Effects of cereal-legume intercrop system design on weed suppression

Effects of cereal-legume intercrop system design on weed suppression | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effects of cereal-legume intercrop system design on weed suppression David Kottelenberg, Jochem Evers, Niels Anten, Magdalena Rangs, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5455247/v3 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 18 May, 2026 Read the published version in European Journal of Agronomy → Version 3 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract Cereal-legume intercrops offer benefits in weed suppression. Complementarity (enhanced resource-use efficiency) and facilitation (positive crop-crop interactions) have been proposed as mechanisms for enhanced weed suppression. However, recent research points to selection, the phenomenon where the more suppressive crop species disproportionately acquires resources making the intercrop resemble this crop species, as the key mechanism. Yet, the conditions under which enhanced weed suppression occurs, and the expression of selection across intercrop designs, require further study to inform the design of weed-suppressive intercrops. This study evaluated whether selection drives weed suppression in cereal-legume intercrops and examined if intercrop canopy cover aligned with a selection effect. We conducted four field experiments over three years (2022-2024), focusing on crop species composition, mixing ratio, and spatial design. Crop species with faster canopy development showed stronger weed suppression, and intercrop canopy cover resembled the stronger weed-suppressive cereal species more than the weaker weed-suppressive legume species. Triticale–faba bean intercrops suppressed weeds better than faba bean sole crops, while this benefit occurred with even relatively small fractions of triticale. Close proximity of component species was another prerequisite, as weed suppression benefits were larger in systems with narrower row distances or within-row mixing designs. Additionally, a prediction model accounting for the selection effect accurately predicted intercrop weed biomass based on the pure stand weed biomass of the component crop species. Our findings establish selection as the dominant mechanism of weed suppression in cereal–legume intercrops and demonstrate how both crop species composition and intercrop configuration influence this effect. Agronomy Agroecology Ecological Modeling Plant Physiology and Morphology Cereal-legume intercropping weed suppression competition selection facilitation canopy cover Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Supplementary Files WeedsuppressionGraphicalabstract.pdf Graphical abstract Supplement1.pdf Supplement 1 Supplement2.pdf Supplement 2 Supplement3.pdf Supplement 3 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 18 May, 2026 Read the published version in European Journal of Agronomy → Version 3 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5455247","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":472153167,"identity":"a78f4624-fad8-46c6-a0f3-f31d26f6bc37","order_by":0,"name":"David Kottelenberg","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABEUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCA0DEw5AAYjIeAHMZmA+AZfgIaeFhg7CBQmxgAxjY8GhhQNPCY4BXC9/xM4YH3jCkydnLNx848HHHHTnz/jXfpHn3MOTh0iJ5Jsfg4ByGHGMeNraEgzPPPDOWufF2mzTPM4ZiXFoMDqQlHOZhqEjsYeMxOMzbdjhxhsTZbbd5DjAktuHScv4ZTAv/h8N/2w7Xz5A48wy/lhvJB4BackC2MBxmbDucIMHfw4ZXi+SNxwcOzjFIM+Y5lmZwsLftmeEMCTbzn3MOSODUwnc+sfnDm4pkOfbmww8f/Gy7Iy/Bf/ixwZsDNon9OLRAnYfMkUgAk3g1oAH+A6SoHgWjYBSMghEAACYdZIbs8ubUAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3025-5544","institution":"Wageningen University \u0026 Research","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"David","middleName":"","lastName":"Kottelenberg","suffix":""},{"id":472153168,"identity":"3b776968-099e-49d9-bd8c-5c9e316fc0c3","order_by":1,"name":"Jochem 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Bastiaans","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lammert","middleName":"","lastName":"Bastiaans","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-11-14 16:02:38","currentVersionCode":3,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5455247/v3","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5455247/v3","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2026.128164","type":"published","date":"2026-05-19T00:00:00+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":96323444,"identity":"681d19d2-78b8-4c75-8262-35da35f81249","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 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10:10:52","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":17756,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5455247/v3/7072fc1cca45d09305ca116b.png"},{"id":96366589,"identity":"f34f9ebf-e03d-4b19-b2fb-ebe24d9ef6c4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-20 10:11:36","extension":"html","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":167036,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5455247/v3/239bcdcba77d030c01e5c2c3.html"},{"id":96366121,"identity":"79ccb14b-54f6-4999-87ac-392422bf0b6c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-20 10:11:13","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":77806,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eA theoretical example of selection-driven weed suppression in a 1:1 ratio intercrop. The arithmetic mean (eq. 1) reflects the simple average of the weed biomass in pure stands of the cereal and legume, assuming a species-specific contribution to weed suppression equal to that in sole crop. The harmonic mean, i.e. the reciprocal of the average of the reciprocal legume and cereal weed biomasses (eq. 2), emphasizes the more than proportional influence of the stronger weed suppressive cereal through selection. If selection is the main mechanism causing enhanced weed suppression in the intercrop, the intercrop weed biomass will be similar to the harmonic mean of the cereal and legume weed biomasses. Any further reduction in intercrop weed biomass is likely the result of another mechanism, like complementarity or facilitation.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"figure1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5455247/v3/de4f1f5809fab1de2f81318d.png"},{"id":96323446,"identity":"cc048812-575e-4dab-ba1e-645bdb6947b0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 20:07:21","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":290804,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCanopy cover in the 2022 experiment. Proportion of canopy covered over time (in cumulative daily average temperature, or °Cd) for sole crops (a; rye, barley, triticale, wheat, pea, and faba bean) and intercrops (b-i; Rye-Pea, etc.) in the 2022 experiment. Coloured lines are fitted logistic functions assuming a normal distribution.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"figure2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5455247/v3/e85bc66b2b8738a34aee7d1d.png"},{"id":96323450,"identity":"3b0e4552-7718-4775-964f-fd671ab785a5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 20:07:22","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":204776,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eWeed biomass of the 2022 experiment. Weed dry weight (g m\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e) at the second harvest (full canopy closure) of cereal (rye: R; barley: B; triticale: T; wheat: W) and legume (pea: P; faba bean: F) sole crops and 1:1 ratio row intercrops (barley-pea: 1B:1P, etc.). Letters indicate significant differences between treatments at P \u0026lt; 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"figure3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5455247/v3/7fec59fc1635b4777abee5a9.png"},{"id":96323455,"identity":"c888cdd3-cc12-4e07-8623-d5bd6c721389","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 20:07:22","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":124395,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePredicted and observed weed biomass in the 2022 experiment. Weed dry weight (g m\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e) at the second harvest (full canopy closure) in intercrops with barley, rye, triticale, and wheat, as observed or predicted by the arithmetic and harmonic mean of the weed biomasses observed in sole crops of the cereal and legumes. Letters indicate significant differences within each subplot at P \u0026lt; 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"figure4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5455247/v3/7325479fd4752c41637fa8da.png"},{"id":96366137,"identity":"134196ce-d39f-4609-a9df-0f681198941a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-20 10:11:14","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":224984,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCanopy cover in the 2023 experiments. Proportion of canopy covered over time (in cumulative daily average temperature, or °Cd) for (a) 2023-SP sole crops, (b) 2023-SP intercrops, (c) 2023-RD sole crops, and (d) 2023-RD intercrops. Coloured lines are fitted logistic functions assuming a normal distribution. Grey lines in (b) and (d) are the sole crop canopy covers from (a) and (c), respectively.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"figure5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5455247/v3/7137abe7abe71338f4e8415b.png"},{"id":96366534,"identity":"5529ff40-a438-4370-8343-5cf4be84d199","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-20 10:11:32","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":189851,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eWeed biomass of the 2023 experiments. Weed dry weight (g m⁻²) at the second harvest (full canopy closure) in triticale (T) and faba bean (F) sole crops and intercrops under different spatial configurations and crop densities. (a) Treatments of the 2023-SP experiment, which include sole crops at standard density (T and F), sole crops at 1.5 times the standard densities (T+ and F+), and intercrops with species at a 1:1 row ratio (1T:1F), mixed within the row (1T:1F-M), and at row ratios of 1:3 (1T:3F) and 3:1 (3T:1F). All treatments in (a) used a 12.5 cm row distance. (b) Treatments of the 2023-RD experiment, which include sole crops at standard row distance (12.5 cm: T and F), increased row distance (37.5 cm: T-375 and F-375), and 1:1 intercrops at both standard and increased distance, either per row (1T:1F and 1T:1F-375) or mixed within the row (1T:1F-M and 1T:1F-M-375). Plant density in plots with larger row distance was compensated by increasing the plant density within the row. Letters indicate significant differences within each subplot at P \u0026lt; 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"figure6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5455247/v3/f0e25640164ae222279cbfe9.png"},{"id":96323459,"identity":"f46a5708-5c43-4701-8bcc-c398c2b8e872","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 20:07:22","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":223529,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePredicted and observed weed biomass in the 2023 experiments. Weed dry weight (g m⁻²) at the second harvest (full canopy closure) in triticale-faba bean intercrops as observed at second harvest of all experiments and predicted by the arithmetic and harmonic mean of the weed biomasses observed in sole crops. (a) Treatments of the 2023-SP experiment, which include intercrops with species at a 1:1 row ratio (1T:1F), mixed within the row (1T:1F-M), and row ratios of 1:3 (1T:3F) and 3:1 (3T:1F). All treatments in (a) used a 12.5 cm row distance. (b) Treatments of the 2023-RD experiment, which include 1:1 intercrops at both standard and increased row distance, either per row (1T:1F and 1T:1F-375) or mixed within the row (1T:1F-M and 1T:1F-M-375). Plant density in plots with larger row distance was compensated by increasing the plant density within the row. Letters indicate significant differences within each subplot at P \u0026lt; 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"figure7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5455247/v3/d00d1c88ef24707ce8fa8731.png"},{"id":96323451,"identity":"91a5aee8-bc2e-4dbe-911b-b92fa9d6f414","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 20:07:22","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":185589,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCanopy cover of triticale-faba bean intercrops across years. Proportion of canopy covered over time (in cumulative daily average temperature, or °Cd) for pure stands and row intercrops in alternate row design (1T:1F) in the (a) 2022, (b) 2023-SP, (c) 2023-RD, and (d) 2024 experiments. Coloured lines are fitted logistic functions assuming a normal distribution.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"figure8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5455247/v3/6a42881ea08c6291dbaaeabf.png"},{"id":96323449,"identity":"1f8b5900-41f1-4102-ba6d-030cbb6ea0ff","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 20:07:22","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":114631,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eWeed biomass of the 1T:1F treatments across experiments. Weed dry weight (g m⁻²) at the second harvest (full canopy closure) in sole crops of triticale (T) and faba bean (F) and intercrops in alternate row design (1T:1F) for the (a) 2022, (b) 2023-SP, (c) 2023-RD, and (d) 2024 experiments. Letters indicate significant differences within each subplot at P \u0026lt; 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"figure9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5455247/v3/78ccc0a97a095c9ffcc79678.png"},{"id":96366072,"identity":"7235bce3-3d2c-4287-9605-8c0fcf79b91f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-20 10:11:08","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":130244,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePredicted and observed weed biomass of the 1T:1F treatments across years. Weed dry weight (g m⁻²) at the second harvest (full canopy closure) in triticale-faba bean 1:1 ratio row intercrops (1T:1F) as observed at second harvest of all experiments and predicted by the arithmetic and harmonic mean of the weed biomasses observed in sole crops for (a) 2022, (b) 2023-SP, (c) 2023-RD, and (d) 2024 experiments. Letters indicate significant differences within each subplot at P \u0026lt; 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"figure10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5455247/v3/f0afa95286811530ba6dc619.png"},{"id":109565644,"identity":"d2c5ef72-345b-4b25-a4e8-2403ba752283","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-19 15:04:29","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3606891,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript30.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5455247/v3_covered_713145e8-823a-478c-9ede-993d1371c118.pdf"},{"id":96323447,"identity":"8bbe28e6-5219-41a8-9b6f-fa74ed3da16d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 20:07:21","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":434787,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGraphical abstract\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"WeedsuppressionGraphicalabstract.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5455247/v3/ae8a2c9584ca0b73b67afd38.pdf"},{"id":96366473,"identity":"22f65bf8-65f7-4c01-b255-9eb74d0f2337","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-20 10:11:30","extension":"pdf","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":1327160,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSupplement 1\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Supplement1.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5455247/v3/8a28bcf97dd80dd5fde881c6.pdf"},{"id":96323457,"identity":"7d61f8cc-dc25-42ff-958b-f6a21594dfaa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 20:07:22","extension":"pdf","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":890755,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSupplement 2\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Supplement2.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5455247/v3/d3d0cdd7ad02a782ed56e3f9.pdf"},{"id":96323461,"identity":"4ff9d9f9-3d71-4785-a4bc-84122b41aed9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 20:07:22","extension":"pdf","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":144124,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSupplement 3\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Supplement3.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5455247/v3/67e75042490f00fce1c02425.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"Effects of cereal-legume intercrop system design on weed suppression","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":true,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Cereal-legume intercropping, weed suppression, competition, selection, facilitation, canopy cover","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5455247/v3","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5455247/v3","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eCereal-legume intercrops offer benefits in weed suppression. Complementarity (enhanced resource-use efficiency) and facilitation (positive crop-crop interactions) have been proposed as mechanisms for enhanced weed suppression. However, recent research points to selection, the phenomenon where the more suppressive crop species disproportionately acquires resources making the intercrop resemble this crop species, as the key mechanism. Yet, the conditions under which enhanced weed suppression occurs, and the expression of selection across intercrop designs, require further study to inform the design of weed-suppressive intercrops. This study evaluated whether selection drives weed suppression in cereal-legume intercrops and examined if intercrop canopy cover aligned with a selection effect. We conducted four field experiments over three years (2022-2024), focusing on crop species composition, mixing ratio, and spatial design. Crop species with faster canopy development showed stronger weed suppression, and intercrop canopy cover resembled the stronger weed-suppressive cereal species more than the weaker weed-suppressive legume species. Triticale–faba bean intercrops suppressed weeds better than faba bean sole crops, while this benefit occurred with even relatively small fractions of triticale. Close proximity of component species was another prerequisite, as weed suppression benefits were larger in systems with narrower row distances or within-row mixing designs. Additionally, a prediction model accounting for the selection effect accurately predicted intercrop weed biomass based on the pure stand weed biomass of the component crop species. Our findings establish selection as the dominant mechanism of weed suppression in cereal–legume intercrops and demonstrate how both crop species composition and intercrop configuration influence this effect.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effects of cereal-legume intercrop system design on weed suppression","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":3,"date":"2025-11-19 20:07:17","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5455247/v3","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":2,"date":"2025-06-16 18:28:12","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5455247/v2","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":1,"date":"2025-01-01 15:06:53","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5455247/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e4737655-f45d-448b-9879-686890835f72","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 19th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":50141903,"name":"Agronomy"},{"id":50141904,"name":"Agroecology"},{"id":50141905,"name":"Ecological Modeling"},{"id":50141906,"name":"Plant Physiology and Morphology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-19T15:03:56+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5455247","link":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2026.128164","journal":{"identity":"european-journal-of-agronomy","isVorOnly":true,"title":"European Journal of Agronomy"},"publishedOn":"2026-05-19 00:00:00","publishedOnDateReadable":"May 19th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-19 20:07:17","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1016/j.eja.2026.128164","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2026.128164","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v3","identity":"rs-5455247","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5455247","identity":"rs-5455247","version":["v3"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}