Risk factors and practices associated with occurrence of Urinary Tract Infections in Sub-Saharan Africa; A scoping review

Risk factors and practices associated with occurrence of Urinary Tract Infections in Sub-Saharan Africa; A scoping review | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Systematic Review Risk factors and practices associated with occurrence of Urinary Tract Infections in Sub-Saharan Africa; A scoping review Moses Karanja Kimani This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4077511/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Introduction Urinary Tracts Infections remain a major public health challenge with a particular higher burden in Sub-Saharan Africa. There remains a dearth of information in literature regarding patterns of risk factors and practices associated with Urinary Tract Infections in Sub-Saharan Africa. This scoping review aimed at documenting the risk factors and practices associated with Urinary Tract Infections in Sub-Saharan Africa. Methods A systematic search of databases was done under the guidelines outlined by Joanna Brigs Institute to retrieve original articles that met inclusion criteria. Standard bibliographic information for articles that met the inclusion criteria was recorded in an Excel spreadsheet and then exported to SPSS version 21for statistical analysis. Biographic information, risk factors, and practices findings from statistical analysis were presented in tables, bar graphs and charts, followed by a summarized narrative account of the risk factors and practices that emerged. Reporting was conducted in accordance with preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Results Out of the 794 studies identified, 31 studies met inclusion criteria. Studies included in this review were distributed in 9 countries, Ethiopia leading with 38.7% (n = 12), Nigeria followed with 25.8% (n = 8), Uganda 9.7% (n = 3), Cameroon and Kenya each contributed 6.5% (n = 2), and Ghana, Tanzania, Burkina Faso and Zambia each contributed 3.2% (n = 1). Twenty one risk factors and three practices were identified to be associated with Urinary Tract Infections in Sub-Saharan Africa. Conclusion The current evidence demonstrated the dire need for future studies to lay more emphasis on methodological and statistical rigor. Particularly, this scoping review identified the need to further investigate practices which wee underinvestigated. Further, methodological and statistical rigor should be emphasized by future studies. Bacteriology Internal Medicine Urinary Tract Infections Risk factors and practices Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection of any part of the urinary tract[ 1 ]. The infection emanates from bacterial infestation of the upper or lower urinary tracts, the common isolates being Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus , and Klebsiella spp .[ 2 ], [ 3 ]. It remains a major public health challenge as it is one of the most common infectious disease whose etiology is mostly not well grasped in clinical practice due to the complexity and multiplicity of behavioral, biological, genetic, geographical, host and pathogen virulence factors influencing its occurrence[ 4 ], [ 5 ]. UTIs are the most common causes of infectious diseases globally, but the burden of diseases is paramount in developing countries. As such, it remains one of the most common encountered diseases in medical practice[ 3 ], [ 6 ]. UTIs are common contagions across all population groups. However, the incidence is high in women due to their genital urinary anatomy[ 2 ], [ 3 ]. Tan and Chlebicki reports that women are 30 times more likely to get a UTI than men in a lifetime[ 1 ]. As of 2019, global incidence of UTIs stood at 0.4 billion, this being a 60.40% increase when compared to the statistics in 1990[ 6 ]. The prevalence is estimated to be 150 million people[ 4 ]. Hospital Acquired Urinary Tract Infections (HAUTIs) make up 40% of all Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs), 80% of them being Catheter Associated UTIs[ 7 ]. Efforts to manage and treat UTIs have met a myriad of challenges. Among others, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and diagnostic difficulties as a result of asymptomatic presentation are the leading instigations in efforts to treat UTIs[ 8 ]. Rational use of antibiotics has been widely campaigned due to the substantial decrease in susceptibility of urinary pathogens to commonly used antibiotics[ 9 ]. While antimicrobial therapy is proving to be futile, risk factors and practices (RF&P) modification alongside prophylactic therapies have been suggested as possible measures in combating UTIs[ 10 ]. However, there exists scanty information on the RF&P associated with occurrence of UTIs, especially in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) where the burden is high. This scoping review aimed at mapping an exhaustive picture of risk factors associated with occurrence of UTIs in SSA, and make recommendations on knowledge gaps that need to be addressed in future studies. Methods Design and protocol This scoping review was conducted in accordance with Joanna Briggs Institute reviewers manual as described by Levac et al.[ 11 ] and Arksey and O’Malley[ 12 ]. Arksey and O’Malley six steps framework were followed in literature search concerning all RF&P that have been probed for association to UTIs in SSA. Significance of association of factors was also described in this review. As scoping reviews entail a broader search strategy, risk factors (RF) were studied across all population groups, patient categories and their presentation, in order to encompass a broader picture of the UTI’s associated RF&P. Identification and retrieval of studies After an initial mini review was conducted to comprehend the scope of our review, three stages as outlined by Joanna Briggs Institute[ 13 ] were applied in retrieval of original articles. Briefly, the initial stage involved selection of key words and text terms in article headings and abstracts to identify and establish Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). Terms used were “Urinary Tract Infections”, “UTI risk factors”, “UTI in Sub Saharan Africa”, and “UTI practices”. In the second stage, general and specific search strings were developed using the MeSH terms and used in the selected data bases. The third and final stage involved search in Google websites, Google scholar and international directories for non-indexed studies. Study inclusion and exclusion criteria. To be eligible for inclusion, a study had to be reporting original work on Urinary tract infections in Sub Saharan Africa. Abstracts were screened to determine the objectives and hence the eligibility. Specifically, articles reporting socio-demographical information, hospitalization details, RF&P associated for UTIs in its study subjects were included. Articles reporting descriptive and/or inferential statistics were eligible. Only articles published between January 1995 and September 2023 were considered. Studies done outside SSA and those reporting outside the scope of our study were excluded. Data extraction Standard bibliographic information for articles that met the inclusion criteria was recorded in an Excel spreadsheet. This information included authors, year of publication, nationality, study design, population groups, RF&P, significant association between UTIs and RF&P. subsequently, the data was exported to Statistical Package for Social Sciences(SPSS) version 21 for statistical analysis. Summarizing and reporting findings Biographic information, risk factors, and practices findings from statistical analysis were presented in tables, bar graphs and charts, followed by a summarized narrative account of the RF&P that emerged. Risk factors included socio-economic, patient’s history, obstetric history for women, and presence of comorbidities and chronic illnesses. Since the RF&P that emerged were many, the were systematically synthesized and classified into specific themes that were agreed by all authors to reduce the narrative load. Reporting was conducted in accordance with preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR)[ 14 ]. Results Study selection Articles were identified through electronic database search where PubMed provided the largest number of records (n = 317), followed by Science Direct (n = 286), African Index Medicus provided 103 records, and AJOL provided the least number of records (n = 88) (Fig. 1). The initial database search yielded 794 records. Of these, 10 records were excluded on the basis of being duplicates. Further, on screening the titles and abstracts for relevance, 717 records were removed for being irrelevant. 20 records were excluded for being reviews and short communications as they could not provide adequate data for this study, while 16 more records were not included in this study due to irretrievability or their language not being English. Finally, 31 studies met inclusion criteria and were thus included in the final analysis (Fig. 2 ). Characteristics of included studies Studies included in this review were distributed in 9 countries, Ethiopia leading with 38.7% (n = 12), Nigeria followed with 25.8% (n = 8), Uganda 9.7% (n = 3), Cameroon and Kenya each contributed 6.5% (n = 2), and Ghana, Tanzania, Burkina Faso and Zambia each contributed 3.2% (n = 1). The sample size in the studies included varied greatly. The minimum sample size was 53 in the study by Wondimeneh et al.[ 15 ] and the maximum sample size was 1254 in the study by Melaku et al. [ 16 ]. This review included recent studies, with the earliest study by Odetoyin et al.[ 17 ] published in 2008 and the latest is of 2023 by Mekonnen et al.[ 18 ]. All the studies included in this review adopted a cross-sectional study design except for the study by Che Pantalius Nji et al.[ 19 ]which employed mixed methods. Table 1 presents a summary of characteristics of included studies. Table 1 Characteristics of studies included in the review. Author and citation Year of study Country Study design Study population Sample size Study aims AK Labi et al.[ 20 ] 2015 Ghana Cross-sectional Pregnant women 274 To measure the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria among ante-natal clients at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital in Ghana and its’ associated risk factors. Ali et al.[ 21 ] 2022 Ethiopia Cross-sectional Pregnant women 422 To determine the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and associated factors of urinary tract infection (UTI) among pregnant women attending Hargeisa Group Hospital (HGH), Hargeisa, Somaliland. Awonunga et al.[ 22 ] 2010 Nigeria Cross-sectional Pregnant women 205 To determine the pattern as well as possible predictors of asymptomatic bacteriuria at the University College Hospital, Ibadan. Bashir et al.[ 23 ] 2022 Nigeria Cross-sectional General public 150 To determine the prevalence of UTIs among in-patients in Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital, Kano using a cross-sectional study Che Pantalius Nji et al.[ 19 ] 2020 Cameroon Cross-sectional Children 405 To identify the risk factors of UTI, etiologic agents, and their antibiotic susceptibility. Dereje et al.[ 24 ] 2017 Ethiopia Cross-sectional Women 210 To determine the etiologic agents, drug resistance pattern of the isolates and associated risk factor for urinary tract infection among fistula patients in Addis Ababa fistula hospital, Ethiopia Elikwu et al.[ 25 ] 2017 Nigeria Cross-sectional General public 200 To determine the etiology of UTI at BUTH and obtain data on their susceptibility and resistance patterns Emiru et al.[ 26 ] 2013 Ethiopia Cross-sectional Pregnant women 367 To assess associated risk factors of UTI among pregnant women in Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Bahir Dar, North West Ethiopia Fenta et al.[ 27 ] 2020 Ethiopia Cross-sectional Children 299 To assess the bacterial profile of urinary tract infection, their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and associated factors among clinically suspected children attending Felege-Hiwot Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Gebremariam et al.[ 28 ] 2019 Ethiopia Cross-sectional Students 341 To assess bacteriological profile, risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of symptomatic Urinary tract infection among students of Mekelle University, northern Ethiopia. Gessese et al.[ 29 ] 2017 Ethiopia Cross-sectional Pregnant women 300 To isolate and identify the predominant pathogenic bacteria causing UTI, evaluation of the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolates and identification of potential risk factors of UTI. Iwang et al.[ 30 ] 2021 Nigeria Cross-sectional Pregnant women 320 To determine the ASB prevalence, the causative microorganisms, their drug sensitivity patterns, and the factors associated with its occurrence in pregnant women in the Uyo, Nigeria. Jamiu et al.[ 31 ] 2021 Nigeria Cross-sectional Pregnant women 206 To determine the prevalence of and factors associated with significant bacteriuria among pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic (ANC) of Adeoyo Maternity Hospital, Yemetu, Ibadan, Nigeria, as well as determine the bacterial etiology and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the isolates. Odoki et al.[ 32 ] 2019 Uganda Cross-sectional General public 267 To determine the prevalence of UTI by isolating and characterizing the different bacterial etiological agents and to evaluate the factors associated with UTI. Kabugo et al.[ 4 ] 2016 Uganda Cross-sectional General public 139 To identify factors associated with CA-UTIs, the common uropathogens and the drug sensitivity patterns of the common uropathogens cultured. Kidenya et al.[ 33 ] 2022 Tanzania Cross-sectional General public 227 To establish the pattern of urogenital pathogens and factors associated with PCR positive urogenital pathogens in urine samples of patient with sterile pyuria. Marami et al.[ 34 ] 2022 Ethiopia Cross-sectional Women 146 To determine the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, and associated factors of urinary tract infections among women with post-fistula attending public health facilities, Harar, eastern Ethiopia. Mekonnen et al.[ 18 ] 2023 Ethiopia Cross-sectional Children 332 To assess the bacterial profile of urinary tract infections, their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents, and associated factors in under-five children at Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, eastern Ethiopia. Melaku et al.[ 16 ] 2012 Ethiopia Cross-sectional General public 1254 To determine the prevalence and antibiogram of nosocomial UTIs from a referral hospital. Nabaigwa et al.[ 35 ] 2017 Uganda Cross-sectional General public 210 To establish which UTI aetiological agents are most common among diabetic patients attending the diabetes clinic at Jinja Regional Referral Hospital. Risk factors for UTIs by these pathogens were also evaluated. Ngong et al.[ 36 ] 2021 Cameroon Cross-sectional Pregnant women 287 Prevalence and risk factors for UTIs, diagnostic potential of dipstick analyses and antimicrobial susceptibility of uropathogens from pregnant women attending ANC in some Integrated Health Centers (IHCs) in Buea Health District (BHD). Nigusse et al.[ 37 ] 2020 Ethiopia Cross-sectional General public 224 To determine the prevalence, risk factors of UTI, and drug susceptibility pattern of bacteria isolated among peoples infected with HIV. Odetoyin et al.[ 17 ] 2008 Nigeria Cross-sectional General public 192 To investigate the prevalence and associates of associates of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) in a sample of Nigerian diabetic patients. Okechukwu and Thairu[ 38 ] 2019 Nigeria Cross-sectional Children 166 To determine the prevalence and causative bacteria of UTI in HIV infected children and adolescents on antiretroviral medications in our health institution. Ramalan et al.[ 39 ] 2020 Nigeria Cross-sectional General public 202 Determining the prevalence and AR profiles of S. aureus and E. coli strains from patients with UTIs attending Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital (DASH) Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Sanou et al.[ 40 ] 2015 Burkina Faso Cross-sectional General public 75 To identify the risk factors and the microorganisms susceptibilities of nosocomial urinary infections at the urology unit of the national university hospital of Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso. Seifu and Gebisa.[ 41 ] 2018 Ethiopia Cross-sectional General public 384 To assess the prevalence of bacterial uropathogens and their invitro susceptibility patterns to commonly used antibiotic agents amongst outpatients with complaints of UTI in Shashemene referral hospital. Wondimeneh et al.[ 15 ] 2014 Ethiopia Cross-sectional women 53 To determine the prevalence, drug susceptibility pattern and associated risk factors of UTI among obstetric fistula patients at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Moses Mukosha et al.[ 42 ] 2020 Zambia Cross-sectional Pregnant women 380 Investigating the prevalence of UTIs and associated factors among HIV infected pregnant women attending antenatal care at a tertiary hospital in Zambia. F. Wanja et al.[ 43 ] 2021 Kenya Cross-sectional General public 206 To investigate and determine the prevalence of bacterial urinary tract infection, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, and UTI associated risk factors among adults attending Kiambu level 5 Hospital. H. A. Onyango et al.[ 44 ] 2018 Kenya Cross-sectional Pregnant women 210 Identifying associated risk factors for UTI amongst pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at Pumwani Maternity Hospital (The largest antenatal clinic in Kenya) Risk factors for UTIs. Twenty six risk factors were identified and were classified into four groups for the purposes of this review, namely socioeconomic factors, factors concerning medical history, risk factors on hospitalization, and HIV associated factors. Socioeconomic factors were age, gender, residence, occupation, family income, education, marital status and religion. Medical history factors were history of UTIS, history of catheterization, recurrent UTIs, underlying disease, poor glycemic control, gestational period, parity and gravidity. Hospitalization factors were indwelling catheter, anemia, pyuria, Flank pain, fistula, diabetes mellitus and admission status. HIV associated factors were CD4 counts, viral loads and on HIV medication. Practices including being not circumcised in males, eating raw foods and frequency of sexual intercourses were studied by majority of the articles included (Table 2 ). Table 2 Summary presentation of risk factors and the studies investigating them. Category Risk Factor Studies investigating risk factor Socioeconomic Age [ 20 ][ 21 ][ 22 ][ 19 ][ 24 ][ 25 ][ 43 ][ 27 ][ 28 ][ 29 ][ 30 ][ 31 ][ 33 ][ 34 ][ 16 ][ 42 ][ 36 ] [ 37 ][ 32 ][ 15 ]. Gender [ 23 ][ 19 ][ 25 ][ 43 ][ 27 ][ 28 ][ 18 ][ 16 ][ 35 ][ 37 ][ 17 ][ 32 ][ 38 ][ 39 ][ 40 ][ 41 ]. Residence [ 21 ][ 24 ][ 27 ][ 28 ][ 29 ][ 33 ][ 34 ][ 18 ][ 37 ][ 32 ][ 41 ][ 15 ]. Occupation [ 21 ][ 22 ][ 24 ][ 43 ][ 29 ][ 44 ][ 31 ][ 4 ][ 34 ][ 42 ][ 37 ][ 15 ]. Family income [ 21 ][ 26 ][ 29 ]. Education [ 21 ][ 22 ][ 24 ][ 26 ][ 43 ][ 29 ][ 44 ][ 30 ][ 31 ][ 4 ][ 34 ][ 42 ][ 36 ][ 37 ][ 32 ][ 15 ]. Marital status [ 20 ][ 21 ][ 43 ][ 44 ][ 30 ][ 4 ][ 33 ][ 42 ][ 36 ][ 37 ][ 17 ][ 32 ][ 15 ][ 24 ]. Religion [ 22 ][ 23 ][ 38 ]. Medical history History of UTI [ 21 ][ 19 ][ 24 ][ 26 ][ 27 ][ 29 ][ 29 ][ 31 ][ 4 ][ 18 ][ 36 ][ 37 ]. History of Catheterization [ 21 ][ 24 ][ 26 ][ 27 ][ 28 ][ 34 ][ 18 ][ 37 ][ 32 ][ 41 ][ 15 ]. Gestational period [ 20 ][ 21 ][ 22 ][ 26 ][ 29 ][ 44 ][ 30 ][ 31 ][ 42 ][ 36 ]. Parity [ 20 ][ 22 ][ 26 ][ 44 ][ 30 ][ 34 ][ 42 ][ 36 ]. Gravidity [ 20 ][ 21 ][ 36 ]. Hospitalization status Indwelling Catheter [ 23 ][ 19 ][ 25 ][ 18 ][ 16 ][ 32 ][ 39 ][ 40 ]. Flank pain [ 28 ]. Fistula [ 24 ][ 34 ]. Pyuria [ 31 ]. Diabetes Mellitus [ 23 ][ 25 ][ 27 ][ 18 ][ 35 ][ 37 ][ 17 ][ 32 ]. HIV associated factors On HIV medication [ 38 ]. CD4 count [ 38 ]. Viral load [ 38 ]. Practices Uncircumcision [ 19 ][ 27 ][ 28 ][ 18 ][ 32 ]. Eating raw meat [ 29 ]. Coital Frequency [ 20 ][ 26 ][ 43 ][ 28 ][ 44 ][ 36 ][ 32 ]. Age Twenty studies[ 19 ], [ 20 ], [ 34 ], [ 43 ], [ 21 ], [ 22 ], [ 24 ], [ 25 ], [ 27 ]–[ 29 ], [ 33 ][ 30 ][ 31 ][ 15 ], [ 16 ], [ 32 ], [ 36 ], [ 37 ], [ 42 ] reported the mean age of their study subjects. The lowest mean age was 6 years reported by Fenta et al.[ 27 ] while the highest mean age was 39 years reported in the study by Nigusse et al.[ 37 ]. Of these, four studies[ 4 ], [ 32 ], [ 35 ], [ 41 ]found significant association between age and occurrence of urinary tract infections. Gender Among studies that investigated gender, ten studies[ 4 ], [ 16 ], [ 25 ], [ 28 ], [ 32 ], [ 33 ], [ 35 ], [ 37 ], [ 38 ], [ 41 ] reported significant association between gender and occurrence of urinary tract infections. High prevalence was observed in female participants and all the above studies reported that females had increased odds of acquiring urinary tract infections compared with their male counterparts. Residence Twelve studies[ 21 ][ 24 ][ 27 ][ 28 ][ 29 ][ 18 ], [ 33 ], [ 34 ][ 37 ][ 32 ], [ 41 ][ 15 ] investigated residence as a factor for urinary tract infections. None of the above studies found significant association between residence and occurrence of UTIs. Occupation Occupation of participants was investigated by twelve studies[ 21 ][ 22 ][ 24 ][ 43 ][ 29 ][ 44 ][ 31 ][ 4 ][ 34 ][ 42 ][ 37 ][ 15 ]. None of these studies found any significant relationship between occupation and occurrence of urinary tract infections. Odds ratios revealed contrasting and inconclusive conclusions. Notably, while the odds were high in some studies for employed participants, other studies reported reduced odds in unemployed participants and those in informal jobs. Family income Family income was investigated by three studies[ 21 ][ 26 ][ 29 ], of which two of them reported significant association. Ali et al. reported those earning below 100USD per month were five times at risk compared with those earning more than 100 dollars [AOR = 5.225, 95%CI: 1.270–21.500, P = 0.002][ 21 ]. Gessese et al. reported those receiving a monthly salary of ≤ 500 Ethiopian Birr (≤ 21.18 USD) were 4.78 times at risk of acquiring a UTI[OR = 4.87, 95% CI: 1.03–22.21, P = 0.046][ 29 ]. Education Of the sixteen studies that investigated education, two found it to be positively correlated with occurrence of UTIs. While Ali et al. observed that occurrence of UTI was most likely to those who had no formal education as compared to those with formal education [AOR = 3.183, 95%CI: 1.027–9.866, P = 0.045][ 21 ], Inwang et al. reported increased prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria among participants with secondary education (P = 0.037)[ 30 ]. Marital status Marital status was investigated by fourteen studies[ 20 ][ 21 ][ 43 ][ 44 ][ 30 ][ 4 ][ 33 ][ 42 ][ 36 ][ 37 ][ 17 ][ 32 ][ 15 ][ 24 ], and of these, only 3 studies found significant association between this risk factor and occurrence of UTIs. Kabugo et al.[ 4 ]reported that being married [AOR = 0.45; 95%CI: 0.22–0.92, P = 0.004] was significantly associated with UTIs. Similarly, Odoki et al.[ 32 ] and Wondimeneh et al.[ 15 ]found that the risk of acquiring UTIs was higher in married participants compared to unmarried ones {[COR = 2.204, 95%CI: 1.203–4.037, P = 0.011] and [P = 0.032] respectively}. History of UTIs Out of the twelve studies that investigated history of UTIs among its participants, eight studies[ 21 ][ 29 ][ 26 ][ 27 ][ 28 ][ 29 ][ 31 ][ 18 ] reported significant relationship between UTI occurrence and having a previous infection. History of catheterization Eleven studies investigated association between having been catheterized in the past and occurrence of UTIs. Among these studies, six of them[ 21 ][ 24 ][ 28 ][ 34 ][ 18 ][ 32 ] found significant association between this risk factor and occurrence of UTIs. Gestational period, parity and Gravidity Studies conducted among expectant women investigated gestational period, parity and gravidity and their association with occurrence of UTIs. Particularly, ten studies investigated the factor gestational period, with two finding significant association with UTI occurrence. While Awunonga et al.[ 22 ]predicted an increase in urinary bacterial isolates in the second trimester [P = 0.013], Mukosha et al.[ 42 ]reported a lower probability of UTI occurrence in late stages of pregnancy [AOR = 0.96 95%CI: 0.91–0.99, P < 0.0001]. Parity was investigated by eight studies, with only Marami et al.[ 34 ]reporting significant association [AOR = 0.3, 95%CI: 0.1–0.8], where they found nulliparous participants to have reduced chances of getting UTIs. Gravidity was investigated by three studies and none of them reported significant association. Indwelling catheter Of the eight studies reporting on patients with an indwelling catheter, two predicted positive correlation between having an indwelling catheter and the likelihood of acquiring a UTI. Melaku et al.[ 16 ]found the risk of developing a UTI among catheterized patients was 2.6 times higher compared to those without a catheter [p = 0.001]. Also, Odoki et al.[ 32 ]reported that patients with an indwelling catheter of more than 6 days were 3.761 times at risk of acquiring a UTI [AOR = 3.761, 95%CI: 1.077–13.128, P = 0.038]. HIV associated factors Four studies[ 42 ][ 37 ][ 32 ][ 38 ] investigated prevalence of UTIs in HIV positive participants. Surprisingly, the study by Okechukwu and Thairu[ 38 ] stood out by reporting significant relationship in three aspects. Firstly, the prevalence of bacterial isolates was higher in participants receiving first line Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ARVT) compared to those receiving second line ARVT[P = 0.024]. Secondly, this study predicted a reduced number of CD4 cells/µl of urine in subjects with bacterial isolates [P = 0.02], and that there were high chances of isolating urinary bacteria in patients with an higher viral load (copies/ml)[P = 0.003]. Practices associated with occurrence of UTIs Uncircumcision Two studies[ 18 ], [ 27 ] found significant association between being uncircumcised and acquiring UTIs, out of the four studies that investigated this factor. Fenta et al.[ 27 ] reported uncircumcised subjects were more than eighteen times at risk of acquiring an infection compared to circumcised subjects [AOR = 18.99, 95%CI: 5.5-65.35, P = 0.00]. Mekonnen et al.[ 18 ]reported the high risk of UTIs among uncircumcised subjects [AOR = 3.523 95%CI: 1.328–9.348, P = 0.011]. Eating raw foods Only Gessese et al.[ 29 ]investigated this practice and found no significant association. Coital frequency With seven studies investigating frequency of sexual intercourse, only two reported significant association. Specifically, Gebremariam et al.[ 28 ]concluded those having sexual intercourse more than three times in a week were more than two times at risk of acquiring a UTIs[AOR = 2.16, 95%CI: 1.149–3.69, P = 0.012]. Discussion We aimed at identifying the risk factors and practices that are associated with occurrence of UTIs in SSA countries. We employed a standard systematic review of databases to search and identify 31 articles that reported risk factors and practices in SSA. From the 50 SSA countries[ 45 ], this scoping review was able to identify studies from 9 countries, which represented 18% of the total countries. Here, we provide a summary of findings and probable justification of findings, document the strengths and limitations, and attempt to create a trail for future studies. All studies included in this review employed cross sectional study design to collect data. However, there was heterogeneity in statistics reported by the individual studies. We included studies that computed and reported either descriptive or inferential statistics. The most investigated risk factor was age which was investigated by 20 studies, representing 64.5% of the total studies included. This could be attributed to the fact that it is a socio-demographic factor taken during patient data collection. Conversely, this review revealed a grey area of under investigation of HIV-related factors associated with UTIs in SSA. Particularly, only one study in this review investigated HIV infection, medication, CD4 cell counts and viral loads influence on occurrence of UTIs. This highlights the deficiency of information in this area and implores more studies to investigate this factor. As only 3 practices were investigated for association with UTI occurrence in SSA, it is evident that they are not so much a factor in contacting a UTI in SSA. However, this fact should be interpreted with caution given the low number of countries represented in this review, bearing that practices are unique to countries and more countries should be included in future reviews to corroborate the credibility of this conclusion. In a nutshell, we identified that participant`s socioeconomic background and medical history were the most investigated RFs. Another critical finding of this review was the under investigation of HIV-related factors, revealing an information gap to address the impact of HIV-related factors on occurrence of UTIs in SSA. Finally, the contribution of practices or habits towards occurrence of UTIs is rare, as evidenced by the dearth of articles investigating them. Strengths and limitations This review accomplished to document the most investigated and the most common RF&P associated with occurrence of UTIs in SSA. As only studies with sufficient data and those that followed accepted reporting guidelines were included, the findings are therefore affirmative and point a factual picture of RF&P investigation in SSA. However, despite the articles included being informative, most of them did not undertake to provide rigorous statistical evidence to substantiate their findings, hence more rigor in statistical reporting is encouraged in future studies. We did not report the prevalence in individual studies as this was not relevant to the scope of this study. We also could have omitted relevant studies published in language other than English. Conclusion This study presents a picture of the current trend of RF&P influencing occurrence of UTI in SSA in literature. The current evidence demonstrates the dire need for future studies to lay more emphasis on methodological and statistical rigor. Moreover, this study creates a trail to be followed by future studies to fill the gaps evidenced by this study. Particularly, we implore further rigorous studies to investigate the practices and HIV factors and also to include studies from many countries compared to this review. Nevertheless, it is evident that there are a myriad of RF&P that contribute to the development of UTIs and in the greater SSA. Finally, we advocate for further extensive studies and implore future original article authors on this topic to not only under seek as many RF&P as possible but also conduct intense methodological and statistical analysis. Declarations Authors’ contributions: MKK conceptualized the scoping review. MKK and MWW conducted data extraction and curation. MKK, NO and DK conducted data analysis and presentation. MKK wrote the manuscript of the scoping review with critical assistance from MWW. DK and NO reviewed and edited the original manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. Funding: This review did not receive any funding. Conflict of interest: Authors declared no potential conflict of interest. References Tan CW, Chlebicki MP (2016) Urinary tract infections in adults. 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Int J Evid Based Healthc 17(1):58–71. 10.1097/XEB.0000000000000155 Daudt HML, Van Mossel C, Scott SJ (2013) Enhancing the scoping study methodology: A large, inter-professional team’s experience with Arksey and O’Malley’s framework, BMC Med. Res. Methodol. , vol. 13, no. 48, pp. 1–9, 10.1186/1471-2288-13-48 Levac D, Colquhoun H, O’Brien KK (2010) Scoping studies: advancing the methodology. Implement Sci 5(69):1–9. 10.1186/1748-5908-5-69 Tricco AC et al (2018) PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med 169:467–473. 10.7326/M18-0850 Wondimeneh Y et al (2014) Urinary tract infection among obstetric fistula patients at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Womens Health 14(12):2–7. 10.1186/1472-6874-14-12 Melaku S, Kibret M, Abera B (2012) Antibiogram of nosocomial urinary tract infections in Felege Hiwot referral hospital, Ethiopia. Afr Health Sci 12(2):134–139. 10.4314/ahs.v12i2.9 Odetoyin WB, Aboderin AO, Ikem RT, Kolawole BA, Oyelese AO, ASSYMPTOMATIC BACTERIURIA IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS IN ILE-IFE (2008) SOUTH-WEST, NIGERIA. East Afr Med J 85(1):18–23 Mekonnen S, Tesfa T, Shume T, Tebeje F, Urgesa K, Weldegebreal F (2023) Bacterial profile, their antibiotic susceptibility pattern, and associated factors of urinary tract infections in children at Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, Eastern Ethiopia. PLoS ONE 18(4):1–21. 10.1371/journal.pone.0283637 Nji CP, Clément J, Assob N, Akoachere JTK (2020) Predictors of Urinary Tract Infections in Children and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern in the Buea Health District, South West Region, Cameroon. Biomed Res Int 20:1–11. 10.1155/2020/2176569 Labi A, Yawson AE, Ganyaglo GY, Newman MJ, PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS OF ASYMPTOMAT- IC BACTERIURIA IN ANTE-NATAL CLIENTS IN A LARGE TEACHING HOSPITAL IN GHANA (2015) GHANA Med J 49(3):154–158. 10.4314/gmj.v49i3.5 Ali AH, Reda DY, Ormago MD (2022) Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of urinary tract infection among pregnant women attending Hargeisa Group Hospital, Hargeisa, Somaliland. Sci Rep 1–10. 10.1038/s41598-022-05452-z Awonunga DA, Fawole AO, Dada-Adegbola HA, Olola FA, Awonunga OM (2010) Predictors of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria among Obstetric Population in Ibadan. Niger J Med 19(2):188–193 Bashir AU, Mohammed Y, Sharif AA, Haruna MM, Adamu AY, PREVALENCE OF CANDIDA SPECIES RESPONSIBLE FOR URINARY TRACT NFECTIONS AMONG IN-PATIENTS IN MURTALA MUHAMMAD SPECIALIST HOSPITAL (2022) KANO, NIGERIA. Bayero J Med Lab Sci 7(2):82–88 Dereje M, Woldeamanuel Y, Asrat D, Ayenachew F (2017) Urinary tract infection among fistula patients admitted at Hamlin fistula hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 17(150):1–8. 10.1186/s12879-017-2265-4 Un D, Prive H, Enseignement ND, Sud AU, Du O, THE ETIOLOGY AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERNS OF URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS AT A PRIVATE NIGERIAN TEACHING HOSPITAL IN SOUTH WEST NIGERIA (2017) Afr J Clin Exp Microbiol 18(1):21–28. 10.4314/ajcem.v18i1.3 Emiru T, Beyene G, Tsegaye W, Melaku S (2013) Associated risk factors of urinary tract infection among pregnant women at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Bahir Dar, North West Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes 6(292):1–6. 10.1186/1756-0500-6-292 Fenta A, Dagnew M, Eshetie S, Belachew T (2020) Bacterial profile, antibiotic susceptibility pattern and associated risk factors of urinary tract infection among clinically suspected children attending at Felege- Hiwot comprehensive and specialized hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. A prospective study. BMC Infect Dis 20(673):1–10. 10.1186/s12879-020-05402-y Gebremariam G, Legese H, Woldu Y, Araya T, Hagos K (2019) Bacteriological profile, risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of symptomatic urinary tract infection among students of Mekelle University, northern Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 2(950):1–11. 10.1186/s12879-019-4610-2 Gessese YA et al (2017) Urinary pathogenic bacterial profile, antibiogram of isolates and associated risk factors among pregnant women in Ambo town, Central Ethiopia : a cross-sectional study. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 6(132):1–10. 10.1186/s13756-017-0289-6 Inwang IO, Umoh AV, Abasiattai AM, Onwuezobe IA (2021) Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in a University Teaching Hospital in Southern Nigeria: Prevalence, Uropathogens, and Antibiotic Susceptibility. Niger J Med 30:383–389. 10.4103/NJM.NJM Hospital AM (2021) Original Article Open Access Prevalence of and factors associated with significant bacteriuria among pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic of Adeoyo Maternity Hospital, Yemetu, Ibadan, Nigeria. Afr J Clin Exper Microbiol 22(4):489–497. 10.4314/ajcem.v22i4.9 Odoki M et al (2019) Prevalence of Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections and Associated Factors among Patients Attending Hospitals in Bushenyi District, Uganda. Int J Microbiol. 10.1155/2019/4246780 Msemwa B et al (2022) December., Urogenital pathogens in urine samples of clinically diagnosed urinary tract infected patients in Tanzania: A laboratory based cross-sectional study, IJID Reg. , vol. 7, no. pp. 170–175, 2023, 10.1016/j.ijregi.2022.12.007 Marami D, Abate D, Letta S (2022) Urinary tract infection, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of isolates, and associated factors among women with a post-fistula at public health facilities, Harar, eastern Ethiopia : A cross-sectional study. SAGE Open Med 10:1–9. 10.1177/20503121221079309 Nabaigwa BI, Mwambi B, Okiria J, Oyet C (2010) Common uropathogens among diabetic patients with urinary tract infection at Jinja Regional Referral Hospital, Uganda. Afr J Lab Med 7(1):3–5. 10.4102/ajlm.v7i1.621 Ngong IN, Cho JF, Yung MA, Francis J, Tatah K (2021) Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and associated risk factors for urinary tract infections in pregnant women attending ANC in some integrated health centers in the Buea Health District. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 21(673):1–10. 10.1186/s12884-021-04142-4 Tessema NN, Ali MM, Zenebe MH (2020) Bacterial associated urinary tract infection, risk factors, and drug susceptibility profile among adult people living with HIV at Haswassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Hawassa, Southern Esthiopia. Sci Rep 10(10790):1–9. 10.1038/s41598-020-67840-7 Okechukwu AA, Thairu Y (2019) Original Article Open Access Bacteria urinary tract infection in HIV-infected children and adolescents in Abuja, Nigeria : a cross-sectional study. Afr J Clin Exp Microbiol 20(4):306–314. 10.4314/ajcem.v20i4.6 Ramalan AS, Joseph FN, Owoseni MC, Ya’aba Y, Chuku A, Escherichia coli AMONG PATIENTS ATTENDING UROLOGY CLINIC OF DALHATU ARAF SPECIALIST HOSPITAL (DASH) (2020) aureus AND LAFIA,NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA, Bayero J. Pure Appl. Sci. , vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 80–89, 10.4314/bajopas.v13i1.12 Sanou I, Kabore A, Tapsoba E, Bicaba I, Ba A, Zango B, NOSOCOMIAL URINARY INFECTIONS AT THE UROGOLY UNIT OF THE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL (YALGADO OUEDRAOGO), OUAGADOUGOU: FEB.-SEPT (2012). AFRICAN J. Clin. Exp. Microbiol. , vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 1–6, 2015, 10.4314/ajcem.v16i1.1 Seifu WD, Gebissa AD (2018) Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Uropathogens from cases of urinary tract infections (UTI) in Shashemene referral hospital, Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 18:1–9. 10.1186/s12879-017-2911-x Lubeya MK et al (2020) Urinary tract infections and associated factors in HIV infected pregnant women at a tertiary hospital in Lusaka, Zambia. Aubrey Chichonyi 37:1–12. 10.11604/pamj.2020.37.328.20245 Wanja F, Ngugi C, Omwenga E, Maina J, Kiiru J (2021) Urinary Tract Infection among Adults Seeking Medicare at Kiambu Level 5 Hospital, Kenya : Prevalence, Diversity, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles and Possible Risk Factors. Adv Microbiol 11:3360–3383. 10.4236/aim.2021.118028 Onyango HA, Ngugi C, Maina J, Kiiru J (2018) Urinary Tract Infection among Pregnant Women at Pumwani Maternity Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya : Bacterial Etiologic Agents, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles and Associated Risk Factors. Adv Microbiol 8:175–187. 10.4236/aim.2018.83012 Tabutin D, Schoumaker B, Rabenoro M (2004) The Demography of Sub-Saharan Africa from the 1950s to the 2000s A Survey of Changes and a Statistical Assessment. Popul (Paris) 59(3):455–555. 10.3917/popu.403.0521 Additional Declarations The authors declare potential competing interests as follows: Author declared no potential conflict of interest. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4077511","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Systematic Review","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":278434605,"identity":"d699f698-1cc7-4558-bf18-772cd4e4e098","order_by":0,"name":"Moses Karanja Kimani","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA4ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACCTDJA8TsDUCCjSQtPAdI0gJmJRCpRbL97MPPBTJ2DLoz3xh+LiizSWxgP3x0Az4t0jzpxtIzeJIZzG7nABnn0owZeNLSbuDTIseQBtTGwwzSYiDN23ZYjkGCxwy/Fv5nzL95eOoZzG6eMf7N2/afh6AWaYk0NqAthxnMbvCYAW05QNgWyRnP2Kx5eI7zmJ1JK7PmOZdszEbILxLn05hv8/ZUy5kdP7z5Nk+ZXWI/++FjeLWAAWMPKDI5DMAcYqIGCH6ACPYHxCkeBaNgFIyCEQcAV+Q9hRKThzkAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3639-7962","institution":"Mount Kenya University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Moses","middleName":"Karanja","lastName":"Kimani","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-11 18:45:09","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":true,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":true,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true,"humanSubjectConsent":true,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4077511/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4077511/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":52482940,"identity":"e0f1c587-0aad-4fcc-8461-35610240f10f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-12 06:36:54","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":69374,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4077511/v1/89492dcbeb6baca6e9b934ea.png"},{"id":52482942,"identity":"0849df73-3107-4d26-9463-616ed0c7ba28","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-12 06:36:55","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":110594,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFlow chart illustrating the process of search and identification of studies in this scoping review\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4077511/v1/f93345d3a7e868dd63829c8b.png"},{"id":52483099,"identity":"e1f21cd6-704a-42d1-b22f-492fadadaa7a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-12 06:44:55","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":672068,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4077511/v1/903d19bd-c0f6-4115-ad73-cec880fbc814.pdf"},{"id":52482941,"identity":"be1b23f8-2a1d-46f8-840a-48ea58a1221b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-12 06:36:55","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":1272270,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"PRISMAExtensionforScopingReviewsPRISMAScRChecklistandExplanationAnnalsofInternalMedicine.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4077511/v1/c677ae4fee903c6e894be280.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare potential competing interests as follows: Author declared no potential conflict of interest.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRisk factors and practices associated with occurrence of Urinary Tract Infections in Sub-Saharan Africa; A scoping review\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eUrinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection of any part of the urinary tract[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. The infection emanates from bacterial infestation of the upper or lower urinary tracts, the common isolates being \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella spp\u003c/em\u003e.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. It remains a major public health challenge as it is one of the most common infectious disease whose etiology is mostly not well grasped in clinical practice due to the complexity and multiplicity of behavioral, biological, genetic, geographical, host and pathogen virulence factors influencing its occurrence[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. UTIs are the most common causes of infectious diseases globally, but the burden of diseases is paramount in developing countries. As such, it remains one of the most common encountered diseases in medical practice[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. UTIs are common contagions across all population groups. However, the incidence is high in women due to their genital urinary anatomy[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Tan and Chlebicki reports that women are 30 times more likely to get a UTI than men in a lifetime[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs of 2019, global incidence of UTIs stood at 0.4\u0026nbsp;billion, this being a 60.40% increase when compared to the statistics in 1990[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. The prevalence is estimated to be 150\u0026nbsp;million people[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Hospital Acquired Urinary Tract Infections (HAUTIs) make up 40% of all Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs), 80% of them being Catheter Associated UTIs[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEfforts to manage and treat UTIs have met a myriad of challenges. Among others, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and diagnostic difficulties as a result of asymptomatic presentation are the leading instigations in efforts to treat UTIs[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Rational use of antibiotics has been widely campaigned due to the substantial decrease in susceptibility of urinary pathogens to commonly used antibiotics[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. While antimicrobial therapy is proving to be futile, risk factors and practices (RF\u0026amp;P) modification alongside prophylactic therapies have been suggested as possible measures in combating UTIs[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. However, there exists scanty information on the RF\u0026amp;P associated with occurrence of UTIs, especially in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) where the burden is high. This scoping review aimed at mapping an exhaustive picture of risk factors associated with occurrence of UTIs in SSA, and make recommendations on knowledge gaps that need to be addressed in future studies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDesign and protocol\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis scoping review was conducted in accordance with Joanna Briggs Institute reviewers manual as described by Levac et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e] and Arksey and O\u0026rsquo;Malley[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Arksey and O\u0026rsquo;Malley six steps framework were followed in literature search concerning all RF\u0026amp;P that have been probed for association to UTIs in SSA. Significance of association of factors was also described in this review. As scoping reviews entail a broader search strategy, risk factors (RF) were studied across all population groups, patient categories and their presentation, in order to encompass a broader picture of the UTI\u0026rsquo;s associated RF\u0026amp;P.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eIdentification and retrieval of studies\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter an initial mini review was conducted to comprehend the scope of our review, three stages as outlined by Joanna Briggs Institute[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] were applied in retrieval of original articles. Briefly, the initial stage involved selection of key words and text terms in article headings and abstracts to identify and establish Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). Terms used were \u0026ldquo;Urinary Tract Infections\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;UTI risk factors\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;UTI in Sub Saharan Africa\u0026rdquo;, and \u0026ldquo;UTI practices\u0026rdquo;. In the second stage, general and specific search strings were developed using the MeSH terms and used in the selected data bases. The third and final stage involved search in Google websites, Google scholar and international directories for non-indexed studies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eStudy inclusion and exclusion criteria.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo be eligible for inclusion, a study had to be reporting original work on Urinary tract infections in Sub Saharan Africa. Abstracts were screened to determine the objectives and hence the eligibility. Specifically, articles reporting socio-demographical information, hospitalization details, RF\u0026amp;P associated for UTIs in its study subjects were included. Articles reporting descriptive and/or inferential statistics were eligible. Only articles published between January 1995 and September 2023 were considered. Studies done outside SSA and those reporting outside the scope of our study were excluded.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData extraction\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard bibliographic information for articles that met the inclusion criteria was recorded in an Excel spreadsheet. This information included authors, year of publication, nationality, study design, population groups, RF\u0026amp;P, significant association between UTIs and RF\u0026amp;P. subsequently, the data was exported to Statistical Package for Social Sciences(SPSS) version 21 for statistical analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSummarizing and reporting findings\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiographic information, risk factors, and practices findings from statistical analysis were presented in tables, bar graphs and charts, followed by a summarized narrative account of the RF\u0026amp;P that emerged. Risk factors included socio-economic, patient\u0026rsquo;s history, obstetric history for women, and presence of comorbidities and chronic illnesses. Since the RF\u0026amp;P that emerged were many, the were systematically synthesized and classified into specific themes that were agreed by all authors to reduce the narrative load. Reporting was conducted in accordance with preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy selection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eArticles were identified through electronic database search where PubMed provided the largest number of records (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;317), followed by Science Direct (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;286), African Index Medicus provided 103 records, and AJOL provided the least number of records (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;88) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe initial database search yielded 794 records. Of these, 10 records were excluded on the basis of being duplicates. Further, on screening the titles and abstracts for relevance, 717 records were removed for being irrelevant. 20 records were excluded for being reviews and short communications as they could not provide adequate data for this study, while 16 more records were not included in this study due to irretrievability or their language not being English. Finally, 31 studies met inclusion criteria and were thus included in the final analysis (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCharacteristics of included studies\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies included in this review were distributed in 9 countries, Ethiopia leading with 38.7% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12), Nigeria followed with 25.8% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8), Uganda 9.7% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3), Cameroon and Kenya each contributed 6.5% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2), and Ghana, Tanzania, Burkina Faso and Zambia each contributed 3.2% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1). The sample size in the studies included varied greatly. The minimum sample size was 53 in the study by Wondimeneh et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] and the maximum sample size was 1254 in the study by Melaku et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. This review included recent studies, with the earliest study by Odetoyin et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] published in 2008 and the latest is of 2023 by Mekonnen et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. All the studies included in this review adopted a cross-sectional study design except for the study by Che Pantalius Nji et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]which employed mixed methods. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e presents a summary of characteristics of included studies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics of studies included in the review.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"20\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c16\" colnum=\"16\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c17\" colnum=\"17\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c18\" colnum=\"18\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c19\" colnum=\"19\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c20\" colnum=\"20\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuthor and citation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear of study\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy design\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy population\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample size\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy aims\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAK Labi et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGhana\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-sectional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePregnant women\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e274\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo measure the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria among ante-natal clients at the Korle-Bu\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTeaching Hospital in Ghana and its\u0026rsquo; associated risk factors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAli et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthiopia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-sectional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePregnant women\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo determine the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and associated factors of urinary tract infection (UTI) among pregnant women attending Hargeisa Group Hospital (HGH), Hargeisa, Somaliland.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAwonunga et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNigeria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-sectional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePregnant women\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e205\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo determine the pattern as well as possible predictors of asymptomatic\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ebacteriuria at the University College Hospital, Ibadan.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBashir et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNigeria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-sectional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral public\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo determine the prevalence of UTIs among in-patients in Murtala\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuhammad Specialist Hospital, Kano using a cross-sectional study\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChe Pantalius Nji et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCameroon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-sectional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChildren\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e405\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo identify the risk factors of UTI, etiologic agents, and their antibiotic susceptibility.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDereje et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthiopia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-sectional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo determine the etiologic agents, drug resistance pattern of the isolates and associated risk factor for urinary tract infection among fistula\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003epatients in Addis Ababa fistula hospital, Ethiopia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElikwu et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNigeria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-sectional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral public\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo determine the etiology of UTI at BUTH and obtain data on their susceptibility and resistance patterns\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmiru et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthiopia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-sectional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePregnant women\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e367\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo assess associated risk factors of UTI among pregnant women in Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Bahir Dar, North West Ethiopia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFenta et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthiopia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-sectional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChildren\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e299\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo assess the bacterial profile of urinary tract infection, their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and associated factors among clinically suspected children attending Felege-Hiwot Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGebremariam et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthiopia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-sectional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e341\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo assess bacteriological profile, risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of symptomatic Urinary tract infection among students of Mekelle University, northern Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGessese et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthiopia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-sectional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePregnant women\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c19\" namest=\"c17\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c20\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo isolate and identify the predominant pathogenic bacteria causing UTI, evaluation of the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolates and identification of potential risk factors of UTI.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIwang et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNigeria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-sectional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePregnant women\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e320\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo determine the ASB prevalence, the causative microorganisms, their drug sensitivity patterns, and the factors associated with its occurrence in pregnant women in the Uyo, Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJamiu et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNigeria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-sectional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePregnant women\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e206\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo determine the prevalence of and factors associated with significant bacteriuria among pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic (ANC) of Adeoyo Maternity Hospital, Yemetu, Ibadan, Nigeria, as well as determine the bacterial etiology and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the isolates.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOdoki et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUganda\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-sectional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral public\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e267\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo determine the prevalence of UTI by isolating and characterizing the different bacterial etiological agents and to evaluate the factors associated with UTI.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKabugo et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUganda\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-sectional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral public\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo identify factors associated with CA-UTIs, the common uropathogens and the drug sensitivity patterns of the common uropathogens cultured.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKidenya et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTanzania\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-sectional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral public\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e227\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo establish the pattern of urogenital pathogens and factors associated with PCR positive urogenital pathogens in urine samples of patient with sterile pyuria.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarami et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthiopia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-sectional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo determine the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, and associated factors of urinary tract infections among women with post-fistula attending public health facilities, Harar, eastern Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMekonnen et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthiopia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-sectional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChildren\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e332\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo assess the bacterial profile of urinary tract infections, their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents, and associated factors in under-five children at Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, eastern Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMelaku et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthiopia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-sectional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral public\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1254\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo determine the prevalence and antibiogram of nosocomial UTIs from a referral hospital.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNabaigwa et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUganda\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-sectional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral public\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo establish which UTI aetiological agents are most common among diabetic patients attending the diabetes clinic at Jinja Regional Referral Hospital. Risk factors for UTIs by these pathogens were also evaluated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNgong et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCameroon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-sectional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePregnant women\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e287\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevalence and risk factors for UTIs, diagnostic potential of dipstick analyses and antimicrobial susceptibility of uropathogens from pregnant women attending ANC in some Integrated Health Centers (IHCs) in Buea Health\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistrict (BHD).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNigusse et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthiopia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-sectional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral public\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e224\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo determine the prevalence, risk factors of UTI, and drug susceptibility pattern of bacteria isolated among peoples infected with HIV.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOdetoyin et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNigeria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-sectional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral public\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e192\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo investigate the prevalence and associates of associates of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) in a sample of Nigerian diabetic patients.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOkechukwu and Thairu[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNigeria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-sectional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChildren\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo determine the prevalence and causative bacteria of UTI in HIV infected children and adolescents on antiretroviral medications in our health institution.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRamalan et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNigeria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-sectional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral public\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e202\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDetermining the prevalence and AR profiles of S. aureus and E. coli strains from patients with UTIs attending Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital (DASH) Lafia, Nasarawa\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eState, Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSanou et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2015\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBurkina Faso\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-sectional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral public\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo identify the risk factors and the microorganisms susceptibilities of nosocomial urinary infections at the urology unit of the national university hospital of Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeifu and Gebisa.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthiopia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-sectional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral public\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e384\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo assess the prevalence of bacterial uropathogens and their invitro susceptibility patterns to commonly used antibiotic agents amongst outpatients with complaints of UTI in Shashemene referral hospital.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWondimeneh et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthiopia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-sectional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ewomen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo determine the prevalence, drug susceptibility pattern and associated risk factors of UTI among obstetric fistula patients at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoses Mukosha et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZambia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-sectional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePregnant women\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c18\" namest=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e380\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c19\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInvestigating the prevalence of UTIs and associated factors among HIV infected pregnant women attending antenatal care at a tertiary hospital in\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eZambia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF. Wanja et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKenya\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-sectional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral public\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e206\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo investigate and determine the prevalence of bacterial urinary tract infection, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, and UTI associated risk factors among adults attending Kiambu level 5 Hospital.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH. A. Onyango et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKenya\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-sectional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePregnant women\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c17\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c20\" namest=\"c18\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIdentifying associated risk factors for UTI amongst pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at Pumwani Maternity Hospital (The largest antenatal clinic in Kenya)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eRisk factors for UTIs.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwenty six risk factors were identified and were classified into four groups for the purposes of this review, namely socioeconomic factors, factors concerning medical history, risk factors on hospitalization, and HIV associated factors. Socioeconomic factors were age, gender, residence, occupation, family income, education, marital status and religion. Medical history factors were history of UTIS, history of catheterization, recurrent UTIs, underlying disease, poor glycemic control, gestational period, parity and gravidity. Hospitalization factors were indwelling catheter, anemia, pyuria, Flank pain, fistula, diabetes mellitus and admission status. HIV associated factors were CD4 counts, viral loads and on HIV medication. Practices including being not circumcised in males, eating raw foods and frequency of sexual intercourses were studied by majority of the articles included (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary presentation of risk factors and the studies investigating them.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisk Factor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies investigating risk factor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocioeconomic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily income\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReligion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical history\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistory of UTI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistory of Catheterization\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGestational period\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGravidity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHospitalization status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndwelling Catheter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlank pain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFistula\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePyuria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiabetes Mellitus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHIV associated factors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn HIV medication\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCD4 count\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eViral load\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractices\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUncircumcision\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEating raw meat\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoital Frequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAge\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwenty studies[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR28\" citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]\u0026ndash;[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e] reported the mean age of their study subjects. The lowest mean age was 6 years reported by Fenta et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e] while the highest mean age was 39 years reported in the study by Nigusse et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. Of these, four studies[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]found significant association between age and occurrence of urinary tract infections.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGender\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong studies that investigated gender, ten studies[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e] reported significant association between gender and occurrence of urinary tract infections. High prevalence was observed in female participants and all the above studies reported that females had increased odds of acquiring urinary tract infections compared with their male counterparts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResidence\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwelve studies[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] investigated residence as a factor for urinary tract infections. None of the above studies found significant association between residence and occurrence of UTIs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eOccupation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupation of participants was investigated by twelve studies[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. None of these studies found any significant relationship between occupation and occurrence of urinary tract infections. Odds ratios revealed contrasting and inconclusive conclusions. Notably, while the odds were high in some studies for employed participants, other studies reported reduced odds in unemployed participants and those in informal jobs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFamily income\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily income was investigated by three studies[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e], of which two of them reported significant association. Ali et al. reported those earning below 100USD per month were five times at risk compared with those earning more than 100 dollars [AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.225, 95%CI: 1.270\u0026ndash;21.500, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. Gessese et al. reported those receiving a monthly salary of \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;500 Ethiopian Birr (\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;21.18 USD) were 4.78 times at risk of acquiring a UTI[OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.87, 95% CI: 1.03\u0026ndash;22.21, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.046][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEducation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOf the sixteen studies that investigated education, two found it to be positively correlated with occurrence of UTIs. While Ali et al. observed that occurrence of UTI was most likely to those who had no formal education as compared to those with formal education [AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.183, 95%CI: 1.027\u0026ndash;9.866, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.045][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e], Inwang et al. reported increased prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria among participants with secondary education (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.037)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMarital status\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital status was investigated by fourteen studies[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e], and of these, only 3 studies found significant association between this risk factor and occurrence of UTIs. Kabugo et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]reported that being married [AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.45; 95%CI: 0.22\u0026ndash;0.92, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.004] was significantly associated with UTIs. Similarly, Odoki et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e] and Wondimeneh et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]found that the risk of acquiring UTIs was higher in married participants compared to unmarried ones {[COR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.204, 95%CI: 1.203\u0026ndash;4.037, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.011] and [P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.032] respectively}.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eHistory of UTIs\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOut of the twelve studies that investigated history of UTIs among its participants, eight studies[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] reported significant relationship between UTI occurrence and having a previous infection.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eHistory of catheterization\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEleven studies investigated association between having been catheterized in the past and occurrence of UTIs. Among these studies, six of them[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e] found significant association between this risk factor and occurrence of UTIs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGestational period, parity and Gravidity\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies conducted among expectant women investigated gestational period, parity and gravidity and their association with occurrence of UTIs. Particularly, ten studies investigated the factor gestational period, with two finding significant association with UTI occurrence. While Awunonga et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]predicted an increase in urinary bacterial isolates in the second trimester [P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.013], Mukosha et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]reported a lower probability of UTI occurrence in late stages of pregnancy [AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.96 95%CI: 0.91\u0026ndash;0.99, P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0001].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParity was investigated by eight studies, with only Marami et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]reporting significant association [AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.3, 95%CI: 0.1\u0026ndash;0.8], where they found nulliparous participants to have reduced chances of getting UTIs. Gravidity was investigated by three studies and none of them reported significant association.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eIndwelling catheter\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOf the eight studies reporting on patients with an indwelling catheter, two predicted positive correlation between having an indwelling catheter and the likelihood of acquiring a UTI. Melaku et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]found the risk of developing a UTI among catheterized patients was 2.6 times higher compared to those without a catheter [p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001]. Also, Odoki et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]reported that patients with an indwelling catheter of more than 6 days were 3.761 times at risk of acquiring a UTI [AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.761, 95%CI: 1.077\u0026ndash;13.128, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.038].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eHIV associated factors\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFour studies[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e] investigated prevalence of UTIs in HIV positive participants. Surprisingly, the study by Okechukwu and Thairu[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e] stood out by reporting significant relationship in three aspects. Firstly, the prevalence of bacterial isolates was higher in participants receiving first line Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ARVT) compared to those receiving second line ARVT[P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.024]. Secondly, this study predicted a reduced number of CD4 cells/\u0026micro;l of urine in subjects with bacterial isolates [P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.02], and that there were high chances of isolating urinary bacteria in patients with an higher viral load (copies/ml)[P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePractices associated with occurrence of UTIs\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eUncircumcision\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo studies[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e] found significant association between being uncircumcised and acquiring UTIs, out of the four studies that investigated this factor. Fenta et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e] reported uncircumcised subjects were more than eighteen times at risk of acquiring an infection compared to circumcised subjects [AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18.99, 95%CI: 5.5-65.35, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.00]. Mekonnen et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]reported the high risk of UTIs among uncircumcised subjects [AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.523 95%CI: 1.328\u0026ndash;9.348, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.011].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEating raw foods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnly Gessese et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]investigated this practice and found no significant association.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCoital frequency\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith seven studies investigating frequency of sexual intercourse, only two reported significant association. Specifically, Gebremariam et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]concluded those having sexual intercourse more than three times in a week were more than two times at risk of acquiring a UTIs[AOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.16, 95%CI: 1.149\u0026ndash;3.69, P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.012].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe aimed at identifying the risk factors and practices that are associated with occurrence of UTIs in SSA countries. We employed a standard systematic review of databases to search and identify 31 articles that reported risk factors and practices in SSA. From the 50 SSA countries[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e], this scoping review was able to identify studies from 9 countries, which represented 18% of the total countries. Here, we provide a summary of findings and probable justification of findings, document the strengths and limitations, and attempt to create a trail for future studies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll studies included in this review employed cross sectional study design to collect data. However, there was heterogeneity in statistics reported by the individual studies. We included studies that computed and reported either descriptive or inferential statistics. The most investigated risk factor was age which was investigated by 20 studies, representing 64.5% of the total studies included. This could be attributed to the fact that it is a socio-demographic factor taken during patient data collection.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConversely, this review revealed a grey area of under investigation of HIV-related factors associated with UTIs in SSA. Particularly, only one study in this review investigated HIV infection, medication, CD4 cell counts and viral loads influence on occurrence of UTIs. This highlights the deficiency of information in this area and implores more studies to investigate this factor.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs only 3 practices were investigated for association with UTI occurrence in SSA, it is evident that they are not so much a factor in contacting a UTI in SSA. However, this fact should be interpreted with caution given the low number of countries represented in this review, bearing that practices are unique to countries and more countries should be included in future reviews to corroborate the credibility of this conclusion.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn a nutshell, we identified that participant`s socioeconomic background and medical history were the most investigated RFs. Another critical finding of this review was the under investigation of HIV-related factors, revealing an information gap to address the impact of HIV-related factors on occurrence of UTIs in SSA. Finally, the contribution of practices or habits towards occurrence of UTIs is rare, as evidenced by the dearth of articles investigating them.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec27\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStrengths and limitations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis review accomplished to document the most investigated and the most common RF\u0026amp;P associated with occurrence of UTIs in SSA. As only studies with sufficient data and those that followed accepted reporting guidelines were included, the findings are therefore affirmative and point a factual picture of RF\u0026amp;P investigation in SSA.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHowever, despite the articles included being informative, most of them did not undertake to provide rigorous statistical evidence to substantiate their findings, hence more rigor in statistical reporting is encouraged in future studies. We did not report the prevalence in individual studies as this was not relevant to the scope of this study. We also could have omitted relevant studies published in language other than English.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study presents a picture of the current trend of RF\u0026amp;P influencing occurrence of UTI in SSA in literature. The current evidence demonstrates the dire need for future studies to lay more emphasis on methodological and statistical rigor. Moreover, this study creates a trail to be followed by future studies to fill the gaps evidenced by this study. Particularly, we implore further rigorous studies to investigate the practices and HIV factors and also to include studies from many countries compared to this review. Nevertheless, it is evident that there are a myriad of RF\u0026amp;P that contribute to the development of UTIs and in the greater SSA. Finally, we advocate for further extensive studies and implore future original article authors on this topic to not only under seek as many RF\u0026amp;P as possible but also conduct intense methodological and statistical analysis.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e MKK conceptualized the scoping review. MKK and MWW conducted data extraction and curation. MKK, NO and DK conducted data analysis and presentation. MKK wrote the manuscript of the scoping review with critical assistance from MWW. DK and NO reviewed and edited the original manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eFunding:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e This review did not receive any funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eConflict of interest:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Authors declared no potential conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTan CW, Chlebicki MP (2016) Urinary tract infections in adults. 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Popul (Paris) 59(3):455\u0026ndash;555. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.3917/popu.403.0521\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3917/popu.403.0521\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Mount Kenya University","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Urinary Tract Infections, Risk factors and practices","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4077511/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4077511/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eIntroduction\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrinary Tracts Infections remain a major public health challenge with a particular higher burden in Sub-Saharan Africa. There remains a dearth of information in literature regarding patterns of risk factors and practices associated with Urinary Tract Infections in Sub-Saharan Africa. This scoping review aimed at documenting the risk factors and practices associated with Urinary Tract Infections in Sub-Saharan Africa.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA systematic search of databases was done under the guidelines outlined by Joanna Brigs Institute to retrieve original articles that met inclusion criteria. Standard bibliographic information for articles that met the inclusion criteria was recorded in an Excel spreadsheet and then exported to SPSS version 21for statistical analysis. Biographic information, risk factors, and practices findings from statistical analysis were presented in tables, bar graphs and charts, followed by a summarized narrative account of the risk factors and practices that emerged. Reporting was conducted in accordance with preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOut of the 794 studies identified, 31 studies met inclusion criteria. Studies included in this review were distributed in 9 countries, Ethiopia leading with 38.7% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12), Nigeria followed with 25.8% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8), Uganda 9.7% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3), Cameroon and Kenya each contributed 6.5% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2), and Ghana, Tanzania, Burkina Faso and Zambia each contributed 3.2% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1). Twenty one risk factors and three practices were identified to be associated with Urinary Tract Infections in Sub-Saharan Africa.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe current evidence demonstrated the dire need for future studies to lay more emphasis on methodological and statistical rigor. Particularly, this scoping review identified the need to further investigate practices which wee underinvestigated. Further, methodological and statistical rigor should be emphasized by future studies.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Risk factors and practices associated with occurrence of Urinary Tract Infections in Sub-Saharan Africa; A scoping review","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-12 06:36:50","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4077511/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"82e58077-6525-4520-b510-78ef62d5cddf","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 12th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":29327975,"name":"Bacteriology"},{"id":29327976,"name":"Internal Medicine"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-03-12T06:36:50+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-12 06:36:50","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4077511","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4077511","identity":"rs-4077511","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}