Characteristics of Plantar Pressure During Walking in Stroke Patients with Hemiplegia of Different Brunnstrom Stages: A Study Based on Five-Region Smart Insoles

Characteristics of Plantar Pressure During Walking in Stroke Patients with Hemiplegia of Different Brunnstrom Stages: A Study Based on Five-Region Smart Insoles | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Characteristics of Plantar Pressure During Walking in Stroke Patients with Hemiplegia of Different Brunnstrom Stages: A Study Based on Five-Region Smart Insoles Jingsong Mu, Xue Liu, Yan Yuan, Songran Wang, Xingyu Dou, Shujie Hao, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8902050/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Plantar pressure measurement is frequently employed to assess the gait characteristics of strokepatients. This study developed a gait assessment system for stroke patients utilizing a self-developed five-region smart insole, aiming to objectively evaluate their gait characteristics. Atotal of 75 stroke patients (including 14 at Brunnstrom stage III, 18 at stage IV, 27 at stage V,and 16 at stage VI, correspondingly divided into four groups: A, B, C, and D) and 28 healthysubjects (group E) were recruited. The smart insole was used to collect their gait parametersand plot plantar pressure curves. The results showed: (1) There were statistically significantdifferences among the five groups in gait cycle duration, double support phase duration, bilateralsingle support phase duration, swing phase duration, and the peak pressure-to-body weight ratiosfor the bilateral hallux (toe bone), medial metatarsal, lateral metatarsal, and heel regions. Nostatistically significant differences were found in the bilateral arch peak pressure-to-body weightratio among the five groups. (2) Each of the five subject groups exhibited a unique plantarpressure curve profile. The smart insole used in this study can provide objective gait assessmentfor stroke patients and effectively differentiate the gait characteristics of patients at differentBrunnstrom stages. Stroke Hemiplegia Brunnstrom Stages Plantar Pressure Gait Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 29 Mar, 2026 Reviews received at journal 24 Mar, 2026 Reviews received at journal 11 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 06 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 05 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Mar, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 03 Mar, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 27 Feb, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 27 Feb, 2026 First submitted to journal 17 Feb, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8902050","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":601446068,"identity":"bff3ea40-b233-496d-995e-a2ef1f49a8f1","order_by":0,"name":"Jingsong Mu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hefei University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jingsong","middleName":"","lastName":"Mu","suffix":""},{"id":601446069,"identity":"a375d388-232b-4e6a-a35e-6b5cce76cfc5","order_by":1,"name":"Xue Liu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bengbu Medical 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This study developed a gait assessment system for stroke patients utilizing a self-developed five-region smart insole, aiming to objectively evaluate their gait characteristics. Atotal of 75 stroke patients (including 14 at Brunnstrom stage III, 18 at stage IV, 27 at stage V,and 16 at stage VI, correspondingly divided into four groups: A, B, C, and D) and 28 healthysubjects (group E) were recruited. The smart insole was used to collect their gait parametersand plot plantar pressure curves. The results showed: (1) There were statistically significantdifferences among the five groups in gait cycle duration, double support phase duration, bilateralsingle support phase duration, swing phase duration, and the peak pressure-to-body weight ratiosfor the bilateral hallux (toe bone), medial metatarsal, lateral metatarsal, and heel regions. Nostatistically significant differences were found in the bilateral arch peak pressure-to-body weightratio among the five groups. (2) Each of the five subject groups exhibited a unique plantarpressure curve profile. The smart insole used in this study can provide objective gait assessmentfor stroke patients and effectively differentiate the gait characteristics of patients at differentBrunnstrom stages.","manuscriptTitle":"Characteristics of Plantar Pressure During Walking in Stroke Patients with Hemiplegia of Different Brunnstrom Stages: A Study Based on Five-Region Smart Insoles","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-06 05:48:13","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8902050/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-03-30T01:54:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-24T18:01:15+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-11T08:19:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"159452792875523881302169416047987533029","date":"2026-03-09T06:41:55+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"223513343522743201806944948817666815397","date":"2026-03-07T18:24:41+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"281583848647043878946020667043490941504","date":"2026-03-06T08:21:03+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"20338180323597905668039513577553205378","date":"2026-03-05T18:33:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"36848976370179608740529025665190477473","date":"2026-03-04T07:37:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-03-04T03:35:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-02-27T13:42:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-02-27T13:39:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation","date":"2026-02-17T14:24:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-neuroengineering-and-rehabilitation","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jner","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation](http://jneuroengrehab.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"12984","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12984/3","title":"Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation","twitterHandle":"@BioMedCentral","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c4cde21f-67d8-4ee6-b907-ff2f88538dce","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 6th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-05T09:26:01+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-06 05:48:13","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8902050","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8902050","identity":"rs-8902050","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}