Enhancing Robustness in Photoacoustic Detection of Dissolved Acetylene in Transformer Oil: Temperature Effects on Resonance Frequency and Suppression Using Perturbation-Observation Method

Photoacoustic spectroscopy is a promising method for detecting dissolved acetylene (C2H2) in transformer oil, facilitating early fault diagnosis in power transformers. However, temperature variations significantly influence the resonance frequency of the photoacoustic cell, potentially reducing detection accuracy. This study investigates the temperature effects on the first-order longitudinal acoustic mode of a resonant photoacoustic cell using finite element simulations with thermo-viscous acoustics. Results show that as the temperature increases, the resonant frequency increases linearly and the sound pressure amplitude decreases, consistent with analytical models. To enhance system robustness, a perturbation-observation method is proposed, treating operating frequency as the independent variable and acoustic pressure as the dependent variable. Time-domain simulations validate its effectiveness in tracking resonance frequency shifts under varying temperatures, ensuring reliable detection. Future work should focus on improving frequency resolution, noise filtering, and adaptive step-size optimization for practical applications.