Biostratigraphy and palaeoenvironments of the Upper Cretaceous fossil fish Konservat-Lagerstätten of Lebanon

Biostratigraphy and palaeoenvironments of the Upper Cretaceous fossil fish Konservat-Lagerstätten of Lebanon | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Biostratigraphy and palaeoenvironments of the Upper Cretaceous fossil fish Konservat-Lagerstätten of Lebanon Sibelle Maksoud, Tamara El Hossny, Elias Samankassou, Lionel Cavin, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7269932/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Cenomanian deposits are well exposed in Lebanon and consist mainly of limestones that covers about 40% of the Lebanese territory. The sedimentary series is rich in fish fossils encountered in three different Cenomanian outcrops: Haqel, Hjoula and Nammoura. These sites are known for the exceptional preservation of their fossil content. However, over time, different authors proposed different ages and stratigraphic relationships. Trying to fill this gap in knowledge, stratigraphic sections were measured, and samples taken from the three outcrops, considering thickness variations and facies changes in the Konservat-Lagerstätten interval. The micropalaeontological inventory focusing on benthic and planktonic foraminifera identified at family and generic level and when possible, specific level is provided. We identified benthic foraminifers (Biokovinidae, Charentiidae, Cuneolinidae, Dicyclinidae, Mayncinidae, Nezzazatidae, Orbitolinidae, Spiroplectaminidae, Gavellinellidae, Alveolinoidea, Hauerinidae, Spiroloculinidae and other Miliolidae). Among the planktonic foraminifers we identified Hedbergellidae (some with costulated test, Globigerinelloididae, Heterohelicidae and Rotaliporidae). Several calcispheres have been identified. Other biogenic components were identified, including rare dasycladalean algae, bryozoans, ostracods, echinoderms and bone debris. Overall, the microfossils indicate a Middle Cenomanian age based on the presence of Conicorbitolina conica and Favusella washitensis present within the Lagerstätten . The macrofossil assemblages found within (echinoids and ammonites), above and/or below (ammonites) the Lagerstätten are surprisingly not in accordance with dating obtained by microfossils, and give a Late Cenomanian age. The analysis of the relationship between the oxygen and carbon isotopes of the three outcrops is presented to follow and interpret the Ocean Anoxic Event 2. The ichthyofauna list is compiled based on fieldwork by one of us (PAS) and literature. The fish assemblage is the most diverse in the Mesozoic in the world. The Haqel and Hjoula sites share approximately half of their species, while the Namoura site shares approximately 20% of its species with the other two localities. The comparison of the Lebanese fish faunas is discussed, as well as the origin of Haqel and Hjoula assemblages. We consider that the geographically restricted sites of Haqel and Hjoula correspond to submerged sinkholes with favorable living conditions in the water column, but anoxic conditions on the bottom that allow the preservation of carcasses, probably killed by algal blooms. The mixing in the same fossil beds of fish species that probably lived in different environments remains an open question. Lebanon Cenomanian calcispheres benthic foraminifers planktonic foraminifers ammonites ichthyofauna Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 INTRODUCTION Lebanon has been famous for its fossil fish outcrops for centuries. Some authors believe that the first mention of these fossil deposits dates back to the antiquity as thought to be mentioned by Herodotus 2450 years ago (Davis, 1887 ; Lockyer, 1887 ). However, other authors could not confirm this as Herodotus’ writings lacked any comments on fishes or fossils from this region (Gayet et al., 2003 ; Capasso, 2017 ). Thus, the first mention of such localities dates back to the fourth century, in the Armenian Chronicles of Eusebius of Caesarea, who noticed sea fishes on the highest mountain peaks in the quarries of Mount Lebanon, preserved in the rock layers till the present day, as evidence of the flood (Gayet et al., 2003 ; Capasso, 2017 ). The interest in these fossiliferous localities persisted during the Middle Ages, with the example of Sire Jean de Joinville, who wrote in the “Histoire de Saint Louis” about a present offered to King Louis IX while staying in Sayette (present day Sidon); the gift was a stone, when split in two, shows a fish on the inside (Petitot, 1824 ). Centuries later, the Lebanese Lagerstätten became of a great importance among European scientists as of the early 19th century (Dalla Vecchia et al., 2001 ). Blainville ( 1818 ), Agassiz (1833-44), Botta ( 1833 ), Haeckel (1849), Pictet ( 1850 ), Pictet & Humbert ( 1866 ), Costa ( 1857 ), Fraas ( 1878 ), Dames ( 1886 ), Davis ( 1887 ), among many others from the latter century, all have made great contributions to the knopiwledge on the fossil content of the Lebanese deposits (Lockyer, 1887 ; Woodward, 1896 ). Fossils recovered from these sites formed the base of many historical collections around the world, such as: the collection at the Museum of Natural History of Geneva, first studied by Pictet ( 1850 ), and later, after adding more fossils to the collection, studied by Pictet & Humbert ( 1866 ); Prof. Lewis who collected a great number of fossils including many new species, several of which are housed at the British Museum Natural History Department (nowadays, Natural History Museum), in part, based on which Davis wrote his memoir (Lockyer, 1887 ); Prof. Day who also collected several hundreds of fish fossils and crustacean from Haqel and Hjoula housed at the American University of Beirut, with some of these specimens studied by both Hay & Day ( 1903 ). More recently, in the 20th and 21st centuries, these Lagerstätten remain famous worldwide for their rich and well-preserved fossil assemblage. They are significant in the palaeontological history, even more in palaeoichthyology; as Hückel ( 1970 ) even described several of these sites as “Fish Shales” localities. A review of the literature reveals the occurrence of 93, 72 and 40 species of “fish” (Chondrichthyes and Actinopterygii) in Haqel, Hjoula and Nammoura, respectively. New taxa are still being excavated and studied at a rate of one to five new taxa per year (Capasso, 2017 ). The four major fossil outcrops are distributed in Cazas Jbail (Haqel and Hjoula) and Kesserwan (Nammoura and Sahel Alma). Haqel and Hjoula are thought to have very close ages, early to late Cenomanian (Gayet, 1980 , 1988 ; Bannikov & Bacchia, 2000 ). Nammoura is considered to be of middle to late Cenomanian age (Dalla Vecchia & Venturini, 1999 ; Bannikov & Bacchia, 2000 ; Dalla Vecchia et al., 2002 ; Elgin & Frey, 2011 ). The youngest of these outcrops is Sahel Alma, regarded as having an age of late Senonian (Bannikov & Bacchia, 2000 ) or Santonian (Garassino, 1994 ; Elgin & Frey, 2011 ). These four localities yield highly preserved varieties of invertebrates, plants and fishes (Hay, 1903 ; Woodward, 1942 ; Forey et al., 2003 ). Haqel and Hjoula are mostly famous for their fish content (Pictet, 1850 ; Pictet & Humbert, 1866 ; Hückel, 1970 ; Cappetta, 1980 ; Poyato-Ariza & Wenz, 2005 ; Capasso et al., 2010 ; Gayet et al., 2003 ; Taverne & Capasso, 2018 ; El Hossny et al., 2020 ). Nammoura is known as well for its marine invertebrates and fish content, but unlike the other localities, its terrestrial plant content is more abundant (Dalla Vecchia & Venturini, 1999 ; Elgin & Frey, 2011 ). As for Sahel Alma, the site is exhausted and no longer excavated (Capasso, 2017 ). Tetrapods are rather rare in all of the four localities: two pterosaur species, one found in Haqel (Dalla Vecchia et al., 2001 ) and the other in Hjoula (Elgin & Frey, 2011 ). However, bird feathers and reptiles have been more frequently found in Nammoura (Bannikov & Bacchia, 2000 ; Rage & Escuillié, 2003 ; Tong et al., 2006 ). Today, despite the great interest in these localities and the few investigations dealing with the stratigraphy and the formation of these deposits, as briefly mentioned above, there is still no consensus. Hence, the aim of the present paper, is to provide a first comprehensive study of three out of the four Lebanese Cretaceous sites Haqel, Hjoula and Nammoura, by integrating different approaches including biostratigraphical analyses, providing details on the micro palaeofauna found at each site, in addition to carbon and oxygen isotopes isotopic data. This will allow us to suggest an ages for the outcrops, a reconstruction of their palaeoenvironment and possible causes of death and preservation of the fauna during this well-known period. Historical background on stratigraphy Haqel and Hjoula Botta ( 1833 ) subdivided the Lebanese Mesozoic stratigraphic sequence in three different “groups”. He attributed the lower (Group 3) and the upper (Group 1) groups, composed of limestones, to the Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous respectively. Between these groups he identified “Group 2” consisting of lignite-bearing green sandstones, but without providing any biostratigraphic data. In the middle part of his upper group, he mentioned the fossil fish layers of Haqel containing chert. Pictet & Humbert ( 1866 ) assumed that the fish layers of Haqel are a “phase of the Cenomanian” ( op. cit. : p. 239); and that these fish layers should be below the Hippurites beds (with Hippurites lumbricalis ), i.e., below the Turonian strata, and above the “ Cardium hillanum” strata. The two macrofossils mentioned were not illustrated by the authors. According to Fraas ( 1878 ), the fish layers of Haqel represent localised facies and correspond to the “radiolite zone” which he attributed to the Turonian. Lewis ( 1878 ) mentioned the fish fossils of Hjoula that Diener ( 1886 ) supposed are similar to the one of Haqel layers. For the dating, Diener ( 1886 ) only followed the age attributed by Fraas ( 1878 ). Douvillé ( 1910 ), who studied the rudists of the region, did not mention the fish outcrops but attributed the “limestones with radiolites” to the Cenomanian. Zumoffen ( 1926 ) described the fish fossil layers of Haqel as follow: “les calcaires à poissons occupant le fond d’une gorge étroite… toute la surface couverte d’une grande quantité d’éboulis… de plaques, de dalles et de schistes qui sont dans un désordre indescriptible, et qui rendent l’étude stratigraphique très difficile sinon impossible” [the fish limestones are in the bottom of a narrow gorge... the whole surface covered with a large amount of scree... plates, slabs and schists which are in an indescribable disorder, this makes the stratigraphic study very difficult or impossible]. He therefore adopted the stratigraphy of Humbert ( In Pictet & Humbert 1866 ) and placed the fish fossil beds of Haqel in the Cenomanian. For Hjoula, he considered that “le gisement de Djoula (Hjoula) n’est qu’une continuation ou l’extension de celui de Hackel (Haqel), les caractères pétrographiques et paléontologiques semblent le prouver” [the outcrop of Hjoula is a continuity or an extension of the Haqel outcrop as proven by the petrographic and palaeontologic characters]. From a stratigraphic point of view, Zumoffen ( 1926 ) located these fossil fish layers directly below the Nerinae requieni bed which marks the lower limit of the Turonian. This stratigraphic assumption was not accepted by Dubertret & Vautrin ( 1937 ). The latter questioned this limit and considered that Nerinea requieni is a synonym of Nerinae pseudonobilis Choffat which cannot be used as a stratigraphical marker. They assumed that it can be found in the typical Cenomanian as well as in the Turonian Hippurites beds in Lebanon ( op. cit. : p. 64). Dubertret ( 1955 , 1963 ) referred to the Cenomanian as C4 on his geological maps. He described the fossil fish-bearing layers of Hjoula and Haqel as following “Hadjoula et Hakel, se situent sensiblement au même niveau stratigraphique, en plein Cénomanien ; la roche est un calcaire en plaquettes, dur, parfois silicifié” [Hjoula and Haqel are almost at the same level, within the Cenomanian; the rock consists of laminated limestone, hard and sometimes silicified]. Patterson ( 1967 ) described the Haqel section as follow: “fish beds are at least 20 m. thick and their base has not been seen: above they pass into flaggy, unfossiliferous limestones” ( op. cit. : p. 70). He did not provide a stratigraphic interpretation for the fish-bearing deposits. He did not study the stratigraphy of the Hjoula outcrop in the village: “the building, cultivation and the inhabitants prevented me” ( op. cit. : p. 70). However, he used fish fossils for correlation and dating, attributing Haqel and Hjoula to the mid-Cenomanian and adding that a “more precise stratigraphical work” is needed ( op. cit. : p. 73). Hückel ( 1970 ) subdivided the Cenomanian sequence into seven units. He attributed the fish fossil layers of Hjoula to his “Cenoman IVd” subunit and the Haqel fish fossil layers to his “Cenoman Va” subunit. Despite the extensive work on these sites, his subdivision of the two fish-bearing outcrops, with same microfossil content ( op. cit. : p. 117), into two different subunits was based on silica (SiO 2 ) abundance he adopted form Roger ( 1946 ). In addition, Hückel ( 1970 ) dated these two subunits as a “later part of the early Cenomanian” ( op. cit. p. 9) again using another author’s data: both Acanthoceras mantelli (Sowerby, 1814) and Orbitolina concava concava (synonym of Orbitolina ( Orbitolina ) concava (Lamarck, 1816)) were identified by Zumoffen ( 1926 ) but never been illustrated; were used as biostratigraphic markers for this age assignment. Saint-Marc ( 1969 , 1974 ) has done an enormous amount of work on the micropalaeontology of the Late Cretaceous in Lebanon. However, he did not measure his own sections and sampled from sequences in Haqel and Hjoula. He only stated (1974, p.45) that “très morcelée par des accidents tectoniques, cette région demande une étude très serrée pour déterminer la position stratigraphique des gisements” [so much affected by tectonic accidents, this region needs a study to define the stratigraphy of these outcrops]. The age he attributed to these outcrops was deduced from the presence of a single macrofossil, namely the ammonite Acanthoceras mantelli (Sowerby, 1814), mentioned by Zumoffen ( 1926 ) and subsequently by Hückel ( 1970 ). This ammonite, not illustrated as stated above, is nowadays considered a synonym of Mantelliceras mantelli (Sowerby, 1817) and viewed as doubtful by Whippich & Lehmann 2004 (see below). We assume that this could be the only conclusion Saint-Marc made without considering the microfossils. Hemleben ( 1977 ) followed Hückel’s subdivisions of the Cenomanian sequence and was able to date the Cenoman subunits IVd and Va which correspond to Hjoula and Haqel deposits respectively. He inferred a late Cenomanian age for both deposits from planktonic foraminifera. However, most of foraminifers from the assemblages he mentioned were not illustrated, i.e. , Praeglobotruncana stephani (Gandolfi, 1942), Rotalipora cushmani (Morrow, 1934) and Rotalipora greenhornensis (Morrow, 1934). He showed only one section attributed to “ Rotalipora ” in his Fig. 1 (p. 241). This equatorial section is not diagnostic and do not allow a specific determination. Walley ( 1997 ) merely introduced the name of Sannine Formation for the unit C4 defined by Dubertret ( 1955 , 1963 ). Wippich & Lehmann ( 2004 ) considered the occurrence of the ammonite Acanthoceras mantelli (Sowerby, 1814) (found by Zumoffen ( 1926 )) from lateral facies supposed to be equivalent to Haqel Lagerstätte ), i.e. , Mantelliceras mantelli (Sowerby, 1817) to be doubtful. They assume it has been used by several authors to date the fish layers but could correspond to several taxa of the family Acanthoceratidae de Grossouvre, 1894. In turn, they described and illustrated the ammonite Allocrioceras cf. annulatum (Shumard, 1860) found in Hjoula Lagerstätten levels (not found in Haqel as mentioned in Whippich & Lehmann 2004; Lehmann pers. comm. 2023) and attributed these sequences to the late Cenomanian. Unfortunately, Wippich & Lehmann ( 2004 ) did not provide a geological section showing the level’s occurrence of this ammonite. Following P. Abi Saad, the ammonites ( Allocrioceras cf. annulatum ) come from about 50 cm above the uppermost chert level and are also found within the fish Lagerstätte in Hjoula. Lehmann et al. 2024 precise the age constrains of the Hjoula Lagerstätte based on new founds of well-preserved ammonites. They give a Late Cenomanian age but unfortunately the authors do no give a precise field section showing where their ammonite come from (see § biostratigraphy). For the Nammoura outcrop, Dalla Vecchia et al. ( 2002 ) provided a detailed stratigraphy with palaeontological content and dating. They divided the section into 8 units. The Lagerstätte correspond to their “unit 3”, subdivided into four subunits (a-d). Following the authors, the subunits a-b lack microfossils, whereas subunit “b” has chert concretion and subunit “d” consists of wackestones/packstones with calcispheres, bivalves and crinoid fragments. In “unit 4”, above the Nammoura Lagerstätte , the authors mentioned the presence of (undetermined) rudists with two fossil markers, namely Conicorbitolina cf. conica and Pseudedomia drorimensis , both of which were illustrated (2002, p. 64, Text-Fig. 14A-B). Dalla Vecchia et al. ( 2002 ) attributed an age of middle Cenomanian for the Nammoura Lagerstätte . The stratigraphical position of the Haqel and Hjoula outcrops has changed over time and with the index fossils used (Table A). The latter, namely macrofossils ( i.e. , ammonites) and microfossils ( i.e. , orbitolinids) were used or mentioned by authors but not systematically illustrated or revised to fit the actual stratigraphic range. In the following, we present the macro- and microfossil assemblages of the measured sections to constrain the stratigraphical position of these outcrops studied. In additional, the microfacies and fossil assemblages are used to infer the depositional environment and the conditions that favoured the exceptional preservation of fossils in the units considered as Lagerstätte . Table 1 Name and age attribution for Haqel and Hjoula outcrops through time. Author Botta ( 1833 ) Pictet & Humbert ( 1866 ) Fraas ( 1878 ) Diener ( 1886 ) Zumoffen (1929) Hückel ( 1970 ) Saint-Marc ( 1974 ) Dubertret ( 1963 ) Walley ( 1997 ) Wippich & Lehmann ( 2004 ) Description Poissons fossiles de Hakel (p. 150) [fish layers of Haqel] Fishes of Hackel (p. 239) Die Schiefer von Hakel (p.86) [fish layers of Haqel] Scheifer von Hackel (p. 29) [layers of Haqel] = Schiefer von Hazhûla (p. 38) [layers of Hjoula] Gisements à poisons à Hackel (p. 118) et a Djoula (p. [fish fossil layers in Haqel and Hjoula] Die fischschiefer von Hâqel and Hjoûla [The fish layers of Haqel and Hjoula] Gisements de poissons de Haqel et Hjoula (p. 47) [Haqel and Hjoula outcrops] Couches à poissons de Hadjoula et Hakel [Hajoula and Haqel fish beds] Haqel and Hajifia Lagerstätten = Sannine Formation (p. 11) Hâqel and Hjoûla sites Dating Early Cretaceous Cenomanian Turonian Turonian Cenomanian Early Cenomanian Early Cenomanian Cenomanian C4 Cenomanian Late Cenomanian Marker Facies attribution “ Hippurites lumbricalis ”, “ Cardium hillanum “Radiolite zone” Adopted from Fraas ( 1878 ) Nerinae requieni “ Acanthoceras mantelli ”, “ Orbitolina concava concava ” Adopted from Hückel ( 1970 ) and Zumoffen ( 1926 ) Facies Adopted from Dubertret ( 1963 ) Allocrioceras cf. annulatum MATERIAL AND METHODS The three localities studied Haqel, Hjoula and Nammoura are all private quarries located in the Mouhafazet (Governorate) Mount Lebanon, Central Lebanon. Haqel and Hjoula are in the Caza (district) of Byblos, nearly forty kilometres North-East of Beirut: GPS coordinates are respectively 34 ° 09 ' 53 '' N, 35 ° 45 ' 27 '' E and 34 ° 08 ' 01 '' N, 35 ° 44 ' 36 '' E (Fig. 1). However, Nammoura is in Kesserouane Caza, twenty-five kilometres NE of Beirut: GPS coordinates 34 ° 3 ' 21 '' N, 35 ° 41 ' 13 ''E (Fig. 2). The stratigraphic sections were measured with a Jacob Stuff. Hundred petrographic thin sections of limestones from the three localities were manufactured. One thin section set is stored at the Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva (Switzerland), and duplicates are stored at the Natural History Museum of the Lebanese University, Faculty of Science II, Fanar El-Matn (Lebanon). The main microfossils were systematically identified and photographed under a Leica DM2500 stereomicroscope. Geochemical analyses were performed to measure Carbon and Oxygen isotope ratios on all the collected samples. LITHOFACIES DESCRIPTION AND MICROFACIES Haqel section (Figs. 3-5) The section presented here starts in the lowest outcropping layers in the riverbed and ends at the top of the Fish layer below a gap of outcrop (scree) leading to limestones with stylolites. a) Blue grey limestones The blue grey limestones are 4.6 m thick and occur in the basal part of the section. Laminated cherts are present in the last 30 cm. Limestones are composed of wackestones with calcispheres and allochthonous (present only in some thin laminae i.e. most probably displaced from shallower environments) benthic foraminifera ( i.e. , orbitolinids, textularids, miliolids, cuneolinids, hauerinids), small planktonic foraminifera (hedbergellids) and echinoderm fragments. The main macrofossils encountered in situ are ophiurids, shrimps, small fishes and coprolites. b) Light-yellow limestone The massive limestone is 17 me thick, it appears light-yellow on fresh surfaces. Chert nodules or centimetric lenses are common within the first four meters and are more laminated in the following levels (Fig. 4D-E). At 17 meters from the base of the section a thick bed of 1.5 m displays slumps and load cast structures (Figs. 5A, B). The top of this unit contains chert lenses. Limestones are composed of packstones with calcispheres, planktonic foraminifers ( i.e. , hedbergellids, favusellids) and autochthonous benthic foraminifera ( i.e. , Gavellinellidae, Spiroplectammina sp.). The macrofossils at the top are very diverse and listed below (see paragraph: Microfossils assemblages). c) Massive grey limestones The 9 m thick massive grey limestones are massive and display multiple stylolites in first three meters (Fig. 5C). The limestone is composed of wackestones with allochthonous (in laminae, see above) benthic foraminifera (alveolinoids, miliolids, textularids and nezzazatids). No macrofossils were observed. Hjoula section (Figs. 6-9) This section is made up from the assembling of three different places which are difficult to correlate precisely (? tectonics, gaps, screes, etc.). We estimate the thickness as about 13 meters. It was hard to follow the layers successions because of the random excavation made by the owner, which prevent the access to most of the layers (Fig. 9C). Two main facies were identified, separated by an unconformity. a) Blue grey limestones (Fig. 8A) The 2 m thick blue grey limestones are composed of wackestones with rudists (Fig. 7A), bivalves (Fig.7A), autochthonous benthic foraminifera (alveolinoids, miliolids, nezzazatids, textularids) and echinoderms. b) Light-yellow and grey limestones (Fig. 8C) The 11 m thick limestones are partly laminated and includes chert nodules at the base. They are composed of packstones with calcispheres and planktonic foraminifera ( i.e. , hedbergellids, favusellids). Nammoura section (Fig. 10) Light-yellow to grey limestones This section is 30 meters thick and consists of partly laminated limestones displaying some chert nodules. Limestones are composed of fine-grained mudstones. Only very rare rotaliids and hedbergellids were identified, along with some rare calcispheres. Microfossils assemblage It is worth noting that the beautiful benthic foraminifers well known from the Cenomanian shelf (see e.g. Saint-Marc 1974) are absent from the samples collected in these series except eventually in the laminae that appear only in some very rare levels (e.g. samples TH7, TH22) and are probably due to small turbidites or tempestites bringing these shells from the shelf down to the small basins where the sections are studied. Haqel section Unit a) Allochthonous (in laminae, see above) benthic Foraminifera: Orbitolinidae (Fig. 11C), Biconcava (?), Gavelinellidae, Spiroplectammina sp., Spiroloculina sp. (Figs. 12M-N), “Nummuloculinas” (Fig. 12O), Istriloculina sp. (Fig. 12 Q), Pyrgo sp. (Fig. 12R), Quinqueloculina sp., Moncharmontia apenninica (De castro, 1966), Moncharmontia compressa (De castro, 1966), Neodubrovnikella ? turonica (Said & Kenawy, 1957), Novalesia sp., Nezzazata gr. gyra-conica , Nezzazata simplex Omara, 1956, Nezzazatinella sp., Rotaliidae; planktonic Foraminifera: Favusella washitensis (Carsey, 1926) (Fig. 14B-C), Whiteinella sp. (Fig. 14A), Rotalipora sp.; other rests: Ostracoda, Bryozoa and echinoderms. Unit b) Calcispheres: Pithonella ovalis (Kaufmann, 1865) (Fig. 13A), Pithonella sphaerica ( Kaufmann, 1865) (Fig. 13B), Stomiosphaera sp. (Figs. 13C, I) ; autochthonous benthic Foraminifera: Gavellinellidae, Spiroplectammina sp.; planktonic Foraminifera: Favusella washitensis , Muricohedbergella planispira (Tappan, 1940) (Figs. 14G-H), Muricohedbergella delrioensis (Carsey, 1926) (Fig. 14I), Laeviella ? (Fig. 14D, F), Whiteinella cf. baltica Douglas and Rankin, 1969 (Fig. 14E) and o ther rests: Ostracoda, echinoderms and bones debris. Unit c) Calcisphere: Pithonella sphaerica ( Kaufmann, 1865); allochthonous (in laminae, see above) benthic Foraminifera: ?Orbitolinidae, Biconcava (?), Cuneolina sp. (Fig. 12A-B), Nezzazatinella sp. (Fig. 12C), Nezzazata simplex Omara, 1956 (Fig. 12F), Novalesia ? , Spiroplectammina sp. (Fig. 12E), Sellialveolina sp., Istriloculina sp., Quinqueloculina sp., Spiroloculina sp., “Nummuloculinas” , Moncharmontia apenninica (De castro, 1966), Neodubrovnikella ? turonica (Said & Kenawy, 1957) (Fig. 12D), Nezzazata gr. gyra-conica and; planktonic Foraminifera: Heterohelicidae. Hjoula section Unit a) Autochthonous benthic Foraminifera: Simplalveolina simplex (Reichel, 1936) (Figs. 11 A-B), Sellialveolina sp., Biconcava (?) (Fig. 11D), Dicyclina sp. (Fig. 11F), Istriloculina sp., Merlingina (?) (Fig. 11E), Spiroloculina sp., Neodubrovnikella ? turonica (Fig. 11G), Nezzazatinella sp., Spiroplectammina sp. and Cuneolindae. Unit b) Calcispheres: Pithonella trejoi (Figs.13D, F-G), Pithonella perlonga (Fig. 13H), Pithonella sphaerica ( Kaufmann, 1865), Stomiosphaera sp. (Fig. 13E, J-K); allochthonous (in laminae, see above) benthic Foraminifera: Gavelinellidae, Spiroplectammina sp. (Figs. 12I-J), “Nummuloculinas” (Fig. 12P); allochthonous green algae (organo-genus): Terquemella sp. (Figs. 12K-L); planktonic Foraminifera: Globigerinelloididae (Fig. 14D), Favusella washitensis (Figs. 15E, I), Muricohedbergella delrioensis , Muricohedbergella planispira (Pl. 15B-C), Praeglobotruncana cf. delrioensis (Plummer, 1931) (Fig. 15K), ? Praeglobotruncana sp.), Rotaliporidae ( Thalmanninella cf. appenninica (Renz, 1936) (Figs. 15F-H)), Whiteinella sp. (Fig. 15J) and other rests: bones debris. Macrofossils assemblage Haqel section The macrofauna list was provided by P.A.S. (one of us and the owner of the quarry) (Table 2): Unit a): ray-finned fish, shrimps , brittle stars and squids. Unit b): Gaudryella . Unit c): Ray-finned fishes: Aipichthys , Anguillavus , Apateopholis , Armigatus , Charitopsis , Diplomystus , Eubiodectes , Eurypholis , Gaudryella , Halec , Sardinioides (Leptosomus) , Nematonodtus , Osmeroides , Pararaja , Petalopteryx , Pseudoberyx , Primigatus , Enchodus , pycnodonts, Trewavasia , “flying fishes”, small teleosteans; Chondrichthyes: Chimera ¸ Cyclobatis major , Cyclobatis oligodactylus, Cyclobatis sp., Rhinobatos hakelensis , Rhinobatos maronita , Rhinobatos whitfieldi , Rhinobatos sp. , Rhombopterygia, sharks; Sauropterygians: ichthyosaurs; “Invertebrates”: Palinurus , Pseudastacus , shrimps, crabs, squids, crinoids and brittle stars. Unit d) no macrofossils were found. Units a and b have not been sufficiently excavated. This likely explains the poor record of macrofossil remains. One of us D.A. found Mantelliceras mantelli (Sowerby, 1817), the present synonym of Acanthoceras mantelli sensu Hückel (1970) at Haqel (Fig. 16) 15 meters below the fossil fish Konservat-Lagerstätte level. Hjoula section The macrofossil list was provided by one of us P.A.S. who worked in the 80s for ten years in this quarry (Table 2): Unit a): in situ Unit b): Ray-finned fishes: Aipichthys , Anguillavus , Armigatus , Apateopholis , Coccodus , Diplomystus , Enchelion , Eubiodectes , Eurypholis , Gaudryella , Halec , Hajulia , Holocentrus , Nematonotus , Palaeobalistum , Pateroperca , Phylactocephalus , Prionolepis , Pseudoberyx , pycnodonts, Pycnosteroides , Rhyncodercetis , Sedenhorstia , Stichocentrus , large teleosteans, “flying fish”; Chondrichthyes: Cyclobatis , Rhinobatos , Rhombopterygia , sharks, sawfish; Coelacanths; “Invertebrates”: shrimps, , limulids, Nautilus , cuttlefishes, crinoids, worms. Table 2: List of fish fossils from Haqel (HK), Hjoula (HJ) and Nammoura (NA) TAXA HK HJ NA Chondrichthyes Elasmobranchii Cretoxyrhinidae Plicatolamna semiplicata (Agassiz, 1843) X X Hemiscylliidae Mesitia emiliae Kramberger, 1885 X Parascylliidae Pararhincodon lehmani Cappetta, 1980a X Scyliorhinidae Scyliorhinus bloti Cappetta, 1980a X Scyliorhinus arambourgi Cappetta, 1980a X Anacoracidae Squalicorax falcatus (Agassiz, 1843) X Pseudocoracidae Pseudocorax kindlimanni Jambura et al., 2021 X Sclerorhynchidae Libanopristis hiram (Hay, 1903) X Micropristis solomoni (Hay, 1903) X Squatinidae Squatina cranei Woodward, 1888 X Ptychodontidae Ptychodus decurens Agassiz, 1839 X Rhinobatidae Rhinobatos grandis (Davis, 1887) X Rhinobatos hakelensis Cappetta, 1980a X Rhinobatos maronita (Pictet & Humbert, 1866) X Rhinobatos whitfieldi (Hay, 1903) X Rhinobatidae Rhombopterygia rajoides Cappetta, 1980b X Rajidae Pararaja expansa (Davis, 1887) X Cyclobatidae Cyclobatis major Davis, 1887 X X Cyclobatis oligodactylus Egerton, 1844 X X X Cyclobatis tuberculatus Cappetta, 1980b X Sarcopterygii Latimeriidae Macropomoides orientalis Woodward, 1942 X X Actinopterygii Ionoscopiformes Spathiurus dorsalis Davis, 1887 X Aphanepygidae Aphanepygus dorsalis (Davis, 1887) X Petalopteryx syriacus Pictet, 1850 X Pycnodontiformes Pycnodont sp. X Nursalliidae Nursallia goedeli (Heckel, 1856) X X X Proscinetes sp. X Palaeobalistidae ?Palaeobalistum libanicum Kramberger, 1895 X Coccodontidae Coccodus armatus Pictet, 1850 X Coccodus lindstroemi Davis, 1890† X Coccodus insignis Hay, 1903 X Paracoccodus woodwardi Taverne & Capasso, 2014b X X Corusichthys megacephalus Taverne & Capasso, 2014b X Hensodon spinosus (Hennig, 1907) X Trewavasiidae Trewavasia carinatus (Davis, 1887) X Pycnodontidae Rhinopycnodus gabriellae Taverne & Capasso, 2013b X Acrorhinichthys poyato i Taverne & Capasso, 2015a X X Libanopycnodus wenzi Taverne & Capasso, 2018 X Sigmapycnodus giganteus Taverne & Capasso, 2018 X Flagellipinna rhomboides Cawley & Kriwet 2019 X Akromystax tilmachiton Poyato-Ariza & Wenz, 2005 X Haqelpycnodus picteti Taverne & Capasso, 2018 X Nursallia tethysensis Capasso et al., 2009 X Gladiopycnodontidae Gladiopycnodus karami Taverne & Capasso, 2013a X Gladiopycnodus byrnei Marrama et al., 2016 X Monocerichthys scheuchzeri Taverne & Capasso, 2013a X Rostropycnodus gayeti Taverne & Capasso, 2013a X Joinvillichthys lindstroemi Taverne & Capasso, 2014a X Joinvillichthys kriweti Taverne & Capasso, 2014a X X Pankowskichthys libanicus Taverne & Capasso, 2014a X X Hayolperichthys pectospinus Taverne & Capasso, 2015b X Ducrotayichthys cornutus Taverne & Capasso, 2015b X Tricerichthys wenzi Taverne & Capasso, 2015b X Stenoprotome hamata Hay, 1903 X Ichthyoceros spinosus Gayet, 1984 X Gabrayelichthyidae Gabrayelichthys uyenoi Nursall & Capasso, 2004 X X Gabrayelichthys vexillarius Nursall & Capasso, 2004 X Maraldichthys verticalis Nursall & Capasso, 2004 X Teleostei incertae sedis Prognathoglossum kalassyi Taverne & Capasso, 2012 X Capassopiscis pankowskii Taverne, 2022 X Petersichthys libanicus Taverne, 2021 X Palaeopantodon vandersypeni Taverne, 2021 X Ichthyodectiformes Eubiodectes libanicus (Pictet & Humbert, 1866) X X X Aspidorhynchiformes Belonostomus sp. 1 X Belonostomus sp. 2 X Elopomorpha Elopidae Davichthys gardnieri Forey, 1973a X Ctenodentelops striatus Forey et al., 2003 X Megalopidae Sedenhorstia libanica (Woodward, 1901) X Sedenhorstia dayi (Hay, 1903) X Sedenhorstia orientalis Goody, 1969a X Pterothrissidae Hajula multidens Woodward, 1942 X X Albulidae Lebonichthys lewisi (Davis, 1887) X Lebonichthys namouresis Forey et al., 2003 X Anguilliformes Anguillavus bathshebae Hay, 1903 X X Anguillavus quadripinnis Hay, 1903 X Abisaadia hakelensis (Davis, 1887) X Urenchelys germanus Hay, 1903 X Enchelion montium Hay, 1903 X Luenchelys minimus Belouze et al., 2003 X Tselfatiiformes Protobrama avus Woodward, 1942 X Protobrama woodwardi Taverne & Gayet, 2004 X Eusebichthys byblosi Taverne & Gayet, 2004 X Abisaadichthys libanicus Taverne & Gayet, 2004 X Rhamphoichthys taxidiotis El Hossny et al., 2023 X Tselfatia formosa Arambourg, 1943 Clupeomorpha incertae sedis Ornategulum sardiniodes (Pictet, 1850) X X Parclupeidae Armigatus brevissimus (de Blainville, 1818) X X Armigatus namourensis Forey et al., 2003 X Armigatus alticorpus Forey et al., 2003 X Diplomystus birdi Woodward, 1901 X X Triplomystus noorae Forey et al., 2003 X Triplomystus oligoscutatus Forey et al., 2003 X Sorbonichthys elusivo Bannikov & Bacchia, 2000 X Scutatoclupea bacchiai Bannikov, 2015 X Clupeiformes Scombroclupea macrophthalma (Heckel, 1849) X X X Scombroclupea diminuta Forey et al., 2003 X Gonorhynchiformes Gonorhynchidae Charitopsis spinosus Gayet, 1993b X Charitosomus hakelensis (Davis, 1887) X Euteleostei incertae sedis Pseudoberyx syriacus Pictet & Humbert, 1866 X X Pseudoberyx bottae Pictet & Humbert, 1866 X X Pseudoberyx grandis Davis, 1887 X Gaudryella gaudryi (Pictet & Humbert, 1866) X X X Gharbouria libanica Gayet, 1988a X Ginsburgia operta Patterson, 1970 X X Lebrunichthys nammourensis Taverne & Capasso, 2020a X Stanhopeichthys libanicus Taverne & Capasso, 2020b X Ypsiloichthys sibelleae El Hossny & Cavin, 2023 X Aulopiformes Chirothricidae Exocoetoides minor Davis, 1887 X X Telepholis tenuis (Davis, 1887) X X Ichthyotringidae Ichthyotringa delicata (Hay, 1903) X X Apatepopholidae Apateopholis laniatus (Davis, 1887) X X Dercetidae Rhynchodercetis hakelensis (Pictet & Humbert, 1866) X Rhynchodercetis serpentinus (Hay, 1903) X Rhynchodercetis gracilis Chalifa, 1989a X Rhyncodercetis yovanovitchi Arambourg, 1954 X Prionolepidae Prionolepis cataphractus (Pictet & Humbert, 1866) X X Enchodontidae Enchodus marchesetti (Kramberger, 1895) X X Enchodus mecoanalis Forey et al., 2003 X Spinascutichthys pankowskiae Murray et al., 2022 X Eurypholidae Eurypholis boissieri Pictet, 1850 X X X Saurorhamphus giorgiae Bannikov & Bacchia, 2005 X Halecidae Phylactocephalus microlepis Davis, 1887 X X Hemisaurida hakelensis Goody, 1969b X Serrilepis prymnostrigos Forey et al., 2003 . X Serrilepis minor Forey et al., 2003 X Aulopodidae Nematonotus bottae (Pictet & Humbert, 1866) X X Nematonotus longispinus (Davis, 1887) X Myctophiformes Sardinioididae Sardinioides minimus (Agassiz, 1839) X X Sardinioides attenuatus Woodward, 1901 X X Sardinioides pontivagus (Hay, 1903) X X Acrognathus dodgei Hay, 1903 X X Ctenothrissidae Ctenothrissa vexillifer (Pictet, 1850) X Ctenothrissa protodorsalis Gaudant, 1978a X Ctenothrissa signifer Hay, 1903 X Heterothrissa signeuxae Gaudant, 1978a X Pattersonichthyidae Pateroperca libanica Woodward, 1942 X Pateroperca robusta Gaudant, 1978e X Pattersonichthys delicatus Goody, 1969b X Phoenicolepis arcuatus Gaudant, 1978a X Humilichthys orientalis Gaudant, 1978a X Acanthomorpha incertae sedis Gigapteryx tethyestris Forey et al., 2003 X Polymixiidae Berycopsis pulcher Bannikov & Bacchia, 2005 X Blochiidae ?Cylindracanthus libanicus (Woodward, 1942) X X Pharmichthyidae Pharmacichthys venenifer Woodward, 1942 X Pharmacichthys numismalis Gayet, 1980b X Aipichthyidae Aipichthys minor (Pictet, 1850) X X Aipichthys velifer Woodward, 1901 X Aipichthys oblongus Gayet, 1980b X Pycnosteroididae Pycnosteroides levispinosus (Hay, 1903) X Beryciformes incertae sedis Plesioberyx maximus Gayet, 1980b X Plesioberyx discoides Gayet, 1980b X Cryptoberyx minimus Gaudant, 1978c X Holocentroidei Stichocentrus liratus Patterson, 1967b X Stichocentrus elegans Gaudant, 1969 X Stichocentrus spinulosus Gayet, 1980b X Paracentrus lebanonensis Forey et al., 2003 X Caproberyx pharsus Patterson, 1967b X Trachichthyoidei Stichopteryx lewisi (Davis, 1887) X X Lissoberyx dayi (Woodward, 1942) X Lissoberyx arambourgi Gaudant, 1969 X Trachichthyoidei Lissoberyx denticulatus Gayet, 1980b X Microcapros libanicus Gayet, 1980c X Libanoberyx spinosus Gayet, 1980b X Hgulichthys spinus Otero et al., 1995 X Tetraodontiformes Plectocretacicus clarae Sorbini, 1979 X INTERPRETATION Biostratigraphy Benthic Foraminifera Haqel: Orbitolina (Conicorbitolina) conica (D'Archiac, 1837) (sample TH7, Fig. 11C) and Sellialveolina sp. (TH7 and TH22) occur directly at the base of the Lagerstätten in Haqel. Orbitolina (Conicorbitolina) conica (D'Archiac, 1837) is Early to Middle Cenomanian (Cherchi & Schroeder, 2004) and Sellialveolina sp. are known in Lebanon from the Early to the Late Cenomanian (St-Marc 1974 found S. vialii from Early to Middle Cenomanian and S. drorimensis from Early to Late Cenomanian). Rare sections attributed to Moncharmontia appenninica (Fig. (and its var. compressa ) are found in Haqel (Th3; Th22). The first occurrence of this species is known as Middle Cenomanian (Schlagintweit & Moghadam 2021). Hjoula: The presence of (one) section of Nummofallotia apula at the top of Hjoula section (Th31, Fig. xxx) indicates the Middle Cenomanian or younger (FO during the Middle Cenomanian following Schroeder & Neumann 1985). The presence of Simplalveolina simplex (Hjoula, Samples number DA7 (=TH23) and DA2 (=TH23), Figs. 11, A-B) indicates an Early to Late Cenomanian age (Schroeder & Neumann 1985). Nammoura: the Lagerstätten located in the Unit 3 of Dalla Vecchia et al. (2002) does not contain stratigraphic fossil, while their Unit 4 contains S. drorimensis (Early to Late Cenomanian), O . ( C .) conica (Early to Middle Cenomanian) P. gr. c retacea (Middle to Late Cenomanian); S. laurinensis (Middle to basal Late Cenomanian) giving a Middle Cenomanian age for this Unit. Based on benthic Foraminifers, the Nammoura Lagerstätten may then be Middle Cenomanian or older (Early Cenomanian?). Dalla Vecchia et al., 2002 mention Nammoura “could be coeval with Hjoula and Haqel sites or even older” contrarily to their previous statement (Dalla-Vecchia & Venturini 1999). Planktonic Foraminifera Costullate hedbergellids are present along both sections Haqel and Hjoula. They are attributed to both Paracostellagerina libyca ( Hedbergella costellata St Marc 1973) and Favusella washitensis . P. libyca is proposed as Albian P. appenninica Zone to Early Cenomanian T. globotruncanoides Zone (Mikrotax.org 2024) but Saint-Marc 1973 reported the presence (type level) of H. costellata in the Middle Cenomanian of Ech Chouaïfât-Deir Qoubil (Lebanon). Favusella washitensis (Figs. 14B-C; Figs. 15E-I) is proposed as Albian T. rohri zone to Early Cenomanian T. globotruncanoides zone (Mikrotax.org 2024) but Carter & Hart 1977 as well as Kennedy 1969 reported the presence of F. washitensis during the Middle Cenomanian (just below the Orbirhynchia mantelliana Band which is at the upper limit of the Middle Cenomanian Turrilites costatus Zone) in England. Quality sections of Favusella washitensis with inflated chambers, strongly depressed sutures and 3-4 rapidly enlarging chambers in the last whorl are characteristic e.g. at the top of Hjoula section sample Th30 in Figure 6. Among the rare rotaliporids some (rather rare) sections found in Hjoula can be attributed to Thalmanninella cf. appenninica (Figs. 15F-H) (F.O. in Albian T. appenninica Zone) which has a last occurrence in the middle part of the R. cushmani zone (L.O. in the Middle Cenomanian A. rhotomagense ammonite Zone). We did not recognize the Praeglobotruncana stephani , Rotalipora cushmani and R . greenhornenis mentioned (not illustrated) by Hemleben (1977). We should mention that he surprisingly did not note the presence of the characteristic costulate sections of F . washitensis . Nannofossils The samples collected by Lehmann et al. (2024) show a moderate to poor preservation of the nannofossils with a low diversity. Most observed taxa are long ranging and Cenomanian markers are absent. The presence of “two singles” Corollithion kennedyi support the Cenomanian age. Ostracods : Hemleben (1977) mentions Cythereis oertlii Bishoff, a species proposed to be common to very abundant from the lower Albian to the lowermost Cenomanian (Bishoff, 1963) but also in younger Cretaceous levels by more recent authors (e.g. El Nady et al. 2008). Ammonites Zumoffen (1926, p. 121) reports the index ammonite Acanthoceras mantelli ( Mantelliceras matelli ) SE of the Lagerstätten Hackel, a little higher on the slope. It may be the same he mentioned p.118 in marly limestones with Eoradiolites lyratus Conrad and lamellibranch casts, located below compact massive limestones deposited in thick beds with abundant silex. This ammonite is located by Hückel 1970 within the strata located just above the Lagerstätten . This record, followed by many subsequent authors, is however considered as doubtful by Whippich and Lehmann 2004 as the specimen has never been figured or described. Whippich & Lehmann 2004 reported the presence of Allocrioceras cf. annulatum in both Haqel and Hjoula. According to the authors (who followed Kennedy 1988) A. annulatum is characteristic of the Metoicoceras geslinianum ammonite Zone of the Late Cenomanian. The specimens are reported from “Cenomanian lithographic limestones of the Lebanon” from both Haqel and Hjoula; however, Lehmann (comm. pers. 2023) corrected the presence of A. cf. annulatum in Hjoula only – not in Haqel. No precision is given on the exact stratigraphic position of the ammonites, although they are supposed to come from the Lagerstätten layers. Lehmann et al. (2024) reported that ammonites only occur in Hjoula. They report the presence of well-preserved ammonites determined as: Eucalycoceras rowei which characterize the lower Late Cenomanian Calycoceras (P.) guerangeri Zone; Eucalycoceras cf. pentagonum from the lower Late Cenomanian Calycoceras (Proeucalycoceras) guerangeri Zone; Euomphaloceras varicostatum known from the Late Cenomanian of India, only known in levels possibly equivalent to the Metoicoceras geslinianum Zone in the middle Late Cenomanian; Forbesiceras aff. baylissi mainly known form the Early Cenomanian Mantelliceras dixoni Zone, but that also occur in the Middle Cenomanian; no Late Cenomanian records yet but since the genus is known in the Late Cenomanian and several species show a rather long stratigraphic range, the occurrence of the species baylissi in the Late Cenomanian is convincing following the authors. Lehmann et al. (2024) also identify the ammonites of Alessandrello et al. 2016 as Neolobites (?) sp. and consider this identification confirm the Late Cenomanian age (Neolobites vibrayeanus / Calycoceras guerangeri Zone) for the “sublithographic limestones” sensu Lehmann et al. (2024), i.e., the fish beds. Biostratigraphic discussion and conclusion: The benthic Foraminifera give a Middle Cenomanian age; the planktonic Foraminifera give an Albian to Middle Cenomanian age, and the Ammonites give a Late Cenomanian age. Some benthic foraminifera occur in laminae (e.g. sample TH7, TH22 in Haqel) and are probably reworked from shallower sediments in small/distal turbidites. However, the laminae do not show any pebble containing (or not) the benthic foraminifera; the shells do not show any sign of wear and could then be considered as contemporaneous with the surrounding sediment. From the data mentioned above, the age given by microfossils is then Middle Cenomanian with the huge advantage being that we know exactly from which level they come within the lithographic limestones of the Lagerstätten (Figs. 3, 6). The rare well preserved ammonites’ specimens used for biostratigraphy in the Lebanese Lagerstätten have the unfortunate disadvantage of never being precisely located in the field. The age they provide is different from the one obtained with microfossils. The precise age of Haqel and Hjoula Lagerstätten although known as Cenomanian since decades does not seem to be totally solved yet. Confrontation of the biostratigraphic data between ammonite and foraminifera makes the age question remains open as well as the possible contemporaneousness of the Lagerstätten . It may be solved in the future by further detailed field work and precisely located new ammonite findings; although (as mentioned by St Marc (1974)), significant tectonic in the area definitely makes correlation between outcrops difficult. Indeed, contiguous outcropping levels may be of rather different ages as we can note regarding e.g. the maps and diagrams of the Lagerstätten made by Hückel (1970). Chemiostratigraphy Geochemical analyses were performed to measure Carbon and Oxygen isotope ratios on all the collected samples for the sections Haqel and Hjoula (Figs. 3, 6). The Anoxic levels are missed in sampling or the C/T boundary was not reached. Elemental mapping Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) quantification were acquired using a TESCAN MAIA3 GMU with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy (OXFORD ULTIM MAX 170). The sample was uncoated and EDS analyses with Large Area Mapping (LAM) technique was completed using an accelerating voltage of 20 keV at a working distance of 5 mm for acquisition rate ~30000 cps/s. The EDS elements in this study were collected at 20 keV with ~100000 counts/s and ~30% dead time. We made elemental mapping using a MAIA3 Triglav TESCAN SEM and we distinguished in Haqel section a passage from a layer rich with Mg to another deprived of this element. Correlations The two sites Haqel and Hjoula are distant by 3.7 km. Along our Haqel section, there is no clear macroscopic unconformity visible along the encompassed series on the field. The area is highly affected by tectonic accidents and correlations between the different outcrop is difficult. Hückel (1970) made the most comprehensive field work of the area. The Lagerstätten consist of packstones with calcispheres and planktonic foraminifers. Laminae containing benthic foraminifers ( e.g., Alveolinoidea or Orbitlolinidae) are sometimes observed along the section. A lower unconformity is observed in Hjoula marked by the change in facies from lumachellic bed with rudists (Figs. 8A-B) shells, alveolinoids and orbitolinids to a fine laminated bed. The facies (light-yellow limestones), microfacies (packstones) and the microfossil assemblage of calcispheres, benthic and planktonic foraminifers are similar in both Lagerstätten . All these data summed up allow a rough stratigraphic correlation. The topmost part of the Hjoula section is not exposed (due to screes and random excavation of the topmost layers (Fig. 9C)). Our Nammoura section would be directly correlated with the “units 2 and 3” of Dalla Vecchia et al. (2002) because we found only some rare calcispheres with rare Muricohedbergella sp. in our samples. The micropalaeontological data (this work) as well as the new ammonite data (Lehmann et al. (2014)) do not allow to give a more precise correlation than the one previously proposed e.g. by Hückel (1970) based on field data (lithostratigraphy, sedimentology). As a reminder, Hückel proposed Hjoula Lagerstätte being slightly older (Cenoman IVd) than Haqel Lagerstätte (Cenoman Va). New well-located ammonites combined with detailed field work (lithostratigraphy, sedimentology, tectonic) may then be the only key to a more precise correlation between the Lagerstätten . DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT A review Pictet and Humbert (1866) suggested that Haqel deposition was formed aside the land due to the presence of an insect (a wingless Orthoptera, op. cit. : p. 240). In 1938, van Straelen considered that the Haqel deposition “ne sont point des formations bathyales… ils appartiennent à la zone néritique, voire littorale, et rappellent les dépôts se formant dans les baies qui découpent les massifs récifaux… ils sont des récifs à radiolites et à Hippurites qui passent latéralement aux calcaires grenus en bacs minces” [are not a bathyal formation… but a neritic or even littoral zone. They remind the depositions formed in the bay and that encompasses the reefal environments… they represent reefs with radiolites and Hippurites passing laterally to grainy limestones in thin beds]. Roger (1946) considered that all the palaeobiologic data could not be separated from the palaeogeographic data. He subdivided faunal assemblages of Haqel and Hjoula to four different groups: necton with Selacians; planktonic with branchiopods, Antedon and globigerinids; bathypelagic with Istieus , Dercetis , Myctophidae and benthic with Limulus , Sculda , worms and Pseudosculda . He described the palaeoenvironment as several hundred of meters deep (with the occurrence of crustacean and globigerinids). He considered that the fish beds were laid on a deoxygenated bottom in channels between shallow reefs (with rudists) away from the coast. Patterson (1967) provided a preliminary observation on the palaeoenvironment. He suggested that the fish beds were deposited in a submarine canyon (a trap for fishes and invertebrates) with a deoxygenated bottom and a supply of fine sediments. He interpreted the death of this high number of fishes as “mass mortalities caused by toxins released in " waterbloom " conditions, and that the high percentage of silica in the rocks (21% at Hakel, not detrital but colloidal, Roger, 1946: p. 77) results from the solution of diatom frustules”. Hückel (1970), suggested that the fish beds of Haqel and Hjoula were deposited in small tectonic basins (some hundreds of meters wide and up to 270m deep) in a “subsequent stagnant stage… they may have been re-deposited by occasional small-scale suspension currents. Locally they interfinger with the beds of the surrounding sea floor” ( op. cit. p. 9). In 1977, Hemleben represented a general depositional scheme to Haqel and Hjoula deposits. He suggested that they correspond to tectonic troughs at the border between shelf and basin filled with allochthonous and pelagic sediments. For Hemleben (1977) the fossil preservation was favored by an oxygen deficiency and a rapid sedimentation. He explained the massive mortality of the fauna by the upwellings causing red tides in this marginal shelf environment. Walley (1997) claimed that these layers have been deposited in low oxygen environments, and the biotas possibly represent localised zones of chemoautotrophic communities based around deep water methane seeps. Dalla Vecchia et al. (2002) focused their work on the Nammoura outcrop. They suggested a small non-tectonic marine basin environment bordered by clinoform with a normal fauna death deposition. However, they adopted the hypothesis of Hemleben (1977) for Haqel and Hjoula Lagerstätten . They considered these two depositions were formed in tectonic basins but with different macrofaunal composition. Our interpretation Our palaeoenvironmental interpretation is based on the microfacies and fossil assemblage, which is composed of abundant micro and macrofauna. In the studied sections, the occurrence of Orbitolinids and Alveolinoids in very thin laminae (Fig. 8C) indicate they are redeposited in sediments interpreted as distal turbidites (or tempestites). The thin bedded (?) muddy limestone (wackestones) of the Lagerstätten and the mud-dwelling Istriloculina (Arnaud-Vanneau and Slitter, 1995; Omaña & Alencáster, 2009) suggest a quiet water environment (decantation) surrounding the Lagerstätten of Haqel and Hjoula. In our opinion, the presence of marine fauna i.e., fishes, sharks, shrimps, ammonites… as well as terrestrial fauna i.e., pterosaurs (Dalla Vecchia, 2001; Kellner et al., 2019) and numerous non-dislocated insects (Maksoud & Azar, 2021) in Hjoula outcrop indicate the presence of an emerged land (island(s)) closer than the several hundreds of kilometres proposed for the coastline by previous authors. The complete preservation of marine and terrestrial animals marks a smooth deposition of the layers. Haqel Lagerstätte corresponds to the same deposition environment as Hjoula. In addition to the marine fauna (fishes, shrimps, etc.), both outcrops have yield pterosaurs; and insects (Azar et al., 2024) but rare fossils of plants were recorded in Haqel. Worth noting that it could be possible to find them in the future and Hjoula which could be a bit more away from the emerged land based on the presence of fossil insects. Calcispheres and Gavelinellidae are known from low oxygen and high nutrient sediments (Omaña et al., 2014; 2019). This could be the main reason behind the death and the exceptional preservation of the fauna in Haqel and Hjoula outcrops. Considering the planktonic foraminifers, we note the frequent small sized morphotypes (hedbergellids and rare globigerinelloids) observed all over the sections of Haqel and Hjoula in association with ornamented Hedbergellid ( Paracostellagerina lybica ) and Favusellid ( Favusella washitensis) . Both groups Hedbergellids and Globigerinelloids, indicate usually a shallow epicontinental sea or a marginal sea (Eicher & Worstell, 1970; Leckie, 1987). Also, we found Favusella washitensis in several levels in both sections Haqel and Hjoula; this species is particularly characteristic of warm shallow water environments i.e., such as marginal seas or carbonate platforms (Barr, 1972; Koutsoukos et al., 1989; Longoria & Gamper, 1977; Saint-Marc, 1973). We also found some (very) rare Heterohelicids characteristic of epicontinental sea fauna (Leckie, 1987) in Haqel. The rare occurrence of the keeled genera i.e., Thalmanninella and Praeglobotruncana which are, in general, deeper dwelling planktonic foraminifera (Hart & Bailey, 1979; Leckie, 1989) indicate a moderate depth. Carinate forms were more often (less rarely) encountered in Hjoula. The dominance of epicontinental species suggests that the depth around these basins should not exceed 100 meters (Hart & Bailey, 1979). Our Nammoura field section (Fig. 10) can be easily correlated with the field section of Dalla Vecchia et al. (2002) (i.e., unit 3). We adopt the environmental interpretation of the authors: The geometry of their section shows the Lagerstätten began to form in a small a marine basin bordered by a clinoform that was not deeper than 50 meters. Fossil fish assemblages Systematic excavations carried out for decades by one of us (P.A.S) and his team in the sites of Haqel and Hjoula have provided a wealth of information on the stratigraphic distribution of fish taxa, as well as their abundance and their type of conservation (Table 2). The data is particularly instructive in the Haqel site, where they have been collected for 30 years in the 5.5 meters thick unit c section (Fig. 3). Twenty-six beds were defined in this unit during the excavation. The abundance of fossil fish is highest in the lower part of the unit, from bed 26 to bed 18. These beds contain a slightly fewer calcispheres than the upper part of the unit. The three lowest levels (26-24, Figs. 17A-D) are very rich in ray-finned and cartilaginous fishes, and Pseudastacus decapods. In bed 26, the density of certain taxa is very high in some areas, and field estimates show that it can reach 15 specimens per square meter for the fish Eurypholis and 10 specimens per square meter for the crustacean Pseudastacus . Bed 24 (Fig. 17D) is characterized by its lithology and is the only one in this rich lower part of the unit to contain favuselids. Bed 23, characterized by the presence of chert nodules and ostracods, does however contain some fossil fish, such as pycnodonts, and the only ammonite found in the section. The two upper beds (22 and 21) are very rich in cartilaginous and ray-finned fish. Bed 22 is subdivided into three distinct layers. The lowest layer produces the greatest diversity of fish, the middle layer contains crinoids, and the top layer contains mainly small fish, Sardinioides (“ Leptosomus” ) and Petalopteryx . Bed 21 contains large specimens of pycnodonts and Enchodus , numerous Cyclobatis rays, squids preserved with tentacles, and specimens of most other known fish taxa at the locality. Bed 20 is a thin layer of chert nodules and Bed 19 is rich in most cartilaginous and ray-finned fish species (Figs. 17E-F). In an excavation area, the number of Cyclobatis , Rhinobatos and Palinurus lobster reached 1 per square meter, and 0.3 for the shark. Bed 18 above is particularly rich in Gaudryella , as well as other taxa such as Petalopteryx , Apateopholis , Trewavasia , Rhinobatos guitarfish, and sharks (Figs. 17G-H). Bed 17 is a 1.5 meter thick layer without vertebrate remains, but with textularids in its middle depth, and some echinoderms and an increase in calcispheres in its upper part. The presence of cross-stratifications indicates that this layer was deposited in a channel. Above this level, the deposits of unit c are characterized by the presence of hedbergells and favuselids, absent in the lower part of unit, and by a lower density of fossil fish except for certain layers. The lowest bed (16) is particularly rich in Cyclobatis , the thin layer 15 is rich in Armigatus (about 15 per square meter), cartilaginous fish but few Eurypholis . The area between beds 15 and 14 is very rich in Nematonotus , and bed 14 is characterized by a high density of small fish and small crabs, both reaching a density of about 20 per square meter. Following a layer with chert nodules (layer 13), two layers contain many decapods. The lowest (bank 12) gives mainly shrimps and the highest (bank 11) contains mainly small crabs, with a density reaching 100 per square meter, as well as some fish. Above this "crab layer", are two thick (0.3 m) and dense layers (beds 10 and 8) without fossil fish separated by a thin layer (3 cm) containing about 0.5 Cyclobatis per square meter. Bed 7 contains few fish, mostly disarticulated and not always preserved flat, which can cross several layers inside the bed. It also yielded the only ichthyosaur remains found in this quarry (reference). Bed 6 is the highest bed with some disarticulated fish, covered by five beds with no large fossil fish but only rare small fish and shrimp. The upper two layers are characterized by an increase in calcispheres, textularids, nezzazatids, cuneolinids and miliolids. DISCUSSION Palaeoenvironment During the Cenomanian, Lebanon and the whole Arabian Peninsula were part of the African platform in the northern part of the Gondwana super-continent (Philip et al., 1993 ). In Cenozoic times, opening of the Red Sea separated the Arabian Peninsula from Africa. Like the mid-Cenomanian Nammoura outcrop, Haqel and Hjoula fish layers were deposited during the Middle or Late Cenomanian, in small, shallow basins with a low water flow (Dalla Vecchia and Chiappe, 2002 ; Dalla Vecchia et al., 2002 ). Thus, mild oscillations of the relative sea level produced an exceptional “sandwich of shallow water carbonate facies (often rudist bearing) alternating with finely-bedded or laminated mudstones” as described by Ferry et al. ( 2007 ). Such palaeoenvironment together with the morphology of the small collapse basins (Hückel 1970 ) and the dysoxic / anoxic conditions probably caused by phytoplankton blooms (Patterson 1967 , Hückel 1970 , Hemleben 1977 ) provide suitable conditions for the excellent preservation of the rich fauna consisting of: fishes (Forey et al., 2003 ), reptiles (Dalla Vecchia et al., 2001 ), crustaceans (Garassino, 2000 ), annelids (Bracchi & Alessandrello, 2005 ), cephalopods (Wippich & Lehmann, 2004 ; Fuchs, 2006 ), etc. In many samples (e.g. Th11, Th38), the size of the fragmentated shells is remarkably calibrated / sorted (e.g. “chewed” by fishes and/or arranger by bottom currents). Laminae appear very clearly in many samples. The proportion of mud in the samples varies over time. A sample (Th30) shows a non-dismantled echinoderm (ophiurid), suggesting a calm bottom (maybe due to the absence of currents and/or absence of predators). The rich benthic foraminifera assemblage of the Cenomanian platforms in Lebanon mentioned by Saint-Marc ( 1974 ), is absent from the samples taken from the studied sections. It only appears in very rare cases (Th7, Th22) in laminae, perhaps linked to small underwater avalanches dragging this material from the platform down to the small basins where the sections were made. The sampled beds could be considered as exceptional layers from the Lebanese Cenomanian. Fish assemblages Variations between the Lebanese Cenomanian fish assemblages (Fig. 18 ) Forey et al. ( 2003 ) provided a comparison between several Cenomanian fish assemblages from various Tethys localities and the English Chalk, with particular emphasis on the three Lebanese assemblages Nammoura, Haqel and Hjoula. We compare here the figures obtained by Forey et al. ( 2003 ) with data updated in the present study. The new compilation is not only based on discoveries made in the quarry dug by one of us (P.A.S.), but based on a review of the literature. (Fig. 17 ) shows the number of species in each assemblage and the number of shared species calculated as in Forey et al. ( 2003 ), i.e., the total number of shared species divided by the total number of species at the least rich locality expressed in %, for the two studies separated by two decades. The number of described species has increased significantly, 20% for Haqel, 24% for Hjoula and 33% for Nammoura, but the percentage of species shared between the assemblages is quite similar, only a 2% difference between Nammoura and the two other assemblages, and a slightly greater decrease between Haqel and Hjoula, from 54 to 44% of shared species. Over the past two decades, new taxa have been particularly numerous in the pycnodonts, with 26 new species, including some in the Pycnodontidae (Taverne & Capasso, 2013a , 2015a , 2018 , Cawley & Kriwet, 2017, 2019, Poyato-Ariza & Wenz, 2005 ) but especially in the highly derived Coccodontidae (Taverne & Capasso, 2014a ), Gladiopycnodontidae (Taverne & Capasso, 2013b , 2014b , 2015b) and Gebrayelichthyidae (Nursall & Capasso, 2004 ). The unique morphology of the last three families, endemic to Lebanese Cenomanian sites, is an enigma to understand their biology. These bizarre pycnodonts are very rare and have been found mainly at Haqel (Capasso, 2024 ), but we cannot decide at this stage whether this is due to real differences caused by different environmental conditions or whether it is due to collection bias. Other new taxa include several tselfatiiformes (Taverne & Gayet, 2004 , 2005 ), a group of ray-finned fish currently under study by one of us (T.E.H.), and several taxa referring to the Pantodontidae (Taverne & Capasso, 2012 , Taverne, 2021 , 2022 ), although we consider their identification still uncertain. The latter have not been included in the Fig. 18 (environment- fish). Fieldwork conducted by one of us (P.A.S.) provided qualitative data on compositional variations within each assemblage, bed by bed, but these qualitative data do not allow for the characterization of clear trends from quantitative data. However, general differences are observed between the faunal composition of the Haqel and Hjoula sites. Pycnodonts, and particularly Coccodontoidea, are more diverse at Haqel than at Hjoula (Table 2 ). This is also the case for holosteans, gonorynchids, and elopomorphs. In contrast, myctophiforms and beryciforms appear to be more diverse at Hjoula than at Haqel. If these differences are not solely due to collection bias, they would indicate a higher proportion of benthic genera at Haqel and a higher proportion of demerso-pelagic genera at Hjoula. Trophic network and mode of life (Fig. 19) Although differences exist between the taxonomic compositions of the ray-finned fishes from Haqel and Hjoula sites, the assemblages are broadly similar, and it is difficult at this stage to decide whether the variations are caused by real environmental differences (the ages of the two localities are very close) or by sampling or recording biases. Therefore, we discuss the food web structure of the two merged assemblages. Except in special cases, the diet of ray-finned fishes is often not very specific, and the positioning of a species or genus in a food web must be considered approximate. Here, we position the genera in the food web based on jaw characters and general morphology, and by comparing them with analogous or closely related extant species whose diets are known. This general reconstruction of the food web is preliminary, and the proposed hypotheses need to be tested in the future by quantitative and modeling methods. We primarily used Fishbase.org and Friedman et al. ( 2020 ), respectively for the identification of diet and living environments (i.e., benthic, dermersal, pelagic) of extant counterparts of the extinct taxa. Most pycnodonts are characterized by crushing dentition adapted to a durophagous diet. Their bodies are generally deep and flat, making them ecologically analogous to extant triggerfish (Balistidae) or filefish (Monacanthidae). Although the latter are often related to coral reefs, this is not always the case for pycnodonts, as in Lebanese sites for example. These fish could feed on benthic invertebrates, crabs, shrimps, crinoids or perhaps rudists present in the lateral facies. Capasso ( 2019 ) suggested that at least one genus, Acrorhinichthys, could feed on small teleosts. The typical morphotype of Bauplan pycnodonts belonging to the families Pycnodontidae and Nursallidae, described mainly from Haqel, represents about one-third of the genera. Based on a series of new discoveries made mainly in the last two decades, Taverne & Capasso ( 2013b ), Marramà et al. ( 2016 ) and Capasso ( 2024 ) have demonstrated that two-thirds of the pycnodont genera from Haqel and Hjoula belong to taxa with unique morphologies during the long history of this clade, which are restricted to this time and space (i.e. the Cenomanian of Lebanon). This explosion of morphological space occupied by pycnodonts concerns a single clade, the Coccodonoidea, represented mainly by species found in Lebanese sites. Within this clade, coccodontids and trewavasiids have a morphology reminiscent of the Bauplan of the generalist pycnodonts, although some show signs of protection against predators, including spines and horns and a hypertrophied pectoral girdle (Marramà et al., 2016 ). The common Coccodus shows a kind of dorsoventral flattening indicating a possible benthic lifestyle. Gladiopycnodontids and gebrayelichthyids show a more derived morphology: the former have dorsal spines, cephalic and nuchal horns, and an enlarged pectoral girdle, while the latter have a unique, extremely deep and short silhouette. The morphological features present in both families, namely a rigid armored trunk and a rostrum are reminiscent of those of the Syngnathiformes. We suggest that these fish were suction feeders, mainly on small planktonic crustaceans, similar to Syngnathiformes, although we have no evidence that they were able to do pivot feeding like seahorses and pipefish (Longo et al., 2018 ). Other planktivores from Haqel and Hjoula are clupeiforms and probably some basal euteleosts ( Gaudryella , Ginsburgia ). Like most extant clupeiforms, they were probably schooling ram filter feeders, as indicated by their general body morphology reminiscent of their extant counterparts, their high relative abundance within the assemblage, and their preservation often forming monospecific accumulations caused by mass mortality, notably for Armigatus and Scombroclupea . (Forey et al., 2003 ). Ionoscopiforms and aphanepygids are holosteans with ganoid scales, a shallow body, a non-protrusing mouth, and poorly developed fins that probably correspond to a benthodemersal lifestyle and an invertivorous-detritivorous diet. We also include gonorynchids in this group. Extant elopomorphs feed mainly on small fish, crustaceans, and mollusks (elopiforms, anguilliforms), and this was probably also true for their Cenomanian counterparts due to the general similarity of their body plan. Extant myctophiforms, beryciforms, and basal acanthomorphs are mainly pelagic-demersal and feed on small fish and invertebrates. The morphology of Cretaceous representatives of these groups is close to that of extant species, and we consider them to have a similar diet and environment. We have added the undetermined euteleosts Ypsiloichthys and Pseudoberyx to this group. Most tselfatiiforms have a morphology similar to extant veliferids, and we suggest that they were also pelagic fish feeding on zooplankton and small invertebrates. An exception among tselfatiiforms is Rhamphoichthys , whose morphology indicates a fast pelagic piscivorous fish (El Hossny et al., 2023). Eubiodectes , an ichthyodectiform, as well as all aulopiformes, exhibit body and jaws morphologies typical of piscivorous predators. Only among aulopiformes, chirothricids may have fed partly on invertebrates. It is worth mentioning that several diverse clades at the Hagel and Hjoula sites are now more abundant in deep waters (beryciformes, aulopiformes) (Xu et al., 2025 ), much deeper than the estimated depth of Cretaceous assemblages. This situation is best explained by the fact that several groups of marine ray-finned fishes first diversified in relatively shallow environments before migrating to deeper environments, probably driven out by the presence of new competitors. In summary, the food webs that we can reconstruct from fish diets are not specific to an unique environment, but correspond to a fairly wide range of environments. Schools of pelagic planktivores (clupeiformes, small euteleosts) lived in open environment, not deep below the sea level. Meanwhile, beryciformes, myctophiformes, basal acanthopterygians, and euteleosts probably thrived in the dermersal zone and fed on a wide variety of invertebrates and small fishes. Closer to the bottom probably lived anguilliformes, and perhaps gonorynchids and halecomorphs, which could be detritivores. Coccodontoids lived near the bottom, feeding on plankton and other tiny items, while other pycnodonts fed on shelly or soft invertebrates. Other piscivorous fishes belonged mainly to the aulopiformes, with varied body morphology. The rare ichthyodectiform Eubiodectes was also piscivorous. The ecology and diet of all fish presented here are preliminary and based on superficial qualitative observations. These hypotheses will then need to be verified by morphometric analysis. The position of the Cenomanian Lebanese fish assemblages worldwide Taken together, the three Cenomanian Lebanese fish assemblages collected 141 ray-finned fish species, compared to slightly more than half the number of species in the famous Late Jurassic Solnhofen Archipelago, Germany (74 species according to our compilation), although the German site localities cover a longer time period (Late Kimmeridgian to Early Tithonian) and a wider geographical range, or the Middle Triassic locality of Monte San Giorgio that straddles the Italian-Swiss border and also contains 74 species (Romano et al., 2014). Indeed, the three Cenomanian Lebanese fish assemblages together represent the most specious ray-finned fish assemblage of the Mesozoic, and one of the most specious “fish” assemblages of the Phanerozoic. Probably the most specious assemblage of “fishes” is that of Monte Bolca, from the Eocene of Italy, with about 250 described species (Carnevale & Pietsch, 2009 ). The Cenomanian is a period with a very high diversification rate of ray-finned fishes (Guinot & Cavin, 2016 ), which is positively correlated with sea temperature throughout the Late Mesozoic (Guinot & Cavin, 2020 ). The high peak of actinopterygian diversity in the Cenomanian is associated with a high rate of biological diversification, but also with the presence of numerous fish localities around the Tethys (Slovenia, Croatia, Lebanon, West Bank, Egypt, Algeria, Morocco, Mexico) and in the Boreal Basin (UK, France). Origin of the fish accumulations The very high taxic diversity and good preservation of fossil fish from the two sites of Hakel and Hjoula make them unique in the Mesozoic. This situation implies that the conditions of accumulation and preservation of these assemblages have been exceptional, otherwise similar fossiliferous deposits would be more frequent. The abundant calciphaerulids, visible in thin sections of Lagerstätten sediments, are considered evidence of algal blooms. For decades, it was generally accepted that Lebanese Lagerstätten were caused by plankton blooms (e.g., Patterson 1967 , Hemleben 1976 , 1977 ) near the edge of the continental shelf (e.g., Hemleben 1977 ), in deep canyons (e.g., Roger 1946 , Patterson 1967 ), or in small local basins (e.g., Hückel, 1970 ). However, contemporary sediments lateral to the Lagerstätten are equally rich in calciphaerulids, but do not contain the remarkable fauna found at Hakel and Hjoula. This also applies to the incredible amount of calcisphaerulid-rich sediments (contemporary or not) elsewhere on Earth, which are generally not particularly rich in macrofossils. Although we do not exclude poisoning as the origin of the mass mortality, we suggest that the topographic conditions of the sites were the main reason for the concentration of fossils. Rather than Canyon (Patterson, 1967 ), Hückel ( 1970 ) suggested that the Hakel and Hjoula fossils correspond to accumulations in, deep “holes” in the seafloor at the time of their formation (e.g. 600m diameter and 150m deep in Haqel). A thermocline probably formed above the anoxic seafloor, and when fish and other animals reached the bottom, perhaps by fleeing or dying from algal blooms, they perished and were preserved on the azoic seafloor. We consider that the “holes” described by Hückel ( 1970 ) may correspond small pull apart basins in a tectonic active area. These structures resemble sinkholes, which are quite common on present-day seafloors, and have been the subject of numerous studies over the past decades. Interestingly, Baumberger et al. ( 2010 ) recorded in a sinkhole off the coast of Florida an aggregation of spawning barbfish, Polymixia lowei , which is a basal acanthopterygian phylogenetically related to Pycnosteroides and Aipichthys (Davesne et al., 2016 ) present at Hjoula for the former, and at Hjoula and Hakel for the latter. In addition to Polymixia , eleven species of fish and a variety of invertebrates were observed at the Florida site. Although these sinkholes, formed from submerged freshwater seeps and excavated nearly 150 m below the seafloor, located approximately 280 m below sea level, no longer appeared active, as there was no evidence of salinity or temperature anomalies, the similarity with the Lebanese site is noteworthy. Shallower sinkholes (less than 100 m deep) off the Brazilian coast are hotspots for biodiversity and bioproductivity, particularly for fish (Cavalcanti et al., 2013 ). An alternative to sinkholes are pockmarks, i.e. large circular depressions on the seafloor, formed by the release of gases and fluids (Betzler et al., 2011 ). The evolution of these structures begins with dome-shaped bodies caused by fluid migration and ends with bowl-shaped concavities filled with sediment drifted from the margin of the structure, an arrangement similar to that described by Hückel ( 1970 ) for Haqel and Hjoula. Although generally present in siliciclastic depositional environments, pockmarks also occur on carbonate platforms, as is the case today in the Maldives (Betzler et al., 2011 ). However, both current and ancient hydrocarbon seeps harbor very rich life assemblages based on chemosynthesis, with microbes at the base of food chains supporting a diverse benthic life of macroinvertebrates (Campbell, 2006 ), a situation not observed at Lebanese sites except in some beds that preserved large accumulations of crabs or other crustaceans, such as the "crab layer" located in the upper part of the Haqel series which can contain up to 100 individuals per square meter (P.A.S, personal observations). A detailed interpretation of the life and fossilization environment of the Haqel and Hjoula sites is beyond the scope of this article. However, some major features can be highlighted for future work: (1) The abundance and diversity of macrofauna (especially fish) indicate that the original environment consisted of natural traps for these organisms, such as canyons or, favored here, more restricted depressions such as sinkholes or pockmarks of probable tectonic origin; (2) The quality of macrofauna preservation and the scarcity of benthic invertebrates indicate an anoxic seabed, although there are exceptions; (3) In partial contradiction to the previous point, the fish assemblage contains ecomorphotypes typical of a variety of environments (pelagic, demersal, benthic); (4) If the cause of the mass mortality is algal blooms, as is generally accepted, the reason for the preservation of the assemblage is due to local conditions (point 1) because the frequent calciphaerulid rich sediments worldwide are (very) rarely associated with Lagerstätten fossil sites. Importance of the Lebanese Cenomanian Lagerstätte The Cenomanian Lebanese fossiliferous deposits, such as Haqel, Hjoula and Nammoura, have provided a wealth of well-preserved and diverse fossils that offer invaluable insights into the ancient marine ecosystems and the evolution of life during that time, making them indisputably important in the palaeontological world. The reasons for these deposits holding such a significant position in palaeontology are discussed hereafter. First, the fossils found in these deposits are often exquisitely preserved, showcasing intricate details of various organisms (Forey et al., 2003 ; Gayet et al., 2003 ; Elgin & Frey, 2011 ). This exceptional preservation includes soft tissues and delicate structures (Martínez-Delclòs et al., 2004) and even evidence of behaviors (e.g. the fish motion leaving a wavy trace made by the impression of the caudal fin) (personal observations, P.A.S), which are usually rare in the fossil record. Furthermore, Lebanon is reputed for its diverse array of Cenomanian fossil assemblages, including marine invertebrates, fishes, plants and occasionally insects and tetrapods, such as marine reptiles (e.g. Elgin & Frey, 2011 ; Campbell et al., 2019) or rare pterosaurs (Dalla Vecchia et al., 2001 ). Fossil fishes, in particular, from Lebanon, form one of the oldest historical record of fossil fishes in the world, reputed not only for their diversity but the abundance of material as well (Capasso, 2017 ); add to that, despite the extensive collection for several centuries now, with multitude of species described over this period, even more new species are still being excavated and described at a 1/5 rate of taxa per year (Capasso, 2017 ), making the Lebanese fossil deposits, in particular Haqel, one the richest ichthyofaunal deposits in the world (Capasso et al., 2010 ). In summary, the Lebanese Cenomanian deposits with their exceptionally preserved and diverse fossils provide important data for understanding the marine palaeoecosystems, the evolutionary history of several organisms, and the reconstruction of palaeoenvironments. Many of these characteristics are also found in other Lagerstätte around the world, mainly those from the Central Tethys, however, none has comparable fish assemblages to that of the Lebanese deposits. Several fish groups reached their highest morphological diversification in the Cenomanian, with most ones documented from Lebanese deposits (example of fish groups are the Pycnodontomorpha (Marramà et al., 2015) and the Tselfatiiformes (Taverne & Gayet, 2004 ). CONCLUSION Following recent ammonite data (Lehmann et al. 2024) Haqel and Hjoula are both deposited in the lowermost Late Cenomanian. This age is not in accordance with the age provided by the foraminifers giving a slightly older one, i.e., Middle Cenomanian. The solution of this enigma may be solved by further field studies and new stratigraphic fossil findings, with their precise location in the stratigraphic series. Small cuvette like tectonic basin as evidenced by the field work of Hückel ( 1970 ) contains the Lagerstätten in thin laminated mudstones containing planktonic foraminifers, very abundant calcispheres, and some benthic foraminifers, some of which appear in laminae. Although known for over 1,500 years and constituting immense collections in museums worldwide, the ecology and taphonomy of Cenomanian fish assemblages from Lebanon remain largely understudied. Our study provides new information but nevertheless leaves an open question. The main paradox lies in the difficulty of interpreting the living and depositional environments. Some pelagic fish living in the water column may have thrived vertically above the fossil sites. However, other elements of the assemblage, particularly species living near the bottom, did not benefit from favourable living conditions at the site, as benthic macroinvertebrates were rare except in some layers. The bottom was likely anoxic, as indicated, among other things, by the near absence of predation on corpses. This situation could be explained by post-mortem transport of bodies, but sedimentological evidence of such events is evident at the sites. We believe that the exceptional richness of these two spatially restricted sites corresponds to exceptional environmental and topographical conditions, a hypothesis that remains to be explored. The best model currently proposed is that localized sinkholes, offering conditions highly favourable to life, experienced mass mortality at certain times, probably due to poisoning from algal blooms. The corpses settled to the bottom and were preserved thanks to the anoxic conditions. Declarations Funding LC was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant number IZSEZO_212070/1 and TEH was supported by the Swiss Government Excellence Scholarship (grant number 2019.0892). This paper is a contribution to the activity of the Association APEL ( Association Paléontologique et Évolutive Libanaise ) and the laboratory ‘Advanced Micropalaeontology, Biodiversity and Evolution Researches’ (AMBER) led by DA at the Lebanese University. DA was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2024YFF0807601). SM was supported by the Lebanese University research project "Stratigraphy of the Lower Cretaceous in Lebanon: Finding the Aptian". Author Contribution SM and DA conceived the project.SM, DA, AP, and LC wrote the main manuscript.DA, SM, LC, and TEH conducted the fieldwork and sampling.PAS provided the material for study.SM prepared Figures 1–16 and Table 1.LC prepared Figures 17–19 and Table 2.All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgement SM and DA gratefully acknowledge the Natural History Museum of Geneva for its generous hospitality and logistical support during this project, where the study was conducted.We would like to thank Giovan Peyrotty and François Gisching from University of Geneva for their assistance with the sample preparation and thin section processing, respectively. We also thank the editors and the reviewers for their feedbacks on the manuscript. References Agassiz, L. (1833-1844). Recherches sur les Poissons fossiles. Imprimerie de Petitpierre et Prince, Neuchâtel, 5 volumes, 1420 p. Agassiz, L. (1834). Abgerissene Bemerkungen über fossile Fische. 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Maksoud","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABDElEQVRIie3QsUoDMRjA8e8IXJdc5zuUuycQUgop0uKzRA6SSXAqjoWDdHS1oO/gI9wRqIu2a8ebdFGIuAgO+kURSyHX1SH/5XIHvyTfAYRC/zFCAdpzt4q/X3Po4QM/HrIuItgfGQL5IdRLYIeczvaRYp40rWATOJovS/uqx+rWQNS+aKAjD2GmXzLBJPB7ucwWWp0hIYMbJMczDyGUp4IZ4LXSJNHGkfggQcJqz8UqOnoX7BP4+ql6Q6KQ9z66CBjKcfwa+EbWuLlxJ8aki7hZ8GIl5ZtHmV2t1GBhoiq7XqXeWYrLh8bai5Ocr+XQ2um46N9VjX2eTnLfH/uNbq0jt326B4RCoVCoqy/Pr1Lr4T/ozAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Lebanese University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sibelle","middleName":"","lastName":"Maksoud","suffix":""},{"id":508332218,"identity":"067308ec-c141-4e08-bbd5-d707aa4d85df","order_by":1,"name":"Tamara El Hossny","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Natural History Museum of Geneva","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tamara","middleName":"El","lastName":"Hossny","suffix":""},{"id":508332219,"identity":"864a9a75-d498-4c8c-9e80-fb4f04addb28","order_by":2,"name":"Elias Samankassou","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Geneva","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Elias","middleName":"","lastName":"Samankassou","suffix":""},{"id":508332220,"identity":"2515844c-672b-4dbd-9df6-d2256eddfbe8","order_by":3,"name":"Lionel Cavin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Natural History Museum of Geneva","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lionel","middleName":"","lastName":"Cavin","suffix":""},{"id":508332221,"identity":"cb47a268-0859-4a36-a4b2-af5ec1b6c68b","order_by":4,"name":"Pierre Abi Saad","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Memory of Time","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pierre","middleName":"Abi","lastName":"Saad","suffix":""},{"id":508332222,"identity":"cf84ed27-eaec-45ed-bb58-86257a20d36f","order_by":5,"name":"Dany Azar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dany","middleName":"","lastName":"Azar","suffix":""},{"id":508332223,"identity":"7ed9d3e0-47ee-4a8a-97e3-124274e15225","order_by":6,"name":"André Piuz","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Natural History Museum of Geneva","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"André","middleName":"","lastName":"Piuz","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-01 09:53:15","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7269932/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7269932/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":90400377,"identity":"cccd5bed-f843-43fa-b38b-3991e0ec50c7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-02 10:08:47","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":172488,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGeological map showing the localities of Haqel (yellow star) and Hjoula (red star) outcrops.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7269932/v1/fa8f45db6fee264c1fad0419.jpg"},{"id":90400731,"identity":"8e3f084a-2d53-47b4-a8af-28d4d82a038f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-02 10:16:46","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1311121,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGeological map showing the locality of Nammoura outcrop (red star).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7269932/v1/c759358d24fb479b3fe49de2.jpg"},{"id":90400388,"identity":"5ef26dc8-e931-4b20-ba7b-8902a140c175","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-02 10:08:48","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1019484,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDetailed geological section of Haqel outcrop\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7269932/v1/7662d7a69d6427f0f9af9dbb.jpg"},{"id":90400467,"identity":"153c5f46-73d3-4944-b33e-473f59a10eb8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-02 10:08:54","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":3073055,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHaqel section\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA- \u003c/strong\u003eStarting level of the section\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB- \u003c/strong\u003eMeasuring with Jacob Stuff the first 1.5 meters of the blue grey massive limestone unit, directly above the level rich in Orbitolinids\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC- \u003c/strong\u003eLevel rich in Orbitolinids marked in red\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eD- \u003c/strong\u003eChert laminations\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eE- \u003c/strong\u003eChert nodules and centimetric lenses in the blue grey massive limestone unit of the section\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7269932/v1/efaa2774f6edc55023e25416.jpg"},{"id":90400385,"identity":"3af629a5-e8c4-409b-b203-f706558a2ca9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-02 10:08:48","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1817941,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHaqel section\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA- \u003c/strong\u003eSlump in the light-yellow limestones’ unit\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB- \u003c/strong\u003eSlump marked in red\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC- \u003c/strong\u003eStylolitic bed in the massive grey limestones’ unit\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7269932/v1/8f1de9acdf2f1255434ccfc1.jpg"},{"id":90402137,"identity":"a4cccb87-a0f8-4b2e-87c8-6f6ac422bae8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-02 10:24:51","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":488752,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDetailed geological section of Hjoula outcrop\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7269932/v1/494ac6ac83acf81a82cf1277.jpg"},{"id":90402130,"identity":"10edb4ea-f4d0-46ce-b4af-3b6471439070","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-02 10:24:47","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":4074972,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHjoula section\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA- \u003c/strong\u003eEroded surface marking the lower unconformity\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB- \u003c/strong\u003eBlue grey limestones unit with shells and rudists\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC- \u003c/strong\u003eThe contact between the eroded surface and the first beds of the fish layers\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7269932/v1/85f4860c6bc2d4e81b92d1ac.jpg"},{"id":90400398,"identity":"012271c6-f345-459f-8bf3-0ae22b2d0c36","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-02 10:08:49","extension":"jpg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":3099046,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHjoula section\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA- \u003c/strong\u003eThe\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003econtact between the eroded surface of the blue grey limestones’ unit and the first beds of the fish layers (light-yellow and grey limestones’ unit) viewed from the top\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB- \u003c/strong\u003eStarting level of the section\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC- \u003c/strong\u003eThe succession of the first meters of the light-yellow and grey limestones unit, followed by a gap\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure8.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7269932/v1/b2efbae608a6be644d7c43ad.jpg"},{"id":90400404,"identity":"f1d64823-d985-42f9-bd00-c50852cc08d7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-02 10:08:49","extension":"jpg","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":3294359,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHjoula section\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA- \u003c/strong\u003eMeasuring the layers holding the macrofauna (provided by P.A.S.) directly above the bed with chert\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB- \u003c/strong\u003eTopmost layers of the section\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC- \u003c/strong\u003eThe random excavation of the fish beds making difficult to follow the layers successions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eD- \u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Measuring the layers holding the macrofauna (provided by P.A.S.) directly above the bed with chert\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eE- \u003c/strong\u003eTopmost layers of the section\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF- \u003c/strong\u003eThe random excavation of the fish beds making difficult to follow the layers successions\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure9.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7269932/v1/4ec4597ff6969e3118c29aa0.jpg"},{"id":90400758,"identity":"49ef7995-52a7-4931-85cb-a1d8754536c6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-02 10:16:52","extension":"jpg","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":46868,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDetailed geological section of Nammoura outcrop\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure10.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7269932/v1/060c9f00c1697fbc21985475.jpg"},{"id":90400355,"identity":"9002265e-e2fa-4f99-b253-31e1170c9c26","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-02 10:08:45","extension":"jpg","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":5879294,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBenthic Forams\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA-B-\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003eSimplalveolina\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003esimplex\u003c/em\u003e (Reichel, 1936). \u003cem\u003eThin sections: DA7\u003c/em\u003e, Hjoula; and \u003cem\u003eDA2\u003c/em\u003e, Hjoula\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC- \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eOrbitolina (Conicorbitolina) conica\u003c/em\u003e (D'Archiac, 1837). \u003cem\u003eThin section: TH7\u003c/em\u003e, Haqel and \u003cem\u003eThin section\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eDA_Ch\u003c/em\u003e, Haqel\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eD- \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eBiconcava \u003c/em\u003e? \u003cem\u003eThin section: DA2\u003c/em\u003e, Hjoula\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eE-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eMerlingina\u003c/em\u003e ? \u003cem\u003eThin section: DA7\u003c/em\u003e, Hjoula\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e Dicyclina \u003c/em\u003esp. \u003cem\u003eThin section: DA5\u003c/em\u003e, Hjoula\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eG- \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeodubrovnikella turonica\u003c/em\u003e ? \u003cem\u003eThin section: DA3\u003c/em\u003e, Hjoula\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eScale bar = 0.25 mm\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure11.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7269932/v1/95270836726630dea37610bc.jpg"},{"id":90400379,"identity":"692e5abf-ae1e-4b98-83d6-bcebd164bbce","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-02 10:08:47","extension":"jpg","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":7818958,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBenthic Forams\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA, B-\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003eCuneolina \u003c/em\u003esp. Henson, 1948 \u003cem\u003eThin section: TH22\u003c/em\u003e, Haqel\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC- \u003c/strong\u003eNezzazatidae, \u003cem\u003eNezzazatinella\u003c/em\u003e sp. \u003cem\u003eThin section: TH22\u003c/em\u003e, Haqel\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eD- \u003c/strong\u003ecf.\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeodubrovnikella\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eturonica Thin section: TH3\u003c/em\u003e, Haqel\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eE- \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSpiroplectammina\u003c/em\u003e ? \u003cem\u003eThin section: TH2\u003c/em\u003e, Haqel\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF-\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003eNezzazata simplex\u003c/em\u003e Omara, 1956 \u003cem\u003eThin section: TH22\u003c/em\u003e, Haqel\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eG-H-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003eGavellinellidae \u003cem\u003eThin section: TH30\u003c/em\u003e, Hjoula\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eI-J-\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003eSpiroplectammina\u003c/em\u003e sp. \u003cem\u003eThin section: TH30\u003c/em\u003e, Hjoula\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eK-L\u003c/strong\u003e- \u003cem\u003eTerquemella\u003c/em\u003e sp. \u003cem\u003eThin section: DA6,\u003c/em\u003e Hjoula\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eM-N- \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSpiroloculina \u003c/em\u003esp.\u003cem\u003e Thin section: TH3\u003c/em\u003e, Haqel. N- transverse section, \u003cem\u003eThin section TH3\u003c/em\u003e, Haqel\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eO-P- \u003c/strong\u003eNummuloculinas” \u003cem\u003eThin sections: TH4\u003c/em\u003e, Haqel; and \u003cem\u003eTH31\u003c/em\u003e, Hjoula\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ- \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eIstriloculina\u003c/em\u003e sp. \u003cem\u003eThin section: TH4\u003c/em\u003e, Haqel\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eR- \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePyrgo\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003esp. \u003cem\u003eThin section: TH3\u003c/em\u003e, Haqel\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eScale bar = 0.25 mm\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure12.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7269932/v1/42c6b8c226365c471fdc9a5f.jpg"},{"id":90400431,"identity":"c1167c3a-b42e-444b-85e3-b934de0b836b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-02 10:08:52","extension":"jpg","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":6724110,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCalcispheres\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA- \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePithonella\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eovalis \u003c/em\u003e(Kaufmann, 1865) \u003cem\u003eThin section: TH21\u003c/em\u003e, Haqel\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB-\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003ePithonella sphaerica \u003c/em\u003e(Kaufmann, 1865) \u003cem\u003eThin section: TH11, Haqel\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC-\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003eStomiosphaera ? V\u003c/em\u003eogler, 1941 \u003cem\u003eThin section: TH21, Haqel\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eD, F, G-\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003ePithonella trejoi\u003c/em\u003e \u003ca href=\"https://www.mikrotax.org/Nannotax3/index.php?taxon=Pithonella%20perlonga\u0026amp;module=ntax_Farinacci\"\u003eAndri, 1972\u003c/a\u003e \u003cem\u003eThin sections: TH26,\u003c/em\u003e Hjoula; \u003cem\u003eTH29\u003c/em\u003e, Hjoula and \u003cem\u003eTH30\u003c/em\u003e, Hjoula\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eH-\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003ePithonella perlonga\u003c/em\u003e \u003ca href=\"https://www.mikrotax.org/Nannotax3/index.php?taxon=Pithonella%20multicava\u0026amp;module=ntax_Farinacci\"\u003eBorza, 1972\u003c/a\u003e \u003cem\u003eThin section: TH29, Hjoula\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eE, I-K-\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003eStomiosphaera sp.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eE-\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003eThin section\u003c/em\u003e: \u003cem\u003eTH25, \u003c/em\u003eHjoula; \u003cstrong\u003eI-\u003c/strong\u003e Thin section: \u003cem\u003eTH13\u003c/em\u003e, Haqel; \u003cstrong\u003eJ, K\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003cem\u003eThin section: TH36, \u003c/em\u003eHjoula\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eScale bar = 0.25 mm\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure13.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7269932/v1/03704f967e94d6a2b6948511.jpg"},{"id":90400749,"identity":"f5669f4f-8fb6-46e4-8626-3bcd689bbe53","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-02 10:16:50","extension":"jpg","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":603494,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlanktonic foraminifera, Haqel\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA- \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eWhiteinella \u003c/em\u003esp\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eThin section: TH7\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB-C- \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eFavusella washitensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e(Carsey, 1926) \u003cem\u003eThin section: TH8\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eD, F-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003eHedbergellidae (\u003cem\u003eLaeviella\u003c/em\u003e?) \u003cem\u003eThin section: TH21\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eE- \u003c/strong\u003eHedbergellidae: \u003cem\u003eWhiteinella\u003c/em\u003e cf. \u003cem\u003ebaltica\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eThin section: TH11\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eG, H- \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eMuricohedbergella planispira\u003c/em\u003e (Tappan, 1940) \u003cem\u003eThin section: TH11, TH21\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eI- \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eMuricohedbergella \u003c/em\u003ecf. \u003cem\u003edelrioensis \u003c/em\u003e(Carsey, 1926) \u003cem\u003eThin section: TH12\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eScale bar = 0.1 mm\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure14.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7269932/v1/13f368ea0196bfc4e8fecfea.jpg"},{"id":90400380,"identity":"0dfa7d19-fbb5-4f10-bb0d-db76ea938fd0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-02 10:08:47","extension":"jpg","order_by":15,"title":"Figure 15","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":7076373,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHjoula planktonic foraminifera\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA- \u003c/strong\u003eUndetermined. \u003cem\u003eThin section: TH24\u003c/em\u003e. Tangential section.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB, C-\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003eMuricohedbergella \u003c/em\u003ecf. \u003cem\u003eplanispira\u003c/em\u003e (Tappan, 1940). \u003cem\u003eThin sections: TH25\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eTH28\u003c/em\u003e. Equatorial sections\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eD- \u003c/strong\u003eGlobigerinelloididae (\u003cem\u003eLaeviella\u003c/em\u003e?). \u003cem\u003eThin section: TH30\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eE, I-\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003eFavusella washitensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e(Carsey, 1926), \u003cem\u003eThin sections: TH30\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eTH28\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF-H-\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003eThalmanninella \u003c/em\u003ecf. \u003cem\u003eappenninica\u003c/em\u003e (Renz, 1936). \u003cem\u003eThin sections: TH25\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eTH26\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJ-\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003eWhiteinella \u003c/em\u003esp. \u003cem\u003eThin section: TH30\u003c/em\u003e. Oblique section.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eK- \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePraeglobotruncana \u003c/em\u003ecf. \u003cem\u003edelrioensis\u003c/em\u003e(Plummer, 1931). \u003cem\u003eThin section: TH27\u003c/em\u003e. Axial section.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure15.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7269932/v1/d3ae71da1a9eb56d147b2076.jpg"},{"id":90400395,"identity":"402cb147-a2e7-4b88-90cf-2d4ba55669ba","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-02 10:08:48","extension":"jpg","order_by":16,"title":"Figure 16","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":121407,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMantelliceras mantelli \u003c/em\u003e(Sowerby, 1817)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure16.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7269932/v1/6dfc2662651ff087acf4e20e.jpg"},{"id":90400736,"identity":"98ebcb33-6094-48a7-9b0c-fd8a721670f9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-02 10:16:47","extension":"jpg","order_by":17,"title":"Figure 17","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":928217,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eExamples of different taphonomic situations\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA- C-\u003c/strong\u003e level 26 [PAS] = TH11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eD- \u003c/strong\u003eLevel 24 [PAS] = TH13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eE-F-\u003c/strong\u003e level 19 [PAS] = TH21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eG -H-\u003c/strong\u003e level 18 [PAS] = TH22\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure17.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7269932/v1/c72f85f6e0432139aa56cdd0.jpg"},{"id":90400411,"identity":"e0d91e79-415a-4c99-8681-0ef96d772f3f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-02 10:08:50","extension":"jpg","order_by":18,"title":"Figure 18","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":130754,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThree-way comparison between the species from of Hakel, Hjoula and Namoura based on data from Forey et al. (2003) (left) and on updated data (right). The numbers in parentheses are the actual number of taxa. The numbers along the sides of the triangles are the percentage overlap between the localities subtended by the line.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure18.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7269932/v1/76c6eacd325367515ac08670.jpg"},{"id":90400357,"identity":"38619f74-08bd-4f5b-8826-76b21109c241","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-02 10:08:46","extension":"jpg","order_by":19,"title":"Figure 19","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1982519,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eActinopterygian assemblages from the Haqel and Hjoula sites. Genera are grouped by clades and their presumed habitat. Genera in black are found at both sites, in red only at Haqel, and in blue only at Hjoula. Trophic relationships are indicated in green in the background.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure19.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7269932/v1/ec65652dbc08c16428f7ba1a.jpg"},{"id":99798537,"identity":"e45ca19f-942f-4e24-9ca8-5d7e49e8b1d0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:48:32","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":51735067,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7269932/v1/d2dc088e-5612-4f9c-8a1b-631233455571.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Biostratigraphy and palaeoenvironments of the Upper Cretaceous fossil fish Konservat-Lagerstätten of Lebanon","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eLebanon has been famous for its fossil fish outcrops for centuries. Some authors believe that the first mention of these fossil deposits dates back to the antiquity as thought to be mentioned by Herodotus 2450 years ago (Davis, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1887\u003c/span\u003e; Lockyer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1887\u003c/span\u003e). However, other authors could not confirm this as Herodotus\u0026rsquo; writings lacked any comments on fishes or fossils from this region (Gayet et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Capasso, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, the first mention of such localities dates back to the fourth century, in the Armenian Chronicles of Eusebius of Caesarea, who noticed sea fishes on the highest mountain peaks in the quarries of Mount Lebanon, preserved in the rock layers till the present day, as evidence of the flood (Gayet et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Capasso, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The interest in these fossiliferous localities persisted during the Middle Ages, with the example of Sire Jean de Joinville, who wrote in the \u0026ldquo;Histoire de Saint Louis\u0026rdquo; about a present offered to King Louis IX while staying in Sayette (present day Sidon); the gift was a stone, when split in two, shows a fish on the inside (Petitot, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1824\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCenturies later, the Lebanese \u003cem\u003eLagerst\u0026auml;tten\u003c/em\u003e became of a great importance among European scientists as of the early 19th century (Dalla Vecchia et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). Blainville (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1818\u003c/span\u003e), Agassiz (1833-44), Botta (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1833\u003c/span\u003e), Haeckel (1849), Pictet (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1850\u003c/span\u003e), Pictet \u0026amp; Humbert (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1866\u003c/span\u003e), Costa (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1857\u003c/span\u003e), Fraas (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1878\u003c/span\u003e), Dames (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1886\u003c/span\u003e), Davis (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1887\u003c/span\u003e), among many others from the latter century, all have made great contributions to the knopiwledge on the fossil content of the Lebanese deposits (Lockyer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1887\u003c/span\u003e; Woodward, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR106\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1896\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFossils recovered from these sites formed the base of many historical collections around the world, such as: the collection at the Museum of Natural History of Geneva, first studied by Pictet (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1850\u003c/span\u003e), and later, after adding more fossils to the collection, studied by Pictet \u0026amp; Humbert (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1866\u003c/span\u003e); Prof. Lewis who collected a great number of fossils including many new species, several of which are housed at the British Museum Natural History Department (nowadays, Natural History Museum), in part, based on which Davis wrote his memoir (Lockyer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1887\u003c/span\u003e); Prof. Day who also collected several hundreds of fish fossils and crustacean from Haqel and Hjoula housed at the American University of Beirut, with some of these specimens studied by both Hay \u0026amp; Day (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1903\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMore recently, in the 20th and 21st centuries, these \u003cem\u003eLagerst\u0026auml;tten\u003c/em\u003e remain famous worldwide for their rich and well-preserved fossil assemblage. They are significant in the palaeontological history, even more in palaeoichthyology; as H\u0026uuml;ckel (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1970\u003c/span\u003e) even described several of these sites as \u0026ldquo;Fish Shales\u0026rdquo; localities. A review of the literature reveals the occurrence of 93, 72 and 40 species of \u0026ldquo;fish\u0026rdquo; (Chondrichthyes and Actinopterygii) in Haqel, Hjoula and Nammoura, respectively. New taxa are still being excavated and studied at a rate of one to five new taxa per year (Capasso, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe four major fossil outcrops are distributed in Cazas Jbail (Haqel and Hjoula) and Kesserwan (Nammoura and Sahel Alma). Haqel and Hjoula are thought to have very close ages, early to late Cenomanian (Gayet, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e; Bannikov \u0026amp; Bacchia, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). Nammoura is considered to be of middle to late Cenomanian age (Dalla Vecchia \u0026amp; Venturini, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e; Bannikov \u0026amp; Bacchia, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Dalla Vecchia et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Elgin \u0026amp; Frey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). The youngest of these outcrops is Sahel Alma, regarded as having an age of late Senonian (Bannikov \u0026amp; Bacchia, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e) or Santonian (Garassino, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e; Elgin \u0026amp; Frey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese four localities yield highly preserved varieties of invertebrates, plants and fishes (Hay, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1903\u003c/span\u003e; Woodward, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR105\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1942\u003c/span\u003e; Forey et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). Haqel and Hjoula are mostly famous for their fish content (Pictet, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1850\u003c/span\u003e; Pictet \u0026amp; Humbert, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1866\u003c/span\u003e; H\u0026uuml;ckel, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1970\u003c/span\u003e; Cappetta, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e; Poyato-Ariza \u0026amp; Wenz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Capasso et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Gayet et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Taverne \u0026amp; Capasso, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR98\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; El Hossny et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Nammoura is known as well for its marine invertebrates and fish content, but unlike the other localities, its terrestrial plant content is more abundant (Dalla Vecchia \u0026amp; Venturini, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e; Elgin \u0026amp; Frey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). As for Sahel Alma, the site is exhausted and no longer excavated (Capasso, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Tetrapods are rather rare in all of the four localities: two pterosaur species, one found in Haqel (Dalla Vecchia et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e) and the other in Hjoula (Elgin \u0026amp; Frey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). However, bird feathers and reptiles have been more frequently found in Nammoura (Bannikov \u0026amp; Bacchia, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Rage \u0026amp; Escuilli\u0026eacute;, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Tong et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR101\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eToday, despite the great interest in these localities and the few investigations dealing with the stratigraphy and the formation of these deposits, as briefly mentioned above, there is still no consensus. Hence, the aim of the present paper, is to provide a first comprehensive study of three out of the four Lebanese Cretaceous sites Haqel, Hjoula and Nammoura, by integrating different approaches including biostratigraphical analyses, providing details on the micro palaeofauna found at each site, in addition to carbon and oxygen isotopes isotopic data. This will allow us to suggest an ages for the outcrops, a reconstruction of their palaeoenvironment and possible causes of death and preservation of the fauna during this well-known period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eHistorical background on stratigraphy\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eHaqel and Hjoula\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eBotta (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1833\u003c/span\u003e) subdivided the Lebanese Mesozoic stratigraphic sequence in three different \u0026ldquo;groups\u0026rdquo;. He attributed the lower (Group 3) and the upper (Group 1) groups, composed of limestones, to the Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous respectively. Between these groups he identified \u0026ldquo;Group 2\u0026rdquo; consisting of lignite-bearing green sandstones, but without providing any biostratigraphic data. In the middle part of his upper group, he mentioned the fossil fish layers of Haqel containing chert.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePictet \u0026amp; Humbert (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1866\u003c/span\u003e) assumed that the fish layers of Haqel are a \u0026ldquo;phase of the Cenomanian\u0026rdquo; (\u003cem\u003eop. cit.\u003c/em\u003e: p. 239); and that these fish layers should be below the Hippurites beds (with \u003cem\u003eHippurites lumbricalis\u003c/em\u003e), i.e., below the Turonian strata, and above the \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eCardium hillanum\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e strata. The two macrofossils mentioned were not illustrated by the authors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to Fraas (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1878\u003c/span\u003e), the fish layers of Haqel represent localised facies and correspond to the \u0026ldquo;radiolite zone\u0026rdquo; which he attributed to the Turonian. Lewis (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1878\u003c/span\u003e) mentioned the fish fossils of Hjoula that Diener (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1886\u003c/span\u003e) supposed are similar to the one of Haqel layers. For the dating, Diener (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1886\u003c/span\u003e) only followed the age attributed by Fraas (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1878\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDouvill\u0026eacute; (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1910\u003c/span\u003e), who studied the rudists of the region, did not mention the fish outcrops but attributed the \u0026ldquo;limestones with radiolites\u0026rdquo; to the Cenomanian.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eZumoffen (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR108\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1926\u003c/span\u003e) described the fish fossil layers of Haqel as follow: \u0026ldquo;les calcaires \u0026agrave; poissons occupant le fond d\u0026rsquo;une gorge \u0026eacute;troite\u0026hellip; toute la surface couverte d\u0026rsquo;une grande quantit\u0026eacute; d\u0026rsquo;\u0026eacute;boulis\u0026hellip; de plaques, de dalles et de schistes qui sont dans un d\u0026eacute;sordre indescriptible, et qui rendent l\u0026rsquo;\u0026eacute;tude stratigraphique tr\u0026egrave;s difficile sinon impossible\u0026rdquo; [the fish limestones are in the bottom of a narrow gorge... the whole surface covered with a large amount of scree... plates, slabs and schists which are in an indescribable disorder, this makes the stratigraphic study very difficult or impossible]. He therefore adopted the stratigraphy of Humbert (\u003cem\u003eIn\u003c/em\u003e Pictet \u0026amp; Humbert \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1866\u003c/span\u003e) and placed the fish fossil beds of Haqel in the Cenomanian. For Hjoula, he considered that \u0026ldquo;le gisement de Djoula (Hjoula) n\u0026rsquo;est qu\u0026rsquo;une continuation ou l\u0026rsquo;extension de celui de Hackel (Haqel), les caract\u0026egrave;res p\u0026eacute;trographiques et pal\u0026eacute;ontologiques semblent le prouver\u0026rdquo; [the outcrop of Hjoula is a continuity or an extension of the Haqel outcrop as proven by the petrographic and palaeontologic characters].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom a stratigraphic point of view, Zumoffen (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR108\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1926\u003c/span\u003e) located these fossil fish layers directly below the \u003cem\u003eNerinae requieni\u003c/em\u003e bed which marks the lower limit of the Turonian. This stratigraphic assumption was not accepted by Dubertret \u0026amp; Vautrin (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1937\u003c/span\u003e). The latter questioned this limit and considered that \u003cem\u003eNerinea requieni\u003c/em\u003e is a synonym of \u003cem\u003eNerinae pseudonobilis\u003c/em\u003e Choffat which cannot be used as a stratigraphical marker. They assumed that it can be found in the typical Cenomanian as well as in the Turonian \u003cem\u003eHippurites\u003c/em\u003e beds in Lebanon (\u003cem\u003eop. cit.\u003c/em\u003e: p. 64).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDubertret (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1955\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1963\u003c/span\u003e) referred to the Cenomanian as C4 on his geological maps. He described the fossil fish-bearing layers of Hjoula and Haqel as following \u0026ldquo;Hadjoula et Hakel, se situent sensiblement au m\u0026ecirc;me niveau stratigraphique, en plein C\u0026eacute;nomanien ; la roche est un calcaire en plaquettes, dur, parfois silicifi\u0026eacute;\u0026rdquo; [Hjoula and Haqel are almost at the same level, within the Cenomanian; the rock consists of laminated limestone, hard and sometimes silicified].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePatterson (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1967\u003c/span\u003e) described the Haqel section as follow: \u0026ldquo;fish beds are at least 20 m. thick and their base has not been seen: above they pass into flaggy, unfossiliferous limestones\u0026rdquo; (\u003cem\u003eop. cit.\u003c/em\u003e: p. 70). He did not provide a stratigraphic interpretation for the fish-bearing deposits. He did not study the stratigraphy of the Hjoula outcrop in the village: \u0026ldquo;the building, cultivation and the inhabitants prevented me\u0026rdquo; (\u003cem\u003eop. cit.\u003c/em\u003e: p. 70). However, he used fish fossils for correlation and dating, attributing Haqel and Hjoula to the mid-Cenomanian and adding that a \u0026ldquo;more precise stratigraphical work\u0026rdquo; is needed (\u003cem\u003eop. cit.\u003c/em\u003e: p. 73).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eH\u0026uuml;ckel (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1970\u003c/span\u003e) subdivided the Cenomanian sequence into seven units. He attributed the fish fossil layers of Hjoula to his \u0026ldquo;Cenoman IVd\u0026rdquo; subunit and the Haqel fish fossil layers to his \u0026ldquo;Cenoman Va\u0026rdquo; subunit. Despite the extensive work on these sites, his subdivision of the two fish-bearing outcrops, with same microfossil content (\u003cem\u003eop. cit.\u003c/em\u003e: p. 117), into two different subunits was based on silica (SiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) abundance he adopted form Roger (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1946\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, H\u0026uuml;ckel (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1970\u003c/span\u003e) dated these two subunits as a \u0026ldquo;later part of the early Cenomanian\u0026rdquo; (\u003cem\u003eop. cit.\u003c/em\u003e p. 9) again using another author\u0026rsquo;s data: both \u003cem\u003eAcanthoceras mantelli\u003c/em\u003e (Sowerby, 1814) and \u003cem\u003eOrbitolina concava concava\u003c/em\u003e (synonym of \u003cem\u003eOrbitolina\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eOrbitolina\u003c/em\u003e) \u003cem\u003econcava\u003c/em\u003e (Lamarck, 1816)) were identified by Zumoffen (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR108\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1926\u003c/span\u003e) but never been illustrated; were used as biostratigraphic markers for this age assignment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSaint-Marc (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1969\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1974\u003c/span\u003e) has done an enormous amount of work on the micropalaeontology of the Late Cretaceous in Lebanon. However, he did not measure his own sections and sampled from sequences in Haqel and Hjoula. He only stated (1974, p.45) that \u0026ldquo;tr\u0026egrave;s morcel\u0026eacute;e par des accidents tectoniques, cette r\u0026eacute;gion demande une \u0026eacute;tude tr\u0026egrave;s serr\u0026eacute;e pour d\u0026eacute;terminer la position stratigraphique des gisements\u0026rdquo; [so much affected by tectonic accidents, this region needs a study to define the stratigraphy of these outcrops]. The age he attributed to these outcrops was deduced from the presence of a single macrofossil, namely the ammonite \u003cem\u003eAcanthoceras mantelli\u003c/em\u003e (Sowerby, 1814), mentioned by Zumoffen (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR108\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1926\u003c/span\u003e) and subsequently by H\u0026uuml;ckel (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1970\u003c/span\u003e). This ammonite, not illustrated as stated above, is nowadays considered a synonym of \u003cem\u003eMantelliceras mantelli\u003c/em\u003e (Sowerby, 1817) and viewed as doubtful by Whippich \u0026amp; Lehmann 2004 (see below). We assume that this could be the only conclusion Saint-Marc made without considering the microfossils.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHemleben (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1977\u003c/span\u003e) followed H\u0026uuml;ckel\u0026rsquo;s subdivisions of the Cenomanian sequence and was able to date the Cenoman subunits IVd and Va which correspond to Hjoula and Haqel deposits respectively. He inferred a late Cenomanian age for both deposits from planktonic foraminifera. However, most of foraminifers from the assemblages he mentioned were not illustrated, \u003cem\u003ei.e.\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePraeglobotruncana stephani\u003c/em\u003e (Gandolfi, 1942), \u003cem\u003eRotalipora cushmani\u003c/em\u003e (Morrow, 1934) and \u003cem\u003eRotalipora greenhornensis\u003c/em\u003e (Morrow, 1934). He showed only one section attributed to \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eRotalipora\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; in his Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e (p. 241). This equatorial section is not diagnostic and do not allow a specific determination.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWalley (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR103\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e) merely introduced the name of Sannine Formation for the unit C4 defined by Dubertret (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1955\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1963\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWippich \u0026amp; Lehmann (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR104\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e) considered the occurrence of the ammonite \u003cem\u003eAcanthoceras mantelli\u003c/em\u003e (Sowerby, 1814) (found by Zumoffen (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR108\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1926\u003c/span\u003e)) from lateral facies supposed to be equivalent to Haqel \u003cem\u003eLagerst\u0026auml;tte\u003c/em\u003e), \u003cem\u003ei.e.\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eMantelliceras mantelli\u003c/em\u003e (Sowerby, 1817) to be doubtful. They assume it has been used by several authors to date the fish layers but could correspond to several taxa of the family Acanthoceratidae de Grossouvre, 1894. In turn, they described and illustrated the ammonite \u003cem\u003eAllocrioceras\u003c/em\u003e cf. \u003cem\u003eannulatum\u003c/em\u003e (Shumard, 1860) found in Hjoula \u003cem\u003eLagerst\u0026auml;tten\u003c/em\u003e levels (not found in Haqel as mentioned in Whippich \u0026amp; Lehmann 2004; Lehmann pers. comm. 2023) and attributed these sequences to the late Cenomanian. Unfortunately, Wippich \u0026amp; Lehmann (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR104\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e) did not provide a geological section showing the level\u0026rsquo;s occurrence of this ammonite. Following P. Abi Saad, the ammonites (\u003cem\u003eAllocrioceras\u003c/em\u003e cf. \u003cem\u003eannulatum\u003c/em\u003e) come from about 50 cm above the uppermost chert level and are also found within the fish \u003cem\u003eLagerst\u0026auml;tte\u003c/em\u003e in Hjoula.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLehmann et al. 2024 precise the age constrains of the Hjoula \u003cem\u003eLagerst\u0026auml;tte\u003c/em\u003e based on new founds of well-preserved ammonites. They give a Late Cenomanian age but unfortunately the authors do no give a precise field section showing where their ammonite come from (see \u0026sect; biostratigraphy).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor the Nammoura outcrop, Dalla Vecchia et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e) provided a detailed stratigraphy with palaeontological content and dating. They divided the section into 8 units. The \u003cem\u003eLagerst\u0026auml;tte\u003c/em\u003e correspond to their \u0026ldquo;unit 3\u0026rdquo;, subdivided into four subunits (a-d). Following the authors, the subunits a-b lack microfossils, whereas subunit \u0026ldquo;b\u0026rdquo; has chert concretion and subunit \u0026ldquo;d\u0026rdquo; consists of wackestones/packstones with calcispheres, bivalves and crinoid fragments. In \u0026ldquo;unit 4\u0026rdquo;, above the Nammoura \u003cem\u003eLagerst\u0026auml;tte\u003c/em\u003e, the authors mentioned the presence of (undetermined) rudists with two fossil markers, namely \u003cem\u003eConicorbitolina\u003c/em\u003e cf. \u003cem\u003econica\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePseudedomia drorimensis\u003c/em\u003e, both of which were illustrated (2002, p. 64, Text-Fig.\u0026nbsp;14A-B). Dalla Vecchia et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e) attributed an age of middle Cenomanian for the Nammoura \u003cem\u003eLagerst\u0026auml;tte\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe stratigraphical position of the Haqel and Hjoula outcrops has changed over time and with the index fossils used (Table A). The latter, namely macrofossils (\u003cem\u003ei.e.\u003c/em\u003e, ammonites) and microfossils (\u003cem\u003ei.e.\u003c/em\u003e, orbitolinids) were used or mentioned by authors but not systematically illustrated or revised to fit the actual stratigraphic range. In the following, we present the macro- and microfossil assemblages of the measured sections to constrain the stratigraphical position of these outcrops studied. In additional, the microfacies and fossil assemblages are used to infer the depositional environment and the conditions that favoured the exceptional preservation of fossils in the units considered as \u003cem\u003eLagerst\u0026auml;tte\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eName and age attribution for Haqel and Hjoula outcrops through time.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAuthor\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBotta (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1833\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePictet \u0026amp; Humbert (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1866\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFraas (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1878\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDiener (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1886\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eZumoffen (1929)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eH\u0026uuml;ckel (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1970\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSaint-Marc (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1974\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDubertret (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1963\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWalley (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR103\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWippich \u0026amp; Lehmann (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR104\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDescription\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoissons fossiles de Hakel (p. 150) [fish layers of Haqel]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFishes of Hackel (p. 239)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDie Schiefer von Hakel (p.86) [fish layers of Haqel]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eScheifer von Hackel (p. 29) [layers of Haqel]\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Schiefer von Hazh\u0026ucirc;la (p. 38) [layers of Hjoula]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGisements \u0026agrave; poisons \u0026agrave; Hackel (p. 118) et a Djoula (p. [fish fossil layers in Haqel and Hjoula]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDie fischschiefer von H\u0026acirc;qel and Hjo\u0026ucirc;la [The fish layers of Haqel and Hjoula]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGisements de poissons de Haqel et Hjoula (p. 47) [Haqel and Hjoula outcrops]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCouches \u0026agrave; poissons de Hadjoula et Hakel [Hajoula and Haqel fish beds]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHaqel and Hajifia \u003cem\u003eLagerst\u0026auml;tten\u003c/em\u003e =\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSannine Formation (p. 11)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eH\u0026acirc;qel and Hjo\u0026ucirc;la sites\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDating\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEarly Cretaceous\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCenomanian\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTuronian\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTuronian\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCenomanian\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEarly Cenomanian\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEarly Cenomanian\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCenomanian C4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCenomanian\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLate Cenomanian\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarker\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFacies attribution\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eHippurites lumbricalis\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eCardium hillanum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Radiolite zone\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdopted from Fraas (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1878\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNerinae requieni\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eAcanthoceras mantelli\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eOrbitolina concava concava\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdopted from H\u0026uuml;ckel (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1970\u003c/span\u003e) and Zumoffen (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR108\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1926\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFacies\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdopted from Dubertret (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1963\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAllocrioceras\u003c/em\u003e cf. \u003cem\u003eannulatum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIAL AND METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe three localities studied Haqel, Hjoula and Nammoura are all private quarries located in the Mouhafazet (Governorate) Mount Lebanon, Central Lebanon. Haqel and Hjoula are in the Caza (district) of Byblos, nearly forty kilometres North-East of Beirut: GPS coordinates are respectively 34\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/strong\u003e09\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026apos;\u003c/strong\u003e53\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026apos;\u0026apos;\u003c/strong\u003eN, 35\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/strong\u003e45\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026apos;\u003c/strong\u003e27\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026apos;\u0026apos;\u003c/strong\u003eE and 34\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/strong\u003e08\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026apos;\u003c/strong\u003e01\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026apos;\u0026apos;\u003c/strong\u003eN, 35\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/strong\u003e44\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026apos;\u003c/strong\u003e36\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026apos;\u0026apos;\u003c/strong\u003eE (Fig. 1). However, Nammoura is in Kesserouane Caza, twenty-five kilometres NE of Beirut: GPS coordinates 34\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/strong\u003e3\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026apos;\u003c/strong\u003e21\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026apos;\u0026apos;\u003c/strong\u003eN, 35\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/strong\u003e41\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026apos;\u003c/strong\u003e13\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026apos;\u0026apos;E\u003c/strong\u003e (Fig. 2). The stratigraphic sections were measured with a Jacob Stuff. Hundred petrographic thin sections of limestones from the three localities were manufactured. One thin section set is stored at the Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva (Switzerland), and duplicates are stored at the Natural History Museum of the Lebanese University, Faculty of Science II, Fanar El-Matn (Lebanon). The main microfossils were systematically identified and photographed under a Leica DM2500 stereomicroscope.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGeochemical analyses were performed to measure Carbon and Oxygen isotope ratios on all the collected samples.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLITHOFACIES DESCRIPTION AND MICROFACIES\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003eHaqel section\u003c/u\u003e (Figs. 3-5)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe section presented here starts in the lowest outcropping layers in the riverbed and ends at the top of the Fish layer below a gap of outcrop (scree) leading to limestones with stylolites.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ea) \u0026nbsp; Blue grey limestones\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe blue grey limestones are 4.6 m thick and occur in the basal part of the section. Laminated cherts are present in the last 30 cm. Limestones are composed of wackestones with calcispheres and allochthonous (present only in some thin laminae i.e. most probably displaced from shallower environments) benthic foraminifera (\u003cem\u003ei.e.\u003c/em\u003e, orbitolinids, textularids, miliolids, cuneolinids, hauerinids), small planktonic foraminifera (hedbergellids) and echinoderm fragments. The main macrofossils encountered \u003cem\u003ein situ\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eare ophiurids, shrimps, small fishes and coprolites.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eb) \u0026nbsp; Light-yellow limestone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe massive limestone is 17 me thick, it appears light-yellow on fresh surfaces. Chert nodules or centimetric lenses are common within the first four meters and are more laminated in the following levels (Fig. 4D-E). At 17 meters from the base of the section a thick bed of 1.5 m displays slumps and load cast structures (Figs. 5A, B). The top of this unit contains chert lenses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLimestones are composed of packstones with calcispheres, planktonic foraminifers (\u003cem\u003ei.e.\u003c/em\u003e, hedbergellids, favusellids) and autochthonous benthic foraminifera (\u003cem\u003ei.e.\u003c/em\u003e, Gavellinellidae, \u003cem\u003eSpiroplectammina\u003c/em\u003e sp.). The macrofossils at the top are very diverse and listed below (see paragraph: Microfossils assemblages).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ec) \u0026nbsp; Massive grey limestones\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe 9 m thick massive grey limestones are massive and display multiple stylolites in first three meters (Fig. 5C). The limestone is composed of wackestones with allochthonous (in laminae, see above) benthic foraminifera (alveolinoids, miliolids, textularids and nezzazatids). No macrofossils were observed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003eHjoula section\u003c/u\u003e (Figs. 6-9)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis section is made up from the assembling of three different places which are difficult to correlate precisely (? tectonics, gaps, screes, etc.). We estimate the thickness as about 13 meters. It was hard to follow the layers successions because of the random excavation made by the owner, which prevent the access to most of the layers (Fig. 9C). Two main facies were identified, separated by an unconformity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ea) \u0026nbsp; Blue grey limestones (Fig. 8A)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe 2 m thick blue grey limestones are composed of wackestones with rudists (Fig. 7A), bivalves (Fig.7A), autochthonous benthic foraminifera (alveolinoids, miliolids, nezzazatids, textularids) and echinoderms.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eb) \u0026nbsp; Light-yellow and grey limestones (Fig. 8C)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe 11 m thick limestones are partly laminated and includes chert nodules at the base. They are composed of packstones with calcispheres and planktonic foraminifera (\u003cem\u003ei.e.\u003c/em\u003e, hedbergellids, favusellids).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003eNammoura section\u003c/u\u003e (Fig. 10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLight-yellow to grey limestones\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis section is 30 meters thick and consists of partly laminated limestones displaying some chert nodules. Limestones are composed of fine-grained mudstones. Only very rare rotaliids and hedbergellids were identified, along with some rare calcispheres.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMicrofossils assemblage\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is worth noting that the beautiful benthic foraminifers well known from the Cenomanian shelf (see e.g. Saint-Marc 1974) are absent from the samples collected in these series except eventually in the laminae that appear only in some very rare levels (e.g. samples TH7, TH22) and are probably due to small turbidites or tempestites bringing these shells from the shelf down to the small basins where the sections are studied.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003eHaqel section\u0026nbsp;\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnit a) Allochthonous (in laminae, see above) benthic Foraminifera: Orbitolinidae (Fig. 11C), \u003cem\u003eBiconcava\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(?), Gavelinellidae, \u003cem\u003eSpiroplectammina\u003c/em\u003e sp., \u003cem\u003eSpiroloculina\u003c/em\u003e sp. (Figs. 12M-N), \u0026ldquo;Nummuloculinas\u0026rdquo; (Fig. 12O), \u003cem\u003eIstriloculina\u003c/em\u003e sp. (Fig. 12 Q), \u003cem\u003ePyrgo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp. (Fig. 12R), \u003cem\u003eQuinqueloculina\u003c/em\u003e sp., \u003cem\u003eMoncharmontia apenninica\u003c/em\u003e (De castro, 1966), \u003cem\u003eMoncharmontia\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003ecompressa\u003c/em\u003e (De castro, 1966), \u003cem\u003eNeodubrovnikella\u003c/em\u003e ?\u003cem\u003eturonica\u003c/em\u003e (Said \u0026amp; Kenawy, 1957), \u003cem\u003eNovalesia\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp., \u003cem\u003eNezzazata\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003egr. \u003cem\u003egyra-conica\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eNezzazata\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003esimplex\u003c/em\u003e Omara, 1956, \u003cem\u003eNezzazatinella\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp., Rotaliidae; planktonic Foraminifera: \u003cem\u003eFavusella washitensis\u003c/em\u003e (Carsey, 1926) (Fig. 14B-C), \u003cem\u003eWhiteinella\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp. (Fig. 14A), \u003cem\u003eRotalipora\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp.; other rests: Ostracoda, Bryozoa and echinoderms.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnit b) Calcispheres: \u003cem\u003ePithonella ovalis\u003c/em\u003e (Kaufmann, 1865) (Fig. 13A), \u003cem\u003ePithonella \u003cem\u003esphaerica (\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/em\u003eKaufmann, 1865) (Fig. 13B), \u003cem\u003eStomiosphaera sp.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Figs. 13C, I)\u003cem\u003e; autochthonous benthic Foraminifera:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eGavellinellidae, \u003cem\u003eSpiroplectammina\u003c/em\u003e sp.; planktonic Foraminifera: \u003cem\u003eFavusella washitensis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eMuricohedbergella planispira\u003c/em\u003e (Tappan, 1940) (Figs. 14G-H), \u003cem\u003eMuricohedbergella\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003edelrioensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Carsey, 1926) (Fig. 14I), \u003cem\u003eLaeviella ?\u003c/em\u003e (Fig. 14D, F), \u003cem\u003eWhiteinella\u003c/em\u003e cf. \u003cem\u003ebaltica\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eDouglas and Rankin, 1969 (Fig. 14E) and\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;o\u003c/em\u003ether rests: Ostracoda, echinoderms and bones debris.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnit c) Calcisphere: \u003cem\u003ePithonella \u003cem\u003esphaerica (\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/em\u003eKaufmann, 1865); allochthonous (in laminae, see above) benthic Foraminifera: ?Orbitolinidae, \u003cem\u003eBiconcava\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(?), \u003cem\u003eCuneolina\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp. (Fig. 12A-B), \u003cem\u003eNezzazatinella\u003c/em\u003e sp. (Fig. 12C), \u003cem\u003eNezzazata simplex\u003c/em\u003e Omara, 1956 (Fig. 12F), \u003cem\u003eNovalesia ?\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSpiroplectammina\u003c/em\u003e sp. (Fig. 12E), \u003cem\u003eSellialveolina\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp., \u003cem\u003eIstriloculina\u003c/em\u003e sp., \u003cem\u003eQuinqueloculina\u003c/em\u003e sp., \u003cem\u003eSpiroloculina\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp., \u0026ldquo;Nummuloculinas\u0026rdquo;\u003cem\u003e, Moncharmontia apenninica\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(De castro, 1966), \u003cem\u003eNeodubrovnikella\u003c/em\u003e ?\u003cem\u003eturonica\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Said \u0026amp; Kenawy, 1957) (Fig. 12D), \u003cem\u003eNezzazata\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003egr. \u003cem\u003egyra-conica\u003c/em\u003e and; planktonic Foraminifera: Heterohelicidae.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003eHjoula section\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnit a) Autochthonous benthic Foraminifera: \u003cem\u003eSimplalveolina simplex\u003c/em\u003e (Reichel, 1936) (Figs. 11 A-B), \u003cem\u003eSellialveolina\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp., \u003cem\u003eBiconcava\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(?) (Fig. 11D), \u003cem\u003eDicyclina\u003c/em\u003e sp. (Fig. 11F), \u003cem\u003eIstriloculina\u003c/em\u003e sp., \u003cem\u003eMerlingina\u003c/em\u003e (?) (Fig. 11E), \u003cem\u003eSpiroloculina\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp., \u003cem\u003eNeodubrovnikella\u003c/em\u003e ?\u003cem\u003eturonica\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Fig. 11G), \u003cem\u003eNezzazatinella\u003c/em\u003e sp., \u003cem\u003eSpiroplectammina\u003c/em\u003e sp. and Cuneolindae.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnit b) Calcispheres: \u003cem\u003ePithonella trejoi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Figs.13D, F-G), \u003cem\u003ePithonella perlonga\u003c/em\u003e (Fig. 13H), \u003cem\u003ePithonella \u003cem\u003esphaerica (\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/em\u003eKaufmann, 1865), \u003cem\u003eStomiosphaera sp. (Fig. 13E, J-K); allochthonous (in laminae, see above) benthic Foraminifera: Gavelinellidae,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eSpiroplectammina\u003c/em\u003e sp. (Figs. 12I-J), \u0026ldquo;Nummuloculinas\u0026rdquo; (Fig. 12P);\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eallochthonous\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/em\u003egreen algae (organo-genus): \u003cem\u003eTerquemella\u003c/em\u003e sp. (Figs. 12K-L); planktonic Foraminifera: Globigerinelloididae (Fig. 14D), \u003cem\u003eFavusella\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003ewashitensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Figs. 15E, I),\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Muricohedbergella delrioensis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eMuricohedbergella planispira\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Pl. 15B-C), \u003cem\u003ePraeglobotruncana\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ecf. \u003cem\u003edelrioensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Plummer, 1931) (Fig. 15K),\u0026nbsp;?\u003cem\u003ePraeglobotruncana\u003c/em\u003e sp.), Rotaliporidae (\u003cem\u003eThalmanninella\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ecf. \u003cem\u003eappenninica\u003c/em\u003e (Renz, 1936) (Figs. 15F-H)), \u003cem\u003eWhiteinella\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp. (Fig. 15J) and other rests: bones debris.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMacrofossils assemblage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003eHaqel section\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe macrofauna list was provided by P.A.S. (one of us and the owner of the quarry) (Table 2):\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnit a): ray-finned fish, shrimps\u003cem\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ebrittle stars and squids.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnit b): \u003cem\u003eGaudryella\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnit c): Ray-finned fishes: \u003cem\u003eAipichthys\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAnguillavus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eApateopholis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eArmigatus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCharitopsis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eDiplomystus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eEubiodectes\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eEurypholis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eGaudryella\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eHalec\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Sardinioides (Leptosomus)\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eNematonodtus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eOsmeroides\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePararaja\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePetalopteryx\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePseudoberyx\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePrimigatus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eEnchodus\u003c/em\u003e, pycnodonts, \u003cem\u003eTrewavasia\u003c/em\u003e, \u0026ldquo;flying fishes\u0026rdquo;, small teleosteans; Chondrichthyes: \u003cem\u003eChimera\u003c/em\u003e\u0026cedil; \u003cem\u003eCyclobatis major\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCyclobatis oligodactylus, Cyclobatis\u003c/em\u003e sp., \u003cem\u003eRhinobatos hakelensis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eRhinobatos maronita\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eRhinobatos\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003ewhitfieldi\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eRhinobatos\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003cem\u003e, Rhombopterygia,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esharks; Sauropterygians: \u0026nbsp;ichthyosaurs; \u0026ldquo;Invertebrates\u0026rdquo;: \u003cem\u003ePalinurus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePseudastacus\u003c/em\u003e, shrimps, crabs, squids, crinoids and brittle stars.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnit d) no macrofossils were found.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnits a and b have not been sufficiently excavated. This likely explains the poor record of macrofossil remains.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOne of us D.A. found \u003cem\u003eMantelliceras mantelli\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Sowerby, 1817), the present synonym of \u003cem\u003eAcanthoceras mantelli\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003esensu\u003c/em\u003e H\u0026uuml;ckel (1970) at Haqel (Fig. 16) 15 meters below the fossil fish \u003cem\u003eKonservat-Lagerst\u0026auml;tte\u003c/em\u003e level.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003eHjoula section\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe macrofossil list was provided by one of us P.A.S. who worked in the 80s for ten years in this quarry (Table 2):\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnit a): \u003cem\u003ein situ\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnit b): Ray-finned fishes: \u003cem\u003eAipichthys\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAnguillavus\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Armigatus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eApateopholis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCoccodus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eDiplomystus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eEnchelion\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eEubiodectes\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eEurypholis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eGaudryella\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eHalec\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eHajulia\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eHolocentrus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eNematonotus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePalaeobalistum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePateroperca\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePhylactocephalus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePrionolepis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePseudoberyx\u003c/em\u003e, pycnodonts, \u003cem\u003ePycnosteroides\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eRhyncodercetis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSedenhorstia\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eStichocentrus\u003c/em\u003e, large teleosteans, \u0026ldquo;flying fish\u0026rdquo;; Chondrichthyes: \u003cem\u003eCyclobatis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eRhinobatos\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eRhombopterygia\u003c/em\u003e, sharks, sawfish; Coelacanths; \u0026ldquo;Invertebrates\u0026rdquo;: shrimps, , limulids, \u003cem\u003eNautilus\u003c/em\u003e, cuttlefishes, crinoids, worms.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2: List of fish fossils from Haqel (HK), Hjoula (HJ) and Nammoura (NA)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"727\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 651px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTAXA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHK\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHJ\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChondrichthyes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElasmobranchii\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCretoxyrhinidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePlicatolamna semiplicata\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Agassiz, 1843)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHemiscylliidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMesitia emiliae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eKramberger, 1885\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParascylliidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePararhincodon lehmani\u003c/em\u003e Cappetta, 1980a\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScyliorhinidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eScyliorhinus bloti\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eCappetta, 1980a\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eScyliorhinus arambourgi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eCappetta, 1980a\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnacoracidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSqualicorax falcatus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Agassiz, 1843)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePseudocoracidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePseudocorax kindlimanni\u003c/em\u003e Jambura et al., 2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSclerorhynchidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLibanopristis hiram\u003c/em\u003e (Hay, 1903)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMicropristis solomoni\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Hay, 1903)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSquatinidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSquatina cranei\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eWoodward, 1888\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePtychodontidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePtychodus decurens\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eAgassiz, 1839\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRhinobatidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhinobatos grandis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Davis, 1887)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhinobatos hakelensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eCappetta, 1980a\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhinobatos maronita\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Pictet \u0026amp; Humbert, 1866)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhinobatos whitfieldi\u003c/em\u003e (Hay, 1903)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRhinobatidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhombopterygia rajoides\u003c/em\u003e Cappetta, 1980b\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRajidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePararaja expansa\u003c/em\u003e (Davis, 1887)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCyclobatidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCyclobatis major Davis, 1887\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCyclobatis oligodactylus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eEgerton, 1844\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCyclobatis tuberculatus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eCappetta, 1980b\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSarcopterygii\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLatimeriidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMacropomoides orientalis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eWoodward, 1942\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eActinopterygii\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIonoscopiformes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSpathiurus dorsalis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eDavis, 1887\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAphanepygidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAphanepygus dorsalis\u003c/em\u003e (Davis, 1887)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePetalopteryx syriacus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ePictet, 1850\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePycnodontiformes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePycnodont sp.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNursalliidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNursallia goedeli\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Heckel, 1856)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProscinetes\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePalaeobalistidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e?Palaeobalistum libanicum\u003c/em\u003e Kramberger, 1895\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoccodontidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoccodus armatus\u003c/em\u003e Pictet, 1850\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoccodus lindstroemi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eDavis, 1890\u0026dagger;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoccodus insignis\u003c/em\u003e Hay, 1903\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eParacoccodus woodwardi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eTaverne \u0026amp; Capasso, 2014b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Corusichthys megacephalus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eTaverne \u0026amp; Capasso, 2014b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHensodon spinosus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Hennig, 1907)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrewavasiidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrewavasia carinatus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Davis, 1887)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePycnodontidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhinopycnodus gabriellae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eTaverne \u0026amp; Capasso, 2013b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcrorhinichthys poyato\u003c/em\u003ei Taverne \u0026amp; Capasso, 2015a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLibanopycnodus wenzi\u003c/em\u003e Taverne \u0026amp; Capasso, 2018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSigmapycnodus giganteus\u003c/em\u003e Taverne \u0026amp; Capasso, 2018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFlagellipinna rhomboides\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eCawley \u0026amp; Kriwet 2019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAkromystax tilmachiton\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ePoyato-Ariza \u0026amp; Wenz, 2005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHaqelpycnodus picteti\u003c/em\u003e Taverne \u0026amp; Capasso, 2018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNursallia tethysensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eCapasso et al., 2009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGladiopycnodontidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGladiopycnodus karami\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eTaverne \u0026amp; Capasso, 2013a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGladiopycnodus byrnei\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eMarrama et al., 2016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMonocerichthys scheuchzeri\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eTaverne \u0026amp; Capasso, 2013a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRostropycnodus gayeti\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eTaverne \u0026amp; Capasso, 2013a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eJoinvillichthys lindstroemi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eTaverne \u0026amp; Capasso, 2014a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eJoinvillichthys kriweti\u003c/em\u003e Taverne \u0026amp; Capasso, 2014a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePankowskichthys libanicus\u003c/em\u003e Taverne \u0026amp; Capasso, 2014a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHayolperichthys pectospinus\u003c/em\u003e Taverne \u0026amp; Capasso, 2015b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDucrotayichthys cornutus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eTaverne \u0026amp; Capasso, 2015b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTricerichthys wenzi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eTaverne \u0026amp; Capasso, 2015b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStenoprotome hamata\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eHay, 1903\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIchthyoceros spinosus\u003c/em\u003e Gayet, 1984\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGabrayelichthyidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGabrayelichthys uyenoi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eNursall \u0026amp; Capasso, 2004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGabrayelichthys vexillarius\u003c/em\u003e Nursall \u0026amp; Capasso, 2004\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMaraldichthys verticalis\u003c/em\u003e Nursall \u0026amp; Capasso, 2004\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTeleostei\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eincertae sedis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePrognathoglossum kalassyi\u003c/em\u003e Taverne \u0026amp; Capasso, 2012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCapassopiscis pankowskii\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eTaverne, 2022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePetersichthys libanicus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eTaverne, 2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePalaeopantodon vandersypeni\u003c/em\u003e Taverne, 2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIchthyodectiformes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEubiodectes libanicus\u003c/em\u003e (Pictet \u0026amp; Humbert, 1866)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAspidorhynchiformes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBelonostomus\u003c/em\u003e sp. 1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBelonostomus\u003c/em\u003e sp. 2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElopomorpha\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElopidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDavichthys gardnieri\u003c/em\u003e Forey, 1973a\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCtenodentelops striatus\u003c/em\u003e Forey et al., 2003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMegalopidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSedenhorstia libanica\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Woodward, 1901)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSedenhorstia dayi\u003c/em\u003e (Hay, 1903)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSedenhorstia orientalis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eGoody, 1969a\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePterothrissidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHajula multidens\u003c/em\u003e Woodward, 1942\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlbulidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLebonichthys lewisi\u003c/em\u003e (Davis, 1887)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLebonichthys namouresis\u003c/em\u003e Forey et al., 2003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnguilliformes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnguillavus bathshebae\u003c/em\u003e Hay, 1903\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnguillavus quadripinnis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eHay, 1903\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAbisaadia hakelensis\u003c/em\u003e (Davis, 1887)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUrenchelys germanus\u003c/em\u003e Hay, 1903\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEnchelion montium\u003c/em\u003e Hay, 1903\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLuenchelys minimus\u003c/em\u003e Belouze et al., 2003\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTselfatiiformes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProtobrama avus\u003c/em\u003e Woodward, 1942\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProtobrama woodwardi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eTaverne \u0026amp; Gayet, 2004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEusebichthys byblosi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eTaverne \u0026amp; Gayet, 2004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAbisaadichthys libanicus\u003c/em\u003e Taverne \u0026amp; Gayet, 2004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhamphoichthys taxidiotis\u003c/em\u003e El Hossny et al., 2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTselfatia formosa\u003c/em\u003e Arambourg, 1943\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClupeomorpha\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eincertae sedis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eOrnategulum sardiniodes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Pictet, 1850)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParclupeidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eArmigatus brevissimus\u003c/em\u003e (de Blainville, 1818)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eArmigatus namourensis\u003c/em\u003e Forey et al., 2003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eArmigatus alticorpus\u003c/em\u003e Forey et al., 2003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDiplomystus birdi\u003c/em\u003e Woodward, 1901\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTriplomystus noorae\u003c/em\u003e Forey et al., 2003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTriplomystus oligoscutatus\u003c/em\u003e Forey et al., 2003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSorbonichthys elusivo\u003c/em\u003e Bannikov \u0026amp; Bacchia, 2000\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eScutatoclupea bacchiai\u003c/em\u003e Bannikov, 2015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClupeiformes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eScombroclupea macrophthalma\u003c/em\u003e (Heckel, 1849)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eScombroclupea diminuta\u003c/em\u003e Forey et al., 2003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGonorhynchiformes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGonorhynchidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCharitopsis spinosus\u003c/em\u003e Gayet, 1993b\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCharitosomus hakelensis\u003c/em\u003e (Davis, 1887)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEuteleostei\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eincertae sedis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePseudoberyx syriacus\u003c/em\u003e Pictet \u0026amp; Humbert, 1866\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePseudoberyx bottae\u003c/em\u003e Pictet \u0026amp; Humbert, 1866\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePseudoberyx grandis\u003c/em\u003e Davis, 1887\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGaudryella gaudryi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Pictet \u0026amp; Humbert, 1866)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGharbouria libanica\u003c/em\u003e Gayet, 1988a\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGinsburgia operta\u003c/em\u003e Patterson, 1970\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLebrunichthys nammourensis\u003c/em\u003e Taverne \u0026amp; Capasso, 2020a\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStanhopeichthys libanicus\u003c/em\u003e Taverne \u0026amp; Capasso, 2020b\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eYpsiloichthys sibelleae\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eEl Hossny \u0026amp; Cavin, 2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAulopiformes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChirothricidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eExocoetoides minor\u003c/em\u003e Davis, 1887\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTelepholis tenuis\u003c/em\u003e (Davis, 1887)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIchthyotringidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIchthyotringa delicata\u003c/em\u003e (Hay, 1903)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eApatepopholidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eApateopholis laniatus\u003c/em\u003e (Davis, 1887)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDercetidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhynchodercetis hakelensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Pictet \u0026amp; Humbert, 1866)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhynchodercetis serpentinus\u003c/em\u003e (Hay, 1903)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhynchodercetis gracilis\u003c/em\u003e Chalifa, 1989a\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhyncodercetis yovanovitchi\u003c/em\u003e Arambourg, 1954\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrionolepidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePrionolepis cataphractus\u003c/em\u003e (Pictet \u0026amp; Humbert, 1866)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEnchodontidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEnchodus marchesetti\u003c/em\u003e (Kramberger, 1895)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEnchodus mecoanalis\u003c/em\u003e Forey et al., 2003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSpinascutichthys pankowskiae\u003c/em\u003e Murray et al., 2022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEurypholidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEurypholis boissieri\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ePictet, 1850\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSaurorhamphus giorgiae\u003c/em\u003e Bannikov \u0026amp; Bacchia, 2005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHalecidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhylactocephalus microlepis\u003c/em\u003e Davis, 1887\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHemisaurida hakelensis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eGoody, 1969b\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSerrilepis prymnostrigos\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eForey et al., 2003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSerrilepis minor\u003c/em\u003e Forey et al., 2003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAulopodidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNematonotus bottae\u003c/em\u003e (Pictet \u0026amp; Humbert, 1866)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNematonotus longispinus\u003c/em\u003e (Davis, 1887)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMyctophiformes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSardinioididae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSardinioides minimus\u003c/em\u003e (Agassiz, 1839)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSardinioides attenuatus\u003c/em\u003e Woodward, 1901\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSardinioides pontivagus\u003c/em\u003e (Hay, 1903)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcrognathus dodgei\u003c/em\u003e Hay, 1903\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCtenothrissidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCtenothrissa vexillifer\u003c/em\u003e (Pictet, 1850)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCtenothrissa protodorsalis\u003c/em\u003e Gaudant, 1978a\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCtenothrissa signifer\u003c/em\u003e Hay, 1903\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHeterothrissa signeuxae\u003c/em\u003e Gaudant, 1978a\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePattersonichthyidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePateroperca libanica\u003c/em\u003e Woodward, 1942\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePateroperca robusta\u003c/em\u003e Gaudant, 1978e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePattersonichthys delicatus\u003c/em\u003e Goody, 1969b\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhoenicolepis arcuatus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eGaudant, 1978a\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHumilichthys orientalis\u003c/em\u003e Gaudant, 1978a\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAcanthomorpha\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eincertae sedis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGigapteryx tethyestris\u003c/em\u003e Forey et al., 2003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolymixiidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBerycopsis pulcher\u003c/em\u003e Bannikov \u0026amp; Bacchia, 2005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBlochiidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e?Cylindracanthus libanicus\u003c/em\u003e (Woodward, 1942)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePharmichthyidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePharmacichthys venenifer\u003c/em\u003e Woodward, 1942\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePharmacichthys numismalis\u003c/em\u003e Gayet, 1980b\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAipichthyidae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAipichthys minor\u003c/em\u003e (Pictet, 1850)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAipichthys velifer\u003c/em\u003e Woodward, 1901\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAipichthys oblongus\u003c/em\u003e Gayet, 1980b\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePycnosteroididae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePycnosteroides levispinosus\u003c/em\u003e (Hay, 1903)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBeryciformes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eincertae sedis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePlesioberyx maximus\u003c/em\u003e Gayet, 1980b\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePlesioberyx discoides\u003c/em\u003e Gayet, 1980b\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCryptoberyx minimus\u003c/em\u003e Gaudant, 1978c\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHolocentroidei\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStichocentrus liratus\u003c/em\u003e Patterson, 1967b\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStichocentrus elegans\u003c/em\u003e Gaudant, 1969\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStichocentrus spinulosus\u003c/em\u003e Gayet, 1980b\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eParacentrus lebanonensis\u003c/em\u003e Forey et al., 2003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCaproberyx pharsus\u003c/em\u003e Patterson, 1967b\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrachichthyoidei\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStichopteryx lewisi\u003c/em\u003e (Davis, 1887)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLissoberyx dayi\u003c/em\u003e (Woodward, 1942)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLissoberyx arambourgi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eGaudant, 1969\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrachichthyoidei\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLissoberyx denticulatus\u003c/em\u003e Gayet, 1980b\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMicrocapros libanicus\u003c/em\u003e Gayet, 1980c\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLibanoberyx spinosus\u003c/em\u003e Gayet, 1980b\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHgulichthys spinus\u003c/em\u003e Otero et al., 1995\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTetraodontiformes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 374px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePlectocretacicus clarae\u003c/em\u003e Sorbini, 1979\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eX\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eINTERPRETATION\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBiostratigraphy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003eBenthic Foraminifera\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHaqel: \u003cem\u003eOrbitolina (Conicorbitolina) conica\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(D\u0026apos;Archiac, 1837) (sample TH7, Fig. 11C)\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eSellialveolina\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp. (TH7 and TH22) occur directly at the base of the \u003cem\u003eLagerst\u0026auml;tten\u003c/em\u003e in Haqel. \u003cem\u003eOrbitolina (Conicorbitolina) conica\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(D\u0026apos;Archiac, 1837) is Early to Middle Cenomanian (Cherchi \u0026amp; Schroeder, 2004) and \u003cem\u003eSellialveolina\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esp. are known in Lebanon from the Early to the Late Cenomanian (St-Marc 1974 found \u003cem\u003eS. vialii\u003c/em\u003e from Early to Middle Cenomanian and \u003cem\u003eS. drorimensis\u003c/em\u003e from Early to Late Cenomanian). Rare sections attributed to \u003cem\u003eMoncharmontia appenninica\u003c/em\u003e (Fig. (and its var. \u003cem\u003ecompressa\u003c/em\u003e) are found in Haqel (Th3; Th22). The first occurrence of this species is known as Middle Cenomanian (Schlagintweit \u0026amp; Moghadam 2021).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHjoula: The presence of (one) section of \u003cem\u003eNummofallotia apula\u003c/em\u003e at the top of Hjoula section (Th31, Fig. xxx) indicates the Middle Cenomanian or younger (FO during the Middle Cenomanian following Schroeder \u0026amp; Neumann 1985). The presence of \u003cem\u003eSimplalveolina simplex\u003c/em\u003e (Hjoula, Samples number DA7 (=TH23) and DA2 (=TH23), Figs. 11, A-B) indicates an Early to Late Cenomanian age (Schroeder \u0026amp; Neumann 1985).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNammoura: the \u003cem\u003eLagerst\u0026auml;tten\u003c/em\u003e located in the Unit 3 of Dalla Vecchia et al. (2002) does not contain stratigraphic fossil, while their Unit 4 contains \u003cem\u003eS. drorimensis\u003c/em\u003e (Early to Late Cenomanian), \u003cem\u003eO\u003c/em\u003e. (\u003cem\u003eC\u003c/em\u003e.) \u003cem\u003econica\u003c/em\u003e (Early to Middle Cenomanian) \u003cem\u003eP.\u003c/em\u003e gr. c\u003cem\u003eretacea\u003c/em\u003e (Middle to Late Cenomanian); \u003cem\u003eS. laurinensis\u003c/em\u003e (Middle to basal Late Cenomanian) giving a Middle Cenomanian age for this Unit. Based on benthic Foraminifers, the Nammoura \u003cem\u003eLagerst\u0026auml;tten\u003c/em\u003e may then be Middle Cenomanian or older (Early Cenomanian?). Dalla Vecchia et al., 2002 mention Nammoura \u0026ldquo;could be coeval with Hjoula and Haqel sites or even older\u0026rdquo; contrarily to their previous statement (Dalla-Vecchia \u0026amp; Venturini 1999).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003ePlanktonic Foraminifera\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCostullate hedbergellids are present along both sections Haqel and Hjoula. They are attributed to both \u003cem\u003eParacostellagerina\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003elibyca\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eHedbergella costellata\u003c/em\u003e St Marc 1973) and \u003cem\u003eFavusella washitensis\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP. libyca\u003c/em\u003e is proposed as Albian P. appenninica Zone to Early Cenomanian T. globotruncanoides Zone (Mikrotax.org 2024) but Saint-Marc 1973 reported the presence (type level) of \u003cem\u003eH. costellata\u003c/em\u003e in the Middle Cenomanian of Ech Choua\u0026iuml;f\u0026acirc;t-Deir Qoubil (Lebanon).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFavusella\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003ewashitensis\u003c/em\u003e (Figs. 14B-C; Figs. 15E-I) is proposed as Albian T. rohri zone to Early Cenomanian T. globotruncanoides zone (Mikrotax.org 2024) but Carter \u0026amp; Hart 1977 as well as Kennedy 1969 reported the presence of \u003cem\u003eF. washitensis\u003c/em\u003e during the Middle Cenomanian (just below the Orbirhynchia mantelliana Band which is at the upper limit of the Middle Cenomanian Turrilites costatus Zone) in England. Quality sections of \u003cem\u003eFavusella washitensis\u003c/em\u003e with inflated chambers, strongly depressed sutures and 3-4 rapidly enlarging chambers in the last whorl are characteristic e.g. at the top of Hjoula section sample Th30 in Figure 6.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong the rare rotaliporids some (rather rare) sections found in Hjoula can be attributed to \u003cem\u003eThalmanninella\u003c/em\u003e cf. \u003cem\u003eappenninica\u003c/em\u003e (Figs. 15F-H) (F.O. in Albian T. appenninica Zone) which has a last occurrence in the middle part of the \u003cem\u003eR. cushmani\u003c/em\u003e zone (L.O. in the Middle Cenomanian A. rhotomagense ammonite Zone).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe did not recognize the \u003cem\u003ePraeglobotruncana\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003estephani\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eRotalipora\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003ecushmani\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003egreenhornenis\u003c/em\u003e mentioned (not illustrated) by Hemleben (1977). We should mention that he surprisingly did not note the presence of the characteristic costulate sections of \u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003ewashitensis\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003eNannofossils\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe samples collected by Lehmann et al. (2024) show a moderate to poor preservation of the nannofossils with a low diversity. Most observed taxa are long ranging and Cenomanian markers are absent. The presence of \u0026ldquo;two singles\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eCorollithion kennedyi\u003c/em\u003e support the Cenomanian age.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003eOstracods\u003c/u\u003e: Hemleben (1977) mentions \u003cem\u003eCythereis oertlii\u003c/em\u003e Bishoff, a species proposed to be common to very abundant from the lower Albian to the lowermost Cenomanian (Bishoff, 1963) but also in younger Cretaceous levels by more recent authors (e.g. El Nady et al. 2008).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003eAmmonites\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZumoffen (1926, p. 121) reports the index ammonite \u003cem\u003eAcanthoceras mantelli\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eMantelliceras matelli\u003c/em\u003e) SE of the \u003cem\u003eLagerst\u0026auml;tten\u003c/em\u003e Hackel, a little higher on the slope. It may be the same he mentioned p.118 in marly limestones with \u003cem\u003eEoradiolites lyratus\u003c/em\u003e Conrad and lamellibranch casts, located below compact massive limestones deposited in thick beds with abundant silex. This ammonite is located by H\u0026uuml;ckel 1970 within the strata located just above the \u003cem\u003eLagerst\u0026auml;tten\u003c/em\u003e. This record, followed by many subsequent authors, is however considered as doubtful by Whippich and Lehmann 2004 as the specimen has never been figured or described.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhippich \u0026amp; Lehmann 2004 reported the presence of \u003cem\u003eAllocrioceras\u003c/em\u003e cf. \u003cem\u003eannulatum\u003c/em\u003e in both Haqel and Hjoula. According to the authors (who followed Kennedy 1988) \u003cem\u003eA. annulatum\u003c/em\u003e is characteristic of the Metoicoceras geslinianum ammonite Zone of the Late Cenomanian. The specimens are reported from \u0026ldquo;Cenomanian lithographic limestones of the Lebanon\u0026rdquo; from both Haqel and Hjoula; however, Lehmann (comm. pers. 2023) corrected the presence of \u003cem\u003eA.\u003c/em\u003e cf. \u003cem\u003eannulatum\u003c/em\u003e in Hjoula only \u0026ndash; not in Haqel. No precision is given on the exact stratigraphic position of the ammonites, although they are supposed to come from the \u003cem\u003eLagerst\u0026auml;tten\u003c/em\u003e layers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLehmann et al. (2024) reported that ammonites only occur in Hjoula. They report the presence of well-preserved ammonites determined as: \u003cem\u003eEucalycoceras rowei\u003c/em\u003e which characterize the lower Late Cenomanian Calycoceras (P.) guerangeri Zone; \u003cem\u003eEucalycoceras\u003c/em\u003e cf. \u003cem\u003epentagonum\u003c/em\u003e from the lower Late Cenomanian Calycoceras (Proeucalycoceras) guerangeri Zone; \u003cem\u003eEuomphaloceras varicostatum\u003c/em\u003e known from the Late Cenomanian of India, only known in levels possibly equivalent to the Metoicoceras geslinianum Zone in the middle Late Cenomanian; \u003cem\u003eForbesiceras\u003c/em\u003e aff. \u003cem\u003ebaylissi\u003c/em\u003e mainly known form the Early Cenomanian Mantelliceras dixoni Zone, but that also occur in the Middle Cenomanian; no Late Cenomanian records yet but since the genus is known in the Late Cenomanian and several species show a rather long stratigraphic range, the occurrence of the species \u003cem\u003ebaylissi\u003c/em\u003e in the Late Cenomanian is convincing following the authors. Lehmann et al. (2024) also identify the ammonites of Alessandrello et al. 2016 as \u003cem\u003eNeolobites\u003c/em\u003e (?) sp. and consider this identification confirm the Late Cenomanian age (Neolobites vibrayeanus / Calycoceras guerangeri Zone) for the \u0026ldquo;sublithographic limestones\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003esensu\u003c/em\u003e Lehmann et al. (2024), i.e., the fish beds.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003eBiostratigraphic discussion and conclusion:\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe benthic Foraminifera give a Middle Cenomanian age; the planktonic Foraminifera give an Albian to Middle Cenomanian age, and the Ammonites give a Late Cenomanian age.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSome benthic foraminifera occur in laminae (e.g. sample TH7, TH22 in Haqel) and are probably reworked from shallower sediments in small/distal turbidites. However, the laminae do not show any pebble containing (or not) the benthic foraminifera; the shells do not show any sign of wear and could then be considered as contemporaneous with the surrounding sediment.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the data mentioned above, the age given by microfossils is then Middle Cenomanian with the huge advantage being that we know exactly from which level they come within the lithographic limestones of the \u003cem\u003eLagerst\u0026auml;tten\u003c/em\u003e (Figs. 3, 6).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe rare well preserved ammonites\u0026rsquo; specimens used for biostratigraphy in the Lebanese \u003cem\u003eLagerst\u0026auml;tten\u003c/em\u003e have the unfortunate disadvantage of never being precisely located in the field. The age they provide is different from the one obtained with microfossils.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe precise age of Haqel and Hjoula \u003cem\u003eLagerst\u0026auml;tten\u003c/em\u003e although known as Cenomanian since decades does not seem to be totally solved yet. Confrontation of the biostratigraphic data between ammonite and foraminifera makes the age question remains open as well as the possible contemporaneousness of the \u003cem\u003eLagerst\u0026auml;tten\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt may be solved in the future by further detailed field work and precisely located new ammonite findings; although (as mentioned by St Marc (1974)), significant tectonic in the area definitely makes correlation between outcrops difficult. Indeed, contiguous outcropping levels may be of rather different ages as we can note regarding e.g. the maps and diagrams of the \u003cem\u003eLagerst\u0026auml;tten\u003c/em\u003e made by H\u0026uuml;ckel (1970).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChemiostratigraphy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGeochemical analyses were performed to measure Carbon and Oxygen isotope ratios on all the collected samples for the sections Haqel and Hjoula (Figs. 3, 6). The Anoxic levels are missed in sampling or the C/T boundary was not reached.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eElemental mapping\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eField emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) quantification were acquired using a TESCAN MAIA3 GMU with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy (OXFORD ULTIM MAX 170). The sample was uncoated and EDS analyses with Large Area Mapping (LAM) technique was completed using an accelerating voltage of 20 keV at a working distance of 5 mm for acquisition rate ~30000 cps/s. The EDS elements in this study were collected at 20 keV with ~100000 counts/s and ~30% dead time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe made elemental mapping using a MAIA3 Triglav TESCAN SEM and we distinguished in Haqel section a passage from a layer rich with Mg to another deprived of this element.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorrelations\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe two sites Haqel and Hjoula are distant by 3.7 km.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlong our Haqel section, there is no clear macroscopic unconformity visible along the encompassed series on the field. The area is highly affected by tectonic accidents and correlations between the different outcrop is difficult. H\u0026uuml;ckel (1970) made the most comprehensive field work of the area. The \u003cem\u003eLagerst\u0026auml;tten\u003c/em\u003e consist of packstones with calcispheres and planktonic foraminifers. Laminae containing benthic foraminifers (\u003cem\u003ee.g.,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eAlveolinoidea or Orbitlolinidae) are sometimes observed along the section.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA lower unconformity is observed in Hjoula marked by the change in facies from lumachellic bed with rudists (Figs. 8A-B) shells, alveolinoids and orbitolinids to a fine laminated bed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe facies (light-yellow limestones), microfacies (packstones) and the microfossil assemblage of calcispheres, benthic and planktonic foraminifers are similar in both \u003cem\u003eLagerst\u0026auml;tten\u003c/em\u003e. All these data summed up allow a rough stratigraphic correlation.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe topmost part of the Hjoula section is not exposed (due to screes and random excavation of the topmost layers (Fig. 9C)).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur Nammoura section would be directly correlated with the \u0026ldquo;units 2 and 3\u0026rdquo; of Dalla Vecchia et al. (2002) because we found only some rare calcispheres with rare \u003cem\u003eMuricohedbergella\u003c/em\u003e sp. in our samples.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe micropalaeontological data (this work) as well as the new ammonite data (Lehmann et al. (2014)) do not allow to give a more precise correlation than the one previously proposed e.g. by H\u0026uuml;ckel (1970) based on field data (lithostratigraphy, sedimentology). As a reminder, H\u0026uuml;ckel proposed Hjoula \u003cem\u003eLagerst\u0026auml;tte\u003c/em\u003e being slightly older (Cenoman IVd) than Haqel \u003cem\u003eLagerst\u0026auml;tte\u003c/em\u003e (Cenoman Va). New well-located ammonites combined with detailed field work (lithostratigraphy, sedimentology, tectonic) may then be the only key to a more precise correlation between the \u003cem\u003eLagerst\u0026auml;tten\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA review\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePictet and Humbert (1866) suggested that Haqel deposition was formed aside the land due to the presence of an insect (a wingless Orthoptera, \u003cem\u003eop. cit.\u003c/em\u003e: p. 240).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1938, van Straelen considered that the Haqel deposition \u0026ldquo;ne sont point des formations bathyales\u0026hellip; ils appartiennent \u0026agrave; la zone n\u0026eacute;ritique, voire littorale, et rappellent les d\u0026eacute;p\u0026ocirc;ts se formant dans les baies qui d\u0026eacute;coupent les massifs r\u0026eacute;cifaux\u0026hellip; ils sont des r\u0026eacute;cifs \u0026agrave; radiolites et \u0026agrave; Hippurites qui passent lat\u0026eacute;ralement aux calcaires grenus en bacs minces\u0026rdquo; [are not a bathyal formation\u0026hellip; but a neritic or even littoral zone. They remind the depositions formed in the bay and that encompasses the reefal environments\u0026hellip; they represent reefs with radiolites and Hippurites passing laterally to grainy limestones in thin beds].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRoger (1946) considered that all the palaeobiologic data could not be separated from the palaeogeographic data. He subdivided faunal assemblages of Haqel and Hjoula to four different groups: necton with Selacians; planktonic with branchiopods, \u003cem\u003eAntedon\u003c/em\u003e and globigerinids; bathypelagic with \u003cem\u003eIstieus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eDercetis\u003c/em\u003e, Myctophidae and benthic with \u003cem\u003eLimulus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSculda\u003c/em\u003e, worms and \u003cem\u003ePseudosculda\u003c/em\u003e. He described the palaeoenvironment as several hundred of meters deep (with the occurrence of crustacean and globigerinids). He considered that the fish beds were laid on a deoxygenated bottom in channels between shallow reefs (with rudists) away from the coast.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatterson (1967) provided a preliminary observation on the palaeoenvironment. He suggested that the fish beds were deposited in a submarine canyon (a trap for fishes and invertebrates) with a deoxygenated bottom and a supply of fine sediments. He interpreted the death of this high number of fishes as \u0026ldquo;mass mortalities caused by toxins released in \u0026quot; waterbloom \u0026quot; conditions, and that the high percentage of silica in the rocks (21% at Hakel, not detrital but colloidal, Roger, 1946: p. 77) results from the solution of diatom frustules\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eH\u0026uuml;ckel (1970), suggested that the fish beds of Haqel and Hjoula were deposited in small tectonic basins (some hundreds of meters wide and up to 270m deep) in a \u0026ldquo;subsequent stagnant stage\u0026hellip; they may have been re-deposited by occasional small-scale suspension currents. Locally they interfinger with the beds of the surrounding sea floor\u0026rdquo; (\u003cem\u003eop. cit.\u003c/em\u003e p. 9).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn 1977, Hemleben represented a general depositional scheme to Haqel and Hjoula deposits. He suggested that they correspond to tectonic troughs at the border between shelf and basin filled with allochthonous and pelagic sediments. For Hemleben (1977) the fossil preservation was favored by an oxygen deficiency and a rapid sedimentation. He explained the massive mortality of the fauna by the upwellings causing red tides in this marginal shelf environment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWalley (1997) claimed that these layers have been deposited in low oxygen environments, and the biotas possibly represent localised zones of chemoautotrophic communities based around deep water methane seeps.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDalla Vecchia et al. (2002) focused their work on the Nammoura outcrop. They suggested a small non-tectonic marine basin environment bordered by clinoform with a normal fauna death deposition. However, they adopted the hypothesis of Hemleben (1977) for Haqel and Hjoula \u003cem\u003eLagerst\u0026auml;tten\u003c/em\u003e. They considered these two depositions were formed in tectonic basins but with different macrofaunal composition.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOur interpretation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur palaeoenvironmental interpretation is based on the microfacies and fossil assemblage, which is composed of abundant micro and macrofauna. In the studied sections, the occurrence of Orbitolinids and Alveolinoids in very thin laminae (Fig. 8C) indicate they are redeposited in sediments interpreted as distal turbidites (or tempestites). The thin bedded (?) muddy limestone (wackestones) of the \u003cem\u003eLagerst\u0026auml;tten\u003c/em\u003e and the mud-dwelling \u003cem\u003eIstriloculina\u003c/em\u003e (Arnaud-Vanneau and Slitter, 1995; Oma\u0026ntilde;a \u0026amp; Alenc\u0026aacute;ster, 2009) suggest a quiet water environment (decantation) surrounding the \u003cem\u003eLagerst\u0026auml;tten\u003c/em\u003e of Haqel and Hjoula. In our opinion, the presence of marine fauna i.e.,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003efishes, sharks, shrimps, ammonites\u0026hellip; as well as terrestrial fauna i.e.,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003epterosaurs (Dalla Vecchia, 2001; Kellner et al., 2019) and numerous non-dislocated insects (Maksoud \u0026amp; Azar, 2021) in Hjoula outcrop indicate the presence of an emerged land (island(s)) closer than the several hundreds of kilometres proposed for the coastline by previous authors. The complete preservation of marine and terrestrial animals marks a smooth deposition of the layers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHaqel \u003cem\u003eLagerst\u0026auml;tte\u003c/em\u003e corresponds to the same deposition environment as Hjoula. In addition to the marine fauna (fishes, shrimps, etc.), both outcrops have yield pterosaurs; and insects (Azar et al., 2024) but rare fossils of plants were recorded in Haqel. Worth noting that it could be possible to find them in the future and Hjoula which could be a bit more away from the emerged land based on the presence of fossil insects.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCalcispheres and Gavelinellidae are known from low oxygen and high nutrient sediments (Oma\u0026ntilde;a et al., 2014; 2019). This could be the main reason behind the death and the exceptional preservation of the fauna in Haqel and Hjoula outcrops.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsidering the planktonic foraminifers, we note the frequent small sized morphotypes (hedbergellids and rare globigerinelloids) observed all over the sections of Haqel and Hjoula in association with ornamented \u003cem\u003eHedbergellid\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003eParacostellagerina lybica\u003c/em\u003e) and Favusellid (\u003cem\u003eFavusella\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003ewashitensis)\u003c/em\u003e. Both groups Hedbergellids and Globigerinelloids, indicate usually a shallow epicontinental sea or a marginal sea (Eicher \u0026amp; Worstell, 1970; Leckie, 1987). Also, we found \u003cem\u003eFavusella\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003ewashitensis\u003c/em\u003e in several levels in both sections Haqel and Hjoula; this species is particularly characteristic of warm shallow water environments i.e., such as marginal seas or carbonate platforms (Barr, 1972; Koutsoukos et al., 1989; Longoria \u0026amp; Gamper, 1977; Saint-Marc, 1973).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe also found some (very) rare Heterohelicids characteristic of epicontinental sea fauna (Leckie, 1987) in Haqel.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe rare occurrence of the keeled genera i.e., \u003cem\u003eThalmanninella\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003ePraeglobotruncana\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewhich are, in general, deeper dwelling planktonic foraminifera (Hart \u0026amp; Bailey, 1979; Leckie, 1989) indicate a moderate depth. Carinate forms were more often (less rarely) encountered in Hjoula.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe dominance of epicontinental species suggests that the depth around these basins should not exceed 100 meters (Hart \u0026amp; Bailey, 1979).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur Nammoura field section (Fig. 10) can be easily correlated with the field section of Dalla Vecchia et al.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(2002) (i.e., unit 3). We adopt the environmental interpretation of the authors: The geometry of their section shows the \u003cem\u003eLagerst\u0026auml;tten\u003c/em\u003e began to form in a small a marine basin bordered by a clinoform that was not deeper than 50 meters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFossil fish assemblages\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSystematic excavations carried out for decades by one of us (P.A.S) and his team in the sites of Haqel and Hjoula have provided a wealth of information on the stratigraphic distribution of fish taxa, as well as their abundance and their type of conservation (Table 2). The data is particularly instructive in the Haqel site, where they have been collected for 30 years in the 5.5 meters thick unit c section (Fig. 3). Twenty-six beds were defined in this unit during the excavation. The abundance of fossil fish is highest in the lower part of the unit, from bed 26 to bed 18. These beds contain a slightly fewer calcispheres than the upper part of the unit. The three lowest levels (26-24, Figs. 17A-D) are very rich in ray-finned and cartilaginous fishes, and \u003cem\u003ePseudastacus\u003c/em\u003e decapods. In bed 26, the density of certain taxa is very high in some areas, and field estimates show that it can reach 15 specimens per square meter for the fish \u003cem\u003eEurypholis\u003c/em\u003e and 10 specimens per square meter for the crustacean \u003cem\u003ePseudastacus\u003c/em\u003e. Bed 24 (Fig. 17D) is characterized by its lithology and is the only one in this rich lower part of the unit to contain favuselids. Bed 23, characterized by the presence of chert nodules and ostracods, does however contain some fossil fish, such as pycnodonts, and the only ammonite found in the section. The two upper beds (22 and 21) are very rich in cartilaginous and ray-finned fish. Bed 22 is subdivided into three distinct layers. The lowest layer produces the greatest diversity of fish, the middle layer contains crinoids, and the top layer contains mainly small fish, \u003cem\u003eSardinioides\u003c/em\u003e (\u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eLeptosomus\u0026rdquo;\u003c/em\u003e) and \u003cem\u003ePetalopteryx\u003c/em\u003e. Bed 21 contains large specimens of pycnodonts and \u003cem\u003eEnchodus\u003c/em\u003e, numerous \u003cem\u003eCyclobatis\u003c/em\u003e rays, squids preserved with tentacles, and specimens of most other known fish taxa at the locality. Bed 20 is a thin layer of chert nodules and Bed 19 is rich in most cartilaginous and ray-finned fish species (Figs. 17E-F). In an excavation area, the number of \u003cem\u003eCyclobatis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eRhinobatos\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePalinurus\u003c/em\u003e lobster reached 1 per square meter, and 0.3 for the shark. Bed 18 above is particularly rich in \u003cem\u003eGaudryella\u003c/em\u003e, as well as other taxa such as \u003cem\u003ePetalopteryx\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eApateopholis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eTrewavasia\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eRhinobatos\u003c/em\u003e guitarfish, and sharks (Figs. 17G-H). Bed 17 is a 1.5 meter thick layer without vertebrate remains, but with textularids in its middle depth, and some echinoderms and an increase in calcispheres in its upper part. The presence of cross-stratifications indicates that this layer was deposited in a channel.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbove this level, the deposits of unit c are characterized by the presence of hedbergells and favuselids, absent in the lower part of unit, and by a lower density of fossil fish except for certain layers. The lowest bed (16) is particularly rich in \u003cem\u003eCyclobatis\u003c/em\u003e, the thin layer 15 is rich in \u003cem\u003eArmigatus\u003c/em\u003e (about 15 per square meter), cartilaginous fish but few \u003cem\u003eEurypholis\u003c/em\u003e. The area between beds 15 and 14 is very rich in \u003cem\u003eNematonotus\u003c/em\u003e, and bed 14 is characterized by a high density of small fish and small crabs, both reaching a density of about 20 per square meter. Following a layer with chert nodules (layer 13), two layers contain many decapods. The lowest (bank 12) gives mainly shrimps and the highest (bank 11) contains mainly small crabs, with a density reaching 100 per square meter, as well as some fish. Above this \u0026quot;crab layer\u0026quot;, are two thick (0.3 m) and dense layers (beds 10 and 8) without fossil fish separated by a thin layer (3 cm) containing about 0.5 \u003cem\u003eCyclobatis\u003c/em\u003e per square meter. Bed 7 contains few fish, mostly disarticulated and not always preserved flat, which can cross several layers inside the bed. It also yielded the only ichthyosaur remains found in this quarry (reference). Bed 6 is the highest bed with some disarticulated fish, covered by five beds with no large fossil fish but only rare small fish and shrimp. The upper two layers are characterized by an increase in calcispheres, textularids, nezzazatids, cuneolinids and miliolids.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec27\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePalaeoenvironment\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuring the Cenomanian, Lebanon and the whole Arabian Peninsula were part of the African platform in the northern part of the Gondwana super-continent (Philip et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e). In Cenozoic times, opening of the Red Sea separated the Arabian Peninsula from Africa. Like the mid-Cenomanian Nammoura outcrop, Haqel and Hjoula fish layers were deposited during the Middle or Late Cenomanian, in small, shallow basins with a low water flow (Dalla Vecchia and Chiappe, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Dalla Vecchia et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, mild oscillations of the relative sea level produced an exceptional \u0026ldquo;sandwich of shallow water carbonate facies (often rudist bearing) alternating with finely-bedded or laminated mudstones\u0026rdquo; as described by Ferry et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Such palaeoenvironment together with the morphology of the small collapse basins (H\u0026uuml;ckel \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1970\u003c/span\u003e) and the dysoxic / anoxic conditions probably caused by phytoplankton blooms (Patterson \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1967\u003c/span\u003e, H\u0026uuml;ckel \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1970\u003c/span\u003e, Hemleben \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1977\u003c/span\u003e) provide suitable conditions for the excellent preservation of the rich fauna consisting of: fishes (Forey et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e), reptiles (Dalla Vecchia et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e), crustaceans (Garassino, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e), annelids (Bracchi \u0026amp; Alessandrello, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e), cephalopods (Wippich \u0026amp; Lehmann, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR104\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Fuchs, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e), etc.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn many samples (e.g. Th11, Th38), the size of the fragmentated shells is remarkably calibrated / sorted (e.g. \u0026ldquo;chewed\u0026rdquo; by fishes and/or arranger by bottom currents). Laminae appear very clearly in many samples. The proportion of mud in the samples varies over time. A sample (Th30) shows a non-dismantled echinoderm (ophiurid), suggesting a calm bottom (maybe due to the absence of currents and/or absence of predators).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe rich benthic foraminifera assemblage of the Cenomanian platforms in Lebanon mentioned by Saint-Marc (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1974\u003c/span\u003e), is absent from the samples taken from the studied sections. It only appears in very rare cases (Th7, Th22) in laminae, perhaps linked to small underwater avalanches dragging this material from the platform down to the small basins where the sections were made. The sampled beds could be considered as exceptional layers from the Lebanese Cenomanian.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec28\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFish assemblages\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec29\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eVariations between the Lebanese Cenomanian fish assemblages (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig18\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eForey et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e) provided a comparison between several Cenomanian fish assemblages from various Tethys localities and the English Chalk, with particular emphasis on the three Lebanese assemblages Nammoura, Haqel and Hjoula. We compare here the figures obtained by Forey et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e) with data updated in the present study. The new compilation is not only based on discoveries made in the quarry dug by one of us (P.A.S.), but based on a review of the literature. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig17\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e) shows the number of species in each assemblage and the number of shared species calculated as in Forey et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e), i.e., the total number of shared species divided by the total number of species at the least rich locality expressed in %, for the two studies separated by two decades. The number of described species has increased significantly, 20% for Haqel, 24% for Hjoula and 33% for Nammoura, but the percentage of species shared between the assemblages is quite similar, only a 2% difference between Nammoura and the two other assemblages, and a slightly greater decrease between Haqel and Hjoula, from 54 to 44% of shared species.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOver the past two decades, new taxa have been particularly numerous in the pycnodonts, with 26 new species, including some in the Pycnodontidae (Taverne \u0026amp; Capasso, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR92\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013a\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR96\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015a\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR98\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e, Cawley \u0026amp; Kriwet, 2017, 2019, Poyato-Ariza \u0026amp; Wenz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e) but especially in the highly derived Coccodontidae (Taverne \u0026amp; Capasso, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014a\u003c/span\u003e), Gladiopycnodontidae (Taverne \u0026amp; Capasso, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013b\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014b\u003c/span\u003e, 2015b) and Gebrayelichthyidae (Nursall \u0026amp; Capasso, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). The unique morphology of the last three families, endemic to Lebanese Cenomanian sites, is an enigma to understand their biology. These bizarre pycnodonts are very rare and have been found mainly at Haqel (Capasso, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), but we cannot decide at this stage whether this is due to real differences caused by different environmental conditions or whether it is due to collection bias.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOther new taxa include several tselfatiiformes (Taverne \u0026amp; Gayet, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR99\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR100\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e), a group of ray-finned fish currently under study by one of us (T.E.H.), and several taxa referring to the Pantodontidae (Taverne \u0026amp; Capasso, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e, Taverne, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR90\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), although we consider their identification still uncertain. The latter have not been included in the Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig18\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e (environment- fish).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFieldwork conducted by one of us (P.A.S.) provided qualitative data on compositional variations within each assemblage, bed by bed, but these qualitative data do not allow for the characterization of clear trends from quantitative data. However, general differences are observed between the faunal composition of the Haqel and Hjoula sites. Pycnodonts, and particularly Coccodontoidea, are more diverse at Haqel than at Hjoula (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). This is also the case for holosteans, gonorynchids, and elopomorphs. In contrast, myctophiforms and beryciforms appear to be more diverse at Hjoula than at Haqel. If these differences are not solely due to collection bias, they would indicate a higher proportion of benthic genera at Haqel and a higher proportion of demerso-pelagic genera at Hjoula.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eTrophic network and mode of life (Fig. 19)\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlthough differences exist between the taxonomic compositions of the ray-finned fishes from Haqel and Hjoula sites, the assemblages are broadly similar, and it is difficult at this stage to decide whether the variations are caused by real environmental differences (the ages of the two localities are very close) or by sampling or recording biases. Therefore, we discuss the food web structure of the two merged assemblages. Except in special cases, the diet of ray-finned fishes is often not very specific, and the positioning of a species or genus in a food web must be considered approximate. Here, we position the genera in the food web based on jaw characters and general morphology, and by comparing them with analogous or closely related extant species whose diets are known. This general reconstruction of the food web is preliminary, and the proposed hypotheses need to be tested in the future by quantitative and modeling methods. We primarily used Fishbase.org and Friedman et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), respectively for the identification of diet and living environments (i.e., benthic, dermersal, pelagic) of extant counterparts of the extinct taxa.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMost pycnodonts are characterized by crushing dentition adapted to a durophagous diet. Their bodies are generally deep and flat, making them ecologically analogous to extant triggerfish (Balistidae) or filefish (Monacanthidae). Although the latter are often related to coral reefs, this is not always the case for pycnodonts, as in Lebanese sites for example. These fish could feed on benthic invertebrates, crabs, shrimps, crinoids or perhaps rudists present in the lateral facies. Capasso (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) suggested that at least one genus, Acrorhinichthys, could feed on small teleosts. The typical morphotype of Bauplan pycnodonts belonging to the families Pycnodontidae and Nursallidae, described mainly from Haqel, represents about one-third of the genera. Based on a series of new discoveries made mainly in the last two decades, Taverne \u0026amp; Capasso (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013b\u003c/span\u003e), Marram\u0026agrave; et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) and Capasso (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) have demonstrated that two-thirds of the pycnodont genera from Haqel and Hjoula belong to taxa with unique morphologies during the long history of this clade, which are restricted to this time and space (i.e. the Cenomanian of Lebanon). This explosion of morphological space occupied by pycnodonts concerns a single clade, the Coccodonoidea, represented mainly by species found in Lebanese sites. Within this clade, coccodontids and trewavasiids have a morphology reminiscent of the Bauplan of the generalist pycnodonts, although some show signs of protection against predators, including spines and horns and a hypertrophied pectoral girdle (Marram\u0026agrave; et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). The common \u003cem\u003eCoccodus\u003c/em\u003e shows a kind of dorsoventral flattening indicating a possible benthic lifestyle. Gladiopycnodontids and gebrayelichthyids show a more derived morphology: the former have dorsal spines, cephalic and nuchal horns, and an enlarged pectoral girdle, while the latter have a unique, extremely deep and short silhouette. The morphological features present in both families, namely a rigid armored trunk and a rostrum are reminiscent of those of the Syngnathiformes. We suggest that these fish were suction feeders, mainly on small planktonic crustaceans, similar to Syngnathiformes, although we have no evidence that they were able to do pivot feeding like seahorses and pipefish (Longo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOther planktivores from Haqel and Hjoula are clupeiforms and probably some basal euteleosts (\u003cem\u003eGaudryella\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eGinsburgia\u003c/em\u003e). Like most extant clupeiforms, they were probably schooling ram filter feeders, as indicated by their general body morphology reminiscent of their extant counterparts, their high relative abundance within the assemblage, and their preservation often forming monospecific accumulations caused by mass mortality, notably for \u003cem\u003eArmigatus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eScombroclupea\u003c/em\u003e. (Forey et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). Ionoscopiforms and aphanepygids are holosteans with ganoid scales, a shallow body, a non-protrusing mouth, and poorly developed fins that probably correspond to a benthodemersal lifestyle and an invertivorous-detritivorous diet. We also include gonorynchids in this group. Extant elopomorphs feed mainly on small fish, crustaceans, and mollusks (elopiforms, anguilliforms), and this was probably also true for their Cenomanian counterparts due to the general similarity of their body plan. Extant myctophiforms, beryciforms, and basal acanthomorphs are mainly pelagic-demersal and feed on small fish and invertebrates. The morphology of Cretaceous representatives of these groups is close to that of extant species, and we consider them to have a similar diet and environment. We have added the undetermined euteleosts \u003cem\u003eYpsiloichthys\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePseudoberyx\u003c/em\u003e to this group. Most tselfatiiforms have a morphology similar to extant veliferids, and we suggest that they were also pelagic fish feeding on zooplankton and small invertebrates. An exception among tselfatiiforms is \u003cem\u003eRhamphoichthys\u003c/em\u003e, whose morphology indicates a fast pelagic piscivorous fish (El Hossny et al., 2023). \u003cem\u003eEubiodectes\u003c/em\u003e, an ichthyodectiform, as well as all aulopiformes, exhibit body and jaws morphologies typical of piscivorous predators. Only among aulopiformes, chirothricids may have fed partly on invertebrates.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt is worth mentioning that several diverse clades at the Hagel and Hjoula sites are now more abundant in deep waters (beryciformes, aulopiformes) (Xu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR107\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e), much deeper than the estimated depth of Cretaceous assemblages. This situation is best explained by the fact that several groups of marine ray-finned fishes first diversified in relatively shallow environments before migrating to deeper environments, probably driven out by the presence of new competitors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn summary, the food webs that we can reconstruct from fish diets are not specific to an unique environment, but correspond to a fairly wide range of environments. Schools of pelagic planktivores (clupeiformes, small euteleosts) lived in open environment, not deep below the sea level. Meanwhile, beryciformes, myctophiformes, basal acanthopterygians, and euteleosts probably thrived in the dermersal zone and fed on a wide variety of invertebrates and small fishes. Closer to the bottom probably lived anguilliformes, and perhaps gonorynchids and halecomorphs, which could be detritivores. Coccodontoids lived near the bottom, feeding on plankton and other tiny items, while other pycnodonts fed on shelly or soft invertebrates. Other piscivorous fishes belonged mainly to the aulopiformes, with varied body morphology. The rare ichthyodectiform \u003cem\u003eEubiodectes\u003c/em\u003e was also piscivorous. The ecology and diet of all fish presented here are preliminary and based on superficial qualitative observations. These hypotheses will then need to be verified by morphometric analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec31\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eThe position of the Cenomanian Lebanese fish assemblages worldwide\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTaken together, the three Cenomanian Lebanese fish assemblages collected 141 ray-finned fish species, compared to slightly more than half the number of species in the famous Late Jurassic Solnhofen Archipelago, Germany (74 species according to our compilation), although the German site localities cover a longer time period (Late Kimmeridgian to Early Tithonian) and a wider geographical range, or the Middle Triassic locality of Monte San Giorgio that straddles the Italian-Swiss border and also contains 74 species (Romano et al., 2014). Indeed, the three Cenomanian Lebanese fish assemblages together represent the most specious ray-finned fish assemblage of the Mesozoic, and one of the most specious \u0026ldquo;fish\u0026rdquo; assemblages of the Phanerozoic. Probably the most specious assemblage of \u0026ldquo;fishes\u0026rdquo; is that of Monte Bolca, from the Eocene of Italy, with about 250 described species (Carnevale \u0026amp; Pietsch, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). The Cenomanian is a period with a very high diversification rate of ray-finned fishes (Guinot \u0026amp; Cavin, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), which is positively correlated with sea temperature throughout the Late Mesozoic (Guinot \u0026amp; Cavin, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The high peak of actinopterygian diversity in the Cenomanian is associated with a high rate of biological diversification, but also with the presence of numerous fish localities around the Tethys (Slovenia, Croatia, Lebanon, West Bank, Egypt, Algeria, Morocco, Mexico) and in the Boreal Basin (UK, France).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec32\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eOrigin of the fish accumulations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe very high taxic diversity and good preservation of fossil fish from the two sites of Hakel and Hjoula make them unique in the Mesozoic. This situation implies that the conditions of accumulation and preservation of these assemblages have been exceptional, otherwise similar fossiliferous deposits would be more frequent. The abundant calciphaerulids, visible in thin sections of Lagerst\u0026auml;tten sediments, are considered evidence of algal blooms. For decades, it was generally accepted that Lebanese Lagerst\u0026auml;tten were caused by plankton blooms (e.g., Patterson \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1967\u003c/span\u003e, Hemleben \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1976\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1977\u003c/span\u003e) near the edge of the continental shelf (e.g., Hemleben \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1977\u003c/span\u003e), in deep canyons (e.g., Roger \u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1946\u003c/span\u003e, Patterson \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1967\u003c/span\u003e), or in small local basins (e.g., H\u0026uuml;ckel, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1970\u003c/span\u003e). However, contemporary sediments lateral to the Lagerst\u0026auml;tten are equally rich in calciphaerulids, but do not contain the remarkable fauna found at Hakel and Hjoula. This also applies to the incredible amount of calcisphaerulid-rich sediments (contemporary or not) elsewhere on Earth, which are generally not particularly rich in macrofossils. Although we do not exclude poisoning as the origin of the mass mortality, we suggest that the topographic conditions of the sites were the main reason for the concentration of fossils. Rather than Canyon (Patterson, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1967\u003c/span\u003e), H\u0026uuml;ckel (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1970\u003c/span\u003e) suggested that the Hakel and Hjoula fossils correspond to accumulations in, deep \u0026ldquo;holes\u0026rdquo; in the seafloor at the time of their formation (e.g. 600m diameter and 150m deep in Haqel). A thermocline probably formed above the anoxic seafloor, and when fish and other animals reached the bottom, perhaps by fleeing or dying from algal blooms, they perished and were preserved on the azoic seafloor. We consider that the \u0026ldquo;holes\u0026rdquo; described by H\u0026uuml;ckel (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1970\u003c/span\u003e) may correspond small pull apart basins in a tectonic active area. These structures resemble sinkholes, which are quite common on present-day seafloors, and have been the subject of numerous studies over the past decades. Interestingly, Baumberger et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e) recorded in a sinkhole off the coast of Florida an aggregation of spawning barbfish, \u003cem\u003ePolymixia lowei\u003c/em\u003e, which is a basal acanthopterygian phylogenetically related to \u003cem\u003ePycnosteroides\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eAipichthys\u003c/em\u003e (Davesne et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) present at Hjoula for the former, and at Hjoula and Hakel for the latter. In addition to \u003cem\u003ePolymixia\u003c/em\u003e, eleven species of fish and a variety of invertebrates were observed at the Florida site. Although these sinkholes, formed from submerged freshwater seeps and excavated nearly 150 m below the seafloor, located approximately 280 m below sea level, no longer appeared active, as there was no evidence of salinity or temperature anomalies, the similarity with the Lebanese site is noteworthy. Shallower sinkholes (less than 100 m deep) off the Brazilian coast are hotspots for biodiversity and bioproductivity, particularly for fish (Cavalcanti et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn alternative to sinkholes are pockmarks, i.e. large circular depressions on the seafloor, formed by the release of gases and fluids (Betzler et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). The evolution of these structures begins with dome-shaped bodies caused by fluid migration and ends with bowl-shaped concavities filled with sediment drifted from the margin of the structure, an arrangement similar to that described by H\u0026uuml;ckel (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1970\u003c/span\u003e) for Haqel and Hjoula. Although generally present in siliciclastic depositional environments, pockmarks also occur on carbonate platforms, as is the case today in the Maldives (Betzler et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). However, both current and ancient hydrocarbon seeps harbor very rich life assemblages based on chemosynthesis, with microbes at the base of food chains supporting a diverse benthic life of macroinvertebrates (Campbell, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e), a situation not observed at Lebanese sites except in some beds that preserved large accumulations of crabs or other crustaceans, such as the \"crab layer\" located in the upper part of the Haqel series which can contain up to 100 individuals per square meter (P.A.S, personal observations).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA detailed interpretation of the life and fossilization environment of the Haqel and Hjoula sites is beyond the scope of this article. However, some major features can be highlighted for future work: (1) The abundance and diversity of macrofauna (especially fish) indicate that the original environment consisted of natural traps for these organisms, such as canyons or, favored here, more restricted depressions such as sinkholes or pockmarks of probable tectonic origin; (2) The quality of macrofauna preservation and the scarcity of benthic invertebrates indicate an anoxic seabed, although there are exceptions; (3) In partial contradiction to the previous point, the fish assemblage contains ecomorphotypes typical of a variety of environments (pelagic, demersal, benthic); (4) If the cause of the mass mortality is algal blooms, as is generally accepted, the reason for the preservation of the assemblage is due to local conditions (point 1) because the frequent calciphaerulid rich sediments worldwide are (very) rarely associated with Lagerst\u0026auml;tten fossil sites.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eImportance of the Lebanese Cenomanian\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eLagerst\u0026auml;tte\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Cenomanian Lebanese fossiliferous deposits, such as Haqel, Hjoula and Nammoura, have provided a wealth of well-preserved and diverse fossils that offer invaluable insights into the ancient marine ecosystems and the evolution of life during that time, making them indisputably important in the palaeontological world. The reasons for these deposits holding such a significant position in palaeontology are discussed hereafter.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFirst, the fossils found in these deposits are often exquisitely preserved, showcasing intricate details of various organisms (Forey et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Gayet et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Elgin \u0026amp; Frey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). This exceptional preservation includes soft tissues and delicate structures (Mart\u0026iacute;nez-Delcl\u0026ograve;s et al., 2004) and even evidence of behaviors (e.g. the fish motion leaving a wavy trace made by the impression of the caudal fin) (personal observations, P.A.S), which are usually rare in the fossil record.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, Lebanon is reputed for its diverse array of Cenomanian fossil assemblages, including marine invertebrates, fishes, plants and occasionally insects and tetrapods, such as marine reptiles (e.g. Elgin \u0026amp; Frey, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Campbell et al., 2019) or rare pterosaurs (Dalla Vecchia et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). Fossil fishes, in particular, from Lebanon, form one of the oldest historical record of fossil fishes in the world, reputed not only for their diversity but the abundance of material as well (Capasso, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e); add to that, despite the extensive collection for several centuries now, with multitude of species described over this period, even more new species are still being excavated and described at a 1/5 rate of taxa per year (Capasso, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), making the Lebanese fossil deposits, in particular Haqel, one the richest ichthyofaunal deposits in the world (Capasso et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn summary, the Lebanese Cenomanian deposits with their exceptionally preserved and diverse fossils provide important data for understanding the marine palaeoecosystems, the evolutionary history of several organisms, and the reconstruction of palaeoenvironments. Many of these characteristics are also found in other \u003cem\u003eLagerst\u0026auml;tte\u003c/em\u003e around the world, mainly those from the Central Tethys, however, none has comparable fish assemblages to that of the Lebanese deposits. Several fish groups reached their highest morphological diversification in the Cenomanian, with most ones documented from Lebanese deposits (example of fish groups are the Pycnodontomorpha (Marram\u0026agrave; et al., 2015) and the Tselfatiiformes (Taverne \u0026amp; Gayet, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR99\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eFollowing recent ammonite data (Lehmann et al. 2024) Haqel and Hjoula are both deposited in the lowermost Late Cenomanian. This age is not in accordance with the age provided by the foraminifers giving a slightly older one, i.e., Middle Cenomanian. The solution of this enigma may be solved by further field studies and new stratigraphic fossil findings, with their precise location in the stratigraphic series.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSmall cuvette like tectonic basin as evidenced by the field work of H\u0026uuml;ckel (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1970\u003c/span\u003e) contains the \u003cem\u003eLagerst\u0026auml;tten\u003c/em\u003e in thin laminated mudstones containing planktonic foraminifers, very abundant calcispheres, and some benthic foraminifers, some of which appear in laminae.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlthough known for over 1,500 years and constituting immense collections in museums worldwide, the ecology and taphonomy of Cenomanian fish assemblages from Lebanon remain largely understudied. Our study provides new information but nevertheless leaves an open question. The main paradox lies in the difficulty of interpreting the living and depositional environments. Some pelagic fish living in the water column may have thrived vertically above the fossil sites. However, other elements of the assemblage, particularly species living near the bottom, did not benefit from favourable living conditions at the site, as benthic macroinvertebrates were rare except in some layers. The bottom was likely anoxic, as indicated, among other things, by the near absence of predation on corpses. This situation could be explained by post-mortem transport of bodies, but sedimentological evidence of such events is evident at the sites. We believe that the exceptional richness of these two spatially restricted sites corresponds to exceptional environmental and topographical conditions, a hypothesis that remains to be explored. The best model currently proposed is that localized sinkholes, offering conditions highly favourable to life, experienced mass mortality at certain times, probably due to poisoning from algal blooms. The corpses settled to the bottom and were preserved thanks to the anoxic conditions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eLC was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) under grant number IZSEZO_212070/1 and TEH was supported by the Swiss Government Excellence Scholarship (grant number 2019.0892).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis paper is a contribution to the activity of the Association APEL (\u003cem\u003eAssociation Pal\u0026eacute;ontologique et \u0026Eacute;volutive Libanaise\u003c/em\u003e) and the laboratory \u0026lsquo;Advanced Micropalaeontology, Biodiversity and Evolution Researches\u0026rsquo; (AMBER) led by DA at the Lebanese University. DA was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2024YFF0807601).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSM was supported by the Lebanese University research project \"Stratigraphy of the Lower Cretaceous in Lebanon: Finding the Aptian\".\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSM and DA conceived the project.SM, DA, AP, and LC wrote the main manuscript.DA, SM, LC, and TEH conducted the fieldwork and sampling.PAS provided the material for study.SM prepared Figures 1\u0026ndash;16 and Table 1.LC prepared Figures 17\u0026ndash;19 and Table 2.All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSM and DA gratefully acknowledge the Natural History Museum of Geneva for its generous hospitality and logistical support during this project, where the study was conducted.We would like to thank Giovan Peyrotty and Fran\u0026ccedil;ois Gisching from University of Geneva for their assistance with the sample preparation and thin section processing, respectively. We also thank the editors and the reviewers for their feedbacks on the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAgassiz, L. (1833-1844). Recherches sur les Poissons fossiles. Imprimerie de Petitpierre et Prince, Neuch\u0026acirc;tel, 5 volumes, 1420 p.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAgassiz, L. (1834). Abgerissene Bemerkungen \u0026uuml;ber fossile Fische. In: Verlagshandlun, E.S., (ed). \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlessandrello, A., Garassino, A. \u0026amp; Teruzzi, G. (2016). La colleczione di invertebrati del Cretacico superiore del Libano del Museo di Storia Naturale di Milano. Natura. \u003cem\u003eRivista di Scienze Naturali, 106\u003c/em\u003e(1), 1-64.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArnaud-Vanneau, A., \u0026amp; Slitter, W.V. (1995). Early Cretaceous shallow-water benthic foraminifers and fecal pellets from Leg 143 compared with coeval faunas from the Pacific Basin, Central America and the Tethys. In: Winterer, E.L., et al. 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Ost\u0026eacute;ologie et phylog\u0026eacute;nie des Coccodontidae, une famille remarquable de poissons Pycnodontiformes du Cr\u0026eacute;tac\u0026eacute; sup\u0026eacute;rieur marin du Liban, avec la description de deux nouveaux genres. \u003cem\u003ePalaeontos\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e25\u003c/em\u003e, 3-43.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTaverne, L., \u0026amp; Capasso, L. (2014b). On the \u0026ldquo;\u003cem\u003eCoccodus\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003elindstroemi\u003c/em\u003e species complex (Pycnodontiformes, Gladiopycnodontidae) from the marine Late Cretaceous of Lebanon, with the description of two new genera. \u003cem\u003eEuropean Journal of Taxonomy\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e101\u003c/em\u003e. DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.101\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTaverne, L., \u0026amp; Capasso, L. (2015a). Osteology and relationships of \u003cem\u003eAcrorhinichthys poyatoi\u003c/em\u003e gen. et sp. nov. (Pycnodontiformes) from the marine Late Cretaceous of Lebanon. \u003cem\u003eEuropean Journal of Taxonomy\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 116\u003c/em\u003e. DOI: 10.5852/eit.2015.116\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTaverne, L., \u0026amp; Capasso, L. 92015b). New data on the osteology and phylogeny of Gladiopycnodontidae (Pycnodontiformes), a tropical fossil fish family from the marine Upper Cretaceous of Lebanon, with the description of four genera. \u003cem\u003eGeo-Eco-Trop\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 39\u003c/em\u003e, 217-246.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTaverne, L., Capasso, L. (2018). Osteology and relationships of \u003cem\u003eLibanopycnodus wenzi\u003c/em\u003e gen. et sp. nov. and \u003cem\u003eSigmapycnodus giganteus\u003c/em\u003e gen. et sp. nov. (Pycnodontiformes) from the Late Cretaceous of Lebanon. \u003cem\u003eEuropean Journal of Taxonomy\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 420\u003c/em\u003e, 1-29. DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2018.420\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTaverne, L., Gayet, M. (2004). Ost\u0026eacute;ologie et relations phylog\u0026eacute;n\u0026eacute;tiques des Protobramidae (Teleostei, Tselfatiiformes) du C\u0026eacute;nomanien (Cr\u0026eacute;tac\u0026eacute; sup\u0026eacute;rieur) du Liban. \u003cem\u003eCybium\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 28\u003c/em\u003e (4), 285-314.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTaverne, L., \u0026amp; Gayet, M. (2005). Phylogenetical relationships and palaeozoogeography of the marine Cretaceous Tselfatiiformes (Teleostei, Clupeocephala). \u003cem\u003eCybium, 29\u003c/em\u003e, 65\u0026ndash;87\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTong, H., Hirayama, R., Makhoul, E., \u0026amp; Escuilli\u0026eacute;, F. (2006). Rhinochelys (Chelonioidea: Protostegidae) from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Nammoura, Lebanon. \u003cem\u003eAtti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale de Milano\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 147\u003c/em\u003e(1), 113-138.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVan Straelen, V. (1938). Sur une forme larvaire nouvelle de Stomatopodes du C\u0026eacute;nomanien du Liban. \u003cem\u003ePalaeobiologica\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 6\u003c/em\u003e, 394-400.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWalley, C. (1997). The lithostratigraphy of Lebanon. Lebanese Science Bulletin 10 (1), 81-108.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWippich, M.E., Lehmann, H. (2004). \u003cem\u003eAllocrioceras\u003c/em\u003e from the Cenomanian (mid‐Cretaceous) of the Lebanon and its bearing on the palaeobiological interpretation of heteromorphic ammonites. \u003cem\u003ePalaeontology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e47\u003c/em\u003e, 1093-1107.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWoodward, A.S. (1942). Some new and little known Upper Cretaceous fishes from Mount Lebanon. \u003cem\u003eThe Annals and Magazine of Natural History\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 9\u003c/em\u003e, 537-568.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWoodward, H. (1896). On a fossil octopus (\u003cem\u003eCalais Newboldi\u003c/em\u003e, J. de C. Sby. MS.) from the Cretaceous of the Lebanon. \u003cem\u003eQuarterly Journal of the Geological Society\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 52\u003c/em\u003e(1-4), 229 p. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eXu, H., Fang, C., Xu, W., Wang, C., Song, Y., Zhu, C., Fang, W., Fan, G., Lv, W., Bo, J., Zeng, H., Sha, Z., Liu, H., Jing H., Liu, H., Wei, T., Li, J., He, L., Cai, S., Gan, X., Chen, Y., Zhang, H., Wang, K., \u0026amp; He, S. (2025). Evolution and genetic adaptation of fishes to the deep sea. \u003cem\u003eCell, 188\u003c/em\u003e, 1393-1408.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZumoffen G., (1926). G\u0026eacute;ologie du Liban. Henry Barr\u0026egrave;re, Paris, 165 p.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Lebanon, Cenomanian, calcispheres, benthic foraminifers, planktonic foraminifers, ammonites, ichthyofauna","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7269932/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7269932/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eCenomanian deposits are well exposed in Lebanon and consist mainly of limestones that covers about 40% of the Lebanese territory. The sedimentary series is rich in fish fossils encountered in three different Cenomanian outcrops: Haqel, Hjoula and Nammoura. These sites are known for the exceptional preservation of their fossil content. However, over time, different authors proposed different ages and stratigraphic relationships.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTrying to fill this gap in knowledge, stratigraphic sections were measured, and samples taken from the three outcrops, considering thickness variations and facies changes in the \u003cem\u003eKonservat-Lagerst\u0026auml;tten\u003c/em\u003e interval. The micropalaeontological inventory focusing on benthic and planktonic foraminifera identified at family and generic level and when possible, specific level is provided. We identified benthic foraminifers (Biokovinidae, Charentiidae, Cuneolinidae, Dicyclinidae, Mayncinidae, Nezzazatidae, Orbitolinidae, Spiroplectaminidae, Gavellinellidae, Alveolinoidea, Hauerinidae, Spiroloculinidae and other Miliolidae). Among the planktonic foraminifers we identified Hedbergellidae (some with costulated test, Globigerinelloididae, Heterohelicidae and Rotaliporidae). Several calcispheres have been identified. Other biogenic components were identified, including rare dasycladalean algae, bryozoans, ostracods, echinoderms and bone debris.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall, the microfossils indicate a Middle Cenomanian age based on the presence of \u003cem\u003eConicorbitolina conica\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eFavusella washitensis\u003c/em\u003e present within the \u003cem\u003eLagerst\u0026auml;tten\u003c/em\u003e. The macrofossil assemblages found within (echinoids and ammonites), above and/or below (ammonites) the \u003cem\u003eLagerst\u0026auml;tten\u003c/em\u003e are surprisingly not in accordance with dating obtained by microfossils, and give a Late Cenomanian age.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe analysis of the relationship between the oxygen and carbon isotopes of the three outcrops is presented to follow and interpret the Ocean Anoxic Event 2.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe ichthyofauna list is compiled based on fieldwork by one of us (PAS) and literature. The fish assemblage is the most diverse in the Mesozoic in the world. The Haqel and Hjoula sites share approximately half of their species, while the Namoura site shares approximately 20% of its species with the other two localities. The comparison of the Lebanese fish faunas is discussed, as well as the origin of Haqel and Hjoula assemblages. We consider that the geographically restricted sites of Haqel and Hjoula correspond to submerged sinkholes with favorable living conditions in the water column, but anoxic conditions on the bottom that allow the preservation of carcasses, probably killed by algal blooms. The mixing in the same fossil beds of fish species that probably lived in different environments remains an open question.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Biostratigraphy and palaeoenvironments of the Upper Cretaceous fossil fish Konservat-Lagerstätten of Lebanon","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-02 10:08:29","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7269932/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"64f457f1-83f0-4dea-9917-d47121021b9f","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 2nd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-08T10:10:01+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-02 10:08:29","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7269932","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7269932","identity":"rs-7269932","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}