Anti-capsule human monoclonal antibodies protect against hypervirulent and pandrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae

Anti-capsule human monoclonal antibodies protect against hypervirulent and pandrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Biological Sciences - Article Anti-capsule human monoclonal antibodies protect against hypervirulent and pandrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Anna Kabanova, Emanuele Roscioli, Vittoria Zucconi Galli Fonseca, and 27 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4631260/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 01 Oct, 2025 Read the published version in Nature → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The silent pandemic caused by antimicrobial resistance (AMR) requires innovative therapeutic approaches. Human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), which are among the most transformative, safe and effective drugs in oncology and autoimmunity, are rarely used for infectious diseases and not yet used for AMR. Here we applied an antigen-agnostic strategy to isolate extremely potent human mAbs against Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) sequence type 147 (ST147), a hypervirulent and pandrug-resistant clonotype which is spreading globally. Isolated mAbs target the bacterial capsule and the O-antigen. Surprisingly, although both capsule- and O-antigen-specific mAbs displayed bactericidal activity in the picomolar range in vitro, only the capsule-specific mAbs were protective against fulminant ST147 bloodstream infection. Protection correlated with in vitro bacterial uptake by macrophages and enchained bacterial growth. Our study describes the only therapeutic able to protect against pandrug-resistant Kp and provides a strategy to isolate mAbs and identify correlates of protection against AMR bacteria. Biological sciences/Microbiology/Pathogens Biological sciences/Immunology/Antimicrobial responses Biological sciences/Immunology/Infectious diseases/Bacterial infection Klebsiella pneumoniae Human monoclonal antibodies pandrug-resistant bacteria AMR capsule locus 64 KL64 ST147. Full Text Additional Declarations Yes there is potential Competing Interest. Patent application 102023000000924 describing isolated mAbs has been filed by Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences. R.R. hold shares in the GSK group of companies and declare no other financial and non-financial relationships and activities. Remaining authors declare no competing interests. Supplementary Files SupplementalTables.pdf Supplementary Tables TableS3.xlsx Table S3 - EXCEL TableS5.xlsx Table S5 - EXCEL SupplementalVideo1.avi Supplemental Video 1 SupplementalVideo2.avi Supplemental Video 2 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 01 Oct, 2025 Read the published version in Nature → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4631260","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Biological Sciences - Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":331403111,"identity":"e62a8387-d80a-4697-9b0a-38644f088f96","order_by":0,"name":"Anna Kabanova","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2077-472X","institution":"Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anna","middleName":"","lastName":"Kabanova","suffix":""},{"id":331403112,"identity":"8bfb1fcd-4fcb-4987-99fc-74bb9dd9198a","order_by":1,"name":"Emanuele Roscioli","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4125-4632","institution":"MAD Lab - Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Emanuele","middleName":"","lastName":"Roscioli","suffix":""},{"id":331403113,"identity":"8a0d2537-8cfa-41c6-805c-5a8190918cac","order_by":2,"name":"Vittoria Zucconi Galli Fonseca","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-2544","institution":"MAD Lab - Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Vittoria","middleName":"Zucconi Galli","lastName":"Fonseca","suffix":""},{"id":331403114,"identity":"05e529c5-d265-4e9a-843d-31a816d7ce84","order_by":3,"name":"Soraya Bosch","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"MAD Lab - Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Soraya","middleName":"","lastName":"Bosch","suffix":""},{"id":331403115,"identity":"397d3183-bd28-415a-9b8c-c4154d76a500","order_by":4,"name":"Ida Paciello","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"MAD Lab - Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ida","middleName":"","lastName":"Paciello","suffix":""},{"id":331403116,"identity":"efba1ad8-1716-4b8c-b1e4-1066376690b6","order_by":5,"name":"Giuseppe Maccari","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"DaScH Lab - Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Giuseppe","middleName":"","lastName":"Maccari","suffix":""},{"id":331403117,"identity":"58d8b7e4-f2ff-4216-8afe-94287eb4983a","order_by":6,"name":"Giampiero Batani","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"MAD Lab - Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Giampiero","middleName":"","lastName":"Batani","suffix":""},{"id":331403118,"identity":"fdefefd0-dc32-4fd1-b668-1579b0bbc544","order_by":7,"name":"Samuele Stazzoni","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"MAD Lab - Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Samuele","middleName":"","lastName":"Stazzoni","suffix":""},{"id":331403119,"identity":"9e6e349a-5448-49e2-b8a2-50b0da118e61","order_by":8,"name":"Giulia Cardinali","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"MAD Lab - Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences and University of Siena, Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Giulia","middleName":"","lastName":"Cardinali","suffix":""},{"id":331403120,"identity":"740a0332-564b-4b66-ab37-b7f3263543c2","order_by":9,"name":"Giusy Tiseo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Pisa, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Infectious Diseases Unit","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Giusy","middleName":"","lastName":"Tiseo","suffix":""},{"id":331403121,"identity":"e3121d75-3bc1-4d03-a833-158ef20ea7af","order_by":10,"name":"Cesira Giordano","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Azienda Universitaria Ospedaliera Pisana, Microbiology Unit","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Cesira","middleName":"","lastName":"Giordano","suffix":""},{"id":331403122,"identity":"273c19d6-31c2-4ead-9432-8ef49285a97e","order_by":11,"name":"Shen Yuwei","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hartford Hospital, Center for Anti-Infective Research and Development","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shen","middleName":"","lastName":"Yuwei","suffix":""},{"id":331403123,"identity":"3a7e09cc-5cbf-474a-ad17-30411886ff11","order_by":12,"name":"Laura Capoccia","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4172-1117","institution":"MAD Lab - Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences and University of Siena, Department of Medical Biotechnology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Laura","middleName":"","lastName":"Capoccia","suffix":""},{"id":331403124,"identity":"a780bf3a-c108-4bd6-bf7f-6f1538defda7","order_by":13,"name":"Dario Cardamone","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"DaScH Lab - Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dario","middleName":"","lastName":"Cardamone","suffix":""},{"id":331403125,"identity":"c4e546f6-c76d-4f80-9a4a-3afacccc57bc","order_by":14,"name":"Matteo Ridelfi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"MAD Lab - Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences and University of Siena, Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Matteo","middleName":"","lastName":"Ridelfi","suffix":""},{"id":331403126,"identity":"102b3f71-7e20-42fa-b356-1c5f67e3422b","order_by":15,"name":"Marco Troisi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"MAD Lab - Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Marco","middleName":"","lastName":"Troisi","suffix":""},{"id":331403127,"identity":"17f91631-7d67-4401-aae5-23a9f3c6ee00","order_by":16,"name":"Noemi Manganaro","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8512-4704","institution":"MAD Lab - Toscana Life Sciences Foundation","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Noemi","middleName":"","lastName":"Manganaro","suffix":""},{"id":331403128,"identity":"c94c2460-3a78-499f-b064-468b098c13b6","order_by":17,"name":"Chiara Mugnaini","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"MAD Lab - Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chiara","middleName":"","lastName":"Mugnaini","suffix":""},{"id":331403129,"identity":"af213ea2-9e5a-4cd7-9eb5-5df5c5babdff","order_by":18,"name":"Concetta De Santi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"MAD Lab - Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Concetta","middleName":"","lastName":"De Santi","suffix":""},{"id":331403130,"identity":"0c7429a4-e4f9-4c39-868a-78e3cf5b2968","order_by":19,"name":"Annalisa Ciabattini","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4585-7783","institution":"University of Siena","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Annalisa","middleName":"","lastName":"Ciabattini","suffix":""},{"id":331403131,"identity":"2d8cac10-7942-4469-bd95-23fe0c652b2d","order_by":20,"name":"Linda Cerofolini","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Florence, Magnetic Resonance Center and Interuniversity Consortium Magnetic Resonances of Metallic Proteins","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Linda","middleName":"","lastName":"Cerofolini","suffix":""},{"id":331403132,"identity":"69d417b8-586e-4ec6-a377-6195ea9661ae","order_by":21,"name":"Marco Fragai","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Florence, Magnetic Resonance Center and Interuniversity Consortium Magnetic Resonances of Metallic Proteins","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Marco","middleName":"","lastName":"Fragai","suffix":""},{"id":331403133,"identity":"190bc920-3b13-4143-b971-af51e31c8acc","order_by":22,"name":"Danilo Licastro","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Area Science Park","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Danilo","middleName":"","lastName":"Licastro","suffix":""},{"id":331403134,"identity":"a31f9131-7ad5-4da9-b108-acd8d5e76463","order_by":23,"name":"David Nicolau","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hartford Hospital, Center for Anti-Infective Research and Development","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"David","middleName":"","lastName":"Nicolau","suffix":""},{"id":331403135,"identity":"0080359d-4bf7-4a10-a85e-c23ae3093e2f","order_by":24,"name":"Kamilia Abdelraouf","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2524-352X","institution":"Hartford Hospital, Center for Anti-Infective Research and Development","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kamilia","middleName":"","lastName":"Abdelraouf","suffix":""},{"id":331403136,"identity":"1801f95d-fb54-4968-a9bd-17c2d5747204","order_by":25,"name":"Simona Barnini","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Simona","middleName":"","lastName":"Barnini","suffix":""},{"id":331403137,"identity":"58fcf832-88c8-41a4-ab30-f9f3c57b86bd","order_by":26,"name":"Francesco Menichetti","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Pisa, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Infectious Diseases Unit","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Francesco","middleName":"","lastName":"Menichetti","suffix":""},{"id":331403138,"identity":"59be3c8e-2675-4837-b92a-cc798476e583","order_by":27,"name":"Marco Falcone","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Pisa, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Infectious Diseases Unit","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Marco","middleName":"","lastName":"Falcone","suffix":""},{"id":331403139,"identity":"d4e35c35-b02a-43e0-96ff-41cada012ce1","order_by":28,"name":"Claudia Sala","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"MAD Lab - Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Claudia","middleName":"","lastName":"Sala","suffix":""},{"id":331403140,"identity":"806ab86b-419e-40fa-a4b9-c522906a387f","order_by":29,"name":"Rino Rappuoli","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8827-254X","institution":"Fondazione Biotecnopolo di Siena","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rino","middleName":"","lastName":"Rappuoli","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-06-24 15:40:20","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4631260/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4631260/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09391-3","type":"published","date":"2025-10-01T04:00:00+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":92638474,"identity":"7ec2cf5b-c620-4bc5-a054-306dfb83f1a2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-02 07:13:56","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":8695247,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Article File","description":"","filename":"KppaperRosciolietal.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4631260/v1_covered_4bfcb366-83f3-46d1-9fd4-e57c201fefe7.pdf"},{"id":61128060,"identity":"abfb306b-03f5-4409-97a5-21b894a922dd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-26 03:00:25","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":416989,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSupplementary Tables\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"SupplementalTables.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4631260/v1/b48e7d6d7ec3d001cfec4b31.pdf"},{"id":61128061,"identity":"98c03c40-1988-47ed-b877-d7ba0d886233","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-26 03:00:25","extension":"xlsx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":125829,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTable S3 - EXCEL\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"TableS3.xlsx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4631260/v1/a80c02c6bf9bae74ecea846e.xlsx"},{"id":61128062,"identity":"2b6026e5-3a5a-4dda-ad49-9ae31572d971","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-26 03:00:25","extension":"xlsx","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":16522,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTable S5 - EXCEL\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"TableS5.xlsx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4631260/v1/59dd572d9ed8e57e27f3f418.xlsx"},{"id":61128064,"identity":"937420d3-40fc-4a94-a028-c44b8f20a247","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-26 03:00:26","extension":"avi","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":5261260,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSupplemental Video 1\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"SupplementalVideo1.avi","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4631260/v1/559a7a24089f1819ebfef12b.avi"},{"id":61128071,"identity":"bbfe2cb0-37d0-449b-a90e-dcd8fbf36beb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-26 03:00:26","extension":"avi","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":4118160,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSupplemental Video 2\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"SupplementalVideo2.avi","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4631260/v1/368f86a2cf37d9db06fdbad6.avi"}],"financialInterests":"\u003cb\u003eYes\u003c/b\u003e there is potential Competing Interest.\nPatent application 102023000000924 describing isolated mAbs has been filed by Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences.\r\n\r\nR.R. hold shares in the GSK group of companies and declare no other financial and non-financial relationships and activities. Remaining authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"Anti-capsule human monoclonal antibodies protect against hypervirulent and pandrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"nature-portfolio","isNatureJournal":true,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Nature Portfolio","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":false,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Klebsiella pneumoniae, Human monoclonal antibodies, pandrug-resistant bacteria, AMR, capsule locus 64, KL64, ST147.","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4631260/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4631260/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"The silent pandemic caused by antimicrobial resistance (AMR) requires innovative therapeutic approaches. Human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), which are among the most transformative, safe and effective drugs in oncology and autoimmunity, are rarely used for infectious diseases and not yet used for AMR. Here we applied an antigen-agnostic strategy to isolate extremely potent human mAbs against Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) sequence type 147 (ST147), a hypervirulent and pandrug-resistant clonotype which is spreading globally. Isolated mAbs target the bacterial capsule and the O-antigen. Surprisingly, although both capsule- and O-antigen-specific mAbs displayed bactericidal activity in the picomolar range in vitro, only the capsule-specific mAbs were protective against fulminant ST147 bloodstream infection. Protection correlated with in vitro bacterial uptake by macrophages and enchained bacterial growth. Our study describes the only therapeutic able to protect against pandrug-resistant Kp and provides a strategy to isolate mAbs and identify correlates of protection against AMR bacteria.","manuscriptTitle":"Anti-capsule human monoclonal antibodies protect against hypervirulent and pandrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-07-26 03:00:21","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4631260/v1","editorialEvents":[],"status":"published","journal":{"display":false,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"nature","isNatureJournal":true,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"nature","sideBox":"Learn more about [Nature](http://www.nature.com/nature/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Nature","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"Nature","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e5d535f0-ab45-4894-9b30-4da7093f2aab","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 26th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":35088315,"name":"Biological sciences/Microbiology/Pathogens"},{"id":35088316,"name":"Biological sciences/Immunology/Antimicrobial responses"},{"id":35088317,"name":"Biological sciences/Immunology/Infectious diseases/Bacterial infection"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-02T07:13:41+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4631260","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09391-3","journal":{"identity":"nature","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Nature"},"publishedOn":"2025-10-01 04:00:00","publishedOnDateReadable":"October 1st, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-07-26 03:00:21","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41586-025-09391-3","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09391-3","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4631260","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4631260","identity":"rs-4631260","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}