboard plough can be expressed as:\u003cdiv id=\"Equ4\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ4\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$1-{\\text{P}}_{i}=\\frac{1}{1+{\\mathfrak{e}}^{zi}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e6\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;..\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe odds ratio, i.e., the ratio of the probability of adopters to the probability of non-adopters of ARDU moldboard plough, can be expressed as:\u003cdiv id=\"Equ5\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ5\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\frac{{\\text{P}}_{i}}{1-{\\text{P}}_{i}}=\\frac{1+{\\mathfrak{e}}^{zi}}{1+{\\mathfrak{e}}^{-zi}}={\\mathfrak{e}}^{zi}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e7\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u0026hellip;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere, (1\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;P\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e ) is the probability of non-adoption. The odds of adoption (Y\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1) versus the odds of non-adoption (Y\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0) can be defined as the ratio of the probability that a farmer adopts (P\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) to the probability of non-adoption (1\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;P\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e), namely\u003cdiv id=\"Equ6\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ6\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${\\text{L}}_{i}=\\text{ln}\\left[\\frac{{\\text{P}}_{i}}{1-{\\text{P}}_{i}}\\right]={\\beta }_{0}+{\\beta }_{1}{{\\rm X}}_{1}+{\\beta }_{2}{{\\rm X}}_{2}+{\\beta }_{3}{{\\rm X}}_{3 }+\\dots +{\\beta }_{n}{{\\rm X}}_{n }+{\\text{U}}_{i}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e8\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u0026hellip;.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere: Li is the log of the odds ratio, β\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e, β\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, β\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026hellip; βn are the coefficients to be estimated, X\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e are the vectors of explanatory variables and U\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e is the disturbance term.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5. Definition of variables and working hypotheses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDependent variable: This is a dummy variable that takes the value of 1 for adopters and 0 for non-adopters of ARDU moldboard plough and also some explanatory variables that influenced the adoption of ARDU moldboard plough in the study areas were hypothesized (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescription of the explanatory variables and its sign (direction)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasurements\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExpected sign\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation level of households\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContinuous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSchool grade\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily size of the households\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContinuous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult equivalent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+/-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperience in farming\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContinuous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eo\u003c/span\u003e of years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistance to Plough Suppliers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContinuous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinute\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistance to extension service center\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContinuous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinute\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Cultivated Land\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContinuous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHectares\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLive stock holding\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContinuous\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTLU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccess to credit services\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDummy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;yes, 0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;No\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccess to ARDU plough\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDummy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;yes, 0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;No\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccess to extension services\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDummy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;yes, 0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;No\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOff farm income Participation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDummy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;yes, 0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;No\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6. Model diagnosis test results\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBefore running the model, multi-collinearity test for continuous variables and contingency coefficient test for dummy variables (Annex 1 and 2) respectively. After running the logistic regression, the model was checked for goodness of fit test by using estat gof (Prob\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;chi2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.3194).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Descriptive statistics of continuous variables\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the descriptive statistics of continuous variables, out of seven (7) included variables, four (4) of them were significant at 1% and 5%, level significance (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarming experience: The mean farming experience of adopter is 27.58 years and that of non-adopters is 21.68 years while combined mean for the total sample is 24.44 years. Farming experience of ARDU plough adopters were higher than non-adopter households that is statistically significant at 1% level of significance, implying that adopter of ARDU moldboard plough has more experience than non-adopters (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics of continuous variables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdopters (90)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon adopters (102)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCombined (192)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT value\u003cb\u003e/\u003c/b\u003eX\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation (in grade)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperience in farming\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.81***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal cultivated land\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.41***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistance to ARDU plough suppliers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistance from extension services\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.33**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal livestock holding\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.41**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e***, and ** indicate significance at 1%, and 5% significance levels, respectively\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal cultivated land: mean total cultivated land of adopters were 3.37ha and that of non-adopters 2.24ha while combined mean for the total sample was 2.77ha. Adopter households utilized on average 1.13ha of cultivated land higher than non-adopter households that is statistically significant at 1% level of significance. This indicated that adopters of ARDU moldboard plough own more land than non-adopters (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistance from extension services: the mean distance from extension services provision of adopter was 97min and that of non-adopters 87min while combined mean for the total sample was 92min. Adopter households had on average 5min less walking hour from extension service than non-adopter households that is statistically significant at 5% level of significance (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal livestock holding: The mean livestock holding of adopter was 2.22tlu and that of non-adopters 1.17tlu while combined mean for the total sample was 1.66. Adopter households had on average 1.05tlu higher holder than non-adopter households that is significant at 5% level. This indicated that adopters of ARDU moldboard plough own more livestock than non-adopters (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Descriptive Statistics of dummy variables\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe descriptive statistics of dummy variables used to explain the sampled households was presents on (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) and out of four (4) included variables, three (3) of them were significant at 1%, 5%, and 10% level significance. Access to credit services, extension services and ARDU plough: from total respondents 27.23% have access to credit services while 72.77% of the respondents have no access to credit services and statistically significant at 10% level of significance in ARDU plough adoption.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis indicated that those farmers which utilized credit services adopted ARDU plough than others. Access to extension services means receiving advice or information from extension workers about ARDU plough. Out of total respondents 93.75% have access to extension services while only 6.25% of the respondents have no access to extension services and statistically significant at 5% level of significance in ARDU plough adoption. From total respondents 20.83% have access to ARDU plough while 79.17% of the respondents have no access to ARDU plough and statistically significant at 1% level of significance in ARDU plough adoption (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics of dummy variables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDummy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdopters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-adopters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCombines (192)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChi-square value/X\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccess to credit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0598*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccess extension\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6905**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOff-farm Income\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0079\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccess to ARDU plough\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.4861***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e152\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e***, ** and * indicate significance at 1%, 5% and 10% significance levels, respectively\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Perception on the advantages of utilizing ARDU plough\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerception of adopters on advantage of utilizing ARDU moldboard plough stated on (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Out of total adopters about 95.6% of the respondents replied that ARDU plough save time of plough and 98.9% of the respondents replied it has sharp edge to cut the land. Regarding furrow slices and weeds 98.9% of the respondents replied that it turnover furrow slices and buried weeds. Out of adopters respondents 95.6% replied that it reduces repetition of plough and 96.7% replied that it covers large size within time, and 92% replied that it serves for a long period of time (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). From these result one can conclude that those farmers which adopt ARDU plough has a lot of advantages.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdvantages of utilizing ARDU moldboard plough\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdopter ARDU moldboard plough\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSave time of plough\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHas sharp age to cut the land\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReduces repetition of plough\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTurnover furrow slices\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuried weeds\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCovers large size within short time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eServe for a long period of time\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDoesn\u0026rsquo;t left unplowed land\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4. Adoption rate of ARDU moldboard plough\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdoption rate of ARDU moldboard plough\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdopters and non-adopters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResponse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAre you adopter of ARDU plough?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e192\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAre you active users of ARDU plough?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOut of total respondents 46.9% of the respondents were adopters and 53.1% of the respondents were non-adopters (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Adoption rate can be calculated by dividing the number of active users to the total number of users with access to that product and multiply the result by 100. In this study adoption rate was calculated by dividing the number of ARDU moldboard plough active users or adopters (36 farmers) to total number of users or adopters (90 farmers) and the adoption rate of ARDU moldboard plough in the study area is 0.40 or 40 percent.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.5. Factors affecting the adoption of ARDU Moldboard plough\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results indicated that from selected and included variables, distance from extension service center, total cultivated land, livestock ownership (TLU) and access to ARDU moldboard plough were statistically significant in influencing adoption probability of ARDU moldboard plough in the study areas (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom four districts of the study areas the model took Dodola as reference for other districts and the three districts were negative when compared to Dodola but only Hetosa has significant affect at 5% level of significance (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). The possible justification, even though Dodola is far from Asella when compared to Tiyo and Hetosa districts, the result of FGD and KII indicated that during AGP II program ARDU plough was well demonstrated and distributed in Dodola District.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistance from extension service center: It affects the decisions of households to adopt ARDU plough negatively at 5% level of significance. The result showed that as the distance from extension service increases by one walking minute on foot, the probability of adopting ARDU plough decreases by 0.40% (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). The possible justification could be households that are far from extension service, also far from different information and knowledge. Other studies also confirmed that distance from extension service has a significant and negative effect on farmer\u0026rsquo;s decision to adopt agricultural technology [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] and [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLogit estimation of factors influencing the adoption ARDU moldboard plough\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoefficient\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. err\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP \u0026gt;|z|\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarg. effects (dy/dx)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistrc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsasa Distrct\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.745\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.629\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.237\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHetosa Distrct\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.834 ***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.700\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.282\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTiyoDistrct\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.219\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.546\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.689\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.037\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.071\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.644\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.095\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.836\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperience in farming\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.035\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistance from plow suppliers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.119\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistance to extension service\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.028 **\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.035\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal cultivated land\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.289**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal livestock holding\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.364*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.206\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.077\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccess to credit services\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.062\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.484\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.898\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccess to ARDU plough\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.574***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.605\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.377\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccess to extension services\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.094\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.988\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.268\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.160\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOff-farm income\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.468\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.088\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCons\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.705**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.364\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-1.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.047\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eNumber of obs\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;192 LR chi2 (14)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;92.13\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eProb\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;chi2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0000 Pseudo R2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.3471 Log likelihood = -86.641829\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e***, ** and * indicate significance at 1%, 5% and 10% significance levels, respectively\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal cultivated land: Cultivated land positively affects household decisions of ARDU plough adoption at 5% level of significance. The marginal effect coefficient revealed that if the total cultivated land of the respondent increased by one hectare, the probability of adopting ARDU plough will be increased by 4.24% (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). The reasons for this may be, the larger farm size itself means holding more resources. Farmers which own and manage more resources have a higher ability to learn and apply new technologies. This result also agreed with the finding of others [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR15 CR16\" citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal livestock holding: it affects the decision of households\u0026rsquo; decisions to adopt ARDU plough positively at 10% level of significance. This indicates that households with more livestock holdings able to adopt ARDU moldboard plough as compared to those with less livestock holdings. The marginal effect shows that as the number of livestock increased by one TLU, the probability of adopting ARDU moldboard plough increased by 5.34% (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). The reasons for this may be the larger livestock holding itself means holding more resources and traction power for crop cultivation. The results of this study also agree with finding of Gebiso [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] where farmers with larger livestock holding are more likely to adopt new technology.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccess to ARDU moldboard plough: it positively affects the decision of household decisions to adopt ARDU plough at 1% level of significance. The marginal effect coefficient revealed that as the access to ARDU moldboard plough increase by one unit, the probability of adopting ARDU moldboard plough increases by 37.73% (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). The inference of this positive relationship was that as household getting access to ARDU moldboard plough, the more would be farmers\u0026rsquo; initiative to adopt the technology. The possible justification could be that households that have access to improved technology, has more chance of adopting ARDU moldboard plough. This result is similar to the findings of Wossen \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e], Simtowe \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e], Udima \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e], Milkias and Abdulahi [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e], Feyisa [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e], and Workineh \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.6. Constraints of ARDU moldboard plough adoption\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvailability of ARDU moldboard plough on the market scored 86.46% and ranked first, portability of the implement moving from place to place scored 56.77%, and ranked second, and easiness of the implement for oxen to pull scored 51.04% and ranked third. Availability, portability and easiness for oxen to pull were ranked from first to third as ARDU moldboard plough adoption constraints respectively. The response from non-adopters shows that about 82.7% were likely to adopt the plough and 88.5% replied that ARDU plough is not found in near market (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstraints of ARDU moldboard plough adoption\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eARDU plough\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003echallenges\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot challenges\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRank\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePortability\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEasy for operation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e164\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAvailability\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAffordability\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDurability\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e169\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEasiness for Oxen to pull\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion and Recommendations","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1. Conclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted to quantify adoption rate and its determinant that affects the adoption of ARDU plough. The study proved that there is no mean educational background difference between adopter and non-adopters of ARDU moldboard plough, though adopter farming experience is higher than non-adopter households. The ARDU moldboard plough adopters indicted that, ARDU moldboard plough save time of plough, reduced repetition of plough, turnover furrow slices, covers large size within time and served for a long period of time than convensional ploughing. However, availability, portability and easiness for oxen to pull are top three criteria for ARDU moldboard plough adoption. Generally, the decision of the houshold to adopt ARDU moldboard plough were affected by distance from extension services, total cultivated land, total livestock holdings and access to ARDU moldboard plough services.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2. Recommendations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSince utilizing ARDU moldboard plough had a lot of advantages for farmers, demonstrations and scaling-up of the technology should be carried out by bureau of agricultures in collaboration with agricultural engineering research centers. Additionally, to enhce the access to ARDU moldboard plough, agricultural engineering research centers should have to provide training to micro enterprises and individual firms to supply the technology on nearby markets. Finnally, portability and easiness for oxen to pull should be prioirly considered by agricultural engineering research centers need further modification.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFirst of all, we would like to thank almighty God\u0026nbsp;for being with us in all aspects during this study. Our thanks and appreciation also goes to Oromia Agricultural Research Institute and Asella Agricultural Engineering Research Center Technical and Administrative staff, for their, provision of\u0026nbsp;required logistics. We owe our special thanks to\u0026nbsp;Arsi and West Arsi zones Agriculture\u0026nbsp;office staff for their unreserved assistance during household selection and data collection.\u0026nbsp;However, the information drived from this study remains to the responsibility of the authors.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe hereby declare that this study is our solely work and that all sources of materials used for this study have been duly acknowledged. The authors declare no conflict of interest. \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTNAU. 2016. Land preparation describe primary and secondary tillage\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNYSSEN, J., and B. G. 2010. The use of the marasha ardu plough for conservation agriculture. \u003cem\u003ehttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/225910177\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUNDP. 2000. Plowing for progress: Ethiopia. Sharing Innovation Experience, Science and Technology, 1, 209-217. /http:// tcdc.undp.orgS\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCADU.1971. Progress Report No. 3. Implement Research Section. Publication No. 79. Chilalo Agricultural Development Unit, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eARDU and MAS. 1980. Progress Report No. 5. Agricultural Engineering Section. ARDU Publication No. 14. ARDU and Ministry of Agriculture and Settlement, Ethiopia\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArsi and West Arsi zones. 2018. Annual reports of Arsi and west Arsi zones agriculture office. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSamuel,W., Rijalu, and Fikadu, M. 2017.Value Chain Analysis of Malt Barley a Way out for Agricultural Commercialization: The Case of Lemu Bilbilo District, Oromia, Ethiopia.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMesay, Y., Bedada, B. and Getachew. L. 2017.Improving competitiveness of dairy production via Value chain approach: The case of Lemu and Bilbilo district, Arsi zone Ethiopia.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCochran, W.G. 1977. Sampling Techniques. 3rd Edition, John Wiley \u0026amp; Sons, New York.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAldrich, J.H., and Nelson. F.D.1984. Linear Probability, Logit and Probit Model: Quantitative Application in the Social Science-Sera Miller McCun. Sage pub. Inc, University of Minnesota and Iola, London.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGujarati, D.N. 1995. Basic Economics. 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHagos, A., and Zemedu. L. 2015. Determinants of Improved Rice Varieties Adoption in Fogera District of Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eScience, Technology and Arts Research Journal\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e4\u003c/em\u003e(1), 221\u0026ndash;228. https://doi.org/10.4314/star. v4i1.35 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMilkias, D., and Abdulahi. A. 2018. Determinants of Agricultural Technology Adoption: The Case of Improved Highland Maize Varieties in Toke Kutaye District, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Investment and Mgt\u003c/em\u003e, 7(4), 125\u0026ndash;132.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang, J.; Klein, K.K. Bjornlund, H. and Zhang, W. 2015. Adoption of improved irrigation scheduling in Alberta: An empirical analysis. Can.Water Resour. J. 2015, 40, 47\u0026ndash;61.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAmare, A., and Simane. B. 2017. Determinants of Smallholder Farmers\u0026rsquo; Decision to Adopt Adaptation Options to Climate Change and Variability in the Muger Sub-basin of Upper Blue Nile Basin of Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eAgriculture \u0026amp; Food Security\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e(1), 64. https://doi.org/10.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHu, Y.; Li. B, Zhang. Z, Wang, J. 2019. Farm size and agricultural technology progress: Evidence from China. J. Rural Stud. 2019, 1.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eO,K. Kirui. 2019. The Agricultural Mechanization in Africa: Micro-level Analysis of State Drivers and Effects. ZEF Discussion Papers on Development Policy No. 272, Center for Development Research, Bonn, p. 56, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3368103. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGebiso, T. 2015. Adoption of Modern Bee Hive in Arsi Zone of Oromia Region: Determinants and Financial Benefits. \u003cem\u003eAgricultural Sciences\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e, 382-396. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/as. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWossen, T., Berger, T, and Di, Falco. S. 2015. Social capital, risk preference and adoption of improved farmland management practices in Ethiopia\u003cem\u003e. Agricultural Economics, \u003c/em\u003e46:81-97.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSimtowe, F., Asfaw, S, and Abate.T. 2016. Determinants of Agricultural Technology Adoption under Partial Population awareness: The Case of Pigeonpea in Malawi. Agricultural and Food Economics, 4(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-016-0051-z\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUdima, T. B., Jincai, Z. Mensah, O. S. and Caesar, A. E. 2017. Factors Influencing the Agricultural Technology Adoption: The Case of Improved Rice Varieties in the Northern Region, Ghana. \u003cem\u003eJ. of Economics and Sustainable Development\u003c/em\u003e, 8(8), 137-148.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFeyisa, B. W. 2020. Determinants of Agricultural Technology Adoption in Ethiopia: A Meta-Analysis.\u003cem\u003e Cogent Food and Agriculture\u003c/em\u003e, 6(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorkineh, A., Tayech, L. and Ehite, HK. 2020. Agricultural technology adoption and its impact on smallholder farmers\u0026rsquo; welfare in Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eAfrican Journal of Agricultural Research, \u003c/em\u003e15 (3):431\u0026ndash;445. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-food","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"discoverfood","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Food](https://www.springer.com/44187)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Food","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Adopter, Adoption-rate, ARDU plough, Logistic-regression, Non-adopter","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4393589/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4393589/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted with the objectives of quantifying the adoption rate and its determinants that affect the adoption of ARDU plough in the Arsi and West Arsi Zones. The data were collected from a sample of 192 farm households (90 adopters and 102 non-adopters of ARDU plough). Adopter farming experience was higher than that of non-adopter households and significant at 1% level of significance. Utilizing the ARDU moldboard plough had advantage of saving time of plough, reducing repetition of plough, turning over furrow slices, and serving for a long period of time. However, availability, portability, and easiness for Oxen to pull were the top three ranked constraints. The results of the binary logistics regression model indicate that adoption of ARDU moldboard plough was influenced by distance from extension services, total livestock holdings, and access to ARDU moldboard plough services. Since the ARDU moldboard ploughs has several advantages, demonstrations and scaling up of the technology, training microenterprises and individual firms for mass production, and modifying its weight, are very important.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Adoption of ARDU Moldboard Plough in Arsi and West Arsi Zones, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-05-31 05:29:12","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4393589/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-05-20T09:33:35+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-05-20T09:33:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Food","date":"2024-05-09T08:06:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-food","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"discoverfood","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Food](https://www.springer.com/44187)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Food","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"876702f3-d17e-491d-80d4-1fb65a513833","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 31st, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-05-31T05:29:12+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-05-31 05:29:12","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4393589","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4393589","identity":"rs-4393589","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}