Awareness of Radiation Dose and Related Hazards Among Palestinian Physicians Requesting Radiologic Examinations for Pediatric and Potentially Pregnant Patients

Awareness of Radiation Dose and Related Hazards Among Palestinian Physicians Requesting Radiologic Examinations for Pediatric and Potentially Pregnant Patients | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Awareness of Radiation Dose and Related Hazards Among Palestinian Physicians Requesting Radiologic Examinations for Pediatric and Potentially Pregnant Patients Dala N Daraghmeh, Rania Ghanim, Dalia Awwad, Safia Jamous, Hussein ALMasri This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4774459/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Diagnostic imaging techniques are vital for diagnosing diseases. While the demand for these images is rising globally, it is essential that physicians in Palestine exercise caution, especially when requesting radiological exams for pediatric and possibly pregnant patients. This study aims at assessing physicians' understanding of radiation levels, doses, and risks to determine any changes amid advancements. Methods A cross-sectional descriptive study questionnaire was distributed to general physicians, residents, specialists, and internships, who are working in Palestinian hospitals and clinics. The questionnaire consisted of 6 sections: socio-demographic section, level of training and source of education, general radiation knowledge, pediatric radiation knowledge, pregnant radiation knowledge, and radiation risk. The data were presented through descriptive analysis and multivariate regression analysis. The assessment of general knowledge and pediatric radiation knowledge utilized a scoring system in which correct answers were assigned a score of one, while incorrect answers or omissions received a score of zero. Those scoring ≤ 50% were deemed to have poor knowledge, 51–69% were considered fair, and those achieving ≥ 70% were classified as knowledgeable. Results A total of 211 physicians participated in the study. 63.5% of them were males, 43.1% of the study sample were specialists. 51.2% confirmed receiving a specific education in the field of diagnostic radiation. The questionnaire results showed an average score of 3.5 out of 10 for general radiation knowledge, 2.1 out of 12 for pediatric knowledge, and 2.3 out of 5 for radiation risk, which was deemed poor. Conclusion The study findings align with prior studies indicating a widespread poor level of general knowledge in radiation, pediatric radiation, pregnant radiation, and radiation risk among physicians. This emphasizes the necessity for Palestinian physicians to be updated in the field of radiation dosimetry in medical imaging and to actively engage in official training courses about radiation risks and protection measures. Radiation dose Palestinian physicians awareness pediatric pregnant diagnostic radiological examinations Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Background Diagnostic imaging and interventional radiological procedures have become increasingly vital in the diagnosis of various injuries and diseases, as well as providing life-saving treatments for many medical conditions [ 1 ]. The role of radiation in medical practices has evolved significantly over time, with approximately 30–50% of medical decisions relying on radiological exams [ 2 ]. While diagnostic imaging has a positive impact on public health, the use of radiation can have adverse biological effects. Ionizing radiation is a recognized carcinogen, and the risks of cancer vary based on factors like the type of radiation, duration of exposure, irradiated tissue, and age [ 2 ]. High doses of radiation can destroy cells, and low doses can lead to genetic code (i.e., DNA) damage or alteration in irradiated cells [ 1 – 3 ]. Ionizing radiation is frequently employed in clinical diagnosis for individuals of all ages, including children and pregnant women. However, when conducting radiation tests on these individuals, extreme caution is required because they are the most sensitive groups to radiation [ 4 ]. This is particularly important for children because their rapidly dividing cells make them more susceptible to radiation damage [ 5 , 6 ]. Additionally, the longer lifespan of children compared to adults emphasizes the importance of understanding radiation principles [ 5 , 6 ]. This precaution is crucial to prevent the potential risk of cancer associated with harmful radiation exposure [ 4 ]. Therefore, medical staff need to be conscious of potential risks and the necessary precautions to protect both themselves and their patients. Physicians are responsible for requesting radiological exams through a risk-benefit analysis [ 7 ]. They must have appropriate training and qualifications to evaluate the need for diagnostic imaging and comprehend associated risks. It is essential to keep radiation doses low to reduce harmful effects, which requires extensive knowledge, education, and strict compliance with safety protocols in the field. Research from different countries [ 3 , 5 , 8 – 12 ], have highlighted gaps in radiation knowledge, underestimation of radiation doses, and limited awareness of radiation risks among physicians. These deficiencies can result in medical errors, such as unnecessary or excessive radiographs, due to inadequate radiation education during physicians' training [ 5 ]. Research indicates a lack of awareness of medical radiation specifically among pediatricians, and gynecologists with pregnant women facing risks of fetal growth issues or birth defects from radiation exposure [ 13 , 14 ]. Therefore, it is crucial for physicians to have a thorough understanding of radiation doses and risks associated with radiological procedures involving ionizing radiation [ 12 ]. This study aimed to assess Palestinian physicians' understanding of various types of medical radiation in diagnostic imaging, radiation doses, risks of ionizing radiation, especially for pediatric and pregnant women, and proper radiation protection methods. Moreover, it aimed to identify and assess educational resources on diagnostic radiation available to physicians in the West Bank and Jerusalem. Materials & Methods Study design A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted over a 6-month period from December 2023 to May 2024, to assess the awareness regarding radiation exposure and its risks among Palestinian general physicians, resident, and specialists. Study settings Participants were recruited from different clinics, private and governmental hospitals (Palestine Red Crescent society, Arab Care hospital -Ramallah, Bethlehem Arab for rehabilitation, Beit Jala Municipality, An-Najah National University hospital, Specialized Arab Hospital). Furthermore, participants were also recruited through social platforms. Study population and sampling technique Our target population in this study was physicians practicing in West Bank and Jerusalem, Palestine. We reached out to 520 physicians and specialists to be enrolled in the study. The participants were selected using the convenience sampling technique. The estimated sample size was 367 out of the total (8136) physicians in West Bank and Jerusalem. An automated software program, (Raosoft sample size calculator: ( http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html ) was used to calculate the required sample size with a 5% error margin at 95% confidence interval. The inclusion criteria entailed respondents who are Licensed physicians working at Palestinian governmental and private hospitals, and clinics. Medical students, radiation technicians and nurses were excluded from the study. Participants whose questionnaires were incompletely filled were excluded from the study if the missing data were significant. Those who did not consent to participate in the study were also excluded. Data collecting tool: Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire in both Arabic and English languages. The questions utilized were in line with previous studies [ 13 , 15 ], with adjustments made by adding and omitting specific questions. The initial draft underwent evaluations for content and face validity. The validity check occurred in two stages: first, a panel of specialists in the fields of Radiology and statisticians reviewed the questionnaire for content validity. Based on their feedback and suggestions, the questionnaire was revised. In the second stage, a pilot study was conducted with an updated survey. During pilot study period, questionnaires were given to only 20 respondents who did not participate in the full study, in the aim of measuring the respondents’ comprehension of the questions. Following the pilot study, further adjustments were considered. The final questionnaire instrument contained 41 questions grouped into 6 sections, focusing on doctors' awareness of exposure to diagnostic radiation as follows: The first section covers sociodemographic information and includes six questions related to gender, age, job title, hospital type, workplace, and clinical experience. The second section includes four questions about the level of training and sources of education. The third section includes thirteen questions designed to evaluate overall radiation knowledge. The fourth section contains six questions to evaluate understanding of pediatric exposure to radiation. The fifth section contains four questions regarding the of pregnant exposure to radiation The sixth section contains eight questions regarding the radiation risk. Data distribution The final survey instrument was self-administered using either a Google Form or a printed version. Between December 2023 and May 2024, eligible participants were sent the survey link via email, WhatsApp messages, and text messages. Printed surveys were also handed out. Various approaches and strategies were used to identify and recruit eligible participants; these strategies were: directly reaching out to physicians by the research team, and sharing the survey link on social media pages. Statistical analysis: Following data collection, data were extracted and logged in an Excel® workbook. Before analysis, data cleaning, coding, and grouping were carried out. Data was summarized using descriptive statistics. All variables collected through the questionnaire was presented by calculating the frequency (%) for binary variables and the mean ± standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables. The assessment of general knowledge, pediatric and possibly pregnant women exposure to radiation knowledge utilized a scoring system where correct answers were assigned a score of one, while incorrect answers or omissions received a score of zero. Those scoring ≤ 50% were deemed to have poor knowledge, 51–69% were considered fair, and those achieving ≥ 70% were classified as knowledgeable. To examine the relationship between knowledge score and participant characteristics in the survey, ANOVA, t and Pearson Chi-Square tests were performed, yielding a statistically significant P value of less than 0.05. All analyses were conducted using SPSS software, Version 26. Ethical approval The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Al-Quds university and Palestinian Ministry of Health. Before each participant took part in the study, informed consent was obtained. Respondents were briefed on the questionnaire content. Results Sociodemographic data Out of 520 participants who were approached, 211 completed the survey, yielding a response rate of 41%. The sociodemographic characteristics of the participants are outlined in Table 1. The majority of respondents were males (63.5%). In terms of age distribution, 39.8% were between 25-30 years old, 31.3% fell in the 30-40 age range, and 28.9% were over 40 years old. Among the participants, 43.1% were specialists, while 28.4% were junior residents with less than 3 years of experience, and 20.9% were senior residents with over 3 years of experience. Within the specialist group, which included radiologists, orthopedic specialists, obstetricians and gynecologists, and pediatricians, there were 4, 9, 14, and 15 participants, respectively. Table 1: Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants (n=211) n (%)- total=211 Gender Male 134 (63.5) Female 77(36.5) Age (years) 25-30 84(39.8) 30-40 66(31.3) ≥40 61(28.9) What is your job title General doctor 65(30.8) Internship 28(13.3) Resident 27(12.8) Specialist 91(43.1) Specialist Pediatrics 15 Obstetrics & Gynecology 14 Orthopedics 9 ENT (Ear, Nose and Throat) 5 Radiology 4 Current hospital you work at Governmental hospital 67(31.8) Private clinic 42(19.9) Private hospital 81(38.4) University hospital 21(10.0) Clinical experience? Junior resident (less than 3 years) 60(28.4) Senior resident (more than 3 years) 44(20.9) Specialist (10-20 years) 40(19.0) Specialist (5-10years) 26(12.3) Specialist (less than 5 years) 22(10.4) Specialist (more than 20 years) 19(9.0) Level of training and source of information Table 2 presents the responses regarding the training level and educational sources linked to radiation. Among the respondents, 51.2% (108 participants) reported receiving specialized education in diagnostic radiology. Despite this, 60.2% expressed a need for more radiation safety training and proposed ideas for enhancing training opportunities. Suggestions included organizing regular training sessions and workshops for ongoing education and awareness updates, either in person or electronically. Additionally, there was a recommendation to extend training periods to over 3 months in hospitals equipped with advanced radiology units. Regarding radiation exposure frequency at work, 55.9% reported exposure less than once a month, while a small proportion (5.2%) reported exposure frequency of four or more days per week. Figure 1 details the various sources from which study participants obtained information on radiation. 41.7% (88 participants), sought information from internet. Discussion with co-workers, was a significant source for 37.4% (79 participants), while 30.3% got information through discussion with faculty. Lectures were less commonly used, with only 16.5% (35 participants) referencing them. Scholarly articles were utilized by 19.4% (41 participants) for information. Table 2: Level of training and sources of education among the respondents n (%)- total=211 Have you ever received any specific education on radiation in medical imaging? Yes 108(51.2) No 77(36.5) I don’t know 26(12.3) Do you think that you have received adequate training on radiation safety during the course of your residency? If not, please free text ideas for improved training opportunities Yes 84(39.8) No 127(60.2) How often are you exposed to radiation through your work? Less than once a month 118(55.9) Once a month 39(18.5) Once a week 16(7.6) Two to three days a week 27(12.8) Four or more days a week 11(5.2) General radiation knowledge Table 3 summarizes the frequencies and percentages of participants who responded to general knowledge questions. The data indicated that more than half of the participants (59.7%) were unaware of the annual radiation dose in mSv permitted for individuals working in the radiation field. However, 19.4% of participants selected the correct answer, demonstrating their awareness. Only a small number (5.7%) correctly identified that the maximum annual patient dose in mSv is unrestricted, while a majority (62.6%) responded with "I do not know." Merely 3.3% of participants knew the radiation dose from medical imaging that the public receives, with 65.4% having no clear knowledge. 55.0% of respondents recognized that ultrasound examinations do not involve ionizing radiation, and 23.7% mentioned magnetic resonance imaging as being used. Out of the participants, 19.9% correctly identified the radiation dose equivalent from a chest X-ray compared to the annual background radiation dose. Furthermore, only 17.1% knew the imaging dose for patients from a chest X-ray. When asked about their awareness of the official legislation regarding radiation doses for diagnostic imaging, the majority (39.8%) were unsure of the correctness of their answers. Moreover, only 26.5% of the participants were familiar with the acronym "ALARA" (As Low As Reasonably Achievable). Out of those who recognized the term, the majority (29.4%) did not come across it in their daily tasks. 24.6% of the physicians were able to identify the examination with a prolonged period of radiation emission, only (35.1%) of the participants recognized that children and pregnant were the most sensitive groups to radiation. 20.9% of the respondents knew the most sensitive organ to radiation was the gonad and (48.8%) answered thyroid which was considered as sensitive as gonads. Additionally, more than half of the participants (55.0%) correctly identified the least radiosensitive organ. Table 3: The Participants’ General radiation knowledge Question n (%),Total=211 What is the annual dose a radiation worker is allowed to receive in mSv? 10 14(6.6) 100 4(1.9) 20 41(19.4) 50 26(12.3) I don't know 126(59.7) What is the annual dose a patient is allowed to receive in mSv? 10 18(8.5) 100 15(7.1) 20 16(7.6) 50 18(8.5) I don't know 132(62.6) Unlimited 12(5.7) How much radiation dose the public receive from medical imaging? 0.015 34(16.1) 0.05 18(8.5) 0.15 14(6.6) 0.5 7(3.3) I don't know 138(65.4) Which of the following does not use ionizing radiation? Chest X-ray 14(6.6) CT 1(0.5) I don't know 30(14.2) MRI 50(23.7) Ultrasound 116(55.0) How does the radiation dose from a chest X-ray compare to the annual dose of background radiation? 1:1 12(5.7) 1:10 33(15.6) 1:100 42(19.9) 10:1 11(5.2) I don’t know 113(53.6) What are the patients absorbed dose from a chest X-ray? 0.02 mGy 36(17.1) 0.2 mGy 47(22.3) 2 mGy 12(5.7) I don’t know 116(55.0) Are you aware of the formal legislation regarding radiation doses for diagnostic imaging? I don’t know 84(39.8) No 69(32.7) Yes 58(27.5) Have you ever heard of the ALARA principle in radiology? No 155(73.5) Yes 56(26.5) If you answer yes, are you familiar with it? No 62(29.4) Yes 37(17.5) Which of the following procedures result in emitting radiation for a prolonged period of time? Abdomino pelvic Computed Tomography 22(10.4) Barium study 16(7.6) Tc99m-DMSA 19(9.0) I don’t know 71(33.6) MRI scan 16(7.6) PET-CT 52(24.6) VCUG 15(7.1) Which of the following is the most sensitive to radiation? ((you can mark more than one choice)) Adults 6(2.8) Adults, Elderly, Pregnant 1(0.5) Adults, Pregnant 1(0.5) Children 7(3.3) Children, Adolescents, Pregnant 3(1.4) Children, Adults 3(1.4) Children, Adults, Elderly 1(0.5) Children, Adults, Pregnant 1(0.5) Children, Elderly 3(1.4) Children, Elderly, Pregnant 9(4.3) Children, I don't know 1(0.5) Children, Pregnant 74(35.1) Elderly 5(2.4) Elderly, Pregnant 7(3.3) I don't know 16(7.6) Pregnant 73(34.6) Which of the following organs is the most sensitive to radiation? Brain 6(2.8) Gonads 44(20.9) Kidney 2(0.9) Liver 3(1.4) Skin 19(9.0) Stomach 5(2.4) Thyroid 103(48.8) I don’t know 29(13.7) Which one of the following organs is less sensitive to radiation? Breast tissue 18(8.5) Gonads 7(3.3) Kidney 116(55.0) Thyroid 4(1.9) I don’t know 66(31.3) *The correct answers are highlighted in bold. ALARA: As Low As Reasonably Achievable, PET-CT: Positron Emission Tomography and Computed Tomography, VCUG: Voiding cystourethrography, MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging, -DMSA: Di-mercapto-succinic acid Pediatric Exposure to Radiation Table 4 displays the findings from the pediatric radiation section. Out of 211 physicians surveyed, 54.5% recognized that the gonads organ is the most sensitive to radiation in the pediatric population. Only 10.9% of respondents correctly estimated that a 5-year-old child is 10 times more radio-sensitive than an adult. 53.5% of respondents felt that numerous imaging facilities continue to utilize adult radiation doses for pediatric imaging, without adequately adjusting for pediatric patients during CT scans. In contrast, 46.4% believed that adjustments were sufficient for pediatric patients in CT examinations. During fluoroscopic exams such as abdominal procedures like VCUG (voiding cystourethrography), 18% of participants recognized the organ adjacent to the reproductive organs as the most sensitive to radiation. Surprisingly, 48.8% reported not being informed about this fact. Only 11.8% accurately estimated the increased cancer risk percentage for a one-year-old child undergoing a CT scan, whereas a majority (59.7%) were unaware of the correct figure. Table 4: Questions about Pediatric Radiation Exposure Question n(%), Total =211 1. In Pediatric population what are the most sensitive organs to radiation? Liver 6(2.8) Kidneys 12(5.7) Gonads 115(54.5) Stomach 9(4.3) I don’t know 69(32.7) 2. How does the radio sensitivity of a 5-year-old child is compared to an adult? 10 times more 23(10.9) 15 times more 2(0.9) 2 times more 25(11.8) 5 times more 38 (18.0) I don’t know 102(48.3) Less 4(1.9) The same 17(8.1) 3. While performing a fluoroscopic exam including the abdomen (e.g., VCUG), gonads are of special consideration because they are accepted as the most radiosensitive organs in the pediatric population. Which of the following comes next? Urinary bladder 38(18.0) Kidney 21(10.0) Stomach 21(10.0) liver 28(13.3) I don’t know 103(48.8) 4. What is the approximate estimated risk of excess cancer for a 1-year old child undergoing any CT exam? 1/1 000 000 6(2.8) 1/100 000 19(9.0) 1/10 000 10(4.7) 1/1000 16(7.6) 1/100 25(11.8) I don't know 126(59.7) *The correct answers are highlighted in bold, VCUG: Voiding cytourethrography Estimation of the radiological dose from US of the abdomen was the most accurate, with 39.3% correct answers. Estimation of the dose from CT of abdomen and pelvis was the least accurate, with only 2.8% correct answers. The distribution of the answers is shown in table 5. Table 5: Radiation dose estimations of the approximate radiation dose for a 5-year old child in terms of the equivalent number of chest x-ray for the following procedures Dose in CXR equivalents 0 1 10 100 200 300 600 1000 I don’t know X-ray AP pelvis 8.1% 38.9% 15.2% 2.8% 1.4% 0.5% 0.5% 32.7% VCUG 8.5% 19.0% 18.0% 10.9% 3.8% 3.3% 1.9% 34.6% US abd 39.3% 12.8% 6.2% 4.7% 2.4% 0.9% 0.5% 33.2% CT abd+pelvis 6.6% 14.2% 13.3% 10.9% 7.6% 5.2% 5.2% 2.8% 34.1% CT cranial 7.6% 13.3% 12.8% 14.7% 7.6% 5.2% 3.8% 1.4% 33.6% CT chest 8.5% 11.4% 15.2% 12.3% 6.2% 4.7% 6.6% 0.9% 34.1% CT (neck+ chest+ abd+ pelvis) 6.2% 13.7% 14.7% 6.6% 4.3% 6.6% 4.3% 9.5% 34.1% MRI cranial 32.7% 12.8% 8.1% 2.8% 1.9% 3.3% 1.4% 4.7% 32.2% *The correct answers are highlighted in bold. AP: anteroposterior; CT: computed tomography; CXR: chest X-ray; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; US: ultrasonography; VCUG: voiding cystourethrogram; abd: abdomen Pregnant radiation Exposure Table 6 presents the participants' understanding of radiation exposure during pregnancy. The findings indicated that physicians had a good understanding of radiation and its effects on pregnant women, with 40.3% acknowledging that pregnant women could undergo a skull CT, 35.5% aware of the possibility of diagnostic or screening mammography, and 51.2% knowing that pregnancy testing was not necessary for women of childbearing age before pelvic radiological exams. Additionally, the majority of the surveyed physicians (64.5%) correctly identified the age at which fetal tissues are most sensitive to radiation. Table 6: Questions about Pregnant women Radiation Exposure Questions n(%) Total =211 Can pregnant women be submitted to skull CT only? Yes 85(40.3) No 78(37.0) I don’t know 48(22.7) Can pregnant women be submitted to diagnostic or screening mammography? Yes 75 (35.5) No 68(32.2) I don’t know 68(32.2) Should every woman in childbearing age be submitted to a pregnancy test before being submitted to radiography of the pelvis? Yes 108(51.2) No 55(26.1) I don’t know 48(22.7) Fetal tissue is susceptible to radiation, especially during? Less than 20 weeks 136 (64.5) Between 20 and 30 weeks 28(13.3) 30 weeks to term 10(4.7) I don’t know 37(17.5) Radiation risk 46.4% of the participants correctly understood the rationale behind a safe dose threshold. Additionally, 63.5% acknowledged that cancer risks increase with radiation dosage, including risks associated with a single exposure. Within the group surveyed, 61.6% recognized the importance of justifying any radiation-related activities compared to other available options. Interestingly, 32.2% of doctors mentioned infrequent queries from patients’ families’ regarding radiation risks, while 30.3% could not recall such discussions, 24.6% occasionally dealt with questions from patients' families, and 12.8%, encountered frequent inquiries about radiation risks (Table 7). Participants who do not discuss the reasons behind it noted that the lack of education and information related to radiation among the patient's family is a key factor in not informing them about the risks of radiation. Another reason provided was the potential stress and anxiety that could arise among the patient's family if discussions were held before the radiological examination (35/45). Additionally, 51% of participants think that CT scans do not subject patients to radiation doses that pose significant health risks, while 38% feel there is insufficient time for discussions due to work pressure (Table 7). Table 7:The level of knowledge about radiation risk among participants Question n(%), Total =211 Have you ever searched yourself for information about the risk associated with ionizing radiation? Yes 78 (37.0) No 93 (44.1) I don’t know 40 (19.0) If your answer is yes, please select one Formal education (course, workshop, lecture, radiology rotation 23(10.9) Informal education (inter clinical discussion, personal reading, news media) 56 (26.5) Is there a dose threshold below which the exposure is safe? Yes 98 (46.4) No 37 (17.5) I don’t know 76 (36.0) Does the risk for developing cancer increase with the dose value and may be present even with a single exposure? Yes 134 (63.5) No 26(12.3) I don’t know 51 (24.2) Should any activity involving radiation be justified in relation to available alternatives? Yes 130 (61.6) No 32(15.2) I don’t know 49(23.2) In general, how often patients families ask you about radiation doses and risk? I can’t remember the last time I was asked 64(30.3) Rarely – approximately 1 in 100 patients 68 (32.2) Sometimes - approximately 1 in 10 52 (24.6) Frequently more than 1in 10 27 (12.8) According to you, should we routinely discuss the radiation risk with the patient’s family prior radiation exam? Yes 121 (57.3) No 45(21.3) I don’t know 45 (21.3) if you have chosen ‘No’, Which of the following ideas affected your decision? (You can mark more than one choice) a The decision should be left to the doctor because of lack of education of the patients’ families 45(100) I think CT does not cause a radiation dose that can pose a meaningful risk to the health of patients 23(51) There is not enough time for that because of work overload 17(38) This situation can lead to heightened anxiety among the patient's family, potentially leading to the necessary radiological procedure being canceled 35(78) a: Total percentages exceed 100% due to the selection of more than one choice Scoring system Table 8 displays the scoring system for general knowledge, radiation risk, pediatric knowledge, and pregnancy-related knowledge. The questionnaire findings revealed an average score of 3.5 out of 10 (35%) for general radiation knowledge, 2.1 out of 12 (18%) for pediatric radiation exposure, 1.2 out of 4 (29%) for pregnant radiation exposure and 2.3 out of 5 (45%) for radiation risk, indicating a poor level of radiation knowledge. In Figure 2, it is evident that a high percentage of participants scored poorly in general knowledge (89.6%), pediatric radiation (96.7%), pregnancy radiation (65.6%), and radiation risks (60.20%). Conversely, only a small percentage scored well, with 3.8%, 0.9%, 35.4%, and 15.2% achieving good scores in the respective areas. Table 8: Evaluation of radiation related information using a scoring system N Minimum Maximum Mean SD % General knowledge 211 0.00 8.00 3.47 1.65 35% Out of 10 Pediatric 211 0.00 10.00 2.14 1.88 18% Out of 12 Pregnant 211 0.00 2.00 1.16 0.95 29% Out of 4 Radiation risk 211 0.00 5.00 2.25 1.27 45% Out of 5 Relationship of participants’ knowledge scores and their socio-demographic characteristics Table 9 presents the findings of comparing general, pediatric, pregnant radiation knowledge and radiation scores between participants in different groups based on their characteristics. We found that specialist had the highest general knowledge score compared to internship, general and resident doctors (p-value = 0.049). Furthermore, significant differences were noted in pediatric radiation exposure among doctors based on their clinical experience (p-value= 0.002). Table 9: Relationship between the participants’ demographic and educational characteristics and their general, pediatric, pregnant radiation knowledge score and radiation risk General knowledge Pediatric radiation Pregnant radiation Radiation risk Mean Percent P-value Mean Percent P-value Mean Percent P-value Mean Percent P-value Gender 0.60 0.56 0.278 0.22 Male 3.44 34% 1.99 17% 1.14 28.5 2.17 43% Female 3.53 35% 2.40 20% 1.20 30.0 2.39 48% Age 0.66 0.30 0.075 0.93 25-30 3.33 33% 2.45 20% 1.07 26.8 2.20 44% 30-40 3.74 37% 2.18 18% 1.23 30.8 2.27 45% ≥40 3.38 34% 1.66 14% 1.23 30.8 2.30 46% Job title 0.049 0.81 0.410 0.056 Resident 3.07 31% 2.74 23% 1.23 30.8 1.89 38% Internship 3.50 35% 1.96 16% 1.06 26.5 2.25 45% General doctor 3.28 33% 2.18 18% 1.06 26.5 2.18 44% Specialist 3.73 37% 1.98 16% 1.25 31.3 2.41 48% Place you work at 0.98 0.54 0.975 0.51 Governmental hospital 3.24 32% 2.09 17% 1.11 27.8 2.03 41% Private hospital 3.74 37% 2.17 18% 1.21 30.3 2.31 46% University hospital 2.90 29% 1.95 16% 1.08 27.0 2.33 47% Private clinic 3.62 36% 2.24 19% 1.19 29.8 2.45 49% Clinical experience 0.61 0.39 0.002 0.266 Junior resident ( 3 years) 3.59 36% 2.30 19% 1.22 30.5 2.27 45% Specialist (< 5 years) 3.59 36% 2.32 19% 1.12 28.0 2.55 51% Specialist (5-10years) 3.62 36% 1.77 15% 1.22 30.5 2.27 45% Specialist (10-20 years) 3.63 36% 1.98 16% 1.22 30.5 2.13 43% Specialist (more than 20 years) 3.16 32% 1.42 12% 1.12 30.5 2.32 46% Discussion Advancements in medical imaging have increased clinical applications, leading to more imaging requests from referring clinicians [16]. However, this progress has raised concerns about the rising radiation exposure to patients and the general population. To address this, efforts have been made to reduce radiation doses through the development of dose-saving tools and the optimization of radiological resources. These initiatives include dose auditing and programs aimed at enhancing radiation protection practices among healthcare providers [17]. This study provided a thorough examination of physicians’ awareness of general knowledge regarding radiation levels, doses, and risks particularly concerning pregnant and pediatric populations in West Bank and Jerusalem, Palestine. The findings indicated that the majority of participants (89.6%) scored poorly in the general radiation knowledge section, with an average score of 3.5 out of 10. Only 3.8% demonstrated good knowledge. While participants excelled in general questions, their understanding of radiation doses was limited. Only 26.5% of participants were familiar with the ALARA principle, which was an improvement from a 2012 study (6.1%) [8]. The study also highlighted a poor knowledge in pediatric exposure to radiation, with 96.7% having no background in this field. Regarding pregnant radiation, the average knowledge score was 1.16 out of 4, indicating a poor level of knowledge. Nonetheless, 35.4% of respondents achieved a good score, the best among the general, pediatric, and pregnancy sections. Furthermore, 60.2% of the participants showed poor knowledge regarding radiation safety in medical settings. These findings are consistent with prior studies, [3, 5, 8-13, 15, 18-20], suggesting a notable gap in crucial radiation knowledge among medical students, general practitioners, specialists including pediatricians, and gynecologists. These findings highlight the urgent need for enhanced educational programs focusing specifically on radiation safety and awareness. Implementing comprehensive training programs could significantly improve knowledge levels, particularly in critical areas such as pediatric radiation exposure and safety during pregnancy. This could involve revising current medical curricula to include more detailed and practical information about radiation principles, doses, and safety protocols. Continuous professional development courses and workshops could further benefit practicing physicians by keeping them updated on the latest safety protocols and technological advancements in radiology. The study also found that only 39.8% of respondents received sufficient radiation safety training during their residency, which was a contributing factor to the overall poor knowledge level. During interviews, physicians mentioned that they primarily received training on image diagnostics and interpretation rather than radiation dose and risk, which could in part explain the results. A higher percentage of participants utilized the Internet as a source of education, underscoring the importance of reliable sources. This underscores the necessity for standardized, evidence-based educational resources. In our study, specialists demonstrated higher scores in general radiation knowledge compared to other participants, but there were no significant differences in the remaining sections. Additionally, the findings indicated that physicians with less clinical experience scored lower. This highlights a possible educational or training deficiency for newer physicians that requires attention. To enhance overall proficiency, further studies could investigate the most effective educational methods to boost radiation knowledge among less experienced doctors, potentially promoting standardized training approaches in the medical sector. Strength and limitation: The limitation of this study was the poor physicians’ response to participate in the study due to being busy with surgical operations or their preoccupation with patients, and lack of information as they have declared. Some hospitals refused to participate due to certain policies. Additionally, a difficulty in moving around the West Bank and Jerusalem due to the war situation in Gaza, affected data collection. There was no regular monitoring of radiation exposure at hospitals per year and therefore, it was difficult to assess the average radiation exposure in hospitals. One limitation of this study was its cross-sectional design, which identified correlations but could not establish causation. Another drawback was the use of a self-reported questionnaire, making it difficult to validate the accuracy of the findings. Despite the mentioned limitations, this study had some strength as well. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, it is the first research to explore general radiation knowledge and awareness, with a specific focus on understanding radiation for pediatric and pregnant exposure among general physicians, residents, specialists, and interns in Palestine. The current study included various hospitals, not just government ones, and a diverse group of medical professionals. It focused on different aspects of radiation knowledge, including risks and exposure to children and pregnant women, unlike a previous study that only targeted two hospitals and specific physician categories without specifying radiation exposure [8]. Conclusion Palestinian physicians showed insufficient knowledge about radiation doses and related risks. These findings align with prior studies that suggests a generally low level of understanding about radiation, particularly in areas such as pediatric and pregnant women's exposure to radiation and its associated risks among physicians globally. This highlights a critical gap in medical education and underscores the necessity for enhanced training and continuing education programs focused on radiation safety. Addressing this issue is imperative not only for the safety of patients but also for the health and well-being of the medical professionals themselves. Declarations Ethical approval The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Al-Quds university and Palestinian Ministry of Health. Before each participant took part in the study, informed consent was obtained. Respondents were briefed on the questionnaire content. Author Contribution DD, RG & HA led study design, data collection, statistical analysis, interpreted the data, and drafting of manuscript; and DA, & SJ carried out the data collection, results tabulation, statistical analysis, and wrote part of the article. All authors read and approved the final manuscript and agreed on its submission. Acknowledgement We would like to thank all participants for their cooperation. Data Availability Data available upon request References Smith-Bindman R, Miglioretti DL, Larson EB. Rising use of diagnostic medical imaging in a large integrated health system. Health Aff. 2008;27(6):1491–502. Phase B. Health risks from exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation. Washington, DC: The British Institute of Radiology; 2006. Abdellah RF, et al. Assessment of physicians’ knowledge, attitude and practices of radiation safety at Suez Canal University Hospital, Egypt. Open J Radiol. 2015;5(4):250–8. Krille L, et al. Systematic review on physician's knowledge about radiation doses and radiation risks of computed tomography. Eur J Radiol. 2010;76(1):36–41. Azmoonfar R, et al. Physicians’ knowledge about radiation dose in radiological investigation in Iran. J biomedical Phys Eng. 2016;6(4):285. Khafaji M et al. Radiation protection: Are pediatrics health care providers up to date? 2022. Vom J, Williams I. Justification of radiographic examinations: What are the key issues? J Med Radiat Sci. 2017;64(3):212–9. Hamarsheh A, Ahmead M. Assessment of physicians' knowledge and awareness about the hazards of radiological examinations on the health of their patients. EMHJ-Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 18 (8), 875–881, 2012, 2012. Gour S, et al. Evaluation of physicians and junior residents’ knowledge and awareness of radiation dose and its risks: A cross-sectional survey in tertiary health centre of central India. Int J Res Med Sci. 2017;6(1):99–105. Saeed MK, et al. Radiation awareness among physicians about the hazards of radiological examinations on the health of workers and their patients in Saudi Arabia. J radiation Res Appl Sci. 2018;11(4):299–304. Amaoui B, et al. Physicians’ knowledge about radiation protection of patients during prescription of CT scan procedures in Morocco. Radiation Med Prot. 2023;4(01):54–9. Dauda AM, Ozoh JO, Towobola OA. Medical doctors’ awareness of radiation exposure in diagnostic radiology investigations in a South African academic institution. SA J Radiol. 2019;23(1):1–7. Eksioglu AS, Üner Ç. Pediatricians' awareness of diagnostic medical radiation effects and doses: are the latest efforts paying off? Diagn interventional Radiol. 2012;18(1):78. Al-Rammah TY. CT radiation dose awareness among paediatricians. Ital J Pediatr. 2016;42:1–6. Rawashdeh M, et al. Referral physicians' knowledge of radiation dose: a cross-sectional study. Open Access Macedonian J Med Sci. 2020;8(E):582–8. Raman SP, et al. CT dose reduction applications: available tools on the latest generation of CT scanners. J Am Coll Radiol. 2013;10(1):37–41. Tamm EP, et al. Quality initiatives: CT radiation dose reduction: how to implement change without sacrificing diagnostic quality. Radiographics. 2011;31(7):1823–32. BA A. Physicians Knowledge of Radiation Risk in Prescribing CT Imaging in Moroccan Hospitals. Kew T, et al. Doctors’ Knowledge Regarding Radiation Dose and Its Associated Risks: Cross-sectional Study in a Tertiary Hospital in Malaysia. Hong Kong J Radiol. 2012;15(2):71. Arslanoglu A, et al. Doctors' and intern doctors' knowledge about patients' ionizing radiation exposure doses during common radiological examinations. Diagn Interventional Radiol. 2007;13(2):53. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files RadiationQuestionnaireEnglishVersionFinal2.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4774459","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":331649016,"identity":"06df45e6-25c6-4041-a356-42fa57e23361","order_by":0,"name":"Dala N Daraghmeh","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA7UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCAwwGICqBgYGH8QGQwcNHihZmEIuHjRQtbBIgFkEtfMcPb/xcUVObp9vee6zya46dDBsD88NHN/BokTyTVix55tjxYrMz59Juy25LBjqMzdg4B48WgwM5BpINbMcSt93IMbstuY0ZqIWHTRqvlvNvjH82/ANquf/GrFhyWz0RWoCGSza21QBt4TFj/LjtMGEtkjeelVk29h1I3HYmx1iacdtxHjZmAn7hO5+8+WbDt7rEbcfPGH78ua3anp+9+eFjfFqg4DCYZOYBk4SVg0AdmGT8QZzqUTAKRsEoGGEAAL4DT/QjwMUmAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Al-Quds University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dala","middleName":"N","lastName":"Daraghmeh","suffix":""},{"id":331649017,"identity":"0ce84126-c4ac-4046-9ef5-35db9b3b4902","order_by":1,"name":"Rania Ghanim","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Al-Quds University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rania","middleName":"","lastName":"Ghanim","suffix":""},{"id":331649020,"identity":"4b41f520-3c89-469c-82cc-2998fbdc566e","order_by":2,"name":"Dalia Awwad","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Al-Quds University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dalia","middleName":"","lastName":"Awwad","suffix":""},{"id":331649024,"identity":"32181c19-eff2-4af4-8c39-8d7e2f9d9da6","order_by":3,"name":"Safia Jamous","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Al-Quds University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Safia","middleName":"","lastName":"Jamous","suffix":""},{"id":331649025,"identity":"3a899ea6-f91c-486f-aba1-f5238b46c447","order_by":4,"name":"Hussein ALMasri","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Al-Quds University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hussein","middleName":"","lastName":"ALMasri","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-07-20 19:55:36","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4774459/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4774459/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":63314185,"identity":"096751fe-b3f9-40ec-b164-445122966a1a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-26 21:07:13","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":70489,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSources of education regarding occupational radiation exposure among the respondents\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4774459/v1/85e1b9e3eab3f7d772766b24.jpg"},{"id":63314187,"identity":"ecbb9d9d-813b-4340-9aae-58b13cb8d701","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-26 21:07:13","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":42018,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLegend not included with this version\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4774459/v1/fa9dfdc2cd455cd6d72e6937.jpg"},{"id":100951735,"identity":"dbfe6eb4-d0c0-4f51-94b2-1d123bdb06b0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-23 07:11:09","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2486864,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4774459/v1/ccded0dc-97de-4b70-9d53-e09778303444.pdf"},{"id":63314489,"identity":"16ea305a-29c8-4dd9-afca-73796e5ce15a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-26 21:15:13","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":64567,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"RadiationQuestionnaireEnglishVersionFinal2.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4774459/v1/bba2b7019defc461376975e0.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Awareness of Radiation Dose and Related Hazards Among Palestinian Physicians Requesting Radiologic Examinations for Pediatric and Potentially Pregnant Patients","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eDiagnostic imaging and interventional radiological procedures have become increasingly vital in the diagnosis of various injuries and diseases, as well as providing life-saving treatments for many medical conditions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. The role of radiation in medical practices has evolved significantly over time, with approximately 30–50% of medical decisions relying on radiological exams [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. While diagnostic imaging has a positive impact on public health, the use of radiation can have adverse biological effects. Ionizing radiation is a recognized carcinogen, and the risks of cancer vary based on factors like the type of radiation, duration of exposure, irradiated tissue, and age [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. High doses of radiation can destroy cells, and low doses can lead to genetic code (i.e., DNA) damage or alteration in irradiated cells [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIonizing radiation is frequently employed in clinical diagnosis for individuals of all ages, including children and pregnant women. However, when conducting radiation tests on these individuals, extreme caution is required because they are the most sensitive groups to radiation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. This is particularly important for children because their rapidly dividing cells make them more susceptible to radiation damage [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, the longer lifespan of children compared to adults emphasizes the importance of understanding radiation principles [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. This precaution is crucial to prevent the potential risk of cancer associated with harmful radiation exposure [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, medical staff need to be conscious of potential risks and the necessary precautions to protect both themselves and their patients.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysicians are responsible for requesting radiological exams through a risk-benefit analysis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. They must have appropriate training and qualifications to evaluate the need for diagnostic imaging and comprehend associated risks. It is essential to keep radiation doses low to reduce harmful effects, which requires extensive knowledge, education, and strict compliance with safety protocols in the field. Research from different countries [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR9 CR10 CR11\" citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e], have highlighted gaps in radiation knowledge, underestimation of radiation doses, and limited awareness of radiation risks among physicians. These deficiencies can result in medical errors, such as unnecessary or excessive radiographs, due to inadequate radiation education during physicians' training [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Research indicates a lack of awareness of medical radiation specifically among pediatricians, and gynecologists with pregnant women facing risks of fetal growth issues or birth defects from radiation exposure [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, it is crucial for physicians to have a thorough understanding of radiation doses and risks associated with radiological procedures involving ionizing radiation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. This study aimed to assess Palestinian physicians' understanding of various types of medical radiation in diagnostic imaging, radiation doses, risks of ionizing radiation, especially for pediatric and pregnant women, and proper radiation protection methods. Moreover, it aimed to identify and assess educational resources on diagnostic radiation available to physicians in the West Bank and Jerusalem.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \n"},{"header":"Materials \u0026 Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eStudy design\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted over a 6-month period from December 2023 to May 2024, to assess the awareness regarding radiation exposure and its risks among Palestinian general physicians, resident, and specialists.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudy settings\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants were recruited from different clinics, private and governmental hospitals (Palestine Red Crescent society, Arab Care hospital -Ramallah, Bethlehem Arab for rehabilitation, Beit Jala Municipality, An-Najah National University hospital, Specialized Arab Hospital). Furthermore, participants were also recruited through social platforms.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudy population and sampling technique\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur target population in this study was physicians practicing in West Bank and Jerusalem, Palestine. We reached out to 520 physicians and specialists to be enrolled in the study. The participants were selected using the convenience sampling technique.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe estimated sample size was 367 out of the total (8136) physicians in West Bank and Jerusalem. An automated software program, (Raosoft sample size calculator: (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) was used to calculate the required sample size with a 5% error margin at 95% confidence interval.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe inclusion criteria entailed respondents who are Licensed physicians working at Palestinian governmental and private hospitals, and clinics. Medical students, radiation technicians and nurses were excluded from the study. Participants whose questionnaires were incompletely filled were excluded from the study if the missing data were significant. Those who did not consent to participate in the study were also excluded.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eData collecting tool:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eData collection was carried out using a questionnaire in both Arabic and English languages. The questions utilized were in line with previous studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e], with adjustments made by adding and omitting specific questions. The initial draft underwent evaluations for content and face validity. The validity check occurred in two stages: first, a panel of specialists in the fields of Radiology and statisticians reviewed the questionnaire for content validity. Based on their feedback and suggestions, the questionnaire was revised. In the second stage, a pilot study was conducted with an updated survey. During pilot study period, questionnaires were given to only 20 respondents who did not participate in the full study, in the aim of measuring the respondents’ comprehension of the questions. Following the pilot study, further adjustments were considered.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe final questionnaire instrument contained 41 questions grouped into 6 sections, focusing on doctors' awareness of exposure to diagnostic radiation as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe first section covers sociodemographic information and includes six questions related to gender, age, job title, hospital type, workplace, and clinical experience.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe second section includes four questions about the level of training and sources of education.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe third section includes thirteen questions designed to evaluate overall radiation knowledge.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe fourth section contains six questions to evaluate understanding of pediatric exposure to radiation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe fifth section contains four questions regarding the of pregnant exposure to radiation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sixth section contains eight questions regarding the radiation risk.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003eData distribution\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe final survey instrument was self-administered using either a Google Form or a printed version. Between December 2023 and May 2024, eligible participants were sent the survey link via email, WhatsApp messages, and text messages. Printed surveys were also handed out.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eVarious approaches and strategies were used to identify and recruit eligible participants; these strategies were: directly reaching out to physicians by the research team, and sharing the survey link on social media pages.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFollowing data collection, data were extracted and logged in an Excel® workbook. Before analysis, data cleaning, coding, and grouping were carried out. Data was summarized using descriptive statistics. All variables collected through the questionnaire was presented by calculating the frequency (%) for binary variables and the mean ± standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables. The assessment of general knowledge, pediatric and possibly pregnant women exposure to radiation knowledge utilized a scoring system where correct answers were assigned a score of one, while incorrect answers or omissions received a score of zero. Those scoring ≤ 50% were deemed to have poor knowledge, 51–69% were considered fair, and those achieving ≥ 70% were classified as knowledgeable. To examine the relationship between knowledge score and participant characteristics in the survey, ANOVA, t and Pearson Chi-Square tests were performed, yielding a statistically significant P value of less than 0.05. All analyses were conducted using SPSS software, Version 26.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eEthical approval\u0026nbsp;\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Al-Quds university and Palestinian Ministry of Health. Before each participant took part in the study, informed consent was obtained. Respondents were briefed on the questionnaire content.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003ch2\u003eSociodemographic data\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOut of 520 participants who were approached,\u0026nbsp;211 completed the survey, yielding a response rate of 41%. The sociodemographic characteristics of the participants are outlined in Table 1. The majority of respondents were males (63.5%). In terms of age distribution, 39.8% were between 25-30 years old, 31.3% fell in the 30-40 age range, and 28.9% were over 40 years old. Among the participants, 43.1% were specialists, while 28.4% were junior residents with less than 3 years of experience, and 20.9% were senior residents with over 3 years of experience. Within the specialist group, which included radiologists, orthopedic specialists, obstetricians and gynecologists, and pediatricians, there were 4, 9, 14, and 15 participants, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1: Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants (n=211)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en (%)- total=211\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e134 (63.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77(36.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge (years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25-30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84(39.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30-40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66(31.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61(28.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhat is your job title\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGeneral doctor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65(30.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInternship\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28(13.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResident\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27(12.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecialist\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91(43.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecialist\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePediatrics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObstetrics \u0026amp; Gynecology\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOrthopedics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENT (Ear, Nose and Throat)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRadiology\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCurrent hospital you work at\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGovernmental hospital\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67(31.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate clinic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42(19.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate hospital\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81(38.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUniversity hospital\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21(10.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClinical experience?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJunior resident (less than 3 years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60(28.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSenior resident (more than 3 years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44(20.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecialist (10-20 years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40(19.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecialist (5-10years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26(12.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecialist (less than 5 years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22(10.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecialist (more than 20 years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.333333333333336%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19(9.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eLevel of training and source of information\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2\u0026nbsp;presents the responses\u0026nbsp;regarding\u0026nbsp;the training level and educational sources linked to radiation. Among the respondents,\u0026nbsp;51.2% (108 participants) reported receiving specialized education in diagnostic radiology.\u0026nbsp;Despite this, 60.2% expressed a need for more radiation safety training and proposed ideas for enhancing training opportunities. Suggestions included organizing regular training sessions and workshops for ongoing education and awareness updates, either in person or electronically. Additionally, there was a recommendation to extend training periods to over 3 months in hospitals equipped with advanced radiology units. Regarding radiation exposure frequency at work, 55.9% reported exposure less than once a month, while a small proportion (5.2%) reported exposure frequency of four or more days per week.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 1 details the various sources from which study participants obtained information on radiation. 41.7% (88 participants), sought information from internet. Discussion with co-workers, was a significant source for 37.4% (79 participants), while 30.3% got information through discussion with faculty. Lectures were less commonly used, with only 16.5% (35 participants) referencing them. Scholarly articles were utilized by 19.4% (41 participants) for information.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2: Level of training and sources of education among the respondents\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"690\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.1044992743106%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.431059506531206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.4644412191582%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en (%)- total=211\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.1044992743106%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHave you ever received any specific education on\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eradiation in medical imaging?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.431059506531206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.4644412191582%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108(51.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"57.27272727272727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.72727272727273%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77(36.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"57.27272727272727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.72727272727273%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26(12.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.1044992743106%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDo you think that you have received adequate training\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eon radiation safety during the course of your residency?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;If not, please free text ideas for improved training\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;opportunities\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.431059506531206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.4644412191582%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84(39.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"57.27272727272727%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.72727272727273%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e127(60.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.1044992743106%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHow often are you exposed to radiation through your work?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.431059506531206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess than once a month\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.4644412191582%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118(55.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.1044992743106%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.431059506531206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOnce a month\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.4644412191582%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39(18.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.1044992743106%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.431059506531206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOnce a week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.4644412191582%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16(7.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.1044992743106%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.431059506531206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTwo to three days a week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.4644412191582%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27(12.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.1044992743106%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.431059506531206%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFour or more days a week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.4644412191582%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(5.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eGeneral radiation knowledge\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3\u0026nbsp;summarizes the frequencies and percentages of participants who responded to general knowledge questions. The data indicated that more than half of the participants (59.7%) were unaware of the annual radiation dose in mSv permitted for individuals working in the radiation field. However, 19.4% of participants selected the correct answer, demonstrating their awareness.\u0026nbsp;Only a small number (5.7%) correctly identified that the maximum annual patient dose in mSv is unrestricted, while a majority (62.6%) responded with \u0026quot;I do not know.\u0026quot; Merely 3.3% of participants knew the radiation dose from medical imaging that the public receives, with 65.4% having no clear knowledge. 55.0% of respondents recognized that ultrasound examinations do not involve ionizing radiation, and 23.7% mentioned magnetic resonance imaging as being used.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOut of the participants, 19.9% correctly identified the radiation dose equivalent from a chest X-ray compared to the annual background radiation dose. Furthermore, only 17.1% knew the imaging dose for patients from a chest X-ray. When asked about their awareness of the official legislation regarding radiation doses for diagnostic imaging, the majority (39.8%) were unsure of the correctness of their answers. Moreover, only 26.5% of the participants\u0026nbsp;were familiar with\u0026nbsp;the acronym \u0026quot;ALARA\u0026quot; (As Low As Reasonably Achievable). Out of those who recognized the term, the majority (29.4%) did not come across it in their daily tasks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.6% of the physicians were able to identify the examination with a prolonged period of radiation emission, only (35.1%) of the participants recognized that children and pregnant were the most sensitive groups to radiation. 20.9% of the respondents knew the most sensitive organ to radiation was the gonad and (48.8%) answered thyroid which was considered as sensitive as gonads. Additionally, more than half of the participants (55.0%) correctly identified the least radiosensitive organ.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3: The Participants\u0026rsquo; General radiation knowledge\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"708\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"74.29378531073446%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuestion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.706214689265536%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en (%),Total=211\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.27683615819209%\" rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the annual dose a radiation worker is allowed to receive in mSv?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.016949152542374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.706214689265536%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14(6.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(1.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e20\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41(19.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26(12.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026apos;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126(59.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.27683615819209%\" rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat is the annual dose a patient is allowed to receive in mSv?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.016949152542374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.706214689265536%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(8.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15(7.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16(7.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(8.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026apos;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e132(62.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnlimited\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(5.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.27683615819209%\" rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHow much radiation dose the public receive from medical imaging?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.016949152542374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.706214689265536%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34(16.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(8.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14(6.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(3.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026apos;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e138(65.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.27683615819209%\" rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhich of the following does not use ionizing radiation?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.016949152542374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChest X-ray\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.706214689265536%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14(6.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026apos;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30(14.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMRI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50(23.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUltrasound\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116(55.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.27683615819209%\" rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHow does the radiation dose from a chest X-ray compare to the annual dose of background radiation?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.016949152542374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.706214689265536%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(5.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1:10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33(15.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1:100\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42(19.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10:1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(5.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e113(53.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.27683615819209%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat are the patients absorbed dose from a chest X-ray?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.016949152542374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.02 mGy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.706214689265536%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36(17.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2 mGy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47(22.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 mGy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(5.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116(55.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.27683615819209%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAre you aware of the formal legislation regarding radiation doses for diagnostic imaging?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.016949152542374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.706214689265536%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84(39.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69(32.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58(27.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.27683615819209%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHave you ever heard of the ALARA principle in radiology?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.016949152542374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.706214689265536%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e155(73.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56(26.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.27683615819209%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIf you answer yes, are you familiar with it?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.016949152542374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.706214689265536%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62(29.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37(17.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.27683615819209%\" rowspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhich of the following procedures result in emitting radiation for a prolonged period of time?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.016949152542374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbdomino pelvic Computed Tomography\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.706214689265536%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22(10.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBarium study\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16(7.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTc99m-DMSA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19(9.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71(33.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMRI scan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16(7.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePET-CT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52(24.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVCUG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15(7.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.27683615819209%\" rowspan=\"16\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhich of the following is the most sensitive to radiation? ((you can mark more than one choice))\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.016949152542374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdults\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.706214689265536%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(2.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdults, Elderly, Pregnant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdults, Pregnant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChildren\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(3.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChildren, Adolescents, Pregnant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChildren, Adults\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChildren, Adults, Elderly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChildren, Adults, Pregnant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChildren, Elderly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChildren, Elderly, Pregnant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChildren, I don\u0026apos;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(0.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChildren, Pregnant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74(35.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElderly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(2.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElderly, Pregnant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(3.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026apos;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16(7.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePregnant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73(34.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.27683615819209%\" rowspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhich of the following organs is the most sensitive to radiation?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.016949152542374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBrain\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.706214689265536%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(2.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGonads\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44(20.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKidney\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLiver\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(1.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSkin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19(9.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStomach\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(2.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThyroid\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103(48.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29(13.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.27683615819209%\" rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhich one of the following organs is less sensitive to radiation?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.016949152542374%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBreast tissue\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.706214689265536%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(8.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGonads\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(3.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKidney\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116(55.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThyroid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(1.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"58.35240274599543%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.64759725400457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66(31.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*The correct answers are highlighted in bold. ALARA: As Low As Reasonably Achievable, PET-CT: Positron Emission Tomography and Computed Tomography, VCUG: Voiding cystourethrography, MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging, -DMSA: Di-mercapto-succinic acid\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003ePediatric Exposure to Radiation\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4\u0026nbsp;displays the findings from the pediatric radiation section. Out of 211 physicians surveyed, 54.5% recognized that the gonads organ is the most sensitive to radiation in the pediatric population.\u0026nbsp;Only 10.9% of respondents correctly estimated that a 5-year-old child is 10 times more radio-sensitive than an adult.\u0026nbsp;53.5% of respondents felt that numerous imaging facilities continue to utilize adult radiation doses for pediatric imaging, without adequately adjusting for pediatric patients during CT scans. In contrast, 46.4% believed that adjustments were sufficient for pediatric patients in CT examinations.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring fluoroscopic exams such as abdominal procedures like VCUG (voiding cystourethrography), 18% of participants recognized the organ adjacent to the reproductive organs as the most sensitive to radiation. Surprisingly, 48.8% reported not being informed about this fact. Only 11.8% accurately estimated the increased cancer risk percentage for a one-year-old child undergoing a CT scan, whereas a majority (59.7%) were unaware of the correct figure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4: Questions about Pediatric Radiation Exposure\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"714\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"76.47058823529412%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuestion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.529411764705884%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en(%), Total =211\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"45.378151260504204%\" rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. In Pediatric population what are the most sensitive organs to radiation?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLiver\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.529411764705884%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(2.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.92307692307692%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKidneys\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.07692307692308%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(5.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.92307692307692%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGonads\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.07692307692308%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115(54.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.92307692307692%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStomach\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.07692307692308%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.92307692307692%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.07692307692308%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69(32.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"45.378151260504204%\" rowspan=\"7\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. How does the radio sensitivity of a 5-year-old child is compared to an adult?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10 times more\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.529411764705884%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23(10.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.92307692307692%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 times more\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.07692307692308%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(0.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.92307692307692%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 times more\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.07692307692308%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(11.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.92307692307692%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 times more\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.07692307692308%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38 (18.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.92307692307692%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.07692307692308%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102(48.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.92307692307692%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.07692307692308%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(1.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.92307692307692%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe same\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.07692307692308%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17(8.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"45.378151260504204%\" rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. While performing a fluoroscopic exam including the abdomen (e.g., VCUG), gonads are of special consideration because they are accepted as the most radiosensitive organs in the pediatric population. Which of the following comes next?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUrinary bladder\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.529411764705884%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38(18.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.92307692307692%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKidney\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.07692307692308%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21(10.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.92307692307692%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStomach\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.07692307692308%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21(10.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.92307692307692%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eliver\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.07692307692308%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28(13.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.92307692307692%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.07692307692308%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103(48.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"45.378151260504204%\" rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4. What is the approximate estimated risk of excess cancer for a 1-year old child undergoing any CT exam?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/1 000 000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.529411764705884%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(2.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.92307692307692%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/100 000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.07692307692308%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19(9.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.92307692307692%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/10 000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.07692307692308%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(4.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.92307692307692%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1/1000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.07692307692308%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16(7.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.92307692307692%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.07692307692308%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(11.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.92307692307692%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026apos;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.07692307692308%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126(59.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e*The correct answers are highlighted in bold,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eVCUG:\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eVoiding cytourethrography\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEstimation of the radiological dose from US of the abdomen was the most accurate, with 39.3% correct answers. Estimation of the dose from CT of abdomen and pelvis was the least accurate, with only 2.8% correct answers. The distribution of the answers is shown in table 5.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 5: Radiation dose estimations of the approximate radiation dose for a 5-year old child in terms of the equivalent number of chest x-ray for the following procedures\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\" width=\"708\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.571428571428573%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDose in CXR equivalents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.2135785007072135%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.779349363507779%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.779349363507779%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.355021216407355%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.930693069306931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e200\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.506364922206506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e300\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.930693069306931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e600\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.072135785007072%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;1000\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.861386138613861%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.571428571428573%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eX-ray AP pelvis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.2135785007072135%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.779349363507779%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.779349363507779%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15.2%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.355021216407355%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.930693069306931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.506364922206506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.930693069306931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.072135785007072%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.861386138613861%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.7%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.571428571428573%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVCUG\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.2135785007072135%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.779349363507779%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.779349363507779%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.355021216407355%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.930693069306931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.506364922206506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.3%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.930693069306931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.072135785007072%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.861386138613861%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.571428571428573%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUS abd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.2135785007072135%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e39.3%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.779349363507779%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.779349363507779%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.355021216407355%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.930693069306931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.506364922206506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.930693069306931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.072135785007072%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.861386138613861%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.571428571428573%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCT abd+pelvis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.2135785007072135%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.779349363507779%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.779349363507779%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.355021216407355%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.930693069306931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.506364922206506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.930693069306931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.072135785007072%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.8%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.861386138613861%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.571428571428573%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCT cranial\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.2135785007072135%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.779349363507779%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.779349363507779%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.355021216407355%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.7%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.930693069306931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.506364922206506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.930693069306931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.8%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.072135785007072%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.861386138613861%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.571428571428573%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCT chest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.2135785007072135%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.779349363507779%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.4%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.779349363507779%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.355021216407355%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.930693069306931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.506364922206506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.930693069306931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.6%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.072135785007072%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.861386138613861%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.571428571428573%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCT (neck+ chest+ abd+ pelvis)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.2135785007072135%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.779349363507779%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.7%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.779349363507779%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.7%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.355021216407355%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.930693069306931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.506364922206506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.930693069306931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.072135785007072%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9.5%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.861386138613861%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.571428571428573%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMRI cranial\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.2135785007072135%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e32.7%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.779349363507779%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.779349363507779%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.1%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.355021216407355%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.8%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.930693069306931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.506364922206506%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.930693069306931%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.072135785007072%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.7%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.861386138613861%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*The correct answers are highlighted in bold. AP: anteroposterior; CT: computed tomography; CXR: chest X-ray; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; US: ultrasonography; VCUG: voiding cystourethrogram; abd: abdomen\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003ePregnant radiation Exposure\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 6 presents the participants\u0026apos; understanding of radiation exposure during pregnancy. The findings indicated that physicians had a good understanding of radiation and its effects on pregnant women, with 40.3% acknowledging that pregnant women could undergo a skull CT, 35.5% aware of the possibility of diagnostic or screening mammography, and 51.2% knowing that pregnancy testing was not necessary for women of childbearing age before pelvic radiological exams. Additionally, the majority of the surveyed physicians (64.5%) correctly identified the age at which fetal tissues are most sensitive to radiation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 6: Questions about Pregnant women Radiation Exposure\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\" width=\"714\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"45.378151260504204%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuestions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.73109243697479%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.0811%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.89075630252101%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29.7305%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal =211\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"45.378151260504204%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCan pregnant women be submitted to skull CT only?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.73109243697479%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.0811%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.89075630252101%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29.7305%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85(40.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.0811%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29.7305%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78(37.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.0811%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29.7305%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48(22.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"45.378151260504204%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCan pregnant women be submitted to diagnostic or screening mammography?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.73109243697479%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.0811%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.89075630252101%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29.7305%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75 (35.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.0811%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29.7305%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68(32.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.0811%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29.7305%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68(32.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"45.378151260504204%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShould every woman in childbearing age be submitted to a pregnancy test before being submitted to radiography of the pelvis?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.73109243697479%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.0811%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.89075630252101%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29.7305%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108(51.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.0811%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29.7305%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55(26.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.0811%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29.7305%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48(22.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"45.378151260504204%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFetal tissue is susceptible to radiation, especially during?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.73109243697479%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.0811%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLess than 20 weeks\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.89075630252101%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29.7305%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e136 (64.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.0811%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBetween 20 and 30 weeks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29.7305%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28(13.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.0811%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 weeks to term\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29.7305%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(4.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.76923076923077%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.0811%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.23076923076923%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 29.7305%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37(17.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eRadiation risk\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e46.4% of the participants correctly understood the rationale behind a safe dose threshold. Additionally, 63.5% acknowledged that cancer risks increase with radiation dosage, including risks associated with a single exposure. Within the group surveyed, 61.6% recognized the importance of justifying any radiation-related activities compared to other available options. Interestingly, 32.2% of doctors mentioned infrequent queries from patients\u0026rsquo; families\u0026rsquo; regarding radiation risks, while 30.3% could not recall such discussions, 24.6% occasionally dealt with questions from patients\u0026apos; families, and 12.8%, encountered frequent inquiries about radiation risks (Table 7).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants who do not discuss the reasons behind it noted that the lack of education and information related to radiation among the patient\u0026apos;s family is a key factor in not informing them about the risks of radiation. Another reason provided was the potential stress and anxiety that could arise among the patient\u0026apos;s family if discussions were held before the radiological examination (35/45). Additionally, 51% of participants think that CT scans do not subject patients to radiation doses that pose significant health risks, while 38% feel there is insufficient time for discussions due to work pressure (Table 7).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 7:The level of knowledge about radiation risk among participants\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"714\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"78.15126050420169%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 83.793%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuestion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.84873949579832%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.0621%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en(%), Total =211\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.97478991596638%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHave you ever searched yourself for information about the risk associated with ionizing radiation?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.1764705882353%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49.7351%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.84873949579832%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78 (37.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"65.33333333333333%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49.7351%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.666666666666664%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93 (44.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"65.33333333333333%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49.7351%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.666666666666664%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (19.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.97478991596638%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIf your answer is yes, please select one\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.1764705882353%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49.7351%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFormal education (course, workshop, lecture, radiology rotation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.84873949579832%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23(10.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"65.33333333333333%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49.7351%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformal education (inter clinical discussion, personal reading, news media)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.666666666666664%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56 (26.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.97478991596638%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIs there a dose threshold below which the exposure is safe?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.1764705882353%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49.7351%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.84873949579832%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98 (46.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"65.33333333333333%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49.7351%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.666666666666664%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37 (17.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"65.33333333333333%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49.7351%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.666666666666664%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76 (36.0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.97478991596638%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDoes the risk for developing cancer increase with the dose value and may be present even with a single exposure?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.1764705882353%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49.7351%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.84873949579832%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e134 (63.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"65.33333333333333%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49.7351%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.666666666666664%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26(12.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"65.33333333333333%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49.7351%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.666666666666664%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51 (24.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.97478991596638%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShould any activity involving radiation be justified in relation to available alternatives?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.1764705882353%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49.7351%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.84873949579832%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130 (61.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"65.33333333333333%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49.7351%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.666666666666664%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32(15.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"65.33333333333333%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49.7351%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.666666666666664%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49(23.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.97478991596638%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIn general, how often patients families ask you about radiation doses and risk?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.1764705882353%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49.7351%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI can\u0026rsquo;t remember the last time I was asked\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.84873949579832%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64(30.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"65.33333333333333%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49.7351%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRarely \u0026ndash; approximately 1 in 100 patients\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.666666666666664%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68 (32.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"65.33333333333333%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49.7351%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSometimes - approximately 1 in 10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.666666666666664%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52 (24.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"65.33333333333333%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49.7351%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequently more than 1in 10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.666666666666664%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 (12.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.97478991596638%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAccording to you, should we routinely discuss the radiation risk with the patient\u0026rsquo;s family prior radiation exam?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.1764705882353%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49.7351%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.84873949579832%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121 (57.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"65.33333333333333%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49.7351%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.666666666666664%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45(21.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"65.33333333333333%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49.7351%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI don\u0026rsquo;t know\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.666666666666664%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 (21.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.97478991596638%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eif you have chosen \u0026lsquo;No\u0026rsquo;, Which of the following ideas affected your decision? (You can mark more than one choice)\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.1764705882353%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49.7351%;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe decision should be left to the doctor because of lack of education of the patients\u0026rsquo; families\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.84873949579832%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45(100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"65.33333333333333%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49.7351%;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eI think CT does not cause a radiation dose that can pose a meaningful risk to the health of patients\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.666666666666664%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23(51)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"65.33333333333333%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49.7351%;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThere is not enough time for that because of work overload\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.666666666666664%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17(38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"65.33333333333333%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49.7351%;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThis situation can lead to heightened anxiety among the patient\u0026apos;s family, potentially leading to the necessary radiological procedure being canceled\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.666666666666664%\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.062%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35(78)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ea: Total percentages exceed 100% due to the selection of more than one choice\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eScoring system\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 8 displays the scoring system for general knowledge, radiation risk, pediatric knowledge, and pregnancy-related knowledge. The questionnaire findings revealed an average score of 3.5 out of 10 (35%) for general radiation knowledge, 2.1 out of 12 (18%) for pediatric radiation exposure, 1.2 out of 4 (29%) for pregnant radiation exposure and 2.3 out of 5 (45%) for radiation risk, indicating a poor level of radiation knowledge. In Figure 2, it is evident that a high percentage of participants scored poorly in general knowledge (89.6%), pediatric radiation (96.7%), pregnancy radiation (65.6%), and radiation risks (60.20%). Conversely, only a small percentage scored well, with 3.8%, 0.9%, 35.4%, and 15.2% achieving good scores in the respective areas.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 8: Evaluation of radiation related information using a scoring system\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"638\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.161189358372457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.82472613458529%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.89358372456964%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMinimum\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.302034428794991%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaximum\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.92018779342723%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.172143974960877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.641627543035995%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.084507042253522%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.161189358372457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGeneral knowledge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.82472613458529%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e211\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.89358372456964%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.302034428794991%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.92018779342723%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.172143974960877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.641627543035995%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.084507042253522%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOut of 10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.161189358372457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePediatric\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.82472613458529%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e211\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.89358372456964%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.302034428794991%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.92018779342723%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.172143974960877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.641627543035995%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.084507042253522%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOut of 12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.161189358372457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePregnant\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.82472613458529%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e211\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.89358372456964%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.302034428794991%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.92018779342723%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.172143974960877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.641627543035995%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.084507042253522%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOut of 4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.161189358372457%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRadiation risk\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.82472613458529%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e211\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.89358372456964%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.302034428794991%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.92018779342723%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.172143974960877%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.641627543035995%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.084507042253522%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOut of 5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eRelationship of participants\u0026rsquo; knowledge scores and their socio-demographic characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 9 presents the findings of comparing general, pediatric, pregnant radiation knowledge and radiation scores between participants in different groups based on their characteristics. We found that specialist had the highest general knowledge score compared to internship, general and resident doctors (p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.049). Furthermore, significant differences were noted in pediatric radiation exposure among doctors based on their clinical experience (p-value= 0.002). \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 9: Relationship between the participants\u0026rsquo; demographic and educational characteristics and their general, pediatric, pregnant radiation knowledge score and radiation risk\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"847\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.723730814639907%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGeneral knowledge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.73081463990555%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePediatric radiation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.36245572609209%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePregnant radiation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.89728453364817%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRadiation risk\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.053497942386832%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.681755829903978%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercent\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.50480109739369%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.053497942386832%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.425240054869684%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercent\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.23045267489712%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.310013717421125%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.641975308641975%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercent\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.681755829903978%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.50480109739369%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.367626886145406%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePercent\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.544581618655693%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.235294117647058%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.941176470588236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.0588235294117645%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.278\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.176470588235294%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.470588235294118%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.235294117647058%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.941176470588236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.0588235294117645%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.176470588235294%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.470588235294118%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.235294117647058%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.941176470588236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.0588235294117645%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.176470588235294%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.470588235294118%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.235294117647058%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.941176470588236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.0588235294117645%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.075\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.176470588235294%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.470588235294118%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.235294117647058%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25-30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.941176470588236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.0588235294117645%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.176470588235294%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.470588235294118%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.235294117647058%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30-40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.941176470588236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.0588235294117645%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.176470588235294%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.470588235294118%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.235294117647058%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.941176470588236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.0588235294117645%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.176470588235294%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.470588235294118%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.235294117647058%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJob title\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.049\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.941176470588236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.0588235294117645%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.410\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.176470588235294%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.470588235294118%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.235294117647058%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResident\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.941176470588236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.0588235294117645%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.176470588235294%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.470588235294118%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.235294117647058%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInternship\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.941176470588236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.0588235294117645%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.176470588235294%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.470588235294118%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.235294117647058%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGeneral doctor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.941176470588236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.0588235294117645%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.176470588235294%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.470588235294118%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.235294117647058%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecialist\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.941176470588236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.0588235294117645%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.176470588235294%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.470588235294118%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.235294117647058%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlace you work at\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.941176470588236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.0588235294117645%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.975\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.176470588235294%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.470588235294118%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.235294117647058%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGovernmental hospital\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.941176470588236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.0588235294117645%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.176470588235294%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.470588235294118%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.235294117647058%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate hospital\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.941176470588236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.0588235294117645%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.176470588235294%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.470588235294118%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.235294117647058%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUniversity hospital\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.941176470588236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.0588235294117645%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.176470588235294%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.470588235294118%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.235294117647058%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrivate clinic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.941176470588236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.0588235294117645%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.176470588235294%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.470588235294118%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.235294117647058%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical experience\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.941176470588236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.0588235294117645%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.002\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.176470588235294%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.470588235294118%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.266\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.235294117647058%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJunior resident (\u0026lt; 3 years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.941176470588236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.0588235294117645%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.176470588235294%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.470588235294118%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.235294117647058%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSenior resident (\u0026gt; 3 years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.941176470588236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.0588235294117645%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.176470588235294%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.470588235294118%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.235294117647058%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecialist (\u0026lt; 5 years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.941176470588236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.0588235294117645%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.176470588235294%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.470588235294118%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.235294117647058%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecialist (5-10years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.941176470588236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.0588235294117645%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.176470588235294%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.470588235294118%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.235294117647058%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecialist (10-20 years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.941176470588236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.0588235294117645%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.176470588235294%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.470588235294118%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.235294117647058%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpecialist (more than 20 years)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.764705882352941%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.941176470588236%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.0588235294117645%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.411764705882353%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.588235294117647%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.294117647058823%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.176470588235294%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.470588235294118%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAdvancements in medical imaging have increased clinical applications, leading to more imaging requests from referring clinicians\u0026nbsp;[16]. However, this progress has raised concerns about the rising radiation exposure to patients and the general population. To address this, efforts have been made to reduce radiation doses through the development of dose-saving tools and the optimization of radiological resources. These initiatives include dose auditing and programs aimed at enhancing radiation protection practices among healthcare providers\u0026nbsp;[17]. This study provided\u0026nbsp;a thorough examination\u0026nbsp;of physicians\u0026rsquo; awareness of general knowledge regarding radiation levels, doses, and risks\u0026nbsp;particularly concerning pregnant and pediatric populations in West Bank and Jerusalem, Palestine.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe findings indicated that\u0026nbsp;the majority of participants\u0026nbsp;(89.6%) scored poorly in the general radiation knowledge section, with an average score of 3.5 out of 10.\u0026nbsp;Only 3.8% demonstrated good knowledge. While participants excelled in general questions, their understanding of radiation doses was limited. Only 26.5% of participants were familiar with the ALARA principle, which was an improvement from a 2012 study (6.1%)\u0026nbsp;[8]. The study also highlighted a poor knowledge in pediatric exposure to radiation, with 96.7% having no background in this field. Regarding pregnant radiation, the average knowledge score was 1.16 out of 4, indicating a poor level of knowledge.\u0026nbsp;Nonetheless, 35.4% of respondents achieved a good score, the best among the general, pediatric, and pregnancy sections. Furthermore, 60.2% of the participants showed poor knowledge regarding radiation safety in medical settings. These findings are consistent with prior studies,\u0026nbsp;[3, 5, 8-13, 15, 18-20],\u0026nbsp;suggesting a notable gap in crucial radiation knowledge among medical students, general practitioners, specialists including pediatricians, and gynecologists.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese findings highlight the urgent need for enhanced educational\u0026nbsp;programs focusing specifically\u0026nbsp;on radiation safety and awareness. Implementing comprehensive training programs could significantly improve knowledge levels, particularly in critical areas such as pediatric radiation exposure and safety during pregnancy. This could involve revising current medical curricula to include more detailed and practical information about radiation principles, doses, and safety protocols.\u0026nbsp;Continuous professional development courses and workshops could further benefit practicing physicians by keeping them updated on the latest safety protocols and technological advancements in radiology.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study also found that only 39.8% of respondents\u0026nbsp;received sufficient radiation safety training during their residency,\u0026nbsp;which was a contributing factor to the overall poor knowledge level. During interviews, physicians mentioned that they primarily received training on image diagnostics and interpretation rather than radiation dose and risk, which could in part explain the results. A higher percentage of participants utilized the Internet as a source of education, underscoring the importance of reliable sources. This underscores the necessity for standardized, evidence-based educational resources.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn our study, specialists demonstrated higher scores in general radiation knowledge compared to other participants, but there were no significant differences in the remaining sections.\u0026nbsp;Additionally, the findings indicated that physicians with less clinical experience scored lower. This highlights a possible educational or training deficiency for newer physicians that requires attention. To enhance overall proficiency, further studies could investigate the most effective educational methods to boost radiation knowledge among less experienced doctors, potentially promoting standardized training approaches in the medical sector.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStrength and limitation:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe limitation of this study was the poor physicians\u0026rsquo; response to participate in the study due to being busy with surgical operations or their preoccupation with patients, and lack of information as they have declared. Some hospitals refused to participate due to certain policies. Additionally, a difficulty in moving around the West Bank and Jerusalem due to the war situation in Gaza, affected data collection. There was no regular monitoring of radiation exposure at hospitals per year and therefore, it was difficult to assess the average radiation exposure in hospitals. One limitation of this study was its cross-sectional design, which identified correlations but could not establish causation. Another drawback was the use of a self-reported questionnaire, making it difficult to validate the accuracy of the findings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite the mentioned limitations, this study had some strength as well. To the best of the authors\u0026rsquo; knowledge, it is the first research to explore general radiation knowledge and awareness, with a specific focus on understanding radiation for pediatric and pregnant exposure among general physicians, residents, specialists, and interns in Palestine. The current study included various hospitals, not just government ones, and a diverse group of medical professionals. It focused on different aspects of radiation knowledge, including risks and exposure to children and pregnant women, unlike a previous study that only targeted two hospitals and specific physician categories without specifying radiation exposure [8].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003ePalestinian physicians showed insufficient knowledge about radiation doses and related risks. These findings align with prior studies that suggests a generally low level of understanding about radiation, particularly in areas such as pediatric and pregnant women\u0026apos;s exposure to radiation and its associated risks among physicians globally. This highlights a critical gap in medical education and underscores the necessity for enhanced training and continuing education programs focused on radiation safety. Addressing this issue is imperative not only for the safety of patients but also for the health and well-being of the medical professionals themselves.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEthical approval\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Al-Quds university and Palestinian Ministry of Health. Before each participant took part in the study, informed consent was obtained. Respondents were briefed on the questionnaire content.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDD, RG \u0026amp; HA led study design, data collection, statistical analysis, interpreted the data, and drafting of manuscript; and DA, \u0026amp; SJ carried out the data collection, results tabulation, statistical analysis, and wrote part of the article. All authors read and approved the final manuscript and agreed on its submission.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWe would like to thank all participants for their cooperation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eData available upon request\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSmith-Bindman R, Miglioretti DL, Larson EB. Rising use of diagnostic medical imaging in a large integrated health system. Health Aff. 2008;27(6):1491\u0026ndash;502.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePhase B. Health risks from exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation. Washington, DC: The British Institute of Radiology; 2006.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbdellah RF, et al. Assessment of physicians\u0026rsquo; knowledge, attitude and practices of radiation safety at Suez Canal University Hospital, Egypt. 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Ital J Pediatr. 2016;42:1\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRawashdeh M, et al. Referral physicians' knowledge of radiation dose: a cross-sectional study. Open Access Macedonian J Med Sci. 2020;8(E):582\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRaman SP, et al. CT dose reduction applications: available tools on the latest generation of CT scanners. J Am Coll Radiol. 2013;10(1):37\u0026ndash;41.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTamm EP, et al. Quality initiatives: CT radiation dose reduction: how to implement change without sacrificing diagnostic quality. Radiographics. 2011;31(7):1823\u0026ndash;32.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBA A. \u003cem\u003ePhysicians Knowledge of Radiation Risk in Prescribing CT Imaging in Moroccan Hospitals.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKew T, et al. Doctors\u0026rsquo; Knowledge Regarding Radiation Dose and Its Associated Risks: Cross-sectional Study in a Tertiary Hospital in Malaysia. Hong Kong J Radiol. 2012;15(2):71.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eArslanoglu A, et al. Doctors' and intern doctors' knowledge about patients' ionizing radiation exposure doses during common radiological examinations. Diagn Interventional Radiol. 2007;13(2):53.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Radiation dose, Palestinian physicians, awareness, pediatric, pregnant, diagnostic radiological examinations","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4774459/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4774459/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiagnostic imaging techniques are vital for diagnosing diseases. While the demand for these images is rising globally, it is essential that physicians in Palestine exercise caution, especially when requesting radiological exams for pediatric and possibly pregnant patients. This study aims at assessing physicians' understanding of radiation levels, doses, and risks to determine any changes amid advancements.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional descriptive study questionnaire was distributed to general physicians, residents, specialists, and internships, who are working in Palestinian hospitals and clinics. The questionnaire consisted of 6 sections: socio-demographic section, level of training and source of education, general radiation knowledge, pediatric radiation knowledge, pregnant radiation knowledge, and radiation risk. The data were presented through descriptive analysis and multivariate regression analysis. The assessment of general knowledge and pediatric radiation knowledge utilized a scoring system in which correct answers were assigned a score of one, while incorrect answers or omissions received a score of zero. Those scoring\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;50% were deemed to have poor knowledge, 51\u0026ndash;69% were considered fair, and those achieving\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;70% were classified as knowledgeable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 211 physicians participated in the study. 63.5% of them were males, 43.1% of the study sample were specialists. 51.2% confirmed receiving a specific education in the field of diagnostic radiation. The questionnaire results showed an average score of 3.5 out of 10 for general radiation knowledge, 2.1 out of 12 for pediatric knowledge, and 2.3 out of 5 for radiation risk, which was deemed poor.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study findings align with prior studies indicating a widespread poor level of general knowledge in radiation, pediatric radiation, pregnant radiation, and radiation risk among physicians. This emphasizes the necessity for Palestinian physicians to be updated in the field of radiation dosimetry in medical imaging and to actively engage in official training courses about radiation risks and protection measures.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Awareness of Radiation Dose and Related Hazards Among Palestinian Physicians Requesting Radiologic Examinations for Pediatric and Potentially Pregnant Patients","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-08-26 21:07:08","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4774459/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8beb7807-f6f7-4ee5-a77f-1d572235c645","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 26th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-22T15:13:57+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-08-26 21:07:08","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4774459","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4774459","identity":"rs-4774459","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}