Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Pathogenesis, Prognostic Implications, and Therapeutic Strategies

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous hematological malignancy that poses a sig-nificant therapeutic challenge due to its high recurrence rate and demanding treatment regimens. Increasing evidence suggests that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and downstream activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway plays a key role in the pathogenesis of AML. ER stress is triggered by the accumulation of misfolded or unfolded proteins within the ER. This causes activation of the UPR to restore cellular homeostasis. However, the UPR can shift from promoting survival to inducing apoptosis under prolonged or excessive stress conditions. AML cells can manipulate the UPR pathway to evade apoptosis, promoting tumor progression and re-sistance against various therapeutic strategies. This review provides the current knowledge on ER stress in AML and its prognostic and therapeutic implications.