Spatial Localisation and Sensing in Two Dimensions via Metamaterials

Spatial Localisation and Sensing in Two Dimensions via Metamaterials | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Spatial Localisation and Sensing in Two Dimensions via Metamaterials Georgiana Dima, Christopher John Stevens This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4790218/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 15 Oct, 2024 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 10 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In this study, we introduce a two-dimensional metamaterial sensor designed to detect, locate and distinguish between different objects placed into its near field. When an object is placed on the surface of our metamaterial, local changes in one or more of the structure's meta-atoms can be detected. This interaction generally modifies the inductance of the cell, resulting in changes to the overall input impedance of the surface. We derive the properties of the structure and its behaviour in terms of superposition and demonstrate that observing the meta-surface from a single point is sufficient for unambiguous localisation and identification.To model these changes effectively and identify the position of an object, we employ a neural network machine learning algorithm. Our approach enables accurate localisation of all studied objects, with a precision exceeding 98%. Additionally, the distinct signatures of the objects allow for separation between them with an accuracy of over 97%.The potential applications of this platform extend to foreign object detection in metamaterial arrays for wireless power transfer, providing proximity detection for many surfaces such as clothing, car bodies and robotic carapaces. Furthermore, our research suggests the feasibility of implementing a touchscreen type interface requiring only a single waveguide connection. Physical sciences/Engineering/Electrical and electronic engineering Physical sciences/Physics/Techniques and instrumentation/Characterization and analytical techniques Physical sciences/Physics/Techniques and instrumentation/Imaging techniques Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SupplementaryMaterial.zip Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 15 Oct, 2024 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 12 Sep, 2024 Reviews received at journal 08 Sep, 2024 Reviews received at journal 31 Aug, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 30 Aug, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Aug, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 14 Aug, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 13 Aug, 2024 Editor invited by journal 13 Aug, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 08 Aug, 2024 First submitted to journal 23 Jul, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4790218","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":339773707,"identity":"2768c898-c172-4f42-a3ba-07bb5265ad4c","order_by":0,"name":"Georgiana Dima","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"University of Oxford","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Georgiana","middleName":"","lastName":"Dima","suffix":""},{"id":339773708,"identity":"e495cdef-632c-4290-a111-931226c7a94e","order_by":1,"name":"Christopher John Stevens","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Oxford","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Christopher","middleName":"John","lastName":"Stevens","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-07-23 16:14:45","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4790218/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4790218/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-75218-2","type":"published","date":"2024-10-15T15:57:54+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":67149078,"identity":"2a61d023-4277-48a8-8e5a-c08868ddc8bd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-21 16:11:44","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4176901,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"2Dlocalisation.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4790218/v1_covered_bdf474f1-78ac-4667-ad20-109212102055.pdf"},{"id":62419979,"identity":"8565f23c-a370-488d-a5c1-a4bbe11c9cad","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-14 03:28:19","extension":"zip","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":256341364,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryMaterial.zip","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4790218/v1/5522d7d838e5eb7b96861de8.zip"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Spatial Localisation and Sensing in Two Dimensions via Metamaterials","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4790218/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4790218/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"In this study, we introduce a two-dimensional metamaterial sensor designed to detect, locate and distinguish between different objects placed into its near field. 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