Born to be Biased: Genes and Miscalibrated Expectations

Almost all formal models of decision-making under uncertainty require agents to judge the likelihood of relevant uncertainties. Typically, decisions are best made when these judgements are unbiased. In the context of probabilistic subjective survival expectations, from a nationally representative English sample of participants aged over 50, we test whether IQ is associated with calibration. We find strong evidence that high-IQ respondents make substantially lower forecasting errors and produce less noise in their predictions than low-IQ respondents. These results are confirmed when we leverage the randomness in genetic variants linked to IQ as an instrumental variable (Mendelian Randomization) and when directly using participants genetic variants related to educational attainment—that captures IQ as well as other cognitive and non-cognitive traits relevant to educational success. These results highlight important channels through which IQ contributes to different beliefs about the world and may explain why low-IQ is often linked to poor financial decision-making, lower economic growth and economic welfare, and judgemental biases.