Risk evaluation of rockfall disaster in the cave entrance of western mountain railway tunnels based on the improved G1-EWM-UMT model

Risk evaluation of rockfall disaster in the cave entrance of western mountain railway tunnels based on the improved G1-EWM-UMT model | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Risk evaluation of rockfall disaster in the cave entrance of western mountain railway tunnels based on the improved G1-EWM-UMT model DANG Dandan, Gong Li, Chunling Jin, Jun Qing, Tengteng Yang, Zhiyuan Jia This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4570785/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 02 Jul, 2025 Read the published version in Natural Hazards → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract To avoid the impact of rockfall on railroad safety, it is crucial to accurately predict the risk level of rockfall disaster in advance for the safe construction, operation, and maintenance of railroads. We take the western mountainous railroad tunnel opening as the research background and construct a western mountainous railroad tunnel opening rockfall disaster risk evaluation index system, including 15 core indexes and 6 alternative indexes. The unascertained measure theory (UMT) is chosen to evaluate the risk of rockfall disaster in tunnel openings. The improved G1 method and entropy weight method (EWM) are introduced to calculate the identify the risk of rockfall disaster based on the confidence level criterion. Furthermore, the criterion is used to recognize the risk level of a rockfall disaster. Ten typical tunnel openings of a railroad in the west are selected to validate engineering examples, and the evaluation results of the improved G1- EWM- UMT model are compared with those of the TOPSIS model (the technique for order preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS)) and the actual rockfall situation in the project. The comparison results show that the accuracy of the improved G1- EWM- UMT model in evaluating the risk of rockfall is 90%, which is 30% higher than that of the TOPSIS model. This study has certain application value and engineering subjective and objective weights, and the UMT model and Lagrange optimal multiplier combination method are combined to significance, which provides a theoretical basis and technical reference to design the rockfall protection structure of western mountainous tunnels such as the Sichuan–Tibet railway under similar engineering geological conditions and proves the operability and applicability of the evaluation model. western mountainous region tunnel portal rockfall risk evaluation improved G1 method unconfirmed measure theory Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 02 Jul, 2025 Read the published version in Natural Hazards → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revisions 17 Mar, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 27 Aug, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 24 Jul, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 18 Jun, 2024 First submitted to journal 17 Jun, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4570785","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":331140043,"identity":"33159c7e-014d-4501-a55f-17338166e84c","order_by":0,"name":"DANG 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We take the western mountainous railroad tunnel opening as the research background and construct a western mountainous railroad tunnel opening rockfall disaster risk evaluation index system, including 15 core indexes and 6 alternative indexes. The unascertained measure theory (UMT) is chosen to evaluate the risk of rockfall disaster in tunnel openings. The improved G1 method and entropy weight method (EWM) are introduced to calculate the identify the risk of rockfall disaster based on the confidence level criterion. Furthermore, the criterion is used to recognize the risk level of a rockfall disaster. Ten typical tunnel openings of a railroad in the west are selected to validate engineering examples, and the evaluation results of the improved G1- EWM- UMT model are compared with those of the TOPSIS model (the technique for order preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS)) and the actual rockfall situation in the project. 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