Study of the Polythermal Solubility of the Calcium Chlorate– Ureacarbamide–monoethanolammonium–water System

Study of the Polythermal Solubility of the Calcium Chlorate– Ureacarbamide–monoethanolammonium–water System | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Study of the Polythermal Solubility of the Calcium Chlorate– Ureacarbamide–monoethanolammonium–water System Zhamshid Shermatovich Bobozhonov, Eldor Safariddinovich Khusanov, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7606789/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In this study, the polythermal solubility of calcium chlorate–urea monoethanolammonium–water systems was systematically investigated. The binary system Ca(ClO₃)₂–H₂O was examined over the temperature range from − 49.0°C to the melting points of the pure components, and its phase diagram was constructed. Three eutectic points were identified, with corresponding liquid-phase compositions and crystallizing solid phases determined for each. The ternary system Ca(ClO₃)₂–[C₃H₈N₂O₃·NH₂CH₂CH₂OH]–H₂O was analyzed within − 47.0°C to − 6.8°C using seven internal sections in conjunction with the binary subsystems, enabling the construction of a detailed polythermal solubility diagram. Distinct crystallization domains were established for ice, calcium chlorate, calcium chlorate dihydrate, tetrahydrate, hexahydrate, and urea monoethanolammonium. The diagram revealed four ternary invariant points, with both liquid-phase compositions and solid-phase constituents determined. The Ca(ClO₃)₂–[C₃H₈N₂O₃·NH₂CH₂CH₂OH]–H₂O system was classified as a simple eutectic type, with no evidence of new compound formation between the initial components. Verification of the phase diagram through reciprocal projections confirmed its accuracy. These findings expand understanding of chloride–urea derivative systems and suggest potential applications in the design of desiccants and physiologically active agents. polytherm solubility physiologically active compound crystallization temperature acetate urea urea monoethanolammonium Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 INTRODUCTION According to the global land statistics and regional and country-level trends reported by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) for the period 2001–2022, the total area of land designated for agricultural use amounts to 4,781 million hectares, of which 1,573 million hectares are occupied by croplands [ 1 , 2 ]. The continuous growth of the world’s population necessitates an increased supply of food products and more efficient utilization of land resources. Several calcium compounds are widely applied in medicine, agriculture, and various industrial sectors, while ethanolamines and their derivatives exhibit physiological activity in plants [ 3 – 5 ]. In agriculture, alongside the introduction of modern agrotechnologies aimed at increasing crop yields and improving soil fertility, considerable attention is also devoted to enhancing the reclamation status of irrigated lands. Mineral fertilizers [ 6 – 8 ], growth stimulants [ 9 , 10 ], pesticides [ 11 , 12 ], and defoliants [ 13 – 16 ] are among the primary means employed for this purpose. The timely, high-quality, and complete harvesting of cotton produced with the aid of defoliants is considered one of the key agricultural measures [ 17 , 18 ]. A major drawback of chlorate-based defoliants is their severe impact on cotton plants, causing the premature drying of young bolls and leaves. Several studies have been conducted to address these limitations [ 19 , 20 ]. At present, there is a pressing need to develop new types of chlorate-containing defoliants, to investigate their physicochemical properties in detail using phase diagrams, and to analyze crystallization processes in solutions as a basis for creating highly effective formulations. For this reason, we focused on studying the interaction between calcium chlorate and the acetate urea salt of monoethanolamine in aqueous solution using the visual - polythermal method. EXPERIMENTAL The objects of this study were calcium chlorate and the acetate urea derivative of monoethanolamine. For the experiments, the following chemically pure reagents were used: urea (GOST 6671-77), monoethanolamine (TU 2423-159-00203335-2004), acetic acid (CAS No. 64-19-7), and calcium chlorate (CAS No. 10017-74-3). The acetate urea derivative of monoethanolamine was synthesized by combining 98% monoethanolamine with acetate urea in a 1:1 molar ratio. The resulting compound, acetate urea monoethanolammonium, is a white, hygroscopic crystalline substance with a melting point of 210°C. It is readily soluble in ethanol but poorly soluble in acetone and benzene. Its solubility in water is 74.4% by weight at 0°C, 81.0% at 10°C, and 92.4% at 20°C [ 21 , 22 ]. The experiments were conducted using the visual polythermal method [ 23 , 24 ]. For determining solubility temperatures, a TN-6 glass mercury thermometer (operating range: 30 to 60°C) and a TL-15 glass alcohol thermometer (operating range: -100 to 20°C) were employed. The nitrogen content in the amine group was determined spectrophotometrically according to GOST 20851. The carbon and hydrogen elemental composition was analyzed using a Zeiss EVO MA10 instrument [ 25 ]. The chlorate anion in solution was examined by ion chromatography [ 26 ], magnesium ions were quantified spectrophotometrically [ 27 ], and the COOH group was determined by potentiometric titration [ 28 ]. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Initially, the binary system composed of calcium chlorate and water was investigated over the temperature range from − 49.0°C to the melting points of the pure components [ 29 ]. Three eutectic points were identified in the diagram. The first eutectic point occurs at -49.0°C, corresponding to a composition of 44.4% Ca(ClO 3 ) 2 and 55.6% water, with the solid phase consisting of Ca(ClO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O and ice. The second eutectic point is observed at -21.5°C, at a composition of 50% Ca(ClO 3 ) 2 and 50% water, with the solid phase composed of Ca(ClO 3 ) 2 ·4H 2 O and ice. The final eutectic point has a solid phase composed of Ca(ClO 3 ) 2 ·2H 2 O and ice, and a liquid-phase composition of 56.63% Ca(ClO 3 ) 2 and 43.37% water, with a freezing temperature of 15.0°C (Fig. 1 ). The Ca(ClO 3 ) 2– [C 3 H 8 N 2 O 3 ·NH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH]–H 2 O system was examined over the temperature range from − 47.0°C to -6.8°C using seven internal sections and the corresponding binary systems, and a polythermal solubility diagram was constructed. Sections I-VI were measured from the [C 3 H 8 N 2 O 3 ·NH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH] vertex toward the Ca(ClO 3 ) 2 vertex, whereas Sections V-VII were measured from the Ca(ClO 3 ) 2 vertex toward the [C 3 H 8 N 2 O 3 ·NH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH] vertex. The investigation of this system revealed crystallization domains for ice, calcium chlorate, calcium chlorate dihydrate, calcium chlorate tetrahydrate, calcium chlorate hexahydrate, and acetate urea monoethanolammonium (Fig. 2 ). Table 1 Binary and ternary invariant points of the Ca(ClO 3 ) 2 - [C 3 H 8 N 2 O 3 ·NH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH] - H 2 O system. Liquid phase composition, % Crystallization temperature.,°C Solid phase C 3 H 8 O 3 N 2 · NH 2 C 2 H 4 OH Ca(ClO 3 ) 2 H 2 O 2.2 67.0 30.8 -11.0 Ca(ClO 3 ) 2 +Ca(ClO 3 ) 2 ·2H 2 O + Ca(ClO 3 ) 2 ·4H 2 O 0 62.0 38.0 -6.80 Ca(ClO 3 ) 2 ·2H 2 O + Ca(ClO 3 ) 2 ·4H 2 O 2.8 61.2 36.0 -29.5 Ca(ClO 3 ) 2 +Ca(ClO 3 ) 2 ·4H 2 O + Ca(ClO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O 4.0 57.4 38.6 -41.0 Ca(ClO 3 ) 2 +Ca(ClO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O 0 55.0 45.0 -27.2 Ca(ClO 3 ) 2 ·4H 2 O + Ca(ClO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O 5.4 54.4 40.2 -47.0 Ice + Ca(ClO 3 ) 2 +Ca(ClO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O 0 46.4 53.6 -40.3 Ice + Ca(ClO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O 10.6 44.8 44.6 -34.0 Ice + Ca(ClO 3 ) 2 22.6 30.8 46.6 -25.5 31.0 22.0 47.0 -24.0 42.4 11.6 46.0 -23.0 56.4 5.6 38.0 -24.0 Ice + Ca(ClO 3 ) 2 +C 3 H 8 O 3 N 2 ·NH 2 C 2 H 4 OH 54.8 0 45.2 -31.0 Ice + C 3 H 8 O 3 N 2 ·NH 2 C 2 H 4 OH 67.4 4.0 28.6 -27.8 Ca(ClO 3 ) 2 +C 3 H 8 O 3 N 2 ·NH 2 C 2 H 4 OH 78.0 4.4 17.6 -34.0 84.4 6.4 9.2 -38.8 87.8 7.2 5.0 -42.2 All phases in the diagram converge at four ternary invariant points. The first invariant point occurs at -11.0°C and corresponds to a composition of 2.2% acetate urea monoethanolammonium, 67.0% calcium chlorate, and 30.8% water. The solid phase at this point consists of calcium chlorate, calcium chlorate dihydrate, and calcium chlorate tetrahydrate. The second invariant point is observed at -29.5°C, with a composition of 2.8% acetate urea monoethanolammonium, 61.2% calcium chlorate, and 36.0% water. The solid phase in this case comprises calcium chlorate, calcium chlorate tetrahydrate, and calcium chlorate hexahydrate. The third invariant point has a solid phase consisting of ice, calcium chlorate, and calcium chlorate hexahydrate, with a liquid-phase composition of 5.4% acetate urea monoethanolammonium, 54.4% calcium chlorate, and 40.2% water. This point crystallizes at -47.0°C. The final invariant point crystallizes at -24.0°C, with a solid phase composed of ice, calcium chlorate, and acetate urea monoethanolammonium. The corresponding liquid-phase composition is 56.4% acetate urea monoethanolammonium, 5.6% calcium chlorate, and 38.0% water (Fig. 2 , Table 1 ). During the construction of the polythermal solubility diagram for this system, projections were plotted to verify the correspondence of the experimental points: from the Ca(ClO 3 ) 2 vertex toward increasing concentrations of C 3 H 8 N 2 O 3 ·NH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH (Fig. 3 ), and conversely, from the C 3 H 8 N 2 O 3 ·NH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH vertex toward increasing concentrations of Ca(ClO 3 ) 2 (Fig. 4 ). CONCLUSIONS To elucidate the interactions between the components of the Ca(ClO 3 ) 2 − [C 3 H 8 N 2 O 3 ·NH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH] - H 2 O system in aqueous solution, the system was investigated using the visual polythermal method in combination with internal sections and binary subsystems, and a solubility diagram was constructed. The diagram delineated the crystallization domains of ice, calcium chlorate, calcium chlorate dihydrate, calcium chlorate tetrahydrate, calcium chlorate hexahydrate, and acetateurea monoethanolammonium. The results revealed that the studied Ca(ClO 3 ) 2 - [C 3 H 8 N 2 O 3 ·NH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH] - H 2 O system belongs to the simple eutectic type, with no formation of new compounds as a result of component interactions, and that the initial substances retain their individual identities. 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Togasharov, Study of the solubility and rheological properties of the Ca(ClO 3 ) 2 ·2CO(NH 2 ) 2 -C 4 H 6 O 5 ·NH 2 C 2 H 4 OH-H 2 O system, J. Chem. Technol. Metall., 60, 3, 2025, 393-399. https://doi. org/10.59957/jctm.v60.i3.2025.3 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 16 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 12 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 06 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 14 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 13 Sep, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 13 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 13 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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15:21:03","extension":"xml","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":76844,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"2e6420a160864ca0ab4572908f73862c1structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7606789/v1/1fbd3e33d57250e04a9bbf95.xml"},{"id":91884491,"identity":"41488f23-b0c9-4391-a8aa-f78b45d83fb3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 15:21:03","extension":"html","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":80394,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7606789/v1/d183f67ea81341a0c4f0f48e.html"},{"id":91884474,"identity":"847e7ce3-e781-4846-b4df-5053fa288ce3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 15:21:02","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":79822,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSolubility diagram of the Ca(ClO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e–H\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eO binary system.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7606789/v1/c25143c888748a1d33737afa.png"},{"id":91884479,"identity":"5936ec60-28ae-41a2-ac02-cdaa34436b0f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 15:21:02","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":181800,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePolythermal solubility diagram of the Ca(ClO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e–[C\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e·NH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOH]–H\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eO system.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7606789/v1/d1c89d918b19b0e4c615d58c.png"},{"id":91885938,"identity":"ac0cce93-6f9e-4788-badc-2f5790b6f82f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 15:29:02","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":75866,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProjection of the Ca(ClO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2 \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e- [C\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e·NH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOH] - H\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eO system\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7606789/v1/72f4d932d2d4d9c00b10f4e0.png"},{"id":91884476,"identity":"4ce2c0e4-07e6-4812-a2ec-ce0c07a1797a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 15:21:02","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":72569,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProjection of the Ca(ClO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2 \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e- [C\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e·NH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOH] - H\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eO system\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7606789/v1/67d53292e0b45949e52ce977.png"},{"id":91888189,"identity":"ce4c08d0-69c3-4aa6-9d7b-dbfb02d6035f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 15:45:03","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1126714,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7606789/v1/1d00bfb1-0a7b-4690-aa79-ea84881f6d08.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eStudy of the Polythermal Solubility of the Calcium Chlorate– Ureacarbamide–monoethanolammonium–water System\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to the global land statistics and regional and country-level trends reported by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) for the period 2001\u0026ndash;2022, the total area of land designated for agricultural use amounts to 4,781\u0026nbsp;million hectares, of which 1,573\u0026nbsp;million hectares are occupied by croplands [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe continuous growth of the world\u0026rsquo;s population necessitates an increased supply of food products and more efficient utilization of land resources. Several calcium compounds are widely applied in medicine, agriculture, and various industrial sectors, while ethanolamines and their derivatives exhibit physiological activity in plants [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR4\" citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn agriculture, alongside the introduction of modern agrotechnologies aimed at increasing crop yields and improving soil fertility, considerable attention is also devoted to enhancing the reclamation status of irrigated lands. Mineral fertilizers [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR7\" citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e], growth stimulants [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e], pesticides [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e], and defoliants [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14 CR15\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] are among the primary means employed for this purpose. The timely, high-quality, and complete harvesting of cotton produced with the aid of defoliants is considered one of the key agricultural measures [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA major drawback of chlorate-based defoliants is their severe impact on cotton plants, causing the premature drying of young bolls and leaves. Several studies have been conducted to address these limitations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. At present, there is a pressing need to develop new types of chlorate-containing defoliants, to investigate their physicochemical properties in detail using phase diagrams, and to analyze crystallization processes in solutions as a basis for creating highly effective formulations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor this reason, we focused on studying the interaction between calcium chlorate and the acetate urea salt of monoethanolamine in aqueous solution using the visual - polythermal method.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"EXPERIMENTAL","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe objects of this study were calcium chlorate and the acetate urea derivative of monoethanolamine.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor the experiments, the following chemically pure reagents were used: urea (GOST 6671-77), monoethanolamine (TU 2423-159-00203335-2004), acetic acid (CAS No. 64-19-7), and calcium chlorate (CAS No. 10017-74-3).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe acetate urea derivative of monoethanolamine was synthesized by combining 98% monoethanolamine with acetate urea in a 1:1 molar ratio. The resulting compound, acetate urea monoethanolammonium, is a white, hygroscopic crystalline substance with a melting point of 210\u0026deg;C. It is readily soluble in ethanol but poorly soluble in acetone and benzene. Its solubility in water is 74.4% by weight at 0\u0026deg;C, 81.0% at 10\u0026deg;C, and 92.4% at 20\u0026deg;C [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe experiments were conducted using the visual polythermal method [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. For determining solubility temperatures, a TN-6 glass mercury thermometer (operating range: 30 to 60\u0026deg;C) and a TL-15 glass alcohol thermometer (operating range: -100 to 20\u0026deg;C) were employed. The nitrogen content in the amine group was determined spectrophotometrically according to GOST 20851. The carbon and hydrogen elemental composition was analyzed using a Zeiss EVO MA10 instrument [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. The chlorate anion in solution was examined by ion chromatography [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e], magnesium ions were quantified spectrophotometrically [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e], and the COOH group was determined by potentiometric titration [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS AND DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eInitially, the binary system composed of calcium chlorate and water was investigated over the temperature range from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;49.0\u0026deg;C to the melting points of the pure components [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThree eutectic points were identified in the diagram. The first eutectic point occurs at -49.0\u0026deg;C, corresponding to a composition of 44.4% Ca(ClO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 55.6% water, with the solid phase consisting of Ca(ClO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;6H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO and ice. The second eutectic point is observed at -21.5\u0026deg;C, at a composition of 50% Ca(ClO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 50% water, with the solid phase composed of Ca(ClO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;4H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO and ice. The final eutectic point has a solid phase composed of Ca(ClO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;2H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO and ice, and a liquid-phase composition of 56.63% Ca(ClO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and 43.37% water, with a freezing temperature of 15.0\u0026deg;C (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Ca(ClO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u0026ndash;\u003c/sub\u003e[C\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;NH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eOH]\u0026ndash;H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO system was examined over the temperature range from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;47.0\u0026deg;C to -6.8\u0026deg;C using seven internal sections and the corresponding binary systems, and a polythermal solubility diagram was constructed. Sections I-VI were measured from the [C\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;NH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eOH] vertex toward the Ca(ClO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e vertex, whereas Sections V-VII were measured from the Ca(ClO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e vertex toward the [C\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;NH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eOH] vertex. The investigation of this system revealed crystallization domains for ice, calcium chlorate, calcium chlorate dihydrate, calcium chlorate tetrahydrate, calcium chlorate hexahydrate, and acetate urea monoethanolammonium (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBinary and ternary invariant points of the Ca(ClO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e - [C\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;NH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eOH] - H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO system.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLiquid phase composition, %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrystallization temperature.,\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSolid phase\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eOH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCa(ClO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-11.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCa(ClO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e+Ca(ClO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;2H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Ca(ClO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;4H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-6.80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCa(ClO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;2H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Ca(ClO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;4H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-29.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCa(ClO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e+Ca(ClO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;4H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Ca(ClO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;6H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-41.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCa(ClO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e+Ca(ClO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;6H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-27.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCa(ClO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;4H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Ca(ClO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;6H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-47.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIce\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Ca(ClO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e+Ca(ClO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;6H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-40.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIce\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Ca(ClO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;6H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-34.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIce\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Ca(ClO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-25.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-24.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-23.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-24.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIce\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;Ca(ClO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e+C\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;NH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eOH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-31.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIce\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;NH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eOH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-27.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCa(ClO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e+C\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;NH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eOH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-34.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e84.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-38.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e87.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-42.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll phases in the diagram converge at four ternary invariant points. The first invariant point occurs at -11.0\u0026deg;C and corresponds to a composition of 2.2% acetate urea monoethanolammonium, 67.0% calcium chlorate, and 30.8% water. The solid phase at this point consists of calcium chlorate, calcium chlorate dihydrate, and calcium chlorate tetrahydrate.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe second invariant point is observed at -29.5\u0026deg;C, with a composition of 2.8% acetate urea monoethanolammonium, 61.2% calcium chlorate, and 36.0% water. The solid phase in this case comprises calcium chlorate, calcium chlorate tetrahydrate, and calcium chlorate hexahydrate.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe third invariant point has a solid phase consisting of ice, calcium chlorate, and calcium chlorate hexahydrate, with a liquid-phase composition of 5.4% acetate urea monoethanolammonium, 54.4% calcium chlorate, and 40.2% water. This point crystallizes at -47.0\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe final invariant point crystallizes at -24.0\u0026deg;C, with a solid phase composed of ice, calcium chlorate, and acetate urea monoethanolammonium. The corresponding liquid-phase composition is 56.4% acetate urea monoethanolammonium, 5.6% calcium chlorate, and 38.0% water (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuring the construction of the polythermal solubility diagram for this system, projections were plotted to verify the correspondence of the experimental points: from the Ca(ClO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e vertex toward increasing concentrations of C\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;NH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eOH (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), and conversely, from the C\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;NH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eOH vertex toward increasing concentrations of Ca(ClO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSIONS","content":"\u003cp\u003eTo elucidate the interactions between the components of the Ca(ClO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2 \u0026minus;\u003c/sub\u003e [C\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;NH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eOH] - H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO system in aqueous solution, the system was investigated using the visual polythermal method in combination with internal sections and binary subsystems, and a solubility diagram was constructed. The diagram delineated the crystallization domains of ice, calcium chlorate, calcium chlorate dihydrate, calcium chlorate tetrahydrate, calcium chlorate hexahydrate, and acetateurea monoethanolammonium. The results revealed that the studied Ca(ClO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e - [C\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;NH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eOH] - H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO system belongs to the simple eutectic type, with no formation of new compounds as a result of component interactions, and that the initial substances retain their individual identities.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAuthor Contributions:Pardayev Ulug\u0026lsquo;bek Khairullo oglu and Kholmirzayev Mekhroj Murodillayevich were responsible for collecting and reviewing the relevant literature.Bobozhonov Zhamshid Shermatovich, Khusanov Eldor Safariddinovich, and Akhmedov Bakhtiyor Bokhodir oglu conducted the main experimental research and prepared the manuscript draft.Shukurov Zhamshid Sultonovich and Tog\u0026lsquo;asharov Ahat Salimovich contributed to the preparation and development of the main diagrams.All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eF.N. 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Del Valle, Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D, National Academies Press (US) (2011). https://doi: org/10.17226/13050 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eB.B. Akhmedov, Zh.S. Shukurov, N.K. Olimov, study of the polythermic solubility of the H\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003eCN\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026middot; HOCH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eNH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e - [10 % C\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003eClN\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e + 90 % C\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003eOH] - H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO system, J. Chem. Technol. Metall., 60, 1, 2025, 33-42. https://doi.org/10.59957/jctm.v60.i1.2025.4\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eE.S. Khusanov, Zh.S. Shukurov, Study of solubility properties of components in Acetate urea - Triethanolamine - Water system, J. Chem. 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Study of Component Solubility Polytherm in the System Ca(ClO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026ndash;[21% ClCH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003ePO(OH)\u003csub\u003e2 \u003c/sub\u003e\u0026sdot; NH\u003csub\u003e3 \u003c/sub\u003e+ 11%ClCH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003ePO(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026sdot;2NH\u003csub\u003e3 \u003c/sub\u003e+ 12%NH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003ePO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e+56%H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO]\u0026ndash;H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, Russ. J. Inorg. Chem. 68, 2023, 931\u0026ndash;936. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0036023623600995\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZh.Sh. Bobozhonov, Zh.S. Shukurov, A.S. Togasharov, M.Kh. 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Trunin, Polytherm of the CO(NH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026ndash;KNO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026ndash;H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO phase diagram, Russ. J. Phys. Chem. A 91, 2017, 876. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0036024417050314 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA.S. Trunin and D.G. Petrova, Visual\u0026ndash;polythermal Method (Kuibyshev Polytechnic. Inst., Kuibyshev, 1977).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eV.A. Klimova, Basic micromethods for the analysis of organic compounds (Khimiya, Moscow, 1975).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eD. Kim, S. Jung, G. Lee, S.S. Yun, H.S. Lim, H. Kim, Ion chromatographic determination of chlorite and chlorate in chlorinated food using a hydroxide eluent, Anal. Sci. Technol., 30, 2, 2017, 57\u0026ndash;67. https://doi.org/10.5806/AST.2017.30.2.57\u003cu\u003e \u003c/u\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eS. Mandal, A. Alispahic, A. Dedić, H. Dzudzevic Cancar, Spectrophotometric Determination of Magnesium Oxide Content in Supplements of Magnesium. Kem. Ind. 68, 5-6. 2019, 197-200. https://doi.org/10.15255/KUI.2018.046\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eD.O. Shestakova, N.N. San\u0026rsquo;kova, E.V. Parkhomchuk, Conductometric and Potentiometric Titration of Carboxyl Groups in Polymer Microspheres. Polym. Sci. Ser. A 65, 2023, 580\u0026ndash;592. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0965545X23701134 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eO.O. Rakhmonov, A.S. Togasharov, Study of the solubility and rheological properties of the Ca(ClO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;2CO(NH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot;NH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eOH-H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO system, J. Chem. 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Metall., 60, 3, 2025, 393-399. https://doi. org/10.59957/jctm.v60.i3.2025.3\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-solution-chemistry","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"josl","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Solution Chemistry](http://link.springer.com/journal/10953)","snPcode":"10953","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10953/3","title":"Journal of Solution Chemistry","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"polytherm, solubility, physiologically active compound, crystallization temperature, acetate urea, urea monoethanolammonium","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7606789/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7606789/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the polythermal solubility of calcium chlorate\u0026ndash;urea monoethanolammonium\u0026ndash;water systems was systematically investigated. The binary system Ca(ClO₃)₂\u0026ndash;H₂O was examined over the temperature range from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;49.0\u0026deg;C to the melting points of the pure components, and its phase diagram was constructed. Three eutectic points were identified, with corresponding liquid-phase compositions and crystallizing solid phases determined for each. The ternary system Ca(ClO₃)₂\u0026ndash;[C₃H₈N₂O₃\u0026middot;NH₂CH₂CH₂OH]\u0026ndash;H₂O was analyzed within \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;47.0\u0026deg;C to \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6.8\u0026deg;C using seven internal sections in conjunction with the binary subsystems, enabling the construction of a detailed polythermal solubility diagram. Distinct crystallization domains were established for ice, calcium chlorate, calcium chlorate dihydrate, tetrahydrate, hexahydrate, and urea monoethanolammonium. The diagram revealed four ternary invariant points, with both liquid-phase compositions and solid-phase constituents determined. The Ca(ClO₃)₂\u0026ndash;[C₃H₈N₂O₃\u0026middot;NH₂CH₂CH₂OH]\u0026ndash;H₂O system was classified as a simple eutectic type, with no evidence of new compound formation between the initial components. Verification of the phase diagram through reciprocal projections confirmed its accuracy. These findings expand understanding of chloride\u0026ndash;urea derivative systems and suggest potential applications in the design of desiccants and physiologically active agents.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Study of the Polythermal Solubility of the Calcium Chlorate– Ureacarbamide–monoethanolammonium–water System","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-22 15:20:58","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7606789/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-10-16T15:50:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-12T18:55:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-06T09:50:44+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"23375742350071588022766900575543384504","date":"2025-09-26T08:40:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"295401655356698964581390998612730693335","date":"2025-09-15T14:36:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-14T15:26:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-13T14:36:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-13T14:35:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Solution Chemistry","date":"2025-09-13T10:39:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-solution-chemistry","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"josl","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Solution Chemistry](http://link.springer.com/journal/10953)","snPcode":"10953","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10953/3","title":"Journal of Solution Chemistry","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"cdeb4012-cdaa-49dd-a4ec-908b2058b290","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 22nd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-10T16:23:39+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-22 15:20:58","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7606789","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7606789","identity":"rs-7606789","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}