Resilience indicators for touristic destinations: empirical evidence for coastal regions in Mexico

Resilience indicators for touristic destinations: empirical evidence for coastal regions in Mexico | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Short Report Resilience indicators for touristic destinations: empirical evidence for coastal regions in Mexico Armando Carmona Escalante, Veronique Sophie Avila Foucat This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8000255/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In response to increasing shocks, including uncontrolled tourism growth, this paper proposes a set of indicators to assess resilience in three tourism destinations. The capital asset framework is employed because it corresponds to the capacities that a destination might possess to resist stressors and be resilient. The objective of the research is to identify capital indicators through a participatory method in three coastal destinations in Mexico: Sisal, Alacranes Reef and Copalita-Huatulco. A series of workshops were conducted to identify the main problems related to increasing tourism, the indicators of capital assets related to these problems, and actions that can be implemented. The results indicate that the capital asset indicators that enhance the capacities to address these problems show commonalities among the sites. This research is a first step in considering different tourism destinations and contexts to identify common problems, actions and capacities to improve tourism resilience. resilience sustainable tourism indicators adaptive capacities Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 1. Introduction The tourism industry contributes 10% of the world's GDP and 300 million direct and indirect jobs (STATISTA, 2024). However, the economic benefits are threatened due to the multiple stressors that this industry has to face today (e.g. climate change, pandemic events, uncontrolled tourism) (Brown et al., 2019 ). In that sense, the capital assets of a tourism destination have been considered as capacities to cope with disturbances in order to maintain the activity and evolve (Biggs et al., 2015 ). Indicators to be monitored in order to build more capacities to confront the impacts of these changes is a useful step for studying tourism resilience. To this end, the following research questions have been formulated: Which indicators can be identified based on the capital asset framework to confront the effects of tourism growth in different contexts? What are the main shocks caused by tourism growth? What actions are needed to address these shocks? As part of an effort to monitor the resilience of coastal regions, the National Laboratory for Coastal Resilience (LANRESC) works in seven observatories, of which this article addresses the research question in three: Copalita-Huatulco in Oaxaca, Sisal and Alacranes Reef, both in Yucatan (Fig. 1 ). The objective of the research is therefore to identify capital indicators using a participatory method in three sites. Source: prepared by Andrea X. Reyes-Aguilar. 2. Methods 2.1 Data collection and analysis Between June and August 2023, three workshops were held, one for each site, to identify the main indicators related to tourism resilience. A total of 49 stakeholders representing the main actors involved in tourism activities attended the workshop (Table 1 ). Table 1 Stakeholders participating in the workshops Sector Site Goverment Academic Civil Society Organizations (CSO) Private Subtotal Sisal 2 8 0 4 14 Alacranes Reef 6 13 1 0 20 Copalita-Huatulco 3 5 5 2 15 Total 49 The first activity of the workshop was to identify the main capital assets indicators in two steps. The first step was to use the Report Cards (participatory tool) indicators published by LANRESC for each of the sites. Based on this previous work done by LANRESC, participants were asked to identify those indicators that were useful to monitor the effects of tourism increase. The selected indicators were recategorized into five capitals based on Biggs et al., ( 2015 ), indicating that they are important capacities to face disturbances in the tourism sector. The second step was to identify new indicators that were not considered in the Report Card and are useful for identifying capital assets needed for tourism resilience through participatory workshops. Finally, the workshop included an activity to identify a list of actions to address tourism disturbances. This resulted in a list of 60 indicators, although only 29 indicators were those that had some information to be classified by theme and type of assets. Each action was classified by type of stressor, capital and key actors that should lead the initiative. 3. Results 3.1 Capital Indicators for tourism resilience Natural capital indicators accounted between 40% and 60% of the total indicators for the three sites (Fig. 2 ). The most common indicators used to assess the state of natural capital are related to water quality, biodiversity and ecosystem coverage (Table 2 ). * Refers to those indicators prioritized and ** those indicators proposed in each workshop. It should be noted that no human capital indicators were selected in any of the sites, which shows that participants are not aware of the importance of tour guide training and knowledge about site attractions, conservation and law enforcement. Table 2 List of indicators in common by type of capital and study site. Capital Indicator theme Sisal Alacranes Reef Copalita-Huatulco Natural Water quality and/or quantity Ecosystem degradation and land use changes Loss of biodiversity Overexploitation of natural resources Social Local governance Strengthening regulations Physical Hotel infrastructure Financial Management and budget Tourism arrivals 3.2 Key actions and actors identified to address increased tourism and indicator measurement In terms of the actions and actors that should lead the initiative, participants designed a total of 21 key actions to address the 15 stressors for each site (Table 3 ). In general, it should be noted that actions are proposed within the five capitals, although social capital represents 66%, since it has regulatory and economic instruments that translate into strengthening the implementation, effectiveness or creation of environmental public policies. Table 3 List of actions and key actors to consider according to the stressor identified in each study site. Site Disturbance due to tourism increase Indicator to monitor the effects Action regarding disturbance Key actors for implementing actions Sisal Wastewater pollution Anthropogenic wastewater tracers Wastewater treatment plant construction Municipal or federal government Ecosystems deterioration and species loss and extinction Ecological integrity Natural capital index Dunes species richness Mangrove area changes Dissemination of scientific information on nature among the various stakeholders. Academic sector Lack of government enforcement PNA with management program Number of park rangers and security guards Increase and strengthen environmental monitoring capacity Law enforcement Federal government Violence increase Public security (reported crimes) Creation of a citizen committee Generation of a map of actors as part of a government strategy Federal government Disturbance in PNA - Increase budget for human resources and strengthen capacities for monitoring environmental crimes Federal government, PROFEPA, SDS Alacranes Reef Overexploitation of fishing species (commercial and recreational) Commercial fish biomass Recreational fish biomass Codes of conducts dissemination Law enforcement CONANP, CONAPESCA, Academic sector, CSO Reef and ecosystem deterioration Coral cover Environmental restoration programs UADY, CINVESTAV Fuel spills Hydrocarbon and fuel spill registration Water quality analysis Academic sector, federal and state government Tourism increases Number of tourist arrivals Update the tourist carrying capacity study considering boats, people, islands, and marine environments. CONANP Poaching Inspection and surveillance in the PNA Number of incidents reported, fines and sanctions applied Strengthen public policy instruments Encourage anonymous reporting PROFEPA, CONANP, CONAPESCA PNA insufficient budget for inspection and surveillance PNA annual budget Total percent of money raised via bracelets invested in PNA Amount of money from private companies for PNA management Increase the ANP budget Federal goverment Copalita-Huatulco Deforestation due to houses and hotels construction Land-use changes Total area of the basin under protection Increase voluntarily conservation areas coverage Communal and private goods Biodiversity loss Percentage of degraded area Area voluntary allocated to conservation Number of species under the NOM-059 Regulatory instruments implementation. Restricted areas for tourism within the NPA SEMARNAT, CONANP, PROFEPA Land-use changes Land-use changes Percentage of degraded area Effectiveness of touristic policy instruments Urban Development Plans implementation. Enforcement of municipal regulations Municipal goverment Increased demand for drinking water Houses with access to drinking water Hotel occupancy Trophic State of Water (TRIX) Update and execution of municipal ordinances CONANP, PROFEPA 4. Discussion The main problems identified linked to tourism increase in the three sites of study, indicate a high concern for ecosystem deterioration. This is consistent with the literature pointing that pollution, land use changes and biodiversity loss has been caused when tourism is not planned (Baloch et al., 2022; Jones, 2022 ). Also, social capital problems were mentioned in terms of violence, illegal activities, and water inequality or conflicts. This is also in accordance to the literature where violent and insecure destinations can damage the image, reputation and income of the places and decreasing demand (Alcívar-Zambrano et al., 2004; Segrado-Pavón et al., 2013). To implement the proposed actions, collaboration between the government and academic sectors is necessary. These results are consistent with those presented by Brenner and Job ( 2012 ), who indicate that environmental management is dominated by the public sector. To ensure resilience in complex system, it is suggested to apply the principles of Bigss et al. (2015), as they are referential in tourism communities and contexts. The common indicators only cover natural, social, and financial capital for the three sites, despite the fact that it has been documented that a balance must be struck between capitals in order to consider all elements of the system, survive, and recover from damage (Chambers and Conway, 1992 ). The lag in certain types of capital allows for the identification of areas of opportunity and, with this, the reduction of community vulnerability in the short or medium term (Monterroso and Conde, 2017 ). 5. Conclusions Common indicators (66%) to enhance resilience are similar across the three sites. The problems are related to natural capital regarding ecosystems deterioration and social capital related to conflicts. This is expected since stakeholders are wanting to enhance capacities that are directly related to the tourism effects. In contrast, human and financial capitals are almost not mentioned by stakeholders, showing a lack of an integrated vision to cope to this stressor. Thus, further steps be to do a specific workshop for these dimensions, as well as creating an index. In addition, the actions to confront tourism increase proposed for each site require the collaboration of stakeholders with emphasis on the governmental and academic sectors to achieve the goals. Therefore, this investigation is a fort step to identify common indicators to monitor tourism resilience based on the capital framework in different contexts, as well as the main problems related to tourism increase and actions needed. Declarations Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts of intereses to delcare. Financial interests The authors declare they have no financial interests. Ethics approval Not applicable. Consent to participate All members agreed to participate in this study as author. Consent for publication members. All members agreed with the publication of this paper Funding This work was funded by the PAPIIT IV300123 project “Resilience of coastal socio-ecosystems associated with tourism in the face of Covid-19 and climate change.” Author Contribution Both the author and co-author contributed equally (50%–50%) to the research and manuscript preparation. References Alcívar Zambrano DK, Gallardo Dueñas DP, Mora Pisco CI, Becerra Avila MA (2024) Algunas consideraciones acerca del impacto de la violencia social en áreas urbanas con actividad turística. Ciencias Soc y Económicas 8:13–22. https://doi.org/10.18779/csye.v8i1.691 Baloch QB, Shah SN, Iqbal N, Sheeraz M, Asadullah M, Mahar S, Khan AU (2023) Impact of tourism development upon environmental sustainability: a suggested framework for sustainable ecotourism. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30:5917–5930. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22496-w Brenner L, Job H (2012) Challenges to actor-oriented environmental governance: Examples from three mexican biosphere reserves. Tijdschr voor Econ en Soc Geogr 103:1–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.2011.00671.x Biggs D, Hicks CC, Cinner JE, Hall CM (2015) Marine tourism in the face of global change: The resilience of enterprises to crises in Thailand and Australia. Ocean Coast Manag 105:65–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2014.12.019 Brown NA, Rovins JE, Feldmann-Jensen S, Orchiston C, Johnston D (2019) Measuring disaster resilience within the hotel sector: An exploratory survey of Wellington and Hawke’s Bay, New Zealand hotel staff and managers. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 33:108–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.09.014 Chambers R, Conway G (1992) Sustainable rural livelihoods: Practical concepts for the 21st century, IDS Discussion Paper 296, Brighton, Institute of Development Studies Jones P (2022) Tourism and Biodiversity: A Paradoxical Relationship. Athens J Tour 9:151–162. https://doi.org/10.30958/ajt.9-3-2 Monterroso A, Conde A (2017) Adaptive Capacity: Identifying the Challenges Faced by Municipalities Addressing Climate Change in Mexico. Climate Dev 10(8):729–741. 10.1080/17565529.2017.1372264 Statista Research Departmen (2024) El turismo en el mundo-Datos estadísticos https://es.statista.com/temas/3612/el-turismo-en-el-mundo/#topicOverview Accesed 25 february 2025 Segrado Pavón RG, Serrano Barquín R, del C, Pérez J, Amador Soriano K, Arroyo Arcos L (2013) CAPITAL SOCIAL Y TURISMO EN DESTINOS RURALES DE QUINTANA ROO, MÉXICO. Gestión Turística, 71–89. https://doi.org/10.4206/gest.tur.2013.n20-05 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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18:31:03","extension":"html","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":47327,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8000255/v1/243d07fba36cf1c1baf0bf9b.html"},{"id":96410541,"identity":"ef49d365-bdb2-48f0-99df-3077e21b5de2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-20 18:31:02","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":470977,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSpatial delimitations of the Observatories based on the LANRESC proposal.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSource: prepared by Andrea X. Reyes-Aguilar.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8000255/v1/31cdfc598a0f30c09bc4b351.jpeg"},{"id":96410540,"identity":"985f636f-6354-4847-9bd0-4cd2e347516d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-20 18:31:02","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":625167,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eIndicators classified by type of capital to measure tourism resilience\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e* Refers to those indicators prioritized and ** those indicators proposed in each workshop.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8000255/v1/0b3623768b287ec1d65fe969.png"},{"id":97248313,"identity":"7a15fa8c-e19e-4718-8883-42f737b34a63","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-02 12:51:53","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1705009,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8000255/v1/a70b9964-b99d-475f-b527-79406937a4bd.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Resilience indicators for touristic destinations: empirical evidence for coastal regions in Mexico","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe tourism industry contributes 10% of the world's GDP and 300\u0026nbsp;million direct and indirect jobs (STATISTA, 2024). However, the economic benefits are threatened due to the multiple stressors that this industry has to face today (e.g. climate change, pandemic events, uncontrolled tourism) (Brown et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn that sense, the capital assets of a tourism destination have been considered as capacities to cope with disturbances in order to maintain the activity and evolve (Biggs et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Indicators to be monitored in order to build more capacities to confront the impacts of these changes is a useful step for studying tourism resilience.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo this end, the following research questions have been formulated: Which indicators can be identified based on the capital asset framework to confront the effects of tourism growth in different contexts? What are the main shocks caused by tourism growth? What actions are needed to address these shocks?\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs part of an effort to monitor the resilience of coastal regions, the National Laboratory for Coastal Resilience (LANRESC) works in seven observatories, of which this article addresses the research question in three: Copalita-Huatulco in Oaxaca, Sisal and Alacranes Reef, both in Yucatan (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The objective of the research is therefore to identify capital indicators using a participatory method in three sites.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSource: prepared by Andrea X. Reyes-Aguilar.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1 Data collection and analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eBetween June and August 2023, three workshops were held, one for each site, to identify the main indicators related to tourism resilience. A total of 49 stakeholders representing the main actors involved in tourism activities attended the workshop (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStakeholders participating in the workshops\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSector\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSite\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGoverment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcademic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCivil Society Organizations (CSO)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrivate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubtotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSisal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlacranes Reef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCopalita-Huatulco\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e49\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe first activity of the workshop was to identify the main capital assets indicators in two steps. The first step was to use the Report Cards (participatory tool) indicators published by LANRESC for each of the sites. Based on this previous work done by LANRESC, participants were asked to identify those indicators that were useful to monitor the effects of tourism increase.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe selected indicators were recategorized into five capitals based on Biggs et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), indicating that they are important capacities to face disturbances in the tourism sector.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe second step was to identify new indicators that were not considered in the Report Card and are useful for identifying capital assets needed for tourism resilience through participatory workshops. Finally, the workshop included an activity to identify a list of actions to address tourism disturbances. This resulted in a list of 60 indicators, although only 29 indicators were those that had some information to be classified by theme and type of assets. Each action was classified by type of stressor, capital and key actors that should lead the initiative.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.1 Capital Indicators for tourism resilience\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eNatural capital indicators accounted between 40% and 60% of the total indicators for the three sites (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The most common indicators used to assess the state of natural capital are related to water quality, biodiversity and ecosystem coverage (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e* Refers to those indicators prioritized and ** those indicators proposed in each workshop.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt should be noted that no human capital indicators were selected in any of the sites, which shows that participants are not aware of the importance of tour guide training and knowledge about site attractions, conservation and law enforcement.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eList of indicators in common by type of capital and study site.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCapital\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndicator theme\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSisal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlacranes Reef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCopalita-Huatulco\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNatural\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWater quality and/or quantity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEcosystem degradation and land use changes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLoss of biodiversity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverexploitation of natural resources\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSocial\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLocal governance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStrengthening regulations\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePhysical\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHotel infrastructure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFinancial\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eManagement and budget\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTourism arrivals\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2 Key actions and actors identified to address increased tourism and indicator measurement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn terms of the actions and actors that should lead the initiative, participants designed a total of 21 key actions to address the 15 stressors for each site (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). In general, it should be noted that actions are proposed within the five capitals, although social capital represents 66%, since it has regulatory and economic instruments that translate into strengthening the implementation, effectiveness or creation of environmental public policies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eList of actions and key actors to consider according to the stressor identified in each study site.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSite\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisturbance due to tourism increase\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndicator to monitor the effects\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAction regarding disturbance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKey actors for implementing actions\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSisal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWastewater pollution\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnthropogenic wastewater tracers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWastewater treatment plant construction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMunicipal or federal government\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEcosystems deterioration and\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003especies loss and extinction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEcological integrity\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNatural capital index\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDunes species richness\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMangrove area changes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDissemination of scientific information on nature among the various stakeholders.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcademic sector\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLack of government enforcement\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePNA with management program\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber of park rangers and security guards\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncrease and strengthen environmental monitoring capacity\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLaw enforcement\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFederal government\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eViolence increase\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePublic security (reported crimes)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCreation of a citizen committee\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeneration of a map of actors as part of a government strategy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFederal government\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisturbance in PNA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncrease budget for human resources and strengthen capacities for monitoring environmental crimes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFederal government,\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePROFEPA, SDS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlacranes Reef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverexploitation of fishing species (commercial and recreational)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommercial fish biomass\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRecreational fish biomass\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCodes of conducts dissemination\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLaw enforcement\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCONANP, CONAPESCA, Academic sector, CSO\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReef and ecosystem deterioration\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoral cover\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnvironmental restoration programs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUADY, CINVESTAV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFuel spills\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHydrocarbon and fuel spill registration\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWater quality analysis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAcademic sector, federal and state government\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTourism increases\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber of tourist arrivals\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUpdate the tourist carrying capacity study considering boats, people, islands, and marine environments.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCONANP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoaching\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInspection and surveillance in the PNA\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber of incidents reported, fines and sanctions applied\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStrengthen public policy instruments\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEncourage anonymous reporting\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePROFEPA, CONANP, CONAPESCA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePNA insufficient budget for inspection and surveillance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePNA annual budget\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal percent of money raised via bracelets invested in PNA\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmount of money from private companies for PNA management\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncrease the ANP budget\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFederal goverment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCopalita-Huatulco\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDeforestation due to houses and hotels construction\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLand-use changes\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal area of the basin under protection\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncrease voluntarily conservation areas coverage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCommunal and private goods\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBiodiversity loss\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePercentage of degraded area\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eArea voluntary allocated to conservation\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber of species under the NOM-059\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegulatory instruments implementation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRestricted areas for tourism within the NPA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSEMARNAT, CONANP, PROFEPA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLand-use changes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLand-use changes Percentage of degraded area\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEffectiveness of touristic policy instruments\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUrban Development Plans implementation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEnforcement of municipal regulations\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMunicipal goverment\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncreased demand for drinking water\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHouses with access to drinking water\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHotel occupancy\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTrophic State of Water (TRIX)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUpdate and execution of municipal ordinances\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCONANP, PROFEPA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe main problems identified linked to tourism increase in the three sites of study, indicate a high concern for ecosystem deterioration. This is consistent with the literature pointing that pollution, land use changes and biodiversity loss has been caused when tourism is not planned (Baloch et al., 2022; Jones, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Also, social capital problems were mentioned in terms of violence, illegal activities, and water inequality or conflicts. This is also in accordance to the literature where violent and insecure destinations can damage the image, reputation and income of the places and decreasing demand (Alc\u0026iacute;var-Zambrano et al., 2004; Segrado-Pav\u0026oacute;n et al., 2013).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo implement the proposed actions, collaboration between the government and academic sectors is necessary. These results are consistent with those presented by Brenner and Job (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e), who indicate that environmental management is dominated by the public sector. To ensure resilience in complex system, it is suggested to apply the principles of Bigss et al. (2015), as they are referential in tourism communities and contexts.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe common indicators only cover natural, social, and financial capital for the three sites, despite the fact that it has been documented that a balance must be struck between capitals in order to consider all elements of the system, survive, and recover from damage (Chambers and Conway, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e). The lag in certain types of capital allows for the identification of areas of opportunity and, with this, the reduction of community vulnerability in the short or medium term (Monterroso and Conde, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eCommon indicators (66%) to enhance resilience are similar across the three sites. The problems are related to natural capital regarding ecosystems deterioration and social capital related to conflicts.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis is expected since stakeholders are wanting to enhance capacities that are directly related to the tourism effects. In contrast, human and financial capitals are almost not mentioned by stakeholders, showing a lack of an integrated vision to cope to this stressor. Thus, further steps be to do a specific workshop for these dimensions, as well as creating an index.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn addition, the actions to confront tourism increase proposed for each site require the collaboration of stakeholders with emphasis on the governmental and academic sectors to achieve the goals. Therefore, this investigation is a fort step to identify common indicators to monitor tourism resilience based on the capital framework in different contexts, as well as the main problems related to tourism increase and actions needed.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere are no conflicts of intereses to delcare.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFinancial interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare they have no financial interests.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll members agreed to participate in this study as author.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003emembers.\u003c/b\u003e All members agreed with the publication of this paper\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis work was funded by the PAPIIT IV300123 project \u0026ldquo;Resilience of coastal socio-ecosystems associated with tourism in the face of Covid-19 and climate change.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoth the author and co-author contributed equally (50%\u0026ndash;50%) to the research and manuscript preparation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlc\u0026iacute;var Zambrano DK, Gallardo Due\u0026ntilde;as DP, Mora Pisco CI, Becerra Avila MA (2024) Algunas consideraciones acerca del impacto de la violencia social en \u0026aacute;reas urbanas con actividad tur\u0026iacute;stica. Ciencias Soc y Econ\u0026oacute;micas 8:13\u0026ndash;22. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.18779/csye.v8i1.691\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.18779/csye.v8i1.691\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBaloch QB, Shah SN, Iqbal N, Sheeraz M, Asadullah M, Mahar S, Khan AU (2023) Impact of tourism development upon environmental sustainability: a suggested framework for sustainable ecotourism. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30:5917\u0026ndash;5930. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22496-w\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s11356-022-22496-w\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBrenner L, Job H (2012) Challenges to actor-oriented environmental governance: Examples from three mexican biosphere reserves. 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Climate Dev 10(8):729\u0026ndash;741. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1080/17565529.2017.1372264\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1080/17565529.2017.1372264\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eStatista Research Departmen (2024) El turismo en el mundo-Datos estad\u0026iacute;sticos \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://es.statista.com/temas/3612/el-turismo-en-el-mundo/#topicOverview\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://es.statista.com/temas/3612/el-turismo-en-el-mundo/#topicOverview\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAccesed 25 february 2025\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSegrado Pav\u0026oacute;n RG, Serrano Barqu\u0026iacute;n R, del C, P\u0026eacute;rez J, Amador Soriano K, Arroyo Arcos L (2013) CAPITAL SOCIAL Y TURISMO EN DESTINOS RURALES DE QUINTANA ROO, M\u0026Eacute;XICO. Gesti\u0026oacute;n Tur\u0026iacute;stica, 71\u0026ndash;89. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.4206/gest.tur.2013.n20-05\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.4206/gest.tur.2013.n20-05\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"resilience, sustainable tourism, indicators, adaptive capacities","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8000255/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8000255/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn response to increasing shocks, including uncontrolled tourism growth, this paper proposes a set of indicators to assess resilience in three tourism destinations. The capital asset framework is employed because it corresponds to the capacities that a destination might possess to resist stressors and be resilient. The objective of the research is to identify capital indicators through a participatory method in three coastal destinations in Mexico: Sisal, Alacranes Reef and Copalita-Huatulco. A series of workshops were conducted to identify the main problems related to increasing tourism, the indicators of capital assets related to these problems, and actions that can be implemented. The results indicate that the capital asset indicators that enhance the capacities to address these problems show commonalities among the sites. This research is a first step in considering different tourism destinations and contexts to identify common problems, actions and capacities to improve tourism resilience.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Resilience indicators for touristic destinations: empirical evidence for coastal regions in Mexico","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-20 18:30:58","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8000255/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"6ad914dc-9c85-4490-8841-8faa55cf045d","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 20th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-13T12:23:13+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-20 18:30:58","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8000255","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8000255","identity":"rs-8000255","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}