One Earth-One Health Concept to Combat Bacterial Resistance Having Dual Mutation Pattern, Based on the Self-Regulation of Ecosystems

Antibiotic resistance (ABR) has become a serious threat to humans. the One Earth-One Health (OE-OH) concept based on the self-regulation of ecosystems was proposed for preventing AMR in 2024. To define and clarify this concept, here the dual mutation pattern of proactive evolution (most) and passive selection (few) for ABR was put forward based on the principle of parsimony (Occam’s Razor), involving the understanding integration of Lamarck theory, Darwinian evolution, and Niche construction theory. Subsequently, the theoretical logic of the OE-OH concept was clarified based on the strong self-regulatory ability and perpetual reconstruction of ecosystems, and a basic mathematical model was first presented for the amount of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) renewing with the evolution of the Earthʹs ecosystem. From this concept, it was deduced that ABR and ARGs emerge 3.5 billion years ago after microbial ecosystems formed and exist in every corner on the Earth prior to the production and use of antibiotics by humans. Moreover, the self-regulation of the Earth's ecosystem on the generation, spread, weakening and elimination of ABR and ARGs, according to various abiotic and biotic factors, was sorted out for understanding the OE-OH concept. Regarded as an intervention on ecosystems, the impact of antibiotic use especially overuse and abuse on this regulation have led to a sharp increase in ARGs and a worry beyond the self-regulation of ecosystems, and some important measures from the OE-OH concept are suggested for offsetting the ecosystemic imbalance in ARG generation and elimination, combatting ABR. Among them, the simulation and utilization to the self-regulation mechanisms of ecosystems from the OE-OH concept are emphasized, together with avoiding the excessive aggregation of population, and encouraging antibiotics in combination with plant antimicrobial ingredients.