Application of Wall Functions for Investigating Surface Roughness Effects on Spreading of an Impacting Droplet

Application of Wall Functions for Investigating Surface Roughness Effects on Spreading of an Impacting Droplet | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Application of Wall Functions for Investigating Surface Roughness Effects on Spreading of an Impacting Droplet Arda Cetiner, Mete Budakli This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5117806/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The spreading dynamics of droplet impact on a solid surface is of great importance in applications such as printing, spray cooling, coating process and anti-icing. These phenomena have been studied in several investigations and aspects such as the effect of critical weber number on droplet break-up or the air bubble entrainment phenomenon as well as the influence of surface roughness. While experimental studies using surface roughness values ranging from $R_a = 0.003 \mu m$ to $25 \mu m$ were conducted, a few analytical approaches are available taking into account roughness effects in correlations. Contrary to this, considering roughness physically in simulations requires large calculation capability, time for geometry preparation as well as the reconstruction of varying topographical combinations is rather difficult and needs to be elaborated broadly. Therefore, the present study recommends a time-saving approach in OpenFOAM in which surface roughness is not represented physically in the domain, rather taken into account in a wall function term. The results of the study are in good agreement of $\pm10%$ with the experimental data and mathematical models found in literature. Single drop impact simulations were carried out over a range of Weber number from 106 to 298 indicate that as \emph{We} number increases, the effect of the surface roughness on the spreading process diminishes. Droplet impact Surface roughness Wall functions Maximum spreading factor Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5117806","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":380608813,"identity":"94365fd0-c002-4fee-9372-e3de1e86313f","order_by":0,"name":"Arda Cetiner","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Turkish-German University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Arda","middleName":"","lastName":"Cetiner","suffix":""},{"id":380608814,"identity":"9fbe4a62-c0f2-49e1-aea6-501c16627813","order_by":1,"name":"Mete Budakli","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Özyeğin University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mete","middleName":"","lastName":"Budakli","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-09-19 14:39:01","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5117806/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5117806/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":77308409,"identity":"e03a5d75-08ef-4cd9-a2bb-e8eeb6fdd9f7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-27 09:24:16","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":817159,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"CetinerandBudakli.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5117806/v1_covered_0f85ab4d-9e8f-4303-9035-f7c1a179be75.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Application of Wall Functions for Investigating Surface Roughness Effects on Spreading of an Impacting Droplet","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Droplet impact, Surface roughness, Wall functions, Maximum spreading factor","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5117806/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5117806/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"The spreading dynamics of droplet impact on a solid surface is of great importance in applications such as printing, spray cooling, coating process and anti-icing. These phenomena have been studied in several investigations and aspects such as the effect of critical weber number on droplet break-up or the air bubble entrainment phenomenon as well as the influence of surface roughness. While experimental studies using surface roughness values ranging from $R_a = 0.003 \\mu m$ to $25 \\mu m$ were conducted, a few analytical approaches are available taking into account roughness effects in correlations. Contrary to this, considering roughness physically in simulations requires large calculation capability, time for geometry preparation as well as the reconstruction of varying topographical combinations is rather difficult and needs to be elaborated broadly. Therefore, the present study recommends a time-saving approach in OpenFOAM in which surface roughness is not represented physically in the domain, rather taken into account in a wall function term. The results of the study are in good agreement of $\\pm10\\%$ with the experimental data and mathematical models found in literature. 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