Measurement of the 2S1/2,F=0 → 2P1/2,F=1 transition in Muonium

Measurement of the 2S1/2,F=0 → 2P1/2,F=1 transition in Muonium | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Measurement of the 2S 1/2 ,F=0 → 2P 1/2 ,F=1 transition in Muonium Gianluca Janka, Ben Ohayon, Irene Cortinovis, Zak Burkley, Lucas de Sousa Borges, and 7 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1718825/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 25 Nov, 2022 Read the published version in Nature Communications → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Here we present the results of the first measurement of the 2S1/2, F=0 -> 2P1/2, F=1 transition in Muonium, the hydrogen-like bound state of a positive muon and an electron. The measured value of 580.6+-6.8 MHz is in agreement with the theoretical calculations. From this measurement a value of the Lamb shift of 1045.5+-6.8 MHz is extracted, compatible with previous experiments. We also determine for the first time the 2S hyperfine splitting in Muonium to be 559.6+-7.2 MHz. The measured transition being isolated from the other hyperfine levels holds the promise to provide an improved determination of the Muonium Lamb shift at a level where bound state QED recoil corrections not accessible in hydrogen could be tested. Such a measurement will also be sensitive to new physics in the muonic sector, e.g. to new bosons which might provide an explanation of the g-2 muon anomaly or Lorentz and CPT violation. We also present the first observation of Muonium in the n = 3 excited state opening up the possibility of new precise microwave measurements as realized in hydrogen. Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 25 Nov, 2022 Read the published version in Nature Communications → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1718825","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":114416613,"identity":"b8f10da0-f876-46bc-8ae3-11cab065d11d","order_by":0,"name":"Gianluca Janka","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9147-6885","institution":"ETH Zurich","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gianluca","middleName":"","lastName":"Janka","suffix":""},{"id":114416614,"identity":"5e877571-a464-4eeb-8130-211c7e44e9c8","order_by":1,"name":"Ben Ohayon","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"ETH Zurich","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ben","middleName":"","lastName":"Ohayon","suffix":""},{"id":114416615,"identity":"fd1d7582-d420-44ca-ba08-0897b809599f","order_by":2,"name":"Irene Cortinovis","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"ETH Zurich","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Irene","middleName":"","lastName":"Cortinovis","suffix":""},{"id":114416616,"identity":"b0598808-074b-4c6f-a1a7-633a8df97db8","order_by":3,"name":"Zak Burkley","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"ETH Zurich","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zak","middleName":"","lastName":"Burkley","suffix":""},{"id":114416617,"identity":"dab1906a-9c73-430f-a805-cc7920313934","order_by":4,"name":"Lucas de Sousa Borges","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"ETH Zurich","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lucas","middleName":"de Sousa","lastName":"Borges","suffix":""},{"id":114416618,"identity":"64706764-8c58-44d5-9c3b-8deca453f11e","order_by":5,"name":"Emilio Depero","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"ETH Zurich","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Emilio","middleName":"","lastName":"Depero","suffix":""},{"id":114416619,"identity":"37ddac2e-76de-4bd7-999e-d1548d4cef64","order_by":6,"name":"Artem Golovizin","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2747-1297","institution":"P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Artem","middleName":"","lastName":"Golovizin","suffix":""},{"id":114416620,"identity":"b172af35-0ba1-44d9-9d57-dc2c13719202","order_by":7,"name":"Xiaojie Ni","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Paul Scherrer Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiaojie","middleName":"","lastName":"Ni","suffix":""},{"id":114416621,"identity":"35e27a7f-9590-4f91-a35b-830ac4d9a13f","order_by":8,"name":"Zaher Salman","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3431-8135","institution":"Paul Scherrer Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zaher","middleName":"","lastName":"Salman","suffix":""},{"id":114416622,"identity":"829eb517-7464-44c8-abdf-0ae957f8e253","order_by":9,"name":"Andreas Suter","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9214-6474","institution":"Paul Scherrer Institut","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Andreas","middleName":"","lastName":"Suter","suffix":""},{"id":114416623,"identity":"7bb63650-514b-46b2-800e-0ae34f0c5990","order_by":10,"name":"Thomas Prokscha","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7643-4695","institution":"Paul Scherrer Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Thomas","middleName":"","lastName":"Prokscha","suffix":""},{"id":114416624,"identity":"cd03f2a0-9fed-48c8-a3d8-a97550d27244","order_by":11,"name":"Paolo Crivelli","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA3klEQVRIie3QsQqCQBjA8RNBlyNXocFX+JxECHuVgwOnqMbGIHCyZnuTxk9cLdegxZamBlehobtICkSlreH+HMdx3I87JUSl+s80lLMhFyVM3nvrftMQggzCH8hrwUg2TDwzQ6xIsBjZHJEtC8caH5HUh27ixyFLE8L9yA6ZeNjF3e/mTNvm3QRwBhklCAbNQRIGOQVdi3pIcW9IUQlyYtNBcm5uMWP5x8SgA8RPbuJbgAsSyfPcTcQt6baHeBZPy2oVgLPRr2X1CBwrpm5Z9z3sa/6E3aB9WKVSqVTtnld/UQWHjV/LAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5430-9394","institution":"Institute for Particle Physics, ETH Zurich","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Paolo","middleName":"","lastName":"Crivelli","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-06-02 09:30:52","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1718825/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1718825/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34672-0","type":"published","date":"2022-11-25T05:00:00+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":29537970,"identity":"9f6e1c3a-fb12-4484-a5c8-a442188e9245","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-11-26 08:12:17","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":968977,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"main.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1718825/v1_covered.pdf"},{"id":22964703,"identity":"f1424a9e-5045-4322-8a61-9208bc9ceb90","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-06-22 19:38:00","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":957678,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"main.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1718825/v1_covered.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"There is \u003cb\u003eNO\u003c/b\u003e Competing Interest.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eMeasurement of the 2S\u003csub\u003e1/2\u003c/sub\u003e,F=0 → 2P\u003csub\u003e1/2\u003c/sub\u003e,F=1 transition in Muonium\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Full Text","content":"This preprint is available for \u003ca href='/article/rs-1718825/latest.pdf' target='_blank'\u003edownload as a PDF\u003c/a\u003e."}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"nature-portfolio","isNatureJournal":true,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Nature Portfolio","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":false,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1718825/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1718825/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Here we present the results of the first measurement of the 2S1/2, F=0 -\u003e 2P1/2, F=1 transition in Muonium, the hydrogen-like bound state of a positive muon and an electron. The measured value of 580.6+-6.8 MHz is in agreement with the theoretical calculations. From this measurement a value of the Lamb shift of 1045.5+-6.8 MHz is extracted, compatible with previous experiments. We also determine for the first time the 2S hyperfine splitting in Muonium to be 559.6+-7.2 MHz. \r\nThe measured transition being isolated from the other hyperfine levels holds the promise to provide an improved determination of the Muonium Lamb shift at a level where bound state QED recoil corrections not accessible in hydrogen could be tested. Such a measurement will also be sensitive to new physics in the muonic sector, e.g. to new bosons which might provide an explanation of the g-2 muon anomaly or Lorentz and CPT violation. We also present the first observation of Muonium in the n = 3 excited state opening up the possibility of new precise microwave measurements as realized in hydrogen.","manuscriptTitle":"Measurement of the 2S1/2,F=0 → 2P1/2,F=1 transition in Muonium","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-06-22 19:37:52","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1718825/v1","editorialEvents":[],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"nature-communications","isNatureJournal":true,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"NCOMMS","sideBox":"Learn more about [Nature Communications](http://www.nature.com/ncomms/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://mts-ncomms.nature.com/","title":"Nature Communications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"Nature Communications","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f824cc55-f37a-4988-98e4-5580d24b88b9","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 22nd, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-11-26T08:12:02+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-1718825","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34672-0","journal":{"identity":"nature-communications","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Nature Communications"},"publishedOn":"2022-11-25 05:00:00","publishedOnDateReadable":"November 25th, 2022"},"versionCreatedAt":"2022-06-22 19:37:52","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41467-022-34672-0","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34672-0","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-1718825","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-1718825","identity":"rs-1718825","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"FbvkV6FR0MCFSLy54lSbu","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}