⚙
AI-generated deep summary
by claude@2026-07, 2026-07-14
· read from full text
ⓘ
This paper investigated how to quantify physical energy expenditure during high-intensity exercise by leveraging physiological coupling between cardiovascular measures and energy metabolism. Using incremental load exercise and high-intensity interval training, the authors monitored high-frequency heart rate and invasive blood pressure simultaneously and used doubly labeled water as the gold standard to measure total energy expenditure over three consecutive days. They reported that integrating systolic blood pressure (SBP) multiplied by heart rate (HR) allowed accurate estimation of total energy expenditure during high-intensity exercise, and that short-term PEE could be derived via a differential equation from SBP trends or by time-averaging. The study’s key limitation is its reliance on invasive high-frequency BP/HR monitoring and the constrained exercise/monitoring setting. The paper does not explicitly discuss endometriosis or adenomyosis; it was included in the corpus via a keyword match in the upstream search index.
Abstract
In the process of high-intensity exercise (HIE), the accurate evaluation of Physical Energy Expenditure (PEE) is of great significance to many occupational fields. However, due to the limitation of current technology, the quantitative ability of existing PEE evaluation methods in HIE situations is still insufficient. Based on the existing physiological coupling mechanism between cardiovascular parameters and energy metabolism, this study analyzed the dynamic changes of high-resolution blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) during incremental load exercise and high-intensity interval training. The results show that although HR has a nonlinear response to the increase of exercise intensity, its time pattern-when analyzed synergistically with BP fluctuation-can provide reliable metabolic indicators. We used Double Labeled Water (DLW) as the gold standard for PEE determination and measured the total energy expenditure (TEE) in three consecutive days. During the monitoring period, high frequency non-invasive BP and HR monitoring was performed simultaneously, and the time integral value of SBP x HR and its ratio to TEE (i.e. Quotient value) were calculated. By dividing the corresponding SBP x HR integral value during HIE by the above quotient value, the PEE of this exercise can be estimated. Specifically, TEE can be accurately estimated by time integration of the product of SBP and HR, showing that basal metabolism accounts for about 67% of TEE. The short-term PEE rate can be solved by the differential equation constructed by the systolic blood pressure(SBP) trend function in this period, and can also be obtained by dividing the PEE in this period by the duration of this period. In this study, a new method based on non-invasive cardiovascular parameters to monitor PEE during HIE in real time is proposed, which provides new ideas and methodological support for the application of related fields.
Full text
1,983 characters
· extracted from
oa-doi-fallback
· click to expand
Abstract
In the process of high-intensity exercise (HIE), the accurate evaluation of Physical Energy Expenditure (PEE) is of great significance to many occupational fields. However, due to the limitation of current technology, the quantitative ability of existing PEE evaluation methods in HIE situations is still insufficient. Based on the existing physiological coupling mechanism between cardiovascular parameters and energy metabolism, this study analyzed the dynamic changes of high-frequency blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) during incremental load exercise and high-intensity interval training. The results show that although HR has a nonlinear response to the increase of exercise intensity, its time pattern-when analyzed synergistically with BP fluctuation-can provide reliable metabolic indicators. We used Doubly Labeled Water (DLW) as the gold standard for PEE determination and measured the total energy expenditure (TEE) in three consecutive days. During the monitoring period, high frequency invasive BP and HR monitoring was performed simultaneously, and the time integral value of SBP × HR and its ratio to TEE (i.e. Quotient value) were calculated. By dividing the corresponding SBP × HR integral value during HIE by the above quotient value, the PEE of this exercise can be estimated. Specifically, TEE can be accurately estimated by time integration of the product of SBP and HR. The short-term PEE rate can be solved by the differential equation constructed by the systolic blood pressure(SBP) trend function in this period, and can also be obtained by dividing the PEE in this period by the duration of this period. In this study, based on the results of invasive measurements, a new method for real-time monitoring of HIE using non-invasive cardiovascular parameters during PEE was proposed, providing new ideas and methodological support for applications in related fields.
Competing Interest Statement
The authors have declared no competing interest.
Text is read by the "Ask this paper" AI Q&A widget below.
Extraction quality varies by source — PMC NXML preserves structure
cleanly, OA-HTML may include some navigation residue, and OA-PDF can
have broken hyphenation. The publisher copy
(via DOI)
is the canonical version.