Successful Retrieval of a Vena Cava Filter in a Patient with Duodenal Perforation by Open Surgery: A Case Report and Literature Review

Successful Retrieval of a Vena Cava Filter in a Patient with Duodenal Perforation by Open Surgery: A Case Report and Literature Review | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Case Report Successful Retrieval of a Vena Cava Filter in a Patient with Duodenal Perforation by Open Surgery: A Case Report and Literature Review Renzhi CHEN, Chong LIU, Yongqiang HUANG, Bing HAN, Haidi HU This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6878248/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 03 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery → Version 1 posted 15 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background : Vena cava filter implantation is a safe and effective method to prevent pulmonary embolism in patients with deep venous thrombosis. However, the prolonged indwelling may induce some complications, such as duodenal perforation, which is severe and potentially life-threatening. Case Presentation : A 60-year-old female patient was admitted to our hospital in 2023 due to intermittent lower abdominal pain and backache for three months. In 2016, she developed deep venous thrombosis in her right limb. As anticoagulation was ineffective, she received vena cava filter implantation at another hospital. The patient failed to receive systematic follow-up after the procedure, and the vena cava filter was not promptly retrieved after the disappearance of clots. The abdominal contrasted computed tomography scan revealed that the filter was tilted, penetrating the wall of the vena cava and entering the duodenum. Given the complexity of the patient's condition and the missed optional retrieval time window, open surgery was performed to retrieve the vena cava filter and repair the vena cava and duodenum. Conclusions : In this case, the filter strut penetrated the wall of the vena cava and entered the duodenum after the vena cava filter was implanted 8 years ago. Following a radiological evaluation, considering the coexistence of multiple filter-associated complications, the vena cava filter was successfully retrieved through open surgery despite the high failure rate of endovascular retrieval. Furthermore, some reports on vena cava filter-associated duodenal perforation were analyzed and reviewed based on PubMed to summarize our findings in this study. Vena cava filter (VCF) Duodenal perforation Surgical retrieval Case report Literature review Figures Figure 1 BACKGROUND Vena cava filter (VCF) implantation is an effective approach to prevent pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients with deep venous thrombosis (DVT), especially in patients who are contraindicated to anticoagulation or have unsatisfactory outcomes from anticoagulation ( 1 ). Clinical trials and treatment guidelines suggest that VCF is a safe and effective strategy for preventing PE ( 2 ). However, complications after filter implantation have been reported in many cases, mainly including migration, tilt, fracture, penetration, filter thrombosis, and filter embolism ( 3 , 4 ). Duodenal perforation is a rare VCF-associated complication that can be life-threatening. Besides, some complications are related to the type of filters and the duration of indwelling( 3 , 5 – 8 ). The prompt retrieval of the VCF and regular follow-up contribute to avoiding these complications ( 9 ). Patients who have received VCF implantation may present with non-specific symptoms that may be difficult to diagnose and should therefore be monitored for potential complications ( 4 , 10 ). To ensure safety and efficacy, it is essential to select the optimal strategy from a variety of options, including conservative, endovascular, and surgical approaches, from both the filter and patient perspectives( 11 ). This report describes a successful case of VCF retrieval by open surgery in a 60-year-old female patient with chronic abdominal pain and backache due to VCF-associated duodenal perforation. The patient made a full recovery and was discharged with normal eating and defecation functions. CASE PRESENTATION This 60-year-old female patient had received sclerosing agent injection for the varicose vein at her great saphenous vein in her right limb approximately eight years ago. She was admitted to our department due to chronic abdominal pain and backache. Before admission, she suffered from recurrent DVT after the procedure. The thrombus did not disappear after a short-term anticoagulation. Therefore, a CELECT (Cook, Bloomington, IN) VCF was implanted in the vena cava to prevent PE in the same year at another hospital. After continuous anticoagulation treatment, the thrombus disappeared and the lower limb pain was relieved. The patient failed to receive regular follow-up after treatment, and the indwelling filter was not promptly retrieved after thromboembolism had been eliminated. The primary symptoms of this patient included intermittent lower abdominal pain and backache, which was significantly aggravated and became persistent over the last 10 days before admission. The abdominal contrasted CT scan showed a conical VCF in the vena cava, which was patent without thrombosis. The main body of the filter was located in the inferior vena cava, with the top at the level of the L2-3 intervertebral discs and the bottom at the level of the L3-4 intervertebral discs. The filter was tilted more than 15° posteriorly to the axis of the vena cava, with the top adhering closely to the posterior wall of the vena cava. Five anterior struts penetrated the vessel wall and extramural structures. One of the struts definitely penetrated the wall of the third segment of the duodenum (Figs. 1 A-C). No hematoma formation was observed in the retroperitoneal space and no other conditions were found to be associated with such abdominal pain. Additionally, the patient reported no symptoms of vomiting blood, black stools, nausea, vomiting, fever, or reflux. At the admission, the blood pressure was 123/84 mmHg and the heart rate was 78 beats per minute, indicating no hemodynamic abnormalities. The physical examination revealed a soft abdomen with no signs of peritonitis. According to blood cytometry, the leukocyte count was 5.01×109/L, indicating no systemic inflammatory response. It was reported that the prolonged indwelling of filters may induce several complications, including tilt, penetration of the vena cava wall, and duodenal perforation. These coexisting complications complicated the condition of patients, and the indwelling duration exceeded the time window for filter retrieval. Besides, the endovascular retrieval of VCFs posed a risk of further damage to the vena cava and adjacent tissues. This could lead to serious surgical complications, such as severe bleeding. Under this circumstance, open surgery may work as a final solution. Therefore, in this case, it was decided to retrieve the VCF via open surgery to ensure therapeutic safety to the maximum extent. The cardiopulmonary and blood clotting function was evaluated and the patient was confirmed to be able to tolerate general anesthesia and open surgery. Under general anesthesia, the patient underwent open surgery via a right transrectus incision. After entering the abdominal cavity and dislocating the ascending colon and duodenum using the Kocher’s procedure, the vena cava was exposed carefully, with severe adhesion around the vena cava, especially where the vena cava was adjacent to the duodenum. Besides, five struts of the VCF penetrated the wall of the vena cava more than 3 mm, and one of them penetrated the wall of the horizontal segment of the duodenum. There was no obvious hematoma formation in the surrounding area (Figs. 1 D-E). After successful occlusion, the vena cava was opened and the VCF was exposed. Subsequently, the VCF strut was carefully withdrawn from the wall of the vena cava and the duodenum, and then the VCF was completely retrieved. It was found that the diameter of the duodenal penetration site did not exceed that of the strut. Hence, the duodenum was repaired using the figure-of-eight method with a 3 − 0 absorbable suture (COATED VICRYL® Plus Antibacterial (Polyglactin 910) Suture). Next, we performed venotomy and closed the incision with a single continuous 4 − 0 polypropylene suture (PROLENE® Polypropylene Suture). After the restoration of the blood flow to the vena cava, the local bleeding site was repaired again. After that, the blood flow was fully restored. The vena cava was occluded for a total of 38 minutes. After the abdominal cavity inspection, saline irrigation was performed and the abdomen was closed after a drainage tube was placed properly. The intraoperative bleeding volume was approximately 1000 ml. After surgery, the VCF was found to be intact with endothelialization covering the periphery of the filter and no thrombosis was observed (Fig. 1 F). Preoperative Contrasted Computed Tomography revealed that A) the VCF with one strut penetratiing the wall of duodenum (yellow arrow); B) the VCF with tilt in vena cava (blue arrow); C) the VCF with struts adherent to abdominal artery (red arrow), penetrating the wall of vena cava. D,E) Pictures during the operation showed the vena cava perforation caused by VCF struts and exposed VCF after venotomy. F) Retrieved VCF with endothelialization. The patient achieved a favorable postoperative recovery with no recurrent symptoms or apparent surgical complications. The patient resumed a normal diet gradually after 7 days of continuous absolute parenteral nutrition therapy due to duodenal injury. Finally, she was discharged from the hospital 12 days after surgery under the premise that the postoperative examination showed that there was no bleeding at the surgical site and the vena cava was patent. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION According to relevant guidelines, anticoagulation is the optimal approach for the treatment of patients with DVT. However, contraindications and unsatisfactory outcomes due to acute hemorrhagic injury or coagulation disorders make anticoagulation unavailable( 1 , 12 ). Therefore, VCF implantation is a better option to prevent thromboembolism( 2 ). VCF-associated complications can be divided into procedure-, indwelling-, and retrieval-associated complications( 3 ). The major VCF indwelling-associated complications include migration, tilt, filter embolism, fracture, filter thrombosis, and filter penetration( 4 ). From 2009 to 2013, VCF migration was the most common VCF-associated adverse event reported to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), followed by fracture embolism and filter penetration( 13 ). Some patients with VCF indwelling-associated complications present with non-specific symptoms, and other patients may present with vena cava occlusion, gastrointestinal bleeding, and retroperitoneal hematoma formation that are closely related to the type of complications( 3 ). For patients with a history of VCF emplacement, physicians should make a correct diagnosis in conjunction with radiological findings when these symptoms occur( 7 , 14 ). VCF penetration is defined as the filter hook or strut penetrating the wall of the vena cava more than 3 mm( 3 , 4 ). Most patients with VCF penetration are asymptomatic, with only one in ten patients presenting with clinical symptoms, as reported in a previous study( 4 ). In severe cases, patients may present with gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation, such as vomiting blood, black stools, diffuse peritonitis, and signs of bacteremia, which can result in further life-threatening hemodynamic disturbance and systemic inflammation( 4 ). Patients in critical condition always require immediate treatment. McLoney ED et al. reported that the CELECT filter had a higher probability of penetrating the vessel wall and extravascular organs, with the incidence reaching up to 49% in a median follow-up study of 227 days( 15 ). In a retrospective study, the incidence of postoperative complications was analyzed in 116 patients whose CELECT filters had been successively retrieved. The results suggested that 86.1% of patients experienced VCF penetration. The duodenum is the most commonly affected organ, with an incidence of 8.3%( 8 ). There are three approaches to retrieving the VCF, namely endovascular, surgical, and conservative approaches. The most common approach is endovascular treatment. However, in some special cases (for example, the filter has been indwelled for a long time and induced other complications), it would be challenging to remove the filter by the endovascular approach. Under such complicated circumstances, the failure rate of endovascular retrieval would significantly increase. In this case, the top hook of the VCF was close to the posterior vascular wall, and there was a duodenal perforation. Hence, open surgery may be an appropriate option( 3 , 7 ). Open surgery allows for the direct inspection of vessels and injured organs, enabling surgeons to immediately control hemorrhage and even perform revascularization if necessary. Overall, open surgery is a safer option compared with endovascular procedures, except for its invasive injury. With the advancement in diagnostic and therapeutic technology, laparoscopic surgery based on the retroperitoneal approach and robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgery have been reported to successfully treat patients with complicated VCF-associated complications. This proves the feasibility of surgical treatment in this field( 16 – 18 ). Conservative treatment and regular follow-up contribute to reducing the incidence of surgical complications in asymptomatic patients when the possibility of further tissue damage is ruled out. To avoid VCF-associated complications, it is recommended to implant a VCF strictly according to the guidelines and to retrieve it in time as soon as there is no longer a risk of PE( 8 , 10 , 19 , 20 ). The success rate of VCF retrieval is largely influenced by complications and indwelling duration( 3 , 6 ). The VCF retrieval becomes significantly more difficult under the circumstances that the top hook is embedded in the wall of the vena cava, there is a tilt greater than 15°, or there is penetration into the vascular wall or extravascular organs( 11 ). Richard Duszak Jr et al. reported that only 1.2%-5.1% of patients had their filters retrieved, and the prolonged indwelling of VCFs in non-therapeutic conditions was mainly attributed to the lack of follow-up( 21 , 22 ). The use of DAMIC follow-up methodology and the establishment of VCF clinics have increased the follow-up rate and reduced complications associated with the prolonged indwelling of VCFs in recent years( 23 – 25 ). In order to further verify the findings in this study, cases of VCF-associated duodenal penetration were searched and summarized based on PubMed. The search queries included ((duodenum[title/abstract]) OR (duodenum[title/abstract])) AND ((vena cava filter[title/abstract]) OR (vena cava filter[title/abstract])). Keywords were selected based on Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). The search queries used on PubMed included (("duodenum"[title/abstract] OR "duodenum"[title/abstract]) AND ("vena cava filters"[title/abstract] OR "vena cava filters" [title/abstract])) AND ((case reports[filter] OR clinical trial[filter]) AND (English[filter])). The total number of search results was 39. Moreover, a systematic review was performed on the studies retrieved from PubMed according to the following inclusion criteria: (I) patients with an indwelling VCF; (II) occurrence of VCF-associated duodenal penetration; (III) full text available; and (IV) English literature. Some studies were excluded based on the following criteria: (I) a review, a conference abstract, a non-clinical study, or a vitro study; (II) the literature with poor quality or insufficient clinical information. Each article was carefully reviewed by two independent censors. Among all 39 articles, 32 articles including 35 cases were enrolled. We statistically described the information in articles and the clinical characteristics of patients (Table 1 ). There were 11 (32.5%) males and 24 (68.5%) females. The higher proportion of females may be attributed to the smaller diameter of the vena cava in females than in males( 15 ). The age of patients ranged from 18 to 83 years with a mean age of 56.1 years. VCF implantation was primarily performed for DVT combined with contraindications or ineffective anticoagulation in 28 patients (87.5%). Only four patients (12.5%) received VCF implantation without a definite diagnosis of DVT. The tighter control of indications for VCF implantation may reduce the incidence of VCF-associated complications( 20 ). The mean retention time of VCFs for the occurrence of complications ranged from 0.5 to 30 years, with an average of 7.57 years. Duodenal perforation accompanied by penetration at other extravascular sites was observed in a total of 17 patients (48.5%), with the most common site being the aorta in 8 patients (22.9%). The most common symptom was abdominal pain in a total of 21 patients (60%), specifically manifested as chronic abdominal pain, pancreatitis, bowel obstruction, or acute diffuse peritonitis. The progression rate could be accurately predicted depending on different pain characteristics. Out of the 35 patients with evident symptoms, 6 (17.1%) patients presented with severe symptoms, including 4 (11.4%) with gastrointestinal bleeding and 2 (5.7%) with diffuse peritonitis. The surgical retrieval of VCFs was performed in 22 patients (71%), among whom 21 received open surgical retrieval. This suggested that open surgical retrieval may be the most commonly used approach for the treatment of patients with duodenal perforation. In addition, 4 patients (12.9%) received endovascular retrieval and 5 patients (16.1%) received conservative treatment. All patients were safely discharged from the hospital after their symptoms were resolved, with a mean length of stay of 8.1 days (ranging from 1 to 42 days). The open surgical treatment group had a significantly longer length of stay (9.4 days) compared with the endovascular treatment group (3.25 days). All these patients recovered well with few postoperative complications, which was consistent with the patient in this study. These results showed that open surgery was a safe option, and sometimes, it might be the final solution, especially for a patient with multiple complications including tilt or penetration into the wall of the vena cava and duodenum. When patients with a history of VCF implantation present with clinical symptoms such as abdominal pain, clinicians should be alert to the occurrence of VCF-associated complications after ruling out other conditions that may cause the same symptoms. Open surgical retrieval is a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of patients with VCF-related duodenal perforation. It is recommended to promptly retrieve VCFs when the risk of PE is reduced or eliminated to decrease the incidence of VCF-associated complications. Abbreviations VCF Vena cava filter PE Pulmonary embolism DVT Deep venous thrombosis FDA The Food and Drug Administration Declarations Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Not required for anonymized case reports per institutional policy. The patient provided written informed consent for publication of de-identified case details. A copy of the consent form is available for editorial review. Consent For Publication Informed consent has been obtained from the patient for publication of the case report and accompanying images. Competing interests The authors certify that there is no conflict of interest with any financial organization regarding the material discussed in the manuscript. Funding The authors report no involvement in the research by the sponsor that could have influenced the outcome of this work. Author Contribution Renzhi CHEN drafted the initial manuscript and finished the literature review. Chong LIU supervised all aspects of the research and revisedthe manuscript. Yongqiang HUANG wrote the Figher 1. Bing HAN wrote the Table1. Haidi HU validated the accuracy of medical findings . All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The data of the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. 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Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2016;6(6):642–50. Desai KR, Pandhi MB, Seedial SM, Errea MF, Salem R, Ryu RK, et al. Retrievable IVC Filters: Comprehensive Review of Device-related Complications and Advanced Retrieval Techniques. Radiographics. 2017;37(4):1236–45. Zhou D, Spain J, Moon E, McLennan G, Sands MJ, Wang W. Retrospective review of 120 celect inferior vena cava filter retrievals: experience at a single institution. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2012;23(12):1557–63. Dowell JD, Castle JC, Schickel M, Andersson UK, Zielinski R, McLoney E, et al. Celect Inferior Vena Cava Wall Strut Perforation Begets Additional Strut Perforation. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2015;26(10):1510–8. e3. Grewal S, Lewandowski RJ, Ryu RKW, Desai KR. Inferior Vena Cava Filter Retrieval: Patient Selection, Procedural Planning, and Postprocedural Complications. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2020;215(4):790–4. Lyon SM, Riojas GE, Uberoi R, Patel J, Lipp ME, Plant GR, et al. Short- and long-term retrievability of the Celect vena cava filter: results from a multi-institutional registry. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2009;20(11):1441–8. Beckman MG, Hooper WC, Critchley SE, Ortel TL. Venous thromboembolism: a public health concern. Am J Prev Med. 2010;38(4 Suppl):S495–501. Andreoli JM, Lewandowski RJ, Vogelzang RL, Ryu RK. Comparison of complication rates associated with permanent and retrievable inferior vena cava filters: a review of the MAUDE database. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2014;25(8):1181–5. Durack JC, Westphalen AC, Kekulawela S, Bhanu SB, Avrin DE, Gordon RL, et al. Perforation of the IVC: rule rather than exception after longer indwelling times for the Gunther Tulip and Celect retrievable filters. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2012;35(2):299–308. McLoney ED, Krishnasamy VP, Castle JC, Yang X, Guy G. Complications of Celect, Gunther tulip, and Greenfield inferior vena cava filters on CT follow-up: a single-institution experience. 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Juluru K, Elnajjar P, Shih HH, Hiestand B, Durack JC. An Informatics Approach to Facilitate Clinical Management of Patients With Retrievable Inferior Vena Cava Filters. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2018;211(3):W178–84. Tables Table 1. Article information and patient characteristics of cases of VCF associated duodenal perforation published in PubMed database. Authors/Publication Year/References No. Article Type Patient Gender/Age IVC Filter associated complications Insertion Reason Duodenal Perforation Perforation of other sites Other complications Ramachandran R et al./2023/20 case report M/79 Yes None None DVT Abosheaishaa H et al./2023/17 case report F/62 Yes None None DVT Avery MJ et al./2022/11 case report F/66 Yes None Migration DVT Negmadjanov U et al./2022/10 case report F/55 Yes None None DVT Khan W et al./2021/17 case report F/33 Yes L3 Vertebral Body None DVT Parikh A et al./2020/19 case report M/33 Yes None None DVT Qato K et al./2020/13 clinical trial F/79 Yes Right Ventricle/Aorta Fracture/Hepatic Vein Embolization of Filter Leg PE F/53 Yes None None - F/77 Yes Aorta None DVT M/78 Yes Vertebral Body/Pancreas None - Mohamed AZ et al./2020/4 case report M/76 Yes None None DVT Park HO et al./2019/9 case report F/74 Yes None None DVT Lee JS et al./2019/5 case report F/63 Yes None None DVT Jha KK et al./2017/3 case report F/47 Yes None None DVT Pokharel S et al./2016/11 case report F/67 Yes Retroperitoneal Space Bacteraemia DVT Bardin F et al./2016/6 case report F/82 Yes None None - Jehangir A et al./2015/11 case report F/67 Yes None None DVT Venturini M et al./2015/4 case report M/48 Yes Aorta Aortic Dissection PE Green JM et al./2015/0 case report F/42 Yes Pancreas/Iliac Vein/ Fracture DVT Park JR et al./2014/7 case report M/46 Yes Psoas Minar/L3 Vertebral Body None DVT Georg Y et al./2014/20 case report F/74 Yes Transverse colon mesangium/ Psoas Minar/Aorta Migration DVT Hannon K et al./2014/7 case report F/26 Yes None Right renal artery compression/Stenosis/Thrombosis DVT Ward WH et al./2013/18 case report M/18 Yes Psoas Minar None PE Rondonotti E et al./2013/0 case report M/57 Yes L2 Vertebral Body None DVT Caldwell EH et al./2012/16 case report F/47 Yes Aorta None DVT Malgor RD et al./2012/20 case report F/61 Yes Aorta Wall None DVT Bae MJ et al./2012/8 case report F/33 Yes None None DVT Vandy F et al./2011/20 case report F/31 Yes Retroperitoneal Space None DVT Widmer J et al./2011/3 case report F/61 Yes Aorta None DVT Veroux M et al./2008/20 case report F/46 Yes Aorta/Retroperitoneal Space Filter Thrombosis/Fracture/Inferior Vena Cava Occlusion DVT DuraiRaj R et al./2006/5 case report F/83 Yes None None DVT Chin BW et al./2006/0 case report F/83 Yes None None PE Mansour JC et al./2004/8 case report M/41 Yes None None DVT Feezor RJ et al./2002/16 case report M/40 Yes None None DVT Dardik A et al./1997/20 clinical trial M/36 Yes Pancreas Migration/Tilt/Fracture DVT Authors/Publication Year/References No. Dwell Time(year) Filter Type Filter Manufacturer Retrievable or Permanent Filter Symptom Ttherapeutic Approach Postoperative Discharge Time(days) Clinical Outcome Ramachandran R et al./2023/20 6 Celect Cook Retrievable Asymptomatic Conservative Therapy - No Progress For the Moment Abosheaishaa H et al./2023/17 - - - - Abdominal Pain/Gastrointestinal Bleeding Surgical Therapy - Rehabilitation Avery MJ et al./2022/11 9 Celect Cook Retrievable Reflux Endovascular Therapy 8 Rehabilitation Negmadjanov U et al./2022/10 4 - - - Abdominal Pain/Low Appetite Open Surgery 5 Rehabilitation Khan W et al./2021/17 11 Celect Cook Retrievable Abdominal Pain Open Surgery - - Parikh A et al./2020/19 10 Bird's Nest Cook Permanent Abdominal Pain Open Surgery 5 Rehabilitation Qato K et al./2020/13 11 - - - Chest Pain Open Surgery 8 Rehabilitation 10 - - Permanent Abdominal Pain/Reflux Open Surgery 5 Rehabilitation 2 - - Permanent Abdominal Pain Open Surgery 4 Rehabilitation Several - - - Abdominal Pain/Back Pain Open Surgery 4 Rehabilitation Mohamed AZ et al./2020/4 8 Celect Cook Retrievable - - - - Park HO et al./2019/9 - Celect Cook Retrievable Diffuse Peritonitis/Back Pain/Nausea and Vomiting Open Surgery 12 Rehabilitation Lee JS et al./2019/5 1.6(19 Months) Celect Cook Retrievable Asymptomatic Open Surgery 3 Rehabilitation Jha KK et al./2017/3 20 - - - Abdominal Pain/Fever/Vomiting Open Surgery 42 Rehabilitation Pokharel S et al./2016/11 0.5(6 Months) - - - Abdominal Pain/Fever/Vomiting - - Rehabilitation Bardin F et al./2016/6 Several ALN ALN International Retrievable Asymptomatic Conservative Therapy - No Progress For the Moment Jehangir A et al./2015/11 5 Günther tulip Cook Retrievable Abdominal Pain Open Surgery - Rehabilitation Venturini M et al./2015/4 5 ALN ALN International Retrievable Asymptomatic Endovascular Therapy 1 Rehabilitation Green JM et al./2015/0 4.4(1610 Days) - - - Pancreatitis Endovascular Therapy 2 Rehabilitation Park JR et al./2014/7 6 - - - Asymptomatic Conservative Therapy - No Progress For One Month Georg Y et al./2014/20 19 Greenfield Boston Scientific Permanent Back Pain Open Surgery 7 Rehabilitation Hannon K et al./2014/7 1 ALN ALN International Retrievable Hypertension Open Surgery - Rehabilitation Ward WH et al./2013/18 3 G2 Bard Peripheral Vascular Retrievable Abdominal Pain/Gastrointestinal Bleeding/Nausea and Vomiting Open Surgery 5 Rehabilitation Rondonotti E et al./2013/0 4 - Retrievable Gastrointestinal Bleeding - - - Caldwell EH et al./2012/16 3 G2X Bard Peripheral Vascular Retrievable Diffuse Peritonitis/Gastrointestinal Bleeding Endovascular Therapy 2 Rehabilitation Malgor RD et al./2012/20 30 G2 Bard Peripheral Vascular Retrievable Abdominal Pain Open Surgery 3 Rehabilitation Bae MJ et al./2012/8 - - - - Abdominal Pain/Nausea and Vomiting Open Surgery 20 Rehabilitation Vandy F et al./2011/20 13 Greenfield Boston Scientific Permanent Abdominal Pain Open Surgery 8 Rehabilitation Widmer J et al./2011/3 1 - - - Abdominal Pain - - - Veroux M et al./2008/20 3 - Bard Peripheral Vascular Retrievable Diffuse Swelling of Both Lower Limbs Open Surgery 10 Rehabilitation DuraiRaj R et al./2006/5 6 Greenfield Boston Scientific Permanent Abdominal Discomfort Conservative Therapy - No Progress For One Month Chin BW et al./2006/0 17 - - - Asymptomatic Conservative Therapy - - Mansour JC et al./2004/8 4 Bird's Nest Cook Permanent Abdominal Pain/Gastrointestinal Bleeding Open Surgery 10 Rehabilitation Feezor RJ et al./2002/16 - Bird's Nest Cook Permanent Abdominal Pain/Low Appetite/Nausea and Vomiting/Constipation Open Surgery - Rehabilitation Dardik A et al./1997/20 2 Greenfield Boston Scientific Permanent Bowel Obstruction Open Surgery - Rehabilitation Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 03 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 27 Sep, 2025 Reviews received at journal 16 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 13 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 12 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 12 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Aug, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 11 Aug, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 13 Jun, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 13 Jun, 2025 First submitted to journal 12 Jun, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6878248","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Case Report","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":501561213,"identity":"7a439d83-fd58-4ded-a9b8-d6ad7ec858de","order_by":0,"name":"Renzhi CHEN","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sheng Jing Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Renzhi","middleName":"","lastName":"CHEN","suffix":""},{"id":501561214,"identity":"2d0fd88e-951f-43f1-afdb-a1b24c8e828c","order_by":1,"name":"Chong LIU","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6UlEQVRIie3QMQuCQBTA8ScPzuXI9cCor3AhtFVfJTlwcghaGkKCwLU1KPoOLc2B4NQHaKxvkNjQ0NC7itpOx6D7gw8Ufp5PAJvtB2sgjeEEEIS+lfSkijBNTocPkcAqCV3OOaX5JFCHuLxzCTeJC/48K0eje5sB5sXV+GE8EOEuQ2jmkb+UspMCU6ummXQh3O1xcIy7yKV0UuABikqyTmj9OCiJDGqSGWoifSKhJs7FSNhYDHPaRUR6l0ClyBQaBHheti1u00SBUPTH7q3ewp1nzs1k3ik9Xi+nibwG6X8JVesUm81m+5seJd43RP6L6/8AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Sheng Jing Hospital","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chong","middleName":"","lastName":"LIU","suffix":""},{"id":501561215,"identity":"b826f268-ba5e-4c40-bad3-e14db36c82ee","order_by":2,"name":"Yongqiang HUANG","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sheng Jing Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yongqiang","middleName":"","lastName":"HUANG","suffix":""},{"id":501561216,"identity":"2e2fd11d-fcd9-4e6b-89b4-531dcc37f034","order_by":3,"name":"Bing HAN","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sheng Jing Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bing","middleName":"","lastName":"HAN","suffix":""},{"id":501561217,"identity":"6deb8228-f5a3-4852-a042-0e25c58dc3b8","order_by":4,"name":"Haidi HU","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sheng Jing Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Haidi","middleName":"","lastName":"HU","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-06-12 08:38:20","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6878248/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6878248/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13019-026-03883-7","type":"published","date":"2026-04-03T15:58:51+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":89396977,"identity":"75f518f6-2bb7-40e4-a433-998a9366f4ca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-19 13:44:23","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":4928115,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eIndwelling VCF in vena cava with tilt and endothelialization causing the peforation of vascular and duodenal walls was retrieved by open surgery.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6878248/v1/2d80dffd1d85accc2d3a9490.png"},{"id":106343396,"identity":"021c83ee-44bc-43f1-8000-0b2b1ecc9c9f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-07 16:05:08","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":5867802,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6878248/v1/1461ee11-593a-445b-b388-2c15b5fb869d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Successful Retrieval of a Vena Cava Filter in a Patient with Duodenal Perforation by Open Surgery: A Case Report and Literature Review","fulltext":[{"header":"BACKGROUND","content":"\u003cp\u003eVena cava filter (VCF) implantation is an effective approach to prevent pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients with deep venous thrombosis (DVT), especially in patients who are contraindicated to anticoagulation or have unsatisfactory outcomes from anticoagulation (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Clinical trials and treatment guidelines suggest that VCF is a safe and effective strategy for preventing PE (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). However, complications after filter implantation have been reported in many cases, mainly including migration, tilt, fracture, penetration, filter thrombosis, and filter embolism (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuodenal perforation is a rare VCF-associated complication that can be life-threatening. Besides, some complications are related to the type of filters and the duration of indwelling(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR6 CR7\" citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). The prompt retrieval of the VCF and regular follow-up contribute to avoiding these complications (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). Patients who have received VCF implantation may present with non-specific symptoms that may be difficult to diagnose and should therefore be monitored for potential complications (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). To ensure safety and efficacy, it is essential to select the optimal strategy from a variety of options, including conservative, endovascular, and surgical approaches, from both the filter and patient perspectives(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). This report describes a successful case of VCF retrieval by open surgery in a 60-year-old female patient with chronic abdominal pain and backache due to VCF-associated duodenal perforation. The patient made a full recovery and was discharged with normal eating and defecation functions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CASE PRESENTATION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis 60-year-old female patient had received sclerosing agent injection for the varicose vein at her great saphenous vein in her right limb approximately eight years ago. She was admitted to our department due to chronic abdominal pain and backache. Before admission, she suffered from recurrent DVT after the procedure. The thrombus did not disappear after a short-term anticoagulation. Therefore, a CELECT (Cook, Bloomington, IN) VCF was implanted in the vena cava to prevent PE in the same year at another hospital. After continuous anticoagulation treatment, the thrombus disappeared and the lower limb pain was relieved. The patient failed to receive regular follow-up after treatment, and the indwelling filter was not promptly retrieved after thromboembolism had been eliminated.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe primary symptoms of this patient included intermittent lower abdominal pain and backache, which was significantly aggravated and became persistent over the last 10 days before admission. The abdominal contrasted CT scan showed a conical VCF in the vena cava, which was patent without thrombosis. The main body of the filter was located in the inferior vena cava, with the top at the level of the L2-3 intervertebral discs and the bottom at the level of the L3-4 intervertebral discs. The filter was tilted more than 15° posteriorly to the axis of the vena cava, with the top adhering closely to the posterior wall of the vena cava. Five anterior struts penetrated the vessel wall and extramural structures. One of the struts definitely penetrated the wall of the third segment of the duodenum (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eA-C). No hematoma formation was observed in the retroperitoneal space and no other conditions were found to be associated with such abdominal pain. Additionally, the patient reported no symptoms of vomiting blood, black stools, nausea, vomiting, fever, or reflux. At the admission, the blood pressure was 123/84 mmHg and the heart rate was 78 beats per minute, indicating no hemodynamic abnormalities. The physical examination revealed a soft abdomen with no signs of peritonitis. According to blood cytometry, the leukocyte count was 5.01×109/L, indicating no systemic inflammatory response.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt was reported that the prolonged indwelling of filters may induce several complications, including tilt, penetration of the vena cava wall, and duodenal perforation. These coexisting complications complicated the condition of patients, and the indwelling duration exceeded the time window for filter retrieval. Besides, the endovascular retrieval of VCFs posed a risk of further damage to the vena cava and adjacent tissues. This could lead to serious surgical complications, such as severe bleeding. Under this circumstance, open surgery may work as a final solution. Therefore, in this case, it was decided to retrieve the VCF via open surgery to ensure therapeutic safety to the maximum extent. The cardiopulmonary and blood clotting function was evaluated and the patient was confirmed to be able to tolerate general anesthesia and open surgery.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnder general anesthesia, the patient underwent open surgery via a right transrectus incision. After entering the abdominal cavity and dislocating the ascending colon and duodenum using the Kocher’s procedure, the vena cava was exposed carefully, with severe adhesion around the vena cava, especially where the vena cava was adjacent to the duodenum. Besides, five struts of the VCF penetrated the wall of the vena cava more than 3 mm, and one of them penetrated the wall of the horizontal segment of the duodenum. There was no obvious hematoma formation in the surrounding area (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eD-E). After successful occlusion, the vena cava was opened and the VCF was exposed. Subsequently, the VCF strut was carefully withdrawn from the wall of the vena cava and the duodenum, and then the VCF was completely retrieved. It was found that the diameter of the duodenal penetration site did not exceed that of the strut. Hence, the duodenum was repaired using the figure-of-eight method with a 3 − 0 absorbable suture (COATED VICRYL® Plus Antibacterial (Polyglactin 910) Suture). Next, we performed venotomy and closed the incision with a single continuous 4 − 0 polypropylene suture (PROLENE® Polypropylene Suture). After the restoration of the blood flow to the vena cava, the local bleeding site was repaired again. After that, the blood flow was fully restored. The vena cava was occluded for a total of 38 minutes. After the abdominal cavity inspection, saline irrigation was performed and the abdomen was closed after a drainage tube was placed properly. The intraoperative bleeding volume was approximately 1000 ml. After surgery, the VCF was found to be intact with endothelialization covering the periphery of the filter and no thrombosis was observed (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eF).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreoperative Contrasted Computed Tomography revealed that A) the VCF with one strut penetratiing the wall of duodenum (yellow arrow); B) the VCF with tilt in vena cava (blue arrow); C) the VCF with struts adherent to abdominal artery (red arrow), penetrating the wall of vena cava. D,E) Pictures during the operation showed the vena cava perforation caused by VCF struts and exposed VCF after venotomy. F) Retrieved VCF with endothelialization.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe patient achieved a favorable postoperative recovery with no recurrent symptoms or apparent surgical complications. The patient resumed a normal diet gradually after 7 days of continuous absolute parenteral nutrition therapy due to duodenal injury. Finally, she was discharged from the hospital 12 days after surgery under the premise that the postoperative examination showed that there was no bleeding at the surgical site and the vena cava was patent.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to relevant guidelines, anticoagulation is the optimal approach for the treatment of patients with DVT. However, contraindications and unsatisfactory outcomes due to acute hemorrhagic injury or coagulation disorders make anticoagulation unavailable(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, VCF implantation is a better option to prevent thromboembolism(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). VCF-associated complications can be divided into procedure-, indwelling-, and retrieval-associated complications(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The major VCF indwelling-associated complications include migration, tilt, filter embolism, fracture, filter thrombosis, and filter penetration(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). From 2009 to 2013, VCF migration was the most common VCF-associated adverse event reported to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), followed by fracture embolism and filter penetration(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). Some patients with VCF indwelling-associated complications present with non-specific symptoms, and other patients may present with vena cava occlusion, gastrointestinal bleeding, and retroperitoneal hematoma formation that are closely related to the type of complications(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). For patients with a history of VCF emplacement, physicians should make a correct diagnosis in conjunction with radiological findings when these symptoms occur(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eVCF penetration is defined as the filter hook or strut penetrating the wall of the vena cava more than 3 mm(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Most patients with VCF penetration are asymptomatic, with only one in ten patients presenting with clinical symptoms, as reported in a previous study(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). In severe cases, patients may present with gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation, such as vomiting blood, black stools, diffuse peritonitis, and signs of bacteremia, which can result in further life-threatening hemodynamic disturbance and systemic inflammation(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Patients in critical condition always require immediate treatment. McLoney ED et al. reported that the CELECT filter had a higher probability of penetrating the vessel wall and extravascular organs, with the incidence reaching up to 49% in a median follow-up study of 227 days(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e). In a retrospective study, the incidence of postoperative complications was analyzed in 116 patients whose CELECT filters had been successively retrieved. The results suggested that 86.1% of patients experienced VCF penetration. The duodenum is the most commonly affected organ, with an incidence of 8.3%(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere are three approaches to retrieving the VCF, namely endovascular, surgical, and conservative approaches. The most common approach is endovascular treatment. However, in some special cases (for example, the filter has been indwelled for a long time and induced other complications), it would be challenging to remove the filter by the endovascular approach. Under such complicated circumstances, the failure rate of endovascular retrieval would significantly increase. In this case, the top hook of the VCF was close to the posterior vascular wall, and there was a duodenal perforation. Hence, open surgery may be an appropriate option(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Open surgery allows for the direct inspection of vessels and injured organs, enabling surgeons to immediately control hemorrhage and even perform revascularization if necessary. Overall, open surgery is a safer option compared with endovascular procedures, except for its invasive injury. With the advancement in diagnostic and therapeutic technology, laparoscopic surgery based on the retroperitoneal approach and robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgery have been reported to successfully treat patients with complicated VCF-associated complications. This proves the feasibility of surgical treatment in this field(\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR17\" citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e). Conservative treatment and regular follow-up contribute to reducing the incidence of surgical complications in asymptomatic patients when the possibility of further tissue damage is ruled out.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo avoid VCF-associated complications, it is recommended to implant a VCF strictly according to the guidelines and to retrieve it in time as soon as there is no longer a risk of PE(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e). The success rate of VCF retrieval is largely influenced by complications and indwelling duration(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). The VCF retrieval becomes significantly more difficult under the circumstances that the top hook is embedded in the wall of the vena cava, there is a tilt greater than 15°, or there is penetration into the vascular wall or extravascular organs(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). Richard Duszak Jr et al. reported that only 1.2%-5.1% of patients had their filters retrieved, and the prolonged indwelling of VCFs in non-therapeutic conditions was mainly attributed to the lack of follow-up(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e). The use of DAMIC follow-up methodology and the establishment of VCF clinics have increased the follow-up rate and reduced complications associated with the prolonged indwelling of VCFs in recent years(\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR24\" citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn order to further verify the findings in this study, cases of VCF-associated duodenal penetration were searched and summarized based on PubMed. The search queries included ((duodenum[title/abstract]) OR (duodenum[title/abstract])) AND ((vena cava filter[title/abstract]) OR (vena cava filter[title/abstract])). Keywords were selected based on Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). The search queries used on PubMed included ((\"duodenum\"[title/abstract] OR \"duodenum\"[title/abstract]) AND (\"vena cava filters\"[title/abstract] OR \"vena cava filters\" [title/abstract])) AND ((case reports[filter] OR clinical trial[filter]) AND (English[filter])). The total number of search results was 39.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMoreover, a systematic review was performed on the studies retrieved from PubMed according to the following inclusion criteria: (I) patients with an indwelling VCF; (II) occurrence of VCF-associated duodenal penetration; (III) full text available; and (IV) English literature. Some studies were excluded based on the following criteria: (I) a review, a conference abstract, a non-clinical study, or a vitro study; (II) the literature with poor quality or insufficient clinical information. Each article was carefully reviewed by two independent censors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong all 39 articles, 32 articles including 35 cases were enrolled. We statistically described the information in articles and the clinical characteristics of patients (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). There were 11 (32.5%) males and 24 (68.5%) females. The higher proportion of females may be attributed to the smaller diameter of the vena cava in females than in males(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e). The age of patients ranged from 18 to 83 years with a mean age of 56.1 years. VCF implantation was primarily performed for DVT combined with contraindications or ineffective anticoagulation in 28 patients (87.5%). Only four patients (12.5%) received VCF implantation without a definite diagnosis of DVT. The tighter control of indications for VCF implantation may reduce the incidence of VCF-associated complications(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e). The mean retention time of VCFs for the occurrence of complications ranged from 0.5 to 30 years, with an average of 7.57 years.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuodenal perforation accompanied by penetration at other extravascular sites was observed in a total of 17 patients (48.5%), with the most common site being the aorta in 8 patients (22.9%). The most common symptom was abdominal pain in a total of 21 patients (60%), specifically manifested as chronic abdominal pain, pancreatitis, bowel obstruction, or acute diffuse peritonitis. The progression rate could be accurately predicted depending on different pain characteristics. Out of the 35 patients with evident symptoms, 6 (17.1%) patients presented with severe symptoms, including 4 (11.4%) with gastrointestinal bleeding and 2 (5.7%) with diffuse peritonitis. The surgical retrieval of VCFs was performed in 22 patients (71%), among whom 21 received open surgical retrieval. This suggested that open surgical retrieval may be the most commonly used approach for the treatment of patients with duodenal perforation. In addition, 4 patients (12.9%) received endovascular retrieval and 5 patients (16.1%) received conservative treatment. All patients were safely discharged from the hospital after their symptoms were resolved, with a mean length of stay of 8.1 days (ranging from 1 to 42 days). The open surgical treatment group had a significantly longer length of stay (9.4 days) compared with the endovascular treatment group (3.25 days). All these patients recovered well with few postoperative complications, which was consistent with the patient in this study. These results showed that open surgery was a safe option, and sometimes, it might be the final solution, especially for a patient with multiple complications including tilt or penetration into the wall of the vena cava and duodenum.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen patients with a history of VCF implantation present with clinical symptoms such as abdominal pain, clinicians should be alert to the occurrence of VCF-associated complications after ruling out other conditions that may cause the same symptoms. Open surgical retrieval is a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of patients with VCF-related duodenal perforation. It is recommended to promptly retrieve VCFs when the risk of PE is reduced or eliminated to decrease the incidence of VCF-associated complications.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eVCF\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVena cava filter\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePE\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePulmonary embolism\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eDVT\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDeep venous thrombosis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eFDA\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Food and Drug Administration\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eDeclarations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot required for anonymized case reports per institutional policy. The patient provided written informed consent for publication of de-identified case details. A copy of the consent form is available for editorial review.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent For Publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003e Informed consent has been obtained from the patient for publication of the case report and accompanying images.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003ch2\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors certify that there is no conflict of interest with any financial organization regarding the material discussed in the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors report no involvement in the research by the sponsor that could have influenced the outcome of this work.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eRenzhi CHEN drafted the initial manuscript and finished the literature review. Chong LIU supervised all aspects of the research and revisedthe manuscript. Yongqiang HUANG wrote the Figher 1. Bing HAN wrote the Table1. Haidi HU validated the accuracy of medical findings . All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe data of the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNicolaides AN, Fareed J, Kakkar AK, Comerota AJ, Goldhaber SZ, Hull R, et al. Prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism\u0026ndash;International Consensus Statement. Int Angiol. 2013;32(2):111\u0026ndash;260.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJohnson MS, Nemcek AA Jr., Benenati JF, Baumann DS, Dolmatch BL, Kaufman JA, et al. The safety and effectiveness of the retrievable option inferior vena cava filter: a United States prospective multicenter clinical study. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2010;21(8):1173\u0026ndash;84.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGrewal S, Chamarthy MR, Kalva SP. Complications of inferior vena cava filters. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2016;6(6):632\u0026ndash;41.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAyad MT, Gillespie DL. Long-term complications of inferior vena cava filters. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2019;7(1):139\u0026ndash;44.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDeso SE, Idakoji IA, Kuo WT. Evidence-Based Evaluation of Inferior Vena Cava Filter Complications Based on Filter Type. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2016;33(2):93\u0026ndash;100.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKuyumcu G, Walker TG. Inferior vena cava filter retrievals, standard and novel techniques. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2016;6(6):642\u0026ndash;50.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDesai KR, Pandhi MB, Seedial SM, Errea MF, Salem R, Ryu RK, et al. Retrievable IVC Filters: Comprehensive Review of Device-related Complications and Advanced Retrieval Techniques. Radiographics. 2017;37(4):1236\u0026ndash;45.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhou D, Spain J, Moon E, McLennan G, Sands MJ, Wang W. Retrospective review of 120 celect inferior vena cava filter retrievals: experience at a single institution. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2012;23(12):1557\u0026ndash;63.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDowell JD, Castle JC, Schickel M, Andersson UK, Zielinski R, McLoney E, et al. Celect Inferior Vena Cava Wall Strut Perforation Begets Additional Strut Perforation. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2015;26(10):1510\u0026ndash;8. e3.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGrewal S, Lewandowski RJ, Ryu RKW, Desai KR. Inferior Vena Cava Filter Retrieval: Patient Selection, Procedural Planning, and Postprocedural Complications. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2020;215(4):790\u0026ndash;4.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLyon SM, Riojas GE, Uberoi R, Patel J, Lipp ME, Plant GR, et al. Short- and long-term retrievability of the Celect vena cava filter: results from a multi-institutional registry. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2009;20(11):1441\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBeckman MG, Hooper WC, Critchley SE, Ortel TL. Venous thromboembolism: a public health concern. Am J Prev Med. 2010;38(4 Suppl):S495\u0026ndash;501.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAndreoli JM, Lewandowski RJ, Vogelzang RL, Ryu RK. Comparison of complication rates associated with permanent and retrievable inferior vena cava filters: a review of the MAUDE database. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2014;25(8):1181\u0026ndash;5.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDurack JC, Westphalen AC, Kekulawela S, Bhanu SB, Avrin DE, Gordon RL, et al. Perforation of the IVC: rule rather than exception after longer indwelling times for the Gunther Tulip and Celect retrievable filters. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2012;35(2):299\u0026ndash;308.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMcLoney ED, Krishnasamy VP, Castle JC, Yang X, Guy G. Complications of Celect, Gunther tulip, and Greenfield inferior vena cava filters on CT follow-up: a single-institution experience. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2013;24(11):1723\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWang H, Liu Z, Zhu X, Liu J, Man L. Retroperitoneal Laparoscopic-Assisted Retrieval of Wall-Penetrating Inferior Vena Cava Filter After Endovascular Techniques Failed: An Initial Clinical Outcome. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2021;55(7):706\u0026ndash;11.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRose KM, Navaratnam AK, Abdul-Muhsin HM, Faraj KS, Eversman SA, Moss AA, et al. Robot Assisted Surgery of the Vena Cava: Perioperative Outcomes, Technique, and Lessons Learned at The Mayo Clinic. J Endourol. 2019;33(12):1009\u0026ndash;16.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCheng G, Ni D, Liang H, Zhang X. Successful experiences and feasible techniques of robotic-assisted inferior vena cava filter retrieval after failure of endovascular attempts: a case report. Transl Androl Urol. 2023;12(3):519\u0026ndash;23.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlkhouli M, Bashir R. Inferior vena cava filters in the United States: less is more. Int J Cardiol. 2014;177(3):742\u0026ndash;3.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCook AD, Gross BW, Osler TM, Rittenhouse KJ, Bradburn EH, Shackford SR, et al. Vena Cava Filter Use in Trauma and Rates of Pulmonary Embolism, 2003\u0026ndash;2015. JAMA Surg. 2017;152(8):724\u0026ndash;32.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSarosiek S, Crowther M, Sloan JM. Indications, complications, and management of inferior vena cava filters: the experience in 952 patients at an academic hospital with a level I trauma center. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(7):513\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDuszak R Jr., Parker L, Levin DC, Rao VM. Placement and removal of inferior vena cava filters: national trends in the medicare population. J Am Coll Radiol. 2011;8(7):483\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSutphin PD, Reis SP, McKune A, Ravanzo M, Kalva SP, Pillai AK. Improving inferior vena cava filter retrieval rates with the define, measure, analyze, improve, control methodology. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2015;26(4):491\u0026ndash;e81.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMinocha J, Idakoji I, Riaz A, Karp J, Gupta R, Chrisman HB, et al. Improving inferior vena cava filter retrieval rates: impact of a dedicated inferior vena cava filter clinic. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2010;21(12):1847\u0026ndash;51.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJuluru K, Elnajjar P, Shih HH, Hiestand B, Durack JC. An Informatics Approach to Facilitate Clinical Management of Patients With Retrievable Inferior Vena Cava Filters. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2018;211(3):W178\u0026ndash;84.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1. Article information and patient characteristics of cases of VCF associated duodenal perforation published in PubMed database.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthors/Publication Year/References No.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArticle Type\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatient Gender/Age\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIVC Filter associated complications\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInsertion Reason\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuodenal Perforation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePerforation of other sites\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOther complications\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRamachandran R et al./2023/20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecase report\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM/79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDVT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbosheaishaa H et al./2023/17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecase report\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF/62\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDVT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAvery MJ et al./2022/11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecase report\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF/66\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMigration\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDVT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNegmadjanov U et al./2022/10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecase report\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF/55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDVT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKhan W et al./2021/17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecase report\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF/33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eL3 Vertebral Body\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDVT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParikh A et al./2020/19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecase report\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM/33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDVT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQato K et al./2020/13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eclinical trial\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF/79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRight Ventricle/Aorta\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFracture/Hepatic Vein Embolization of Filter Leg\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePE\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF/53\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF/77\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAorta\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDVT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM/78\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVertebral Body/Pancreas\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMohamed AZ et al./2020/4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecase report\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM/76\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDVT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePark HO et al./2019/9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecase report\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF/74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDVT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLee JS et al./2019/5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecase report\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF/63\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDVT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJha KK et al./2017/3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecase report\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF/47\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDVT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePokharel S et al./2016/11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecase report\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF/67\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRetroperitoneal Space\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBacteraemia\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDVT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBardin F et al./2016/6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecase report\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF/82\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJehangir A et al./2015/11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecase report\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF/67\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDVT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVenturini M et al./2015/4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecase report\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM/48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAorta\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAortic Dissection\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePE\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGreen JM et al./2015/0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecase report\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF/42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePancreas/Iliac Vein/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFracture\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDVT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePark JR et al./2014/7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecase report\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM/46\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePsoas Minar/L3 Vertebral Body\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDVT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGeorg Y et al./2014/20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecase report\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF/74\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTransverse colon mesangium/ Psoas Minar/Aorta\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMigration\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDVT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHannon K et al./2014/7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecase report\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF/26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRight renal artery compression/Stenosis/Thrombosis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDVT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWard WH et al./2013/18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecase report\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM/18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePsoas Minar\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePE\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRondonotti E et al./2013/0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecase report\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM/57\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eL2 Vertebral Body\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDVT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCaldwell EH et al./2012/16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecase report\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF/47\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAorta\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDVT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMalgor RD et al./2012/20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecase report\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF/61\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAorta Wall\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDVT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBae MJ et al./2012/8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecase report\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF/33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDVT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVandy F et al./2011/20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecase report\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF/31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRetroperitoneal Space\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDVT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWidmer J et al./2011/3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecase report\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF/61\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAorta\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDVT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVeroux M et al./2008/20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecase report\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF/46\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAorta/Retroperitoneal Space\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFilter Thrombosis/Fracture/Inferior Vena Cava Occlusion\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDVT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuraiRaj R et al./2006/5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecase report\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF/83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDVT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChin BW et al./2006/0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecase report\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF/83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePE\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMansour JC et al./2004/8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecase report\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM/41\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDVT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFeezor RJ et al./2002/16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecase report\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM/40\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDVT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDardik A et al./1997/20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eclinical trial\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM/36\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePancreas\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMigration/Tilt/Fracture\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDVT\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthors/Publication Year/References No.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDwell Time(year)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFilter Type\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFilter Manufacturer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRetrievable or Permanent Filter\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSymptom\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTtherapeutic Approach\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePostoperative Discharge Time(days)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClinical Outcome\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRamachandran R et al./2023/20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCelect\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCook\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRetrievable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAsymptomatic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConservative Therapy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo Progress For the Moment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbosheaishaa H et al./2023/17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbdominal Pain/Gastrointestinal Bleeding\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSurgical Therapy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRehabilitation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAvery MJ et al./2022/11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCelect\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCook\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRetrievable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eReflux\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEndovascular Therapy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRehabilitation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNegmadjanov U et al./2022/10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbdominal Pain/Low Appetite\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOpen Surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRehabilitation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKhan W et al./2021/17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCelect\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCook\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRetrievable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbdominal Pain\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOpen Surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParikh A et al./2020/19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBird's Nest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCook\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePermanent\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbdominal Pain\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOpen Surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRehabilitation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQato K et al./2020/13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChest Pain\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOpen Surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRehabilitation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePermanent\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbdominal Pain/Reflux\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOpen Surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRehabilitation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePermanent\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbdominal Pain\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOpen Surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRehabilitation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeveral\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbdominal Pain/Back Pain\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOpen Surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRehabilitation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMohamed AZ et al./2020/4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCelect\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCook\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRetrievable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePark HO et al./2019/9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCelect\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCook\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRetrievable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiffuse Peritonitis/Back Pain/Nausea and Vomiting\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOpen Surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRehabilitation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLee JS et al./2019/5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.6(19 Months)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCelect\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCook\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRetrievable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAsymptomatic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOpen Surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRehabilitation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJha KK et al./2017/3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbdominal Pain/Fever/Vomiting\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOpen Surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRehabilitation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePokharel S et al./2016/11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.5(6 Months)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbdominal Pain/Fever/Vomiting\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRehabilitation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBardin F et al./2016/6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeveral\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eALN\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eALN International\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRetrievable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAsymptomatic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConservative Therapy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo Progress For the Moment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJehangir A et al./2015/11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eG\u0026uuml;nther tulip\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCook\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRetrievable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbdominal Pain\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOpen Surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRehabilitation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVenturini M et al./2015/4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eALN\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eALN International\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRetrievable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAsymptomatic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEndovascular Therapy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRehabilitation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGreen JM et al./2015/0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.4(1610 Days)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePancreatitis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEndovascular Therapy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRehabilitation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePark JR et al./2014/7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAsymptomatic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConservative Therapy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo Progress For One Month\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGeorg Y et al./2014/20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGreenfield\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBoston Scientific\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePermanent\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBack Pain\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOpen Surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRehabilitation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHannon K et al./2014/7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eALN\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eALN International\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRetrievable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHypertension\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOpen Surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRehabilitation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWard WH et al./2013/18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBard Peripheral Vascular\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRetrievable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbdominal Pain/Gastrointestinal Bleeding/Nausea and Vomiting\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOpen Surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRehabilitation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRondonotti E et al./2013/0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRetrievable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGastrointestinal Bleeding\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCaldwell EH et al./2012/16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eG2X\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBard Peripheral Vascular\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRetrievable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiffuse Peritonitis/Gastrointestinal Bleeding\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEndovascular Therapy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRehabilitation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMalgor RD et al./2012/20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBard Peripheral Vascular\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRetrievable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbdominal Pain\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOpen Surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRehabilitation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBae MJ et al./2012/8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbdominal Pain/Nausea and Vomiting\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOpen Surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRehabilitation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVandy F et al./2011/20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGreenfield\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBoston Scientific\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePermanent\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbdominal Pain\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOpen Surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRehabilitation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWidmer J et al./2011/3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbdominal Pain\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVeroux M et al./2008/20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBard Peripheral Vascular\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRetrievable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiffuse Swelling of Both Lower Limbs\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOpen Surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRehabilitation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuraiRaj R et al./2006/5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGreenfield\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBoston Scientific\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePermanent\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbdominal Discomfort\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConservative Therapy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo Progress For One Month\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChin BW et al./2006/0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAsymptomatic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConservative Therapy\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMansour JC et al./2004/8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBird's Nest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCook\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePermanent\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbdominal Pain/Gastrointestinal Bleeding\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOpen Surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRehabilitation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFeezor RJ et al./2002/16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBird's Nest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCook\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePermanent\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbdominal Pain/Low Appetite/Nausea and Vomiting/Constipation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOpen Surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRehabilitation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDardik A et al./1997/20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGreenfield\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBoston Scientific\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePermanent\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBowel Obstruction\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOpen Surgery\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRehabilitation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-cardiothoracic-surgery","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jcts","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery](http://cardiothoracicsurgery.biomedcentral.com)","snPcode":"13019","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/13019/3","title":"Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery","twitterHandle":"@BioMedCentral","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Vena cava filter (VCF), Duodenal perforation, Surgical retrieval, Case report, Literature review","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6878248/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6878248/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVena cava filter implantation is a safe and effective method to prevent pulmonary embolism in patients with deep venous thrombosis. However, the prolonged indwelling may induce some complications, such as duodenal perforation, which is severe and potentially life-threatening.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCase Presentation\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA 60-year-old female patient was admitted to our hospital in 2023 due to intermittent lower abdominal pain and backache for three months. In 2016, she developed deep venous thrombosis in her right limb. As anticoagulation was ineffective, she received vena cava filter implantation at another hospital. The patient failed to receive systematic follow-up after the procedure, and the vena cava filter was not promptly retrieved after the disappearance of clots. The abdominal contrasted computed tomography scan revealed that the filter was tilted, penetrating the wall of the vena cava and entering the duodenum. Given the complexity of the patient's condition and the missed optional retrieval time window, open surgery was performed to retrieve the vena cava filter and repair the vena cava and duodenum.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this case, the filter strut penetrated the wall of the vena cava and entered the duodenum after the vena cava filter was implanted 8 years ago. Following a radiological evaluation, considering the coexistence of multiple filter-associated complications, the vena cava filter was successfully retrieved through open surgery despite the high failure rate of endovascular retrieval. Furthermore, some reports on vena cava filter-associated duodenal perforation were analyzed and reviewed based on PubMed to summarize our findings in this study.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Successful Retrieval of a Vena Cava Filter in a Patient with Duodenal Perforation by Open Surgery: A Case Report and Literature Review","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-19 13:36:18","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6878248/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-09-28T03:14:56+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-16T18:45:39+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"151834159663040607834519401926201077528","date":"2025-08-14T14:19:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-13T12:20:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"243433258659606227120125120127127820363","date":"2025-08-13T12:14:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-12T15:23:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-12T08:50:26+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"195984137657155933607727787428565163545","date":"2025-08-12T07:01:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"176783532175765366300655703545929004554","date":"2025-08-11T16:38:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"223296834175674682442275632721897363130","date":"2025-08-11T16:30:37+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"23630384627581215312474406609517928899","date":"2025-08-11T16:23:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-11T16:16:48+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-06-13T05:26:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-06-13T05:22:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery","date":"2025-06-12T08:27:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-cardiothoracic-surgery","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jcts","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery](http://cardiothoracicsurgery.biomedcentral.com)","snPcode":"13019","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/13019/3","title":"Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery","twitterHandle":"@BioMedCentral","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c45a99ca-2175-49c7-9047-89dceca776ef","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 19th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-07T16:02:09+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6878248","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13019-026-03883-7","journal":{"identity":"journal-of-cardiothoracic-surgery","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery"},"publishedOn":"2026-04-03 15:58:51","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 3rd, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-19 13:36:18","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s13019-026-03883-7","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13019-026-03883-7","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6878248","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6878248","identity":"rs-6878248","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}