WITHDRAWN: Green Conversion of Industrial Red Mud for Multifunctional Photocatalysis

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7707735/v1

WITHDRAWN: Green Conversion of Industrial Red Mud for Multifunctional Photocatalysis

2025 · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7707735/v1

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Abstract

Abstract Red mud is an industrial waste generated during alumina production from bauxite ore. It contains abundant minerals with strong reactivity. By converting it into functional materials, red mud can be utilized as an adsorbent or photocatalyst for wastewater treatment, effectively removing dyes and heavy metals. In this study, iron oxide and TiO₂–doped zeolites (FETIZE) were synthesized from red mud (RM) through an alkali fusion process with NaOH followed by hydrothermal treatment and applied for the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB), methyl orange (MO), and congo red (CR) dyes. A magnetic separation step was employed to lower the iron content of RM prior to synthesis. Under optimized conditions (10 ppm dye concentration, 100 mg/L FETIZE, pH ~ 5, and calcination at 870–873 K under UV light), FETIZE achieved degradation efficiencies of ~ 66% for MB, 8% for MO, and 37% for CR within 3 hours, while commercial zeolites doped with iron oxide and TiO₂ showed comparatively higher degradation rates over longer durations. Structural and surface characterizations by XRD, XRF, SEM, and UV-DRS, along with electrochemical studies, confirmed FETIZE’s enhanced surface area, improved charge separation, reduced charge transfer resistance, and increased photocurrent density relative to RM. Furthermore, FETIZE maintained good reusability over three consecutive cycles. Overall, this work demonstrates the dual advantage of converting industrial solid waste into a functional photocatalyst while providing an effective strategy for dye-contaminated water treatment.

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Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as a reference. Questions should be directed to the corresponding author. Editorial notes are used to provide important context regarding the topic of a preprint or to alert readers to potential issues concerning that preprint or a downstream publication associated with it. For more information on editorial notes, see our Editorial Policies . Abstract The full text of this preprint has been withdrawn by the authors due to author disagreement with the posting of the preprint. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as a reference. Questions should be directed to the corresponding author. Full Text The authors have withdrawn this preprint from Research Square. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. 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