Homologous Recombination Deficiency in Ovarian and Breast Cancers: Biomarkers, Diagnosis and Treatment

Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) is a pivotal biomarker in oncology, influencing treatment strategies and prognostic assessments. HRD impairs DNA repair mechanisms, leading to genomic instability and heightened sensitivity to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, particularly in ovarian and breast cancers. This review examines the molecular basis of HRD, current methodologies for its detection, and its clinical relevance in precision oncology. We address challenges in standardizing HRD assessment, including variability in testing approaches and interpretation thresholds. Additionally, emerging strategies for optimizing HRD-targeted therapies are discussed, emphasizing novel biomarkers and therapeutic combinations. By consolidating current knowledge and advancements, this review provides insights into HRD’s role in cancer biology and its potential for refining personalized treatment approaches.