Association Between Public Space and Resident Outdoor Activity Behavior in Urban Areas Surrounding Lakes

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Integrating behavior setting theory and GIS spatial analysis, we systematically analyzed the spatio-temporal distribution of resident activities, activity type preferences, and their interactions with the spatial environment. A conceptual model of dynamic "people-space" interaction was developed based on multi-source data collection and analysis. The empirical findings informed the proposal of targeted micro-renewal strategies for public spaces surrounding lakes, focusing on five key aspects: enhancing safety and resilience, ensuring seamless connectivity, promoting ecological integration, creating narrative environments, and shaping spatial affordances. This research provides a scientific basis for improving the quality of public spaces surrounding urban lakes and resident well-being, offering valuable insights for planning and design in similar contexts. Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental social sciences Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental social sciences/Psychology and behaviour Urban areas surrounding lakes Behavior setting theory Resident activity behavior GIS spatial analysis Place symbiosis Public space renewal Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 1. Introduction As urbanization shifts focus from "incremental expansion" to "stock quality improvement," urban renewal has evolved beyond spatial renovation to become a national strategic priority. Its core mission is to enhance urban development quality and meet public aspirations for improved living standards. Waterfront areas, unique zones where urban nature and culture intersect, serve as both crucial ecological nodes [ 1 ] and vibrant spaces that foster high-quality living and social harmony [ 2 ]. Consequently, research on waterfront public spaces has gained significant academic attention, and understanding their profound impact on sustainable urban development requires in-depth exploration. Existing research on waterfront spaces spans multiple domains, including ecological restoration [ 3 , 4 ], landscape design [ 5 , 6 ], accessibility [ 7 , 8 ], behavioral preferences [ 9 , 10 ], and socio-cultural values [ 11 , 12 ]. Recent studies have increasingly focused on socio-cultural attributes and their impact on residents' lives [ 13 – 16 ]. However, compared to coastal and riverfront environments, urban areas surrounding lakes—characterized by their unique spatial enclosure, loop circulation systems, and distinct activity patterns—have received less research attention. Gaps are particularly evident in micro-level analyses of human-environment interactions, the application of behavior setting theory [ 17 ], empirical studies on renewal strategies, and evaluations of hydrophilicity (water affinity) and activity diversity. Therefore, this study investigates the association between public spaces and resident outdoor activity behavior in urban areas surrounding lakes. We aim to explore how refined micro-renewal strategies can enhance the quality and vitality of these public spaces, ultimately promoting community integration and resident well-being. Using the area surrounding Nanchang's Qingshan Lake as a case study, we employ a multi-scale framework combining field observation, behavior setting theory, and GIS spatial analysis [ 18 ]. This approach allows us to systematically investigate the "people-activity-space interaction mechanism" and propose targeted renewal recommendations. 2. Methodology 2.1 Overview of the Study Area Nanchang's Qingshan Lake, situated in the city core, has a water area of 316 hectares and an approximate shoreline of 11 km. It is surrounded by high-density residential areas. A loop trail around the lake connects diverse functional nodes, including recreational squares and wetland parks, making this site an ideal case for studying the interaction between spaces surrounding the lake and resident behavior (Fig. 1 ). However, due to limitations from early development phases, the public spaces in this area exhibit shortcomings in layout, function, and quality. They currently struggle to meet residents' growing demands for diverse, high-quality outdoor activities. Therefore, investigating the association between public space and resident behavior here is crucial for optimizing design, enhancing user experience, and providing a reference for similar areas surrounding urban lakes. 2.2 Research Approach This study utilizes a multi-scale analysis framework (Fig. 2 ) to investigate the relationship between human activities and public spaces surrounding the lake at both overall (macro) and node (micro) levels. At the overall level, non-participant observation was conducted during peak hours (7:00–12:00, 15:00–21:00) on clear weekdays and weekends to record crowd activity data. GIS spatial analysis and overlay analysis were used to examine the spatio-temporal distribution patterns of activities, spatial preferences, and their association with the surrounding macro-environment. At the node level, typical nodes were selected based on criteria including activity density, intensity, type diversity, and participant numbers. Behavior mapping [ 19 ], integrated with behavior setting theory, was employed to analyze specific interaction scenarios between residents and the micro-environment. Finally, integrating residents' subjective evaluations allowed for a comprehensive understanding of the association between crowd activities and the public space environment surrounding the lake. 2.3 Study Population and Sample Size Determination Study participants were individuals active within the public spaces surrounding Qingshan Lake, categorized by age: minors (0–17 years), adults (18–59 years), and the elderly (≥ 60 years). Data collection involved 8 field surveys, yielding 384 valid activity records at the overall level (183 weekday, 201 weekend) and 313 valid activity records at the node level. Additionally, 200 questionnaires were distributed, resulting in 156 valid responses (a 78% response rate). 2.4 Ethical Considerations This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The research protocol, including procedures for data collection through non-participant observation and questionnaire surveys, received ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of the School of Architecture and Design, Nanchang University. Formal approval was obtained prior to the commencement of data collection. All participants were provided with information regarding the study's objectives, the voluntary nature of their participation, and the assurance of anonymity and confidentiality of their responses. Informed consent was obtained from all adult participants before they took part in the survey. For participants under the age of 18, informed consent was obtained from their parents or legal guardians prior to observation or survey participation. Participants were informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without consequence. Data collected through observation did not record personally identifiable information, and efforts were made to ensure the privacy of individuals in public spaces. 3. Analysis of the Association between Crowd Outdoor Activities and Urban Public Space Surrounding Lakes 3.1 Overall Level 3.1.1 Overview of Crowd Outdoor Activities The active population in the public spaces around Qingshan Lake primarily comprises adults (56%) and the elderly (25%); minors (19%) are often accompanied by guardians (Fig. 3 ). Activity peaks occur between 6:00–10:00 and 14:00–18:00, with maximum density observed between 10:00–12:00, followed by another rise after 15:00 continuing until 21:00. Among the 11 main activity types identified, sedentary activities (sitting, strolling, picnicking) and running constitute a significant proportion (approx. 60%), followed by equipment-based fitness, cycling, and ball games. Significant age-related differences exist: elderly individuals typically prefer low-intensity activities (e.g., sitting, strolling, equipment-based fitness), adults engage more in moderate-to-high intensity activities (e.g., running, cycling), and minors favor recreational pursuits (e.g., interacting with small features, playing ball games). 3.1.2 Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Crowd Activities and Preferred Space Types Using a GIS platform, kernel density analysis generated a spatial density distribution map of crowd outdoor activities (Fig. 4 ). Overlay analysis with the area's environmental characteristics revealed that variations in site spatial morphology significantly influence resident activity distribution, leading to distinct spatial zones with unique features. Within these zones, activity distribution patterns vary (e.g., core aggregation, scattered distribution, linear extension along pathways), forming unique small-scale spatial structures. Despite this zoning, the lake loop trail is crucial for connecting activity spaces across zones and enhancing the area's overall coherence. Resident activity spaces were categorized into three types: point, line, and area. Area-type spaces (e.g., squares, parks) are typically open areas characterized by gathering potential and openness. Line-type spaces usually follow paths like the lake loop trail, forming informal activity zones characterized by fluidity and temporality. Point-type spaces primarily consist of stationary, dispersed elements such as leisure seating, pavilions, and architectural features. 3.2 Node Level 3.2.1 Node Selection and Application of Behavior Setting Theory To select representative node spaces characterized by high activity density and diversity, this study used four indicators: cumulative activity density, average activity intensity (scale 1–5), activity type diversity, and cumulative number of participants. Cumulative activity density was calculated as (Total number of participants in the space) / (Total area of the space). Average activity intensity was calculated as (Total cumulative activity intensity score in the space) / (Total number of participants in the space). Comprehensive analysis identified significant resident activity in area-type spaces (Plots 1, 5, 6, 7, 8), line-type spaces (Plot 2), and point-type spaces (Plots 3, 4). These were selected as typical node spaces. Behavior setting theory, which examines the interaction between the physical environment and overt human behavior via methods like field observation and behavior mapping, provided the theoretical framework. We utilized behavior mapping to record and annotate activity data in the 8 selected representative node spaces on weekdays and weekends (Fig. 5 ). Based on activity density and diversity, Plot 3 (Point-type Rest Area), Plot 2 (Line-type Trail), and Plot 7 (Area-type Square) were chosen for focused analysis. 3.2.2 Analysis of the Association between Outdoor Activities and Node Spatial Environment 3.2.2.1 Interaction between Crowd Activities and Node Elements Empirical research reveals a dynamic interaction between residents and the environmental elements of the public space surrounding the lake (Table 1 ). Residents not only utilize the space's intended functions but also adaptively use and effectively "redefine" it according to their needs. For instance, the lakefront square (a specific type of space at the edge), a typical composite activity site, shows clear temporal functional shifts: daytime use primarily supports fitness and parent-child activities (e.g., running, exercise, kite flying), while nighttime transforms the area into a primary venue for middle-aged and elderly group dancing, offering diverse cultural and entertainment opportunities. Similarly, residents utilize flexible open spaces (e.g., lawns, paved areas) to temporarily set up stages, tents, and stalls for community events like festivals or markets, reflecting the space's adaptability and significantly enhancing community cohesion. Regarding resting facilities, beyond traditional use of seats, pavilions, and lawns, residents creatively adapt these for activities like outdoor picnics, reading, and socializing (e.g., using chess tables integrated into social nodes). This adaptive use enriches the functional capacity of the public space and strengthens residents' sense of place and belonging, integrating the environment surrounding the lake into their daily lives. Table 1 Relationship between Public Space Elements, Behavioral Support, and Functional Effects in the Public Space Surrounding Qingshan Lake, Nanchang Core Design Orientation Key Design Elements and Facilitated Activities Main Functions and Effects Enhancing Spatial Vitality & Diversity 1. Composite Activity Sites (Squares/Open Areas): Parent-child activities, group activities (square dancing, etc.). 2. Themed Functional Nodes (Sports/Play Areas): Equipment-based fitness, ball games, children's play, group gatherings. 1. Enhances urban public space vitality; 2. Promotes multicultural integration; 3. Meets diverse population activity needs; 4. Provides cultural and entertainment options. Enhancing Site Adaptability & Mixed Use 1. Flexible Open Spaces: Accommodate temporary/seasonal activities, support spontaneous large gatherings (festivals/markets), campsite setups (tents), and informal sports. 2. Temporary Activity Support: Enables setup of stages, market stalls, etc., on weekends/ holidays. 1. Enhances social cohesion; 2. Promotes community interaction; 3. Strengthens community identity; 4. Meets event hosting needs; 5. Reflects spatial usage flexibility. Optimizing Rest Experience & Social Environment 1. Diverse Resting Nodes (Seats/Pavilions/Steps/Lawns): Provide varied opportunities for static lingering, viewing, reading, informal communication. 2. Amenity-Rich Environmental Elements (Greenery/Waterscapes/Shade): Create comfortable, relaxing microclimates, attract people to stay, enhance sensory experience. 3. Social Node Design (Chess tables/Gathering points/Small plazas): Encourage close interaction, neighborly exchange, and small group activities (chess/picnics). 1. Meets diverse resting needs; 2. Improves place environmental comfort; 3. Fosters sense of belonging & community identity; 4. Promotes informal social interaction; 5. Enriches public space functions; 6. Builds positive social interaction settings. 3.2.2.2 Scenarios of Crowd Outdoor Behavioral Activities Integrating observations with behavior setting theory, this study further analyzed the interaction mechanisms between resident behavior and the public space surrounding the lake, examining the resulting behavior settings. Selected typical nodes included rest areas, fitness zones, free activity areas, and pathways. Observations revealed that within specific spaces, activity types vary according to spatial attributes, indicating that different environmental settings significantly influence outdoor activity behavior (Table 2 ). Accordingly, we categorized activity behaviors within these settings into three intensity levels: Table 2 Analysis of Outdoor Activity Intensity Type Characteristics in Urban Public Space Surrounding Lakes Category Activity Population Activity Classification Activity Space Spatial Role Environmental Preference Facility Needs Social Attributes Low-Intensity Activities Middle-aged/Elderly, Couples, Picnickers Sitting, chess, picnics, fishing Sites rich in vegetation, open views (often with seats, lawns, pavilions) Relaxation, leisure, social venue Quiet, rich vegetation, open views Seats, pavilions, lawns, etc. Individual/ Small group oriented Medium-Intensity Activities Middle-aged/Young Adults, Parent-child families, Group residents Square dancing, skateboarding, strolling, Tai Chi Larger sites (or surroundings often equipped with fitness gear) Multi-functional, inclusive, meets diverse needs Open, flat, equipment-accessible Fitness equipment, flat ground Group-oriented, high interactivity High-Intensity Activities Sports Enthusiasts Ball games, jogging, cycling Loop trails, cycle paths, professional sports courts Professional function, competitive, meets high standards Professional sites, open, safe Professional courts/equipment, trails, cycle paths Individual/ Group, competitive Low-Intensity Activities : Characterized by people in resting or slow-moving states, with limited activity range. Participants are mainly those resting, middle-aged/elderly individuals, couples, and picnickers. These spaces are often located in areas rich in vegetation with open views, equipped with resting facilities (e.g., seats, lawns, pavilions), emphasizing comfort and leisure. Medium-Intensity Activities : Characterized by people in relatively active states, with a moderate activity range. Participants include those exercising, parent-child families, and group activity participants. Spaces are often open and flat, accommodating larger groups for activities like equipment-based fitness, square dancing, and ball games. Fitness equipment is often available nearby, emphasizing multi-functionality and inclusivity. High-Intensity Activities : Characterized by people engaged in high-intensity exercise, covering a larger range. Participants are mainly sports enthusiasts, and spaces are often loop trails or cycle paths. These sites not only offer ample space but also feature suitable ground materials (e.g., rubber tracks) for sports, providing a safe and efficient exercise environment, emphasizing professionalism and functionality. 3.2.3 Subjective Evaluation of Node Activity Space Environment Based on on-site questionnaire surveys and referencing previous studies [ 21 – 23 ], we developed an evaluation system comprising five dimensions: Spatial Accessibility, Comfort, Functionality, Safety, and Hydrophilicity, encompassing 24 indicators. A three-point Likert scale [ 24 ] (1 = Dissatisfied, 2 = Neutral, 3 = Very Satisfied) was used for scoring. Average scores for each indicator were calculated (Fig. 6 ) to provide a basis for subsequent analysis. Radar chart analysis revealed significant differences in satisfaction levels across age groups. Minors reported higher satisfaction with spatial accessibility, comfort, and functionality, particularly rating the natural environment, terrain variations, safety, and challenge aspects positively. Conversely, adults and the elderly expressed lower satisfaction regarding safety and comfort, primarily due to issues such as vehicle management at entrances/exits, lack of spatial surveillance in concealed areas, insufficient nighttime lighting, and seasonal climate discomfort. A common desire across all age groups was for additional recreational and entertainment facilities. These findings suggest that the public spaces around Qingshan Lake require improvements to better meet the specific needs of adult and elderly users. 4. Evaluation Study 4.1 Evaluation System Construction and Indicator Selection To quantitatively evaluate the association between the public space around Qingshan Lake and resident activity behavior, we developed a comprehensive evaluation system. Integrating theoretical research, field surveys, literature analysis, and expert consultation, key indicators reflecting the link between resident activity behavior and spatial characteristics in the study area were selected. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to quantify evaluation elements and construct a four-level system comprising: Goal, Criteria (Primary Indicators), and Indicators (Secondary Indicators). Combined with questionnaire data on indicator importance and weight assignment, a complete evaluation system was established (Fig. 7 ). This system is scientifically sound, feasible for assessing the environmental impact on resident activities around Qingshan Lake, and provides a foundation for related research. Drawing on theory and empirical findings, we selected indicators influencing the association between resident activity behavior and spatial characteristics around Qingshan Lake. A four-level evaluation system was constructed (Fig. 7 ), comprising the Goal layer, Criteria layer (Primary Indicators), and Indicator layer (Secondary Indicators), designed to comprehensively capture key spatial dimensions affecting resident use. The specific indicators are: Goal Layer : Evaluation of the Association between Resident Outdoor Activity Behavior and the Space Surrounding the Lake. Primary Indicators (5) : Spatial Accessibility, Spatial Comfort, Spatial Functionality, Spatial Safety, Spatial Hydrophilicity. Secondary Indicators (24) : Detailed indicators elaborated under each primary indicator (see below). (a) Spatial Accessibility Evaluation : (1) Transportation Convenience: Assessing public transport coverage, road network density, parking facilities, etc. (2) Barrier-Free Design: Evaluating the adequacy of accessible pathways, ramps, tactile paving, accessible restrooms, and signage systems within the space. (3) Travel Time Cost: Average travel time from residential areas to the public space. (4) Spatial Permeability: Evaluating the number, location, and opening hours of public space entrances, and whether they are open to all user groups. (5) Destination Proximity: Straight-line and actual walking distance for residents to reach the public space, and whether crossing unsafe areas is required. (b) Spatial Comfort Evaluation : (1) Green Coverage Rate: Degree of vegetation cover within the public space, affecting air quality and visual comfort. (2) Noise Level: Assessing the level of noise pollution within the public space and its impact on resident activities. (3) Climatic Conditions: Impact of temperature, humidity, wind speed, etc., on residents' outdoor activities. (4) Microclimate: Evaluating microclimatic conditions in different areas, such as the distribution of shaded and sunny areas. (5) Visual Comfort: Assessing the aesthetic appeal of the public space, including landscape design, art installations, and color schemes. (c) Spatial Functionality Evaluation : (1) Leisure Facilities: Provision of seating, pavilions, children's play facilities, etc., within the public space. (2) Sports Facilities: Such as trails, cycle paths, sports fields, etc. (3) Social Spaces: Squares, gathering points, etc., provided for resident interaction. (4) Commercial Facilities: Assessing the distribution and diversity of commercial facilities within the public space, such as cafes, restaurants, and shops. (5) Cultural Facilities: Evaluating the availability of cultural facilities within the public space, such as libraries, exhibition halls, and performance spaces. (d) Spatial Safety Evaluation : (1) Lighting Conditions: Adequacy of nighttime lighting, affecting residents' sense of security. (2) Surveillance Facilities: Coverage range and density of surveillance cameras. (3) Emergency Services: Accessibility of emergency medical services, safety exits, etc. (4) Water Body Safety Measures: Considering safety measures around water bodies, such as railings, life-saving equipment, warning signs, etc., to ensure the safety of residents' hydrophilic activities along the lake edge. (5) Public Health Safety: Evaluating public health facilities within the public space, such as handwashing facilities, waste recycling stations, and cleaning services. (e) Spatial Hydrophilicity Evaluation : (1) Proportion of Hydrophilic Space: Assessing the proportion of hydrophilic areas (e.g., lake edge trails, waterfront platforms, piers) within the total public space of the area surrounding Qingshan Lake. (2) Accessibility of Hydrophilic Facilities: Considering the distribution density and accessibility of hydrophilic facilities (e.g., seating, pavilions, viewing platforms), and whether they facilitate direct contact with the water body. (3) Water Body Interactivity: Evaluating the interactivity between the water body and resident activities in the public space, such as whether facilities for boating, fishing, etc., are provided. (4) Water Edge Design: Evaluating whether the design of the water edge encourages people to approach the water, e.g., presence of steps, ramps, floating docks, etc., which can increase interaction with water. 4.2 Determining Evaluation Indicator Weights To construct the AHP hierarchy model, a 5th-order judgment matrix was built for the five primary indicators: Spatial Accessibility, Comfort, Functionality, Safety, and Hydrophilicity. Based on questionnaire and interview data, the sum-product method was used to calculate the scores for each evaluation factor, analyzed using AHP software. The resulting eigenvector was (0.590, 1.309, 1.730, 0.490, 0.882), corresponding to weights of 11.796%, 26.177%, 34.606%, 9.791%, and 17.630% respectively (Fig. 8 ). The maximum eigenvalue (λmax) was 5.405. For this 5th-order judgment matrix, the corresponding Random Consistency Index (RI) from standard tables (Table 3 ) is 1.120. This RI value was used for the consistency check. The Consistency Index (CI) was calculated as CI = (λmax - n) / (n − 1) = (5.405–5) / (5 − 1) = 0.101 (for n = 5). The Consistency Ratio (CR) was then determined as CR = CI / RI = 0.101 / 1.120 = 0.090. Since CR (0.090) is less than the threshold of 0.1, the judgment matrix satisfies the consistency check, indicating that the calculated weights are consistent (Table 4 ). Table 3 Random consistency RI table n 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 RI 0.52 0.89 1.12 1.26 1.36 1.41 1.46 1.49 1.52 1.54 1.56 1.58 1.59 1.5943 n 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 RI 1.6064 1.6133 1.6207 1.6292 1.6358 1.6403 1.6462 1.6497 1.6556 1.6587 1.6631 1.6670 1.6693 1.6724 Table 4 Consistency Check Results Summary Maximum Eigenvalue (λmax) CI RI CR Consistency Check Result 5.405 0.101 1.120 0.090 Passed 4.3 Evaluation Results The results (Table 5 ) indicate that Spatial Functionality (weight: 34.61%) is the dimension of greatest concern to residents, weighted significantly higher than others. This suggests that residents' strong demand for diverse activities and facilities around the lake is the primary factor influencing their evaluation. Comfort (26.18%) and Hydrophilicity (17.63%) follow, reflecting the importance placed on environmental quality and the near-water experience. Accessibility (11.80%) holds relatively lower importance. Notably, Safety (9.79%) has the lowest relative weight. This may indicate that respondents perceive the overall safety conditions around Qingshan Lake as generally acceptable, or that once basic security needs are met, focus shifts towards functional satisfaction and environmental experience. This does not diminish the importance of safety; rather, it highlights the need for precise solutions to specific issues (e.g., lighting, waterside protection). Analysis of secondary indicators reveals key drivers within each dimension, such as leisure and sports facilities (under Spatial Functionality) and green coverage rate (under Spatial Comfort), which are critical focal points for refined public space design. Table 5 Summary of Evaluation Results Category Weight (%) Eigenvector Node Item Weight (%) Eigenvector Consistency Check Spatial Accessibility Eval 11.80% 0.59 Transportation Convenience 19.55% 0.115 Passed Barrier-Free Design 9.23% 0.054 Passed Travel Time Cost 39.77% 0.235 Passed Spatial Permeability 15.45% 0.091 Passed Destination Proximity 15.99% 0.094 Passed Spatial Comfort Eval 26.18% 1.309 Green Coverage Rate 39.22% 1.026 Passed Noise Level 7.83% 0.205 Passed Climatic Conditions 34.48% 0.902 Passed Microclimate 7.29% 0.191 Passed Visual Comfort 11.18% 0.293 Passed Spatial Functionality Eval. 34.61% 1.73 Leisure Facilities 34.79% 1.205 Passed Sports Facilities 35.21% 1.219 Passed Social Spaces 17.48% 0.605 Passed Commercial Facilities 6.93% 0.240 Passed Cultural Facilities 5.59% 0.194 Passed Spatial Safety Eval. 9.79% 0.49 Lighting Conditions 39.48% 0.193 Passed Surveillance Facilities 9.77% 0.048 Passed Emergency Services 24.79% 0.121 Passed Water Body Safety Measures 19.93% 0.098 Passed Public Health Safety 6.03% 0.030 Passed Spatial Hydrophilicity Eval. 17.63% 0.882 Proportion of Hydrophilic Space 27.53% 0.243 Passed Accessibility of Hydro. Facil 44.48% 0.392 Passed Water Body Interactivity 11.79% 0.104 Passed Water Edge Design 16.20% 0.143 Passed 4.3.1 Spatial Accessibility Evaluation Spatial accessibility fundamentally affects residents' convenience in using the public space surrounding the lake and forms a basic layer of the evaluation system. Within this dimension, travel time cost emerged as the most crucial factor, reflecting residents' strong emphasis on travel efficiency. Compared to travel time, transportation convenience and the provision of barrier-free facilities were weighted lower. These results suggest that enhancing public space accessibility should prioritize optimizing the transportation network to reduce travel times, while concurrently strengthening barrier-free design and construction to improve spatial inclusivity for diverse user groups. 4.3.2 Spatial Comfort Evaluation Spatial comfort, ranking second in overall weight, is a core dimension influencing residents' experience and satisfaction within the environment surrounding the lake. Green coverage rate is the dominant factor within this dimension, reflecting high expectations for the extent and quality of vegetation in public spaces. Climatic conditions also significantly affect comfort. While green coverage and climate are primary drivers, the influence of noise levels, though weighted lower, requires attention, particularly in areas adjacent to high-density residential zones. 4.3.3 Spatial Functionality Evaluation Ranking highest in weight, Spatial Functionality is the primary dimension determining resident satisfaction with the public space surrounding the lake, directly reflecting the core demand for diverse activities and facilities. Within this dimension, leisure and sports facilities are the elements of greatest importance to residents, indicating strong expectations for public spaces to meet recreational and fitness needs. While weighted lower, social spaces remain an indispensable component of overall public space functionality. 4.3.4 Spatial Safety Evaluation Spatial Safety ranked relatively low in the overall weighting. This likely reflects that, assuming basic safety is met, residents prioritize other dimensions, rather than diminishing the fundamental importance of safety for public space use. Within this dimension, lighting conditions received the most weight, highlighting concerns about nighttime activity safety. Emergency service accessibility and waterside safety measures also significantly influenced safety perceptions. Conversely, the weight assigned to surveillance facilities was lower. These findings suggest that efforts to improve public space safety should prioritize adequate lighting, accessible emergency services, and enhanced safety measures along the lake edge. 4.3.5 Spatial Hydrophilicity Evaluation Spatial Hydrophilicity, reflecting the unique character of the area surrounding the lake and ranking third in weight, highlights the importance residents place on the near-water experience. Within this dimension, the accessibility of hydrophilic facilities is the primary consideration, indicating high expectations for convenient access to water-adjacent spaces. The proportion of hydrophilic space also significantly influences the waterfront experience. The relatively lower weight assigned to water body interactivity suggests that residents currently prioritize accessibility and the basic environment of water-adjacent areas over direct engagement with the water. Therefore, enhancing hydrophilicity requires optimizing the layout and accessibility of hydrophilic facilities. Furthermore, significant potential exists for improving water body interactivity. 5. Discussion 5.1 Mutual Construction of Resident Activity Behavior and the Environment of Urban Areas Surrounding Lakes Based on the empirical findings and behavior setting analysis, we developed an interaction model illustrating the relationship between people and the public space surrounding the urban lake (Fig. 9 ). This "People-Public Space Surrounding the Lake" interaction model depicts a complex system where the frequency of human activity and the environmental attractiveness of the space are interdependent components, mutually influencing each other. A vibrant public space surrounding the lake acts as the physical setting for human activities, supporting socio-economic value generation and reflecting its environmental affordances. Conversely, human activity manifests spatial vitality and reflects users' ongoing re-creation of that vitality. 5.2 Renewal of Public Space Surrounding Lakes: From "Space Creation" to "Place Symbiosis" The renewal of public spaces surrounding lakes should move beyond mere physical optimization towards "place reshaping," aiming to stimulate vitality, strengthen human-place emotional connections, and foster a transition from generic "space" to meaningful "place." Building on the preceding analysis, renewal strategies should transcend a purely functionalist paradigm to deeply consider residents' diverse experiences. Accordingly, we propose the following renewal approaches: 5.2.1 Upholding the "Safety and Resilience" Principle: Ensuring a Foundational Safety Net, Adapting to Diverse Needs Safety is fundamental to public space vitality and a crucial aspect of urban resilience. Renewal efforts should prioritize creating "safe and resilient" spaces by: 1) Optimizing lighting systems, for instance, using smart lighting that dynamically adjusts brightness based on pedestrian flow and time [ 25 ], and installing focused, warm-colored lighting in waterside areas and near steps to enhance perceived safety [ 26 ]. 2) Improving emergency service facilities [ 27 ] and establishing rapid response mechanisms, including emergency call points, AEDs [ 28 ], linkages with police, fire, and medical services, and regular safety drills. 3) Strengthening waterside safety protection [ 29 ] through safety railings, warning signs, life-saving equipment, and clearly delineated safety zones for different activities and user groups. Integrating diverse functions (leisure, sports, social) upon this safe foundation enhances the sense of spatial belonging and promotes "safety-activated vitality." Additionally, conducting regular public space safety risk assessments is essential to identify potential hazards and formulate preventive measures, such as improved surveillance in secluded areas. 5.2.2 Pursuing a "Seamless Connection" Experience: Optimizing Spatio-Temporal Efficiency, Bridging Usage Gaps Convenient accessibility, particularly minimizing travel time (a factor highly valued by residents), is key to stimulating vitality. Renewal should establish a "multi-dimensional connection" accessibility network by: 1) Optimizing the transportation network to reduce arrival times (e.g., adding bus stops, optimizing routes, providing shared bicycle parking, ensuring adequate parking at main entrances, offering clear directional signage). 2) Advocating for "slow mobility priority" [ 30 ] through comfortable and safe pedestrian and cycling systems (e.g., separating pedestrian and cycle lanes [ 31 ], using permeable paving, installing seating and shade, increasing greenery, integrating "slow mobility" with "fun paths" and "rest stations"). 3) Enhancing information accessibility via smart wayfinding systems and information platforms [ 32 ]. Crucially, all public spaces and facilities must comply with barrier-free design standards. 5.2.3 Adopting an "Ecological Integration" Path: Respecting the Natural Substrate, Enhancing Environmental Perception The appeal of the area surrounding the lake stems from its natural ecological base and hydrophilic features. Renewal should enhance "ecological integration" to enrich place perception by: 1) Increasing green coverage, optimizing plant configurations, and constructing continuous "ecological corridors" [ 33 ] (e.g., selecting native species, using multi-layered planting, implementing green roofs and vertical greening). 2) Utilizing natural ventilation and shading, and introducing concepts like "sensory gardens" [ 34 – 36 ] and "healing landscapes" [ 37 ] to create comfortable microclimates. 3) Optimizing the layout of waterside facilities, increasing the proportion of hydrophilic space, and integrating "Water Sensitive Urban Design" (WSUD) principles [ 38 ] to enhance water body engagement (e.g., installing waterfront platforms, boardwalks, piers; offering water-based activities; establishing bird hides and wetland interpretation gardens). Furthermore, employing permeable paving, rain gardens, and bioswales can help manage stormwater runoff and mitigate flood risks. 5.2.4 Creating "Narrative" Space: Continuing Place Memory, Shaping Unique Identity To prevent the space surrounding the lake from being merely an assembly of functional nodes and to enhance its overall attractiveness and cultural depth, renewal should focus on creating "narrative" places. This involves identifying, extracting, and connecting spatio-temporal imprints across the site (e.g., historical relics, ecological features, community stories, characteristic activities) and weaving them into engaging "place stories." The "genius loci" or "spirit of place" [ 39 ] should be extracted and integrated into landscape design, architectural features, and signage systems, potentially utilizing AR/VR for enhanced presentation. Distinct characteristics of different sections around the lake can inform the establishment of themed areas [ 40 , 41 ], such as an art beach, ecological wetland, or cultural trail. Landscape signage and view corridors should provide spatial guidance and create visually dynamic experiences. Regularly hosting themed events, creating seasonal landscapes, and installing temporary art installations can embed activities within the spatial narrative, transforming the area surrounding the lake into a vibrant place rich with stories. 5.2.5 Shaping "Affordance" Space: Stimulating Spontaneous Community Vitality The enduring vitality of a place arises from continuous, spontaneous interactions between people and the environment. Renewal strategies should therefore focus on shaping the "affordance" of designed spaces—creating physical conditions that stimulate spontaneous community vitality. This involves providing simple, durable, and versatile "substrates" (e.g., flat open lawns, structurally simple pavilions, climbable or sittable structures) with multiple potential uses, rather than rigidly predetermining specific functions. Such spaces, embodying multiple possibilities, encourage residents towards adaptive use and creative "redefinition" based on their needs (e.g., spontaneously forming resting spots, activity corners, play areas), fostering the organic evolution of place functions. By offering a flexible "scaffolding" for community co-creation [ 42 , 43 ], rather than a limiting "finished product," an endogenous, lively, and resilient spirit of place can be cultivated. 6. Conclusion This study, situated within the context of urban renewal's shift towards quality improvement, uses the area around Nanchang's Qingshan Lake as a case study to integrate micro-level insights from behavior setting theory with macro-level GIS spatial analysis. Our findings reveal current spatio-temporal patterns of space utilization surrounding the lake, activity preferences of different population groups, and their interactions with specific spatial nodes. Building on these findings, we propose a micro-renewal strategy framework centered on "place symbiosis." This framework moves beyond traditional "space creation"—focused on unidirectional physical shaping—to emphasize quality improvement and vitality regeneration in public spaces surrounding lakes. Limitations include potential constraints on sample representativeness due to research duration and data acquisition methods, and the need for deeper exploration of resident behavioral motivations. Future research should adopt a stronger people-oriented approach, focusing on the differentiated needs of diverse groups and social equity. Integrating multi-source data, intelligent technologies (e.g., big data, VR/AR), and multidisciplinary perspectives (e.g., sociology, psychology, behavioral geography) will enable a more precise understanding of complex human-environment interactions. Continued theoretical innovation and practical exploration can drive enhancements in resident well-being, strengthen community cohesion, and contribute to sustainable urban development, fostering harmonious coexistence between people, the city, and the lake environment. Declarations Author Contributions: Conceptualization: F.L., Z.T., Z.W.; Methodology: F.L., Z.T., L.Y.; Investigation: L.Y., H.Z.; Data Curation: L.Y., H.Z.; Formal Analysis: L.Y., H.Z.; Visualization: L.Y., H.Z.; Writing – Original Draft: L.Y.; Writing – Review & Editing: Z.W., F.L., Z.T., L.Y., H.Z.; Supervision: F.L., Z.T., Z.W.; Project Administration: F.L., Z.W.; Funding Acquisition: F.L., Z.T., Z.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Data Availability Statement: The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing Interests Statement: The author(s) declare no competing interests. References Breen A, Rigby D. The new waterfront: A worldwide urban success story[J]. (No Title), 1996. Carmona M, Heath T, Oc T, et al. Public Places, Urban Spaces: Different Dimensions of Urban Design[J]. Translators: Fariba Qaraei, Mahshid Shokouhi, Zahra Ahri and esmaeil Salehi, Tehran: Tehran University of the Art,, 2012. Palmer M A, Bernhardt E S, Allan J D, et al. Standards for ecologically successful river restoration[J]. Journal of applied ecology, 2005, 42(2): 208-217. Liquete C, Udias A, Conte G, et al. Integrated valuation of a nature-based solution for water pollution control. Highlighting hidden benefits[J]. Ecosystem Services, 2016, 22: 392-401. 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A monitoring tool for the provision of accessible and attractive urban green spaces[J]. Landscape and urban planning, 2003, 63(2): 109-126. Babbie E R. The practice of social research[M]. Cengage Au, 2020. Uttley J, Fotios S, Lovelace R. Road lighting density and brightness linked with increased cycling rates after-dark[J]. PLoS one, 2020, 15(5): e0233105. Johansson M, Pedersen E, Maleetipwan-Mattsson P, et al. Perceived outdoor lighting quality (POLQ): A lighting assessment tool[J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2014, 39: 14-21. Sharifi A. Resilient urban forms: A review of literature on streets and street networks[J]. Building and environment, 2019, 147: 171-187. Brown T P, Andronis L, El-Banna A, et al. Optimisation of the deployment of automated external defibrillators in public places in England[J]. Health and Social Care Delivery Research, 2025, 13(5): 1-179. PREVENTION P. Prevention of drowning[J]. Pediatrics, 2019, 143(5). Nieuwenhuijsen M J. Urban and transport planning pathways to carbon neutral, liveable and healthy cities; A review of the current evidence[J]. Environment international, 2020, 140: 105661. Brookshire K, Kumfer W, West A, et al. Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety–Literature Review[J]. 2025. Van Hoang T. Impact of integrated artificial intelligence and internet of things technologies on smart city transformation[J]. Journal of Technical Education Science, 2024, 19(Special Issue 01): 64-73. Marshall S. Landscape Connectivity Analysis for Conservation Planning in Southern Ontario[D]. University of Waterloo, 2024. Elsadek M, Liu B, Lian Z. Green façades: Their contribution to stress recovery and well-being in high-density cities[J]. Urban forestry & urban greening, 2019, 46: 126446. Zajadacz A, Lubarska A. Sensory gardens as a new form of urban green space in smart sustainable cities[J]. 2023. Wajchman-Switalska S, Zajadacz A, Lubarska A. Recreation and Therapy in Urban Forests—The Potential Use of Sensory Garden Solutions. Forests 2021, 12, 1402[EB/OL].(2021) South E C, Hohl B C, Kondo M C, et al. Effect of greening vacant land on mental health of community-dwelling adults: a cluster randomized trial[J]. JAMA network open, 2018, 1(3): e180298-e180298. Fletcher T D, Shuster W, Hunt W F, et al. SUDS, LID, BMPs, WSUD and more–The evolution and application of terminology surrounding urban drainage[J]. Urban water journal, 2015, 12(7): 525-542. Vecco M. Genius loci as a meta-concept[J]. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 2020, 41: 225-231. Gehl J. Life between buildings[J]. 2011. Carmona M, Heath T, Oc T, et al. The dimensions of urban design[M]. Routledge, 2021. Eizenberg E, Jabareen Y. Social sustainability: A new conceptual framework[J]. Sustainability, 2017, 9(1): 68. Foster S R, Iaione C. Ostrom in the city: Design principles and practices for the urban commons[M]//Routledge Handbook of the Study of the Commons. Routledge, 2019: 235-255. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 Dec, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 21 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 12 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 18 Jun, 2025 Reviews received at journal 04 Jun, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 May, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 22 May, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 22 May, 2025 Editor invited by journal 19 May, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 19 May, 2025 First submitted to journal 06 May, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6602565","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":460425578,"identity":"7677bce6-d77c-49ea-a5d5-395a01146a79","order_by":0,"name":"Liya Fan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nanchang University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Liya","middleName":"","lastName":"Fan","suffix":""},{"id":460425579,"identity":"8811e2af-718c-457d-ba55-07f11fd20704","order_by":1,"name":"Yuqing Lai","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nanchang University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yuqing","middleName":"","lastName":"Lai","suffix":""},{"id":460425582,"identity":"3d3fc149-73d8-4a8a-b5c7-141dbacbec70","order_by":2,"name":"Zhouni Hu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nanchang University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zhouni","middleName":"","lastName":"Hu","suffix":""},{"id":460425583,"identity":"8d2bbd43-a84e-470b-9428-f5181d3a8362","order_by":3,"name":"Wenhui Zheng","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAsUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFCCgw8YGCogTAkitRw2YGA4Q5oWZgMGxjZStOg2HmZ7XDjvjrzBAeaDt3kY7PIIajE7cJjdeOa2Z4YbDrAlW/MwJBcToeX8MWnebYcTDA7wmEnzMBxIbCDCFjZp3jkgLfzfSNHSALaFjQQtPMcOG848zGZsOccgmQgtN0Baag7L8x1vfnjjTYUdYS0MEgegDGYQYUBQPRDwEzZ1FIyCUTAKRjoAAOktOxoRZafQAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Nanchang University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wenhui","middleName":"","lastName":"Zheng","suffix":""},{"id":460425584,"identity":"ad754b85-bc84-462f-b604-77e993d28028","order_by":4,"name":"Tao Zhou","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nanchang University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tao","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhou","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-05-06 11:38:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6602565/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6602565/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-28431-6","type":"published","date":"2025-12-29T15:57:15+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":83480294,"identity":"52d0f8e5-0ac4-4a7f-8aeb-8b5a4c59e568","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-27 06:34:07","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":440650,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLocation map of the Qingshan Lake study area.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMap illustrating the location of Qingshan Lake within Nanchang city. It highlights the surrounding high-density residential areas, key districts, and the approximate 11 km shoreline encompassing the loop trail connecting various functional nodes. The primary study area focused on the public spaces immediately surrounding the lake is indicated.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6602565/v1/2000eead01b0a76d363f34c9.png"},{"id":83480295,"identity":"3d4d4030-d579-485d-b637-f1d8efb966e5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-27 06:34:07","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":290806,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMulti-scale research framework.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\nFlowchart outlining the research methodology. It illustrates the multi-scale approach investigating both the overall (macro) level using non-participant observation and GIS analysis, and the node (micro) level using behavior mapping integrated with behavior setting theory and subjective evaluations (questionnaires). The process leads to the identification of activity characteristics, interaction mechanisms, and finally, updated renewal ideas and suggestions.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6602565/v1/b638f6f9c80b2ff800443816.png"},{"id":83480886,"identity":"313fe8d7-721b-4966-918d-e6fa04163a94","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-27 06:42:07","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":601153,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacteristics of outdoor activity participants and activities around Qingshan Lake.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOverview of the active population and their behaviors, showing: gender distribution of participants; age composition (Minors, Adults, Elderly), noting minors often accompanied by guardians; activity time distribution across different periods on weekdays and rest days; and photographic examples of the 11 main identified activity types (e.g., Sitting, Reading, Picnic, Fishing, Exercise, Game, Walking, Cycling, Jogging, Skateboarding, Ball games).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6602565/v1/8fb376f610043e1b625e67b5.png"},{"id":83480298,"identity":"6a3774fe-4812-4a20-8e54-bfb1c5fd85de","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-27 06:34:07","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":440903,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpatial density distribution of outdoor activities around Qingshan Lake.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKernel density map generated using GIS spatial analysis, visualizing the concentration patterns of crowd outdoor activities. Warmer colors indicate higher activity density, revealing spatial variations such as core aggregation, scattered distribution, and linear extensions along pathways like the loop trail. Locations corresponding to the analyzed sample Plots (one through eight) are marked.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6602565/v1/d2f300c3021c2e251ed85e70.png"},{"id":83480299,"identity":"5630f42f-7c08-4744-859a-89260649dd85","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-27 06:34:07","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":151022,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComparative analysis of activity characteristics across representative node spaces.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\nBar charts comparing the eight selected representative node spaces (Plots 1-8) based on four activity metrics derived from field observations: average activity intensity (subjectively rated on a 1-5 scale), total number of participants recorded, cumulative activity density (participants per square meter), and cumulative number of distinct activity types observed.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6602565/v1/5300a5309f2a5586f4f026b1.png"},{"id":83480301,"identity":"1bfe456c-e581-4b86-8b6a-54763d1fd167","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-27 06:34:07","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":282512,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUser satisfaction evaluation of node activity space environment by age group.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRadar charts (left) and corresponding detailed bar charts (right) illustrating the subjective satisfaction scores from different age groups (Minors, Adults, Elderly) across five evaluation dimensions (Spatial Accessibility, Comfort, Functionality, Safety, Hydrophilicity) and their 24 constituent secondary indicators. Scores are based on a three-point Likert scale (1=Dissatisfied, 2=Neutral, 3=Very Satisfied) survey.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6602565/v1/c9099e8d2f42ef17024ec7ee.png"},{"id":83480303,"identity":"1cc91e82-a446-45a2-8466-220fabd0703e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-27 06:34:07","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":73454,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStructure and construction process of the AHP evaluation system.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFlowchart detailing the methodology for constructing the four-level Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) evaluation system used in this study. Steps include: Step 1 - Obtain Evaluation Indicators (from literature, surveys, etc.); Step 2 - Screen Evaluation Indicators; Step 3 - Construct Evaluation System hierarchy (Goal, Criteria/Primary Indicators, Indicators/Secondary Indicators); Step 4 - Assign Indicator Weights (using AHP); Step 5 - Complete and apply the Evaluation System..\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6602565/v1/357dfc93b6bd21eb6ac38db9.png"},{"id":83480888,"identity":"a317edf1-3394-46ef-9a08-f6d1cbe9885a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-27 06:42:07","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":184193,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWeight distribution of primary evaluation indicators determined by AHP.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\nBar chart displaying the calculated relative weights (as percentages) for the five primary evaluation indicators (Spatial Accessibility, Comfort, Functionality, Safety, and Hydrophilicity). These weights were derived from the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis based on questionnaire and interview data regarding perceived importance.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6602565/v1/5b5c4149b6a85a5075431976.png"},{"id":83480919,"identity":"fc75efc2-2fb8-45e8-9d7b-f0f0b6aecfc1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-27 06:50:07","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":74739,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConceptual model of the interaction between people and the public space surrounding the urban lake.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\nDiagram illustrating the proposed \"People-Public Space Surrounding the Lake\" interaction model. It depicts the dynamic and reciprocal relationship where Human Outdoor Activities (influenced by activity needs and preferences) interact with Urban Public Spaces Surrounding the Lake (providing environmental affordances and feedback). The model highlights the ongoing processes of development, support, and mutual influence shaping both behavior and place.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6602565/v1/afcd4de8f74a55e2eba968c0.png"},{"id":99545224,"identity":"9c2a2b57-aa60-4a7e-9160-4a0d6ad69b4e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-05 16:02:45","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4186122,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6602565/v1/bd500e14-9c8b-4b54-ae5c-b6d1f4775829.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Association Between Public Space and Resident Outdoor Activity Behavior in Urban Areas Surrounding Lakes","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAs urbanization shifts focus from \"incremental expansion\" to \"stock quality improvement,\" urban renewal has evolved beyond spatial renovation to become a national strategic priority. Its core mission is to enhance urban development quality and meet public aspirations for improved living standards. Waterfront areas, unique zones where urban nature and culture intersect, serve as both crucial ecological nodes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e] and vibrant spaces that foster high-quality living and social harmony [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Consequently, research on waterfront public spaces has gained significant academic attention, and understanding their profound impact on sustainable urban development requires in-depth exploration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExisting research on waterfront spaces spans multiple domains, including ecological restoration [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e], landscape design [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], accessibility [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e], behavioral preferences [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e], and socio-cultural values [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Recent studies have increasingly focused on socio-cultural attributes and their impact on residents' lives [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14 CR15\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. However, compared to coastal and riverfront environments, urban areas surrounding lakes\u0026mdash;characterized by their unique spatial enclosure, loop circulation systems, and distinct activity patterns\u0026mdash;have received less research attention. Gaps are particularly evident in micro-level analyses of human-environment interactions, the application of behavior setting theory [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e], empirical studies on renewal strategies, and evaluations of hydrophilicity (water affinity) and activity diversity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, this study investigates the association between public spaces and resident outdoor activity behavior in urban areas surrounding lakes. We aim to explore how refined micro-renewal strategies can enhance the quality and vitality of these public spaces, ultimately promoting community integration and resident well-being. Using the area surrounding Nanchang's Qingshan Lake as a case study, we employ a multi-scale framework combining field observation, behavior setting theory, and GIS spatial analysis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. This approach allows us to systematically investigate the \"people-activity-space interaction mechanism\" and propose targeted renewal recommendations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Methodology","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Overview of the Study Area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNanchang's Qingshan Lake, situated in the city core, has a water area of 316 hectares and an approximate shoreline of 11 km. It is surrounded by high-density residential areas. A loop trail around the lake connects diverse functional nodes, including recreational squares and wetland parks, making this site an ideal case for studying the interaction between spaces surrounding the lake and resident behavior (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). However, due to limitations from early development phases, the public spaces in this area exhibit shortcomings in layout, function, and quality. They currently struggle to meet residents' growing demands for diverse, high-quality outdoor activities. Therefore, investigating the association between public space and resident behavior here is crucial for optimizing design, enhancing user experience, and providing a reference for similar areas surrounding urban lakes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Research Approach\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study utilizes a multi-scale analysis framework (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) to investigate the relationship between human activities and public spaces surrounding the lake at both overall (macro) and node (micro) levels. At the overall level, non-participant observation was conducted during peak hours (7:00\u0026ndash;12:00, 15:00\u0026ndash;21:00) on clear weekdays and weekends to record crowd activity data. GIS spatial analysis and overlay analysis were used to examine the spatio-temporal distribution patterns of activities, spatial preferences, and their association with the surrounding macro-environment. At the node level, typical nodes were selected based on criteria including activity density, intensity, type diversity, and participant numbers. Behavior mapping [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e], integrated with behavior setting theory, was employed to analyze specific interaction scenarios between residents and the micro-environment. Finally, integrating residents' subjective evaluations allowed for a comprehensive understanding of the association between crowd activities and the public space environment surrounding the lake.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Study Population and Sample Size Determination\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy participants were individuals active within the public spaces surrounding Qingshan Lake, categorized by age: minors (0\u0026ndash;17 years), adults (18\u0026ndash;59 years), and the elderly (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;60 years). Data collection involved 8 field surveys, yielding 384 valid activity records at the overall level (183 weekday, 201 weekend) and 313 valid activity records at the node level. Additionally, 200 questionnaires were distributed, resulting in 156 valid responses (a 78% response rate).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Ethical Considerations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The research protocol, including procedures for data collection through non-participant observation and questionnaire surveys, received ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of the School of Architecture and Design, Nanchang University. Formal approval was obtained prior to the commencement of data collection.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll participants were provided with information regarding the study's objectives, the voluntary nature of their participation, and the assurance of anonymity and confidentiality of their responses. Informed consent was obtained from all adult participants before they took part in the survey. For participants under the age of 18, informed consent was obtained from their parents or legal guardians prior to observation or survey participation. Participants were informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without consequence. Data collected through observation did not record personally identifiable information, and efforts were made to ensure the privacy of individuals in public spaces.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Analysis of the Association between Crowd Outdoor Activities and Urban Public Space Surrounding Lakes","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Overall Level\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1.1 Overview of Crowd Outdoor Activities\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe active population in the public spaces around Qingshan Lake primarily comprises adults (56%) and the elderly (25%); minors (19%) are often accompanied by guardians (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Activity peaks occur between 6:00\u0026ndash;10:00 and 14:00\u0026ndash;18:00, with maximum density observed between 10:00\u0026ndash;12:00, followed by another rise after 15:00 continuing until 21:00. Among the 11 main activity types identified, sedentary activities (sitting, strolling, picnicking) and running constitute a significant proportion (approx. 60%), followed by equipment-based fitness, cycling, and ball games. Significant age-related differences exist: elderly individuals typically prefer low-intensity activities (e.g., sitting, strolling, equipment-based fitness), adults engage more in moderate-to-high intensity activities (e.g., running, cycling), and minors favor recreational pursuits (e.g., interacting with small features, playing ball games).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1.2 Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Crowd Activities and Preferred Space Types\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsing a GIS platform, kernel density analysis generated a spatial density distribution map of crowd outdoor activities (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Overlay analysis with the area's environmental characteristics revealed that variations in site spatial morphology significantly influence resident activity distribution, leading to distinct spatial zones with unique features. Within these zones, activity distribution patterns vary (e.g., core aggregation, scattered distribution, linear extension along pathways), forming unique small-scale spatial structures. Despite this zoning, the lake loop trail is crucial for connecting activity spaces across zones and enhancing the area's overall coherence. Resident activity spaces were categorized into three types: point, line, and area. Area-type spaces (e.g., squares, parks) are typically open areas characterized by gathering potential and openness. Line-type spaces usually follow paths like the lake loop trail, forming informal activity zones characterized by fluidity and temporality. Point-type spaces primarily consist of stationary, dispersed elements such as leisure seating, pavilions, and architectural features.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Node Level\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.1 Node Selection and Application of Behavior Setting Theory\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo select representative node spaces characterized by high activity density and diversity, this study used four indicators: cumulative activity density, average activity intensity (scale 1\u0026ndash;5), activity type diversity, and cumulative number of participants. Cumulative activity density was calculated as (Total number of participants in the space) / (Total area of the space). Average activity intensity was calculated as (Total cumulative activity intensity score in the space) / (Total number of participants in the space). Comprehensive analysis identified significant resident activity in area-type spaces (Plots 1, 5, 6, 7, 8), line-type spaces (Plot 2), and point-type spaces (Plots 3, 4). These were selected as typical node spaces. Behavior setting theory, which examines the interaction between the physical environment and overt human behavior via methods like field observation and behavior mapping, provided the theoretical framework. We utilized behavior mapping to record and annotate activity data in the 8 selected representative node spaces on weekdays and weekends (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Based on activity density and diversity, Plot 3 (Point-type Rest Area), Plot 2 (Line-type Trail), and Plot 7 (Area-type Square) were chosen for focused analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.2 Analysis of the Association between Outdoor Activities and Node Spatial Environment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.2.1 Interaction between Crowd Activities and Node Elements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmpirical research reveals a dynamic interaction between residents and the environmental elements of the public space surrounding the lake (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Residents not only utilize the space's intended functions but also adaptively use and effectively \"redefine\" it according to their needs. For instance, the lakefront square (a specific type of space at the edge), a typical composite activity site, shows clear temporal functional shifts: daytime use primarily supports fitness and parent-child activities (e.g., running, exercise, kite flying), while nighttime transforms the area into a primary venue for middle-aged and elderly group dancing, offering diverse cultural and entertainment opportunities. Similarly, residents utilize flexible open spaces (e.g., lawns, paved areas) to temporarily set up stages, tents, and stalls for community events like festivals or markets, reflecting the space's adaptability and significantly enhancing community cohesion. Regarding resting facilities, beyond traditional use of seats, pavilions, and lawns, residents creatively adapt these for activities like outdoor picnics, reading, and socializing (e.g., using chess tables integrated into social nodes). This adaptive use enriches the functional capacity of the public space and strengthens residents' sense of place and belonging, integrating the environment surrounding the lake into their daily lives.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelationship between Public Space Elements, Behavioral Support, and Functional Effects in the Public Space Surrounding Qingshan Lake, Nanchang\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCore Design Orientation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey Design Elements and Facilitated Activities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMain Functions and Effects\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEnhancing Spatial Vitality \u0026amp; Diversity\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Composite Activity Sites\u0026nbsp;(Squares/Open Areas): Parent-child activities, group activities (square dancing, etc.).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Themed Functional Nodes\u0026nbsp;(Sports/Play Areas): Equipment-based fitness, ball games, children's play, group gatherings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Enhances urban public space vitality;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Promotes multicultural integration;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Meets diverse population activity needs;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Provides cultural and entertainment options.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEnhancing Site Adaptability \u0026amp; Mixed Use\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.\u0026nbsp;Flexible Open Spaces:\u0026nbsp;Accommodate temporary/seasonal activities, support spontaneous large gatherings (festivals/markets), campsite setups (tents), and informal sports.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.\u0026nbsp;Temporary Activity Support:\u0026nbsp;Enables setup of stages, market stalls, etc., on weekends/ holidays.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Enhances social cohesion;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.\u0026nbsp;Promotes community interaction;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Strengthens community identity;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Meets event hosting needs;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.\u0026nbsp;Reflects spatial usage flexibility.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOptimizing Rest Experience \u0026amp; Social Environment\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.\u0026nbsp;Diverse Resting Nodes\u0026nbsp;(Seats/Pavilions/Steps/Lawns): Provide varied opportunities for static lingering, viewing, reading, informal communication.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.\u0026nbsp;Amenity-Rich Environmental Elements\u0026nbsp;(Greenery/Waterscapes/Shade): Create comfortable, relaxing microclimates, attract people to stay, enhance sensory experience.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.\u0026nbsp;Social Node Design\u0026nbsp;(Chess tables/Gathering points/Small plazas): Encourage close interaction, neighborly exchange, and small group activities (chess/picnics).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Meets diverse resting needs;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Improves place environmental comfort;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.\u0026nbsp;Fosters sense of belonging \u0026amp; community identity;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Promotes informal social interaction;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.\u0026nbsp;Enriches public space functions;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6. Builds positive social interaction settings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section4\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.2.2 Scenarios of Crowd Outdoor Behavioral Activities\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntegrating observations with behavior setting theory, this study further analyzed the interaction mechanisms between resident behavior and the public space surrounding the lake, examining the resulting behavior settings. Selected typical nodes included rest areas, fitness zones, free activity areas, and pathways. Observations revealed that within specific spaces, activity types vary according to spatial attributes, indicating that different environmental settings significantly influence outdoor activity behavior (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Accordingly, we categorized activity behaviors within these settings into three intensity levels:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of Outdoor Activity Intensity Type Characteristics in Urban Public Space Surrounding Lakes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eActivity Population\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eActivity Classification\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eActivity Space\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpatial Role\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnvironmental Preference\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFacility Needs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Attributes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLow-Intensity Activities\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMiddle-aged/Elderly, Couples, Picnickers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSitting, chess, picnics, fishing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSites rich in vegetation, open views (often with seats, lawns, pavilions)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelaxation, leisure, social venue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuiet, rich vegetation, open views\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeats, pavilions, lawns, etc.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndividual/\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmall group oriented\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMedium-Intensity Activities\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMiddle-aged/Young Adults, Parent-child families, Group residents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSquare dancing, skateboarding, strolling, Tai Chi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLarger sites (or surroundings often equipped with fitness gear)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMulti-functional, inclusive, meets diverse needs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOpen, flat, equipment-accessible\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFitness equipment, flat ground\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup-oriented, high interactivity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHigh-Intensity Activities\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSports Enthusiasts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBall games, jogging, cycling\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoop trails, cycle paths, professional sports courts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProfessional function, competitive, meets high standards\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProfessional sites, open, safe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProfessional courts/equipment, trails, cycle paths\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndividual/\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup, competitive\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eLow-Intensity Activities\u003c/b\u003e: Characterized by people in resting or slow-moving states, with limited activity range. Participants are mainly those resting, middle-aged/elderly individuals, couples, and picnickers. These spaces are often located in areas rich in vegetation with open views, equipped with resting facilities (e.g., seats, lawns, pavilions), emphasizing comfort and leisure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eMedium-Intensity Activities\u003c/b\u003e: Characterized by people in relatively active states, with a moderate activity range. Participants include those exercising, parent-child families, and group activity participants. Spaces are often open and flat, accommodating larger groups for activities like equipment-based fitness, square dancing, and ball games. Fitness equipment is often available nearby, emphasizing multi-functionality and inclusivity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eHigh-Intensity Activities\u003c/b\u003e: Characterized by people engaged in high-intensity exercise, covering a larger range. Participants are mainly sports enthusiasts, and spaces are often loop trails or cycle paths. These sites not only offer ample space but also feature suitable ground materials (e.g., rubber tracks) for sports, providing a safe and efficient exercise environment, emphasizing professionalism and functionality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2.3 Subjective Evaluation of Node Activity Space Environment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on on-site questionnaire surveys and referencing previous studies [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR22\" citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e], we developed an evaluation system comprising five dimensions: Spatial Accessibility, Comfort, Functionality, Safety, and Hydrophilicity, encompassing 24 indicators. A three-point Likert scale [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e] (1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Dissatisfied, 2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Neutral, 3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Very Satisfied) was used for scoring. Average scores for each indicator were calculated (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e) to provide a basis for subsequent analysis. Radar chart analysis revealed significant differences in satisfaction levels across age groups. Minors reported higher satisfaction with spatial accessibility, comfort, and functionality, particularly rating the natural environment, terrain variations, safety, and challenge aspects positively. Conversely, adults and the elderly expressed lower satisfaction regarding safety and comfort, primarily due to issues such as vehicle management at entrances/exits, lack of spatial surveillance in concealed areas, insufficient nighttime lighting, and seasonal climate discomfort. A common desire across all age groups was for additional recreational and entertainment facilities. These findings suggest that the public spaces around Qingshan Lake require improvements to better meet the specific needs of adult and elderly users.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Evaluation Study","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1 Evaluation System Construction and Indicator Selection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo quantitatively evaluate the association between the public space around Qingshan Lake and resident activity behavior, we developed a comprehensive evaluation system. Integrating theoretical research, field surveys, literature analysis, and expert consultation, key indicators reflecting the link between resident activity behavior and spatial characteristics in the study area were selected. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to quantify evaluation elements and construct a four-level system comprising: Goal, Criteria (Primary Indicators), and Indicators (Secondary Indicators). Combined with questionnaire data on indicator importance and weight assignment, a complete evaluation system was established (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig14\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). This system is scientifically sound, feasible for assessing the environmental impact on resident activities around Qingshan Lake, and provides a foundation for related research.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrawing on theory and empirical findings, we selected indicators influencing the association between resident activity behavior and spatial characteristics around Qingshan Lake. A four-level evaluation system was constructed (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig14\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e), comprising the Goal layer, Criteria layer (Primary Indicators), and Indicator layer (Secondary Indicators), designed to comprehensively capture key spatial dimensions affecting resident use. The specific indicators are:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eGoal Layer\u003c/b\u003e: Evaluation of the Association between Resident Outdoor Activity Behavior and the Space Surrounding the Lake.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePrimary Indicators (5)\u003c/b\u003e: Spatial Accessibility, Spatial Comfort, Spatial Functionality, Spatial Safety, Spatial Hydrophilicity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSecondary Indicators (24)\u003c/b\u003e: Detailed indicators elaborated under each primary indicator (see below).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e(a) Spatial Accessibility Evaluation\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1) Transportation Convenience: Assessing public transport coverage, road network density, parking facilities, etc.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(2) Barrier-Free Design: Evaluating the adequacy of accessible pathways, ramps, tactile paving, accessible restrooms, and signage systems within the space.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(3) Travel Time Cost: Average travel time from residential areas to the public space.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(4) Spatial Permeability: Evaluating the number, location, and opening hours of public space entrances, and whether they are open to all user groups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(5) Destination Proximity: Straight-line and actual walking distance for residents to reach the public space, and whether crossing unsafe areas is required.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e(b) Spatial Comfort Evaluation\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1) Green Coverage Rate: Degree of vegetation cover within the public space, affecting air quality and visual comfort.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(2) Noise Level: Assessing the level of noise pollution within the public space and its impact on resident activities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(3) Climatic Conditions: Impact of temperature, humidity, wind speed, etc., on residents' outdoor activities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(4) Microclimate: Evaluating microclimatic conditions in different areas, such as the distribution of shaded and sunny areas.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(5) Visual Comfort: Assessing the aesthetic appeal of the public space, including landscape design, art installations, and color schemes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e(c) Spatial Functionality Evaluation\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1) Leisure Facilities: Provision of seating, pavilions, children's play facilities, etc., within the public space.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(2) Sports Facilities: Such as trails, cycle paths, sports fields, etc.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(3) Social Spaces: Squares, gathering points, etc., provided for resident interaction.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(4) Commercial Facilities: Assessing the distribution and diversity of commercial facilities within the public space, such as cafes, restaurants, and shops.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(5) Cultural Facilities: Evaluating the availability of cultural facilities within the public space, such as libraries, exhibition halls, and performance spaces.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e(d) Spatial Safety Evaluation\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1) Lighting Conditions: Adequacy of nighttime lighting, affecting residents' sense of security.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(2) Surveillance Facilities: Coverage range and density of surveillance cameras.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(3) Emergency Services: Accessibility of emergency medical services, safety exits, etc.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(4) Water Body Safety Measures: Considering safety measures around water bodies, such as railings, life-saving equipment, warning signs, etc., to ensure the safety of residents' hydrophilic activities along the lake edge.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(5) Public Health Safety: Evaluating public health facilities within the public space, such as handwashing facilities, waste recycling stations, and cleaning services.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e(e) Spatial Hydrophilicity Evaluation\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(1) Proportion of Hydrophilic Space: Assessing the proportion of hydrophilic areas (e.g., lake edge trails, waterfront platforms, piers) within the total public space of the area surrounding Qingshan Lake.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(2) Accessibility of Hydrophilic Facilities: Considering the distribution density and accessibility of hydrophilic facilities (e.g., seating, pavilions, viewing platforms), and whether they facilitate direct contact with the water body.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(3) Water Body Interactivity: Evaluating the interactivity between the water body and resident activities in the public space, such as whether facilities for boating, fishing, etc., are provided.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(4) Water Edge Design: Evaluating whether the design of the water edge encourages people to approach the water, e.g., presence of steps, ramps, floating docks, etc., which can increase interaction with water.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2 Determining Evaluation Indicator Weights\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo construct the AHP hierarchy model, a 5th-order judgment matrix was built for the five primary indicators: Spatial Accessibility, Comfort, Functionality, Safety, and Hydrophilicity. Based on questionnaire and interview data, the sum-product method was used to calculate the scores for each evaluation factor, analyzed using AHP software. The resulting eigenvector was (0.590, 1.309, 1.730, 0.490, 0.882), corresponding to weights of 11.796%, 26.177%, 34.606%, 9.791%, and 17.630% respectively (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig16\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). The maximum eigenvalue (λmax) was 5.405.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor this 5th-order judgment matrix, the corresponding Random Consistency Index (RI) from standard tables (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) is 1.120. This RI value was used for the consistency check. The Consistency Index (CI) was calculated as CI = (λmax - n) / (n \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1) = (5.405\u0026ndash;5) / (5\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.101 (for n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5). The Consistency Ratio (CR) was then determined as CR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;CI / RI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.101 / 1.120\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.090. Since CR (0.090) is less than the threshold of 0.1, the judgment matrix satisfies the consistency check, indicating that the calculated weights are consistent (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRandom consistency RI table\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"15\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5943\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003en\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRI\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6064\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6133\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6207\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6292\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6358\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6403\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6462\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6497\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6556\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6587\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6631\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6670\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6693\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6724\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsistency Check Results Summary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum Eigenvalue (λmax)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsistency Check Result\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.405\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.090\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePassed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3 Evaluation Results\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) indicate that Spatial Functionality (weight: 34.61%) is the dimension of greatest concern to residents, weighted significantly higher than others. This suggests that residents' strong demand for diverse activities and facilities around the lake is the primary factor influencing their evaluation. Comfort (26.18%) and Hydrophilicity (17.63%) follow, reflecting the importance placed on environmental quality and the near-water experience. Accessibility (11.80%) holds relatively lower importance. Notably, Safety (9.79%) has the lowest relative weight. This may indicate that respondents perceive the overall safety conditions around Qingshan Lake as generally acceptable, or that once basic security needs are met, focus shifts towards functional satisfaction and environmental experience. This does not diminish the importance of safety; rather, it highlights the need for precise solutions to specific issues (e.g., lighting, waterside protection). Analysis of secondary indicators reveals key drivers within each dimension, such as leisure and sports facilities (under Spatial Functionality) and green coverage rate (under Spatial Comfort), which are critical focal points for refined public space design.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of Evaluation Results\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEigenvector\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNode Item\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeight (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEigenvector\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsistency Check\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpatial Accessibility Eval\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.80%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTransportation Convenience\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.55%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePassed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBarrier-Free Design\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.23%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.054\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePassed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTravel Time Cost\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.77%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.235\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePassed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpatial Permeability\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.45%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.091\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePassed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDestination Proximity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.99%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.094\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePassed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpatial Comfort Eval\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.18%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.309\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreen Coverage Rate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.22%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePassed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNoise Level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.83%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.205\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePassed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClimatic Conditions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.48%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.902\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePassed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicroclimate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.29%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.191\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePassed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVisual Comfort\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.18%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.293\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePassed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpatial Functionality Eval.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.61%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeisure Facilities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.79%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.205\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePassed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSports Facilities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.21%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.219\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePassed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Spaces\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.48%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.605\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePassed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommercial Facilities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.93%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.240\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePassed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCultural Facilities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.59%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePassed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpatial Safety Eval.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.79%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLighting Conditions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.48%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.193\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePassed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSurveillance Facilities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.77%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.048\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePassed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmergency Services\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.79%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.121\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePassed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater Body Safety Measures\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.93%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.098\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePassed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublic Health Safety\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.03%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.030\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePassed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSpatial Hydrophilicity Eval.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.63%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.882\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProportion of Hydrophilic Space\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.53%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.243\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePassed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccessibility of Hydro. Facil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.48%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.392\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePassed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater Body Interactivity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.79%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePassed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWater Edge Design\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.20%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.143\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePassed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3.1 Spatial Accessibility Evaluation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpatial accessibility fundamentally affects residents' convenience in using the public space surrounding the lake and forms a basic layer of the evaluation system. Within this dimension, travel time cost emerged as the most crucial factor, reflecting residents' strong emphasis on travel efficiency. Compared to travel time, transportation convenience and the provision of barrier-free facilities were weighted lower. These results suggest that enhancing public space accessibility should prioritize optimizing the transportation network to reduce travel times, while concurrently strengthening barrier-free design and construction to improve spatial inclusivity for diverse user groups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3.2 Spatial Comfort Evaluation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpatial comfort, ranking second in overall weight, is a core dimension influencing residents' experience and satisfaction within the environment surrounding the lake. Green coverage rate is the dominant factor within this dimension, reflecting high expectations for the extent and quality of vegetation in public spaces. Climatic conditions also significantly affect comfort. While green coverage and climate are primary drivers, the influence of noise levels, though weighted lower, requires attention, particularly in areas adjacent to high-density residential zones.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3.3 Spatial Functionality Evaluation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRanking highest in weight, Spatial Functionality is the primary dimension determining resident satisfaction with the public space surrounding the lake, directly reflecting the core demand for diverse activities and facilities. Within this dimension, leisure and sports facilities are the elements of greatest importance to residents, indicating strong expectations for public spaces to meet recreational and fitness needs. While weighted lower, social spaces remain an indispensable component of overall public space functionality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3.4 Spatial Safety Evaluation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpatial Safety ranked relatively low in the overall weighting. This likely reflects that, assuming basic safety is met, residents prioritize other dimensions, rather than diminishing the fundamental importance of safety for public space use. Within this dimension, lighting conditions received the most weight, highlighting concerns about nighttime activity safety. Emergency service accessibility and waterside safety measures also significantly influenced safety perceptions. Conversely, the weight assigned to surveillance facilities was lower. These findings suggest that efforts to improve public space safety should prioritize adequate lighting, accessible emergency services, and enhanced safety measures along the lake edge.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3.5 Spatial Hydrophilicity Evaluation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpatial Hydrophilicity, reflecting the unique character of the area surrounding the lake and ranking third in weight, highlights the importance residents place on the near-water experience. Within this dimension, the accessibility of hydrophilic facilities is the primary consideration, indicating high expectations for convenient access to water-adjacent spaces. The proportion of hydrophilic space also significantly influences the waterfront experience. The relatively lower weight assigned to water body interactivity suggests that residents currently prioritize accessibility and the basic environment of water-adjacent areas over direct engagement with the water. Therefore, enhancing hydrophilicity requires optimizing the layout and accessibility of hydrophilic facilities. Furthermore, significant potential exists for improving water body interactivity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec27\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.1 Mutual Construction of Resident Activity Behavior and the Environment of Urban Areas Surrounding Lakes\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the empirical findings and behavior setting analysis, we developed an interaction model illustrating the relationship between people and the public space surrounding the urban lake (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig18\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). This \"People-Public Space Surrounding the Lake\" interaction model depicts a complex system where the frequency of human activity and the environmental attractiveness of the space are interdependent components, mutually influencing each other. A vibrant public space surrounding the lake acts as the physical setting for human activities, supporting socio-economic value generation and reflecting its environmental affordances. Conversely, human activity manifests spatial vitality and reflects users' ongoing re-creation of that vitality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec28\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.2 Renewal of Public Space Surrounding Lakes: From \"Space Creation\" to \"Place Symbiosis\"\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe renewal of public spaces surrounding lakes should move beyond mere physical optimization towards \"place reshaping,\" aiming to stimulate vitality, strengthen human-place emotional connections, and foster a transition from generic \"space\" to meaningful \"place.\" Building on the preceding analysis, renewal strategies should transcend a purely functionalist paradigm to deeply consider residents' diverse experiences. Accordingly, we propose the following renewal approaches:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec29\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.2.1 Upholding the \"Safety and Resilience\" Principle: Ensuring a Foundational Safety Net, Adapting to Diverse Needs\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSafety is fundamental to public space vitality and a crucial aspect of urban resilience. Renewal efforts should prioritize creating \"safe and resilient\" spaces by: 1) Optimizing lighting systems, for instance, using smart lighting that dynamically adjusts brightness based on pedestrian flow and time [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e], and installing focused, warm-colored lighting in waterside areas and near steps to enhance perceived safety [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. 2) Improving emergency service facilities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e] and establishing rapid response mechanisms, including emergency call points, AEDs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e], linkages with police, fire, and medical services, and regular safety drills. 3) Strengthening waterside safety protection [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e] through safety railings, warning signs, life-saving equipment, and clearly delineated safety zones for different activities and user groups. Integrating diverse functions (leisure, sports, social) upon this safe foundation enhances the sense of spatial belonging and promotes \"safety-activated vitality.\" Additionally, conducting regular public space safety risk assessments is essential to identify potential hazards and formulate preventive measures, such as improved surveillance in secluded areas.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec30\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.2.2 Pursuing a \"Seamless Connection\" Experience: Optimizing Spatio-Temporal Efficiency, Bridging Usage Gaps\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eConvenient accessibility, particularly minimizing travel time (a factor highly valued by residents), is key to stimulating vitality. Renewal should establish a \"multi-dimensional connection\" accessibility network by: 1) Optimizing the transportation network to reduce arrival times (e.g., adding bus stops, optimizing routes, providing shared bicycle parking, ensuring adequate parking at main entrances, offering clear directional signage). 2) Advocating for \"slow mobility priority\" [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e] through comfortable and safe pedestrian and cycling systems (e.g., separating pedestrian and cycle lanes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e], using permeable paving, installing seating and shade, increasing greenery, integrating \"slow mobility\" with \"fun paths\" and \"rest stations\"). 3) Enhancing information accessibility via smart wayfinding systems and information platforms [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. Crucially, all public spaces and facilities must comply with barrier-free design standards.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec31\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.2.3 Adopting an \"Ecological Integration\" Path: Respecting the Natural Substrate, Enhancing Environmental Perception\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe appeal of the area surrounding the lake stems from its natural ecological base and hydrophilic features. Renewal should enhance \"ecological integration\" to enrich place perception by: 1) Increasing green coverage, optimizing plant configurations, and constructing continuous \"ecological corridors\" [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e] (e.g., selecting native species, using multi-layered planting, implementing green roofs and vertical greening). 2) Utilizing natural ventilation and shading, and introducing concepts like \"sensory gardens\" [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR35\" citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e] and \"healing landscapes\" [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e] to create comfortable microclimates. 3) Optimizing the layout of waterside facilities, increasing the proportion of hydrophilic space, and integrating \"Water Sensitive Urban Design\" (WSUD) principles [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e] to enhance water body engagement (e.g., installing waterfront platforms, boardwalks, piers; offering water-based activities; establishing bird hides and wetland interpretation gardens). Furthermore, employing permeable paving, rain gardens, and bioswales can help manage stormwater runoff and mitigate flood risks.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec32\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.2.4 Creating \"Narrative\" Space: Continuing Place Memory, Shaping Unique Identity\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo prevent the space surrounding the lake from being merely an assembly of functional nodes and to enhance its overall attractiveness and cultural depth, renewal should focus on creating \"narrative\" places. This involves identifying, extracting, and connecting spatio-temporal imprints across the site (e.g., historical relics, ecological features, community stories, characteristic activities) and weaving them into engaging \"place stories.\" The \"genius loci\" or \"spirit of place\" [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e] should be extracted and integrated into landscape design, architectural features, and signage systems, potentially utilizing AR/VR for enhanced presentation. Distinct characteristics of different sections around the lake can inform the establishment of themed areas [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e], such as an art beach, ecological wetland, or cultural trail. Landscape signage and view corridors should provide spatial guidance and create visually dynamic experiences. Regularly hosting themed events, creating seasonal landscapes, and installing temporary art installations can embed activities within the spatial narrative, transforming the area surrounding the lake into a vibrant place rich with stories.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec33\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e5.2.5 Shaping \"Affordance\" Space: Stimulating Spontaneous Community Vitality\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe enduring vitality of a place arises from continuous, spontaneous interactions between people and the environment. Renewal strategies should therefore focus on shaping the \"affordance\" of designed spaces\u0026mdash;creating physical conditions that stimulate spontaneous community vitality. This involves providing simple, durable, and versatile \"substrates\" (e.g., flat open lawns, structurally simple pavilions, climbable or sittable structures) with multiple potential uses, rather than rigidly predetermining specific functions. Such spaces, embodying multiple possibilities, encourage residents towards adaptive use and creative \"redefinition\" based on their needs (e.g., spontaneously forming resting spots, activity corners, play areas), fostering the organic evolution of place functions. By offering a flexible \"scaffolding\" for community co-creation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e], rather than a limiting \"finished product,\" an endogenous, lively, and resilient spirit of place can be cultivated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"6. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study, situated within the context of urban renewal's shift towards quality improvement, uses the area around Nanchang's Qingshan Lake as a case study to integrate micro-level insights from behavior setting theory with macro-level GIS spatial analysis. Our findings reveal current spatio-temporal patterns of space utilization surrounding the lake, activity preferences of different population groups, and their interactions with specific spatial nodes. Building on these findings, we propose a micro-renewal strategy framework centered on \"place symbiosis.\" This framework moves beyond traditional \"space creation\"\u0026mdash;focused on unidirectional physical shaping\u0026mdash;to emphasize quality improvement and vitality regeneration in public spaces surrounding lakes. Limitations include potential constraints on sample representativeness due to research duration and data acquisition methods, and the need for deeper exploration of resident behavioral motivations. Future research should adopt a stronger people-oriented approach, focusing on the differentiated needs of diverse groups and social equity. Integrating multi-source data, intelligent technologies (e.g., big data, VR/AR), and multidisciplinary perspectives (e.g., sociology, psychology, behavioral geography) will enable a more precise understanding of complex human-environment interactions. Continued theoretical innovation and practical exploration can drive enhancements in resident well-being, strengthen community cohesion, and contribute to sustainable urban development, fostering harmonious coexistence between people, the city, and the lake environment.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConceptualization: F.L., Z.T., Z.W.; Methodology: F.L., Z.T., L.Y.; Investigation: L.Y., H.Z.; Data Curation: L.Y., H.Z.; Formal Analysis: L.Y., H.Z.; Visualization: L.Y., H.Z.; Writing – Original Draft: L.Y.; Writing – Review \u0026amp; Editing: Z.W., F.L., Z.T., L.Y., H.Z.; Supervision: F.L., Z.T., Z.W.; Project Administration: F.L., Z.W.; Funding Acquisition: F.L., Z.T., Z.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests Statement:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author(s) declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBreen A, Rigby D. The new waterfront: A worldwide urban success story[J]. (No Title), 1996.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCarmona M, Heath T, Oc T, et al. Public Places, Urban Spaces: Different Dimensions of Urban Design[J]. 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Routledge, 2019: 235-255.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Urban areas surrounding lakes, Behavior setting theory, Resident activity behavior, GIS spatial analysis, Place symbiosis, Public space renewal","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6602565/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6602565/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigates the association between public space characteristics and resident outdoor activity behavior in urban areas surrounding lakes, using the area surrounding Qingshan Lake in Nanchang as a case study. Integrating behavior setting theory and GIS spatial analysis, we systematically analyzed the spatio-temporal distribution of resident activities, activity type preferences, and their interactions with the spatial environment. A conceptual model of dynamic \"people-space\" interaction was developed based on multi-source data collection and analysis. The empirical findings informed the proposal of targeted micro-renewal strategies for public spaces surrounding lakes, focusing on five key aspects: enhancing safety and resilience, ensuring seamless connectivity, promoting ecological integration, creating narrative environments, and shaping spatial affordances. This research provides a scientific basis for improving the quality of public spaces surrounding urban lakes and resident well-being, offering valuable insights for planning and design in similar contexts.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Association Between Public Space and Resident Outdoor Activity Behavior in Urban Areas Surrounding Lakes","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-27 06:34:02","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6602565/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-08-21T08:48:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-07-12T05:51:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"305946008425475339447585224960690924973","date":"2025-06-18T07:18:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-06-04T14:43:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"38800136508648605402496414303308339919","date":"2025-05-26T08:10:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-05-22T11:18:08+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-05-22T11:16:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-05-19T13:58:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-05-19T05:22:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2025-05-06T11:23:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1792444e-fa7c-44e3-a7b9-fd5be090622a","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 27th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":48907878,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental social sciences"},{"id":48907879,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental social sciences/Psychology and behaviour"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-05T15:59:16+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6602565","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-28431-6","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2025-12-29 15:57:15","publishedOnDateReadable":"December 29th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-27 06:34:02","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-025-28431-6","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-28431-6","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6602565","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6602565","identity":"rs-6602565","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}