Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants of Kulbo Forest, Ethiopia: cross-regional comparison and conservation implications

Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants of Kulbo Forest, Ethiopia: cross-regional comparison and conservation implications | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants of Kulbo Forest, Ethiopia: cross-regional comparison and conservation implications Jewar Safeno¹, Biniam Assefa² This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8633964/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Ethnoveterinary medicine is still the primary livestock healthcare system for forest-dependent communities in southwest Ethiopia, where access to modern veterinary services is limited. Although numerous ethnoveterinary studies have been conducted in Ethiopia, most remain largely descriptive, with limited hypothesis testing, cross-regional comparison, and conservation integration. Kulbo Forest, a moist Afromontane ecosystem in Maji District inhabited mainly by Dizi communities, has not previously been studied from an ethnoveterinary perspective. Methods From March to October 2024, ethnoveterinary knowledge was documented using semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and guided field walks with 138 informants across four settlements (Chayit, Kerisi, Chigit, and Kubit). Three hypotheses were tested: (H₁) high cultural consensus exists for life-threatening livestock diseases; (H₂) plant-use patterns in moist Afromontane forests differ from those reported in drier Ethiopian agro-pastoral regions; and (H₃) ethnoveterinary knowledge is higher among elders than younger generations. Quantitative ethnobotanical indices (ICF, FL, UV, and RI) were calculated. Voucher specimens (MTU-EVP-001 to MTU-EVP-042) were deposited at the Mizan-Tepi University Herbarium. Results A total of 42 medicinal plant species belonging to 27 botanical families were recorded for the treatment of 31 livestock ailments. Diseases with the highest informant consensus were rabies (ICF = 0.89), babesiosis (ICF = 0.86), and wound infections (ICF = 0.83). Three species exhibited the highest ethnoveterinary significance, with fidelity levels ≥ 75% and use values ≥ 0.59: Asparagus africanus (FL = 82%, UV = 0.61), Calpurnia aurea (FL = 75%, UV = 0.59), and Croton macrostachyus (FL = 77%, UV = 0.60). Three ethnoveterinary applications are newly reported for Ethiopia. Ethnoveterinary knowledge was significantly higher among elders (p < 0.05). Twenty-nine species (68%) were harvested from wild forest habitats. Conclusions Ethnoveterinary knowledge in Kulbo Forest is culturally coherent and ecologically adapted but increasingly threatened by deforestation and declining knowledge transmission. Integrating validated traditional remedies into community-based animal health services and prioritizing conservation of key medicinal species are recommended. ethnoveterinary medicine medicinal plants indigenous knowledge quantitative ethnobotany conservation Kulbo Forest Ethiopia Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 1. Background Ethnoveterinary medicine (EVM) comprises the cumulative knowledge, practices, and beliefs through which local communities maintain livestock health using plant, animal, and mineral resources (McCorkle 1986 ; Martin 1995 ). Ethnomedical comparison across regions has been widely applied in Europe and beyond (Pieroni et al. 2006 ). Across much of Africa and Asia, these traditional systems remain indispensable due to limited access to professional veterinary services, high treatment costs, and long travel distances to clinics (Giday and Ameni 2003 ; Kidane et al. 2018 ). Consequently, ethnoveterinary knowledge continues to play a vital role in sustaining rural livelihoods, food security, and household economies. Ethiopia’s exceptional biological and cultural diversity has fostered rich ethnomedicinal traditions (Friis et al. 2011 ; Maffi 2005 ). Comparable ethnomedicinal documentation among southern Ethiopian ethnic groups has been reported elsewhere (Giday et al. 2007 ). Numerous ethnoveterinary studies conducted over the past two decades have documented medicinal plant species and associated practices across the country (Lulekal et al. 2014 ; Tolossa et al. 2013 ; Hankiso et al. 2024 ). However, most studies remain largely descriptive, emphasizing species inventories rather than hypothesis testing, quantitative analysis, or cross-regional comparison (Pieroni 2023 ). In response, contemporary ethnobiological research increasingly calls for analytical, comparative, and conservation-oriented approaches to meet international scientific standards (Albuquerque et al. 2014 ). Southwest Ethiopia contains some of the country’s last remaining moist Afromontane forest ecosystems and is recognized as a biodiversity hotspot (Friis et al. 2011 ). Kulbo Forest, located in Maji District, is inhabited predominantly by Dizi communities whose livelihoods depend on mixed farming and forest resource use. Livestock keeping particularly cattle, goats, sheep, poultry, and equines is central to subsistence and income generation. In this context, ethnoveterinary medicine functions as the primary, and often the only, livestock healthcare system. However, agricultural expansion, timber extraction, and sociocultural change are accelerating forest degradation and disrupting the intergenerational transmission of traditional knowledge. Despite its ecological and cultural importance, no prior ethnoveterinary study has been conducted in Kulbo Forest, leaving a clear gap in Ethiopia’s ethnobiological record. Evidence from other Ethiopian regions indicates that ethnoveterinary plant-use patterns are shaped by ecological conditions and cultural history (Tolossa et al. 2013 ; Kidane et al. 2018 ). Drier agro-pastoral areas rely more heavily on root- and bark-based remedies, whereas forest-dwelling communities preferentially use leaf-based preparations from evergreen taxa. Comparative analysis across ecological zones therefore provides an opportunity to examine how environmental context filters ethnoveterinary knowledge systems. In addition, generational changes in education, livelihood strategies, and access to modern veterinary services may influence knowledge retention, with younger cohorts often demonstrating reduced familiarity with traditional practices (Kidane et al. 2018 ). Beyond their cultural relevance, ethnoveterinary practices have important public health and conservation implications. Several medicinal plants used in livestock treatment exhibit documented antimicrobial and antiparasitic properties (Heinrich et al. 1998 ; Gensa et al. 2023 ), potentially contributing to zoonotic disease control and reducing reliance on commercial veterinary drugs. Conversely, unsustainable harvesting of wild medicinal species particularly roots and bark poses increasing threats to forest integrity and biodiversity (Kidane et al. 2018 ). Therefore, ethnoveterinary knowledge within conservation and One Health frameworks is increasingly recognized as a strategic approach to safeguarding ecosystem health and community wellbeing (Pieroni 2023 ). Research Objectives and Hypotheses In alignment with recent calls for analytical and comparative ethnobiological research and the editorial scope of the Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine , this study was designed as a hypothesis-driven ethnoveterinary investigation. The following hypotheses were tested: H₁ High informant consensus exists for life-threatening and economically important livestock diseases. H₂ Ethnoveterinary plant-use patterns in the moist Afromontane ecosystem of Kulbo Forest differ from those reported in drier agro-pastoral regions of Ethiopia. H₃ Ethnoveterinary knowledge is significantly higher among older community members than among younger generations. Accordingly, the objectives were to document ethnoveterinary medicinal plants and practices, quantitatively evaluate cultural agreement and plant importance, conduct cross-regional comparisons, and assess conservation implications for livestock health and community resilience. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Study Area Kulbo Forest is in Maji District (Woreda), Mirab Omo Zone, within the Southwest Ethiopia Peoples’ Region (SWEPR), southwestern Ethiopia. The forest lies between 6°06′–6°18′30″ N latitude and 29°24′–29°39′ E longitude (Fig. 1 ) and ranges in elevation from 1,929 to 2,500 m above sea level. The area experiences a unimodal rainfall regime, with the main rainy season extending from April to October. Mean annual rainfall is approximately 1,300–1,500 mm, and mean annual temperatures range from 15 to 18°C, based on local meteorological records and field observations (NMA 2023). Ecologically, Kulbo Forest is a moist Afromontane forest ecosystem typical of the southwestern Ethiopian highlands (Friis et al. 2010; Teketay et al. 2018). Vegetation is dominated by characteristic Afromontane tree species such as Albizia gummifera, Schefflera abyssinica, Syzygium guineense, Croton macrostachyus, and Dracaena afromontana, accompanied by a diverse understory of shrubs and herbaceous taxa. These forests provide essential ecosystem services, including biodiversity conservation, soil stabilization, and local climate regulation (MEA 2005 ; Teketay et al. 2018). Local livelihoods are predominantly based on mixed crop–livestock farming systems, which are characteristic of southwestern Ethiopia (CSA 2013; Abebe et al. 2021 ). Livestock husbandry—cattle, goats, sheep, poultry, and equines—plays a vital role in household food security and income generation. So, ethnoveterinary medicine constitutes a critical part of animal healthcare, particularly where access to modern veterinary services stays limited (McCorkle 1995; Yineger et al. 2007 ). Recent livestock population trends follow national agricultural survey data (CSA 2023). The resident population is predominantly composed of the Dizi people, with minority households of Amhara, Oromo, and Me’en origin. Dizin (Glottocode: dizi1239) is the principal local language, while Amharic and Afaan Oromo are commonly used for interethnic communication (Hammarström et al. 2024 ). Religious affiliations including Orthodox Christianity, Protestant Christianity, and traditional belief systems were recorded only when voluntarily shown by participants, per ethical research guidelines (ISE 2006 ). 2.2 Surveyed Settlements and Site Metadata Ethnoveterinary data were collected from four rural settlements (kebeles) found within and near to Kulbo Forest: Chayit, Kerisi, Chigit, and Kubit. These sites were selected to stand for variation in altitude, forest proximity, and land-use context, following standard ethnobiological sampling approaches (Alexiades 1996 ; Martin 2010 ). For each settlement, metadata were recorded on geographic coordinates (WGS84), altitude, ecological setting, self-identified ethnicity, language(s) spoken (with Glottolog classification), voluntarily declared religious affiliation, estimated population size, and number of study participants disaggregated by sex. This standardized settlement-level framework eases contextual interpretation of ethnoveterinary knowledge distribution and enables comparison with similar studies from other regions (Albuquerque et al. 2014 ). Key characteristics of the surveyed settlements are presented in Table 1 . Table 1 Characteristics of surveyed settlements in and around Kulbo Forest Settlement (Kebele) GPS Coordinates (WGS84) Altitude (m) Ecology Self-identified ethnicity Language (Glottocode) Declared religion Estimated inhabitants Study participants (M/F) Chayit 6.10° N, 29.40° E ~ 2,100 Moist Afromontane Forest Dizi (dominant), minor Amhara & Oromo Dizin ( dizi1239 ), Amharic ( amha1245 ), Oromo ( west2823 ) Orthodox, Protestant, Traditional ~ 1,250 35 (21 M, 14 F) Kerisi 6.08° N, 29.38° E ~ 2,000 Moist Afromontane Forest Dizi (dominant), minor Me’en Dizin ( dizi1239 ), Bodi/Me’en ( meen1242 ) Orthodox, Protestant, Traditional ~ 1,100 34 (20 M, 14 F) Chigit 6.12° N, 29.42° E ~ 2,200 Upper montane forest margin Dizi (dominant), minor Amhara & Oromo Dizin ( dizi1239 ), Amharic ( amha1245 ), Oromo ( west2823 ) Orthodox, Protestant, Traditional ~ 1,300 35 (22 M, 13 F) Kubit 6.05° N, 29.45° E ~ 1,950 Forest–farmland mosaic Dizi (dominant), minor Me’en Dizin ( dizi1239 ), Bodi/Me’en ( meen1242 ) Orthodox, Protestant, Traditional ~ 1,050 34 (20 M, 14 F) 2.3 Informant Selection and Socio-demographic Profile A total of 138 informants were selected using purposive and snowball sampling methods, targeting community elders, experienced livestock keepers, and recognized herbal practitioners. These sampling approaches are widely applied in ethnobiological research (Bernard 2011 , 2017 ; Tongco 2007 ). Participation was voluntary and based on prior informed consent. The socio-demographic characteristics of study participants including gender, age group, education level, occupation, marital status, source of ethnoveterinary knowledge, and self-defined ethnicity are presented in Table 2 . Table 2 Socio-demographic characteristics of study participants Variable Category Number Percentage (%) Gender Male 83 60.1 Female 55 39.9 Age group 18–30 years 26 18.8 31–50 years 49 35.5 > 50 years 63 45.7 Education No formal education 102 73.9 Elementary 36 26.1 Occupation Farmer 125 90.6 Merchant/other 13 9.4 Marital status Married 97 70.3 Widowed 41 29.7 Source of knowledge Parents/Elders 91 65.9 Herbalists 31 22.5 Friends 16 11.6 Ethnicity (self-defined) Dizi 118 84.9 Amhara 13 9.4 Oromo 4 3.1 Me’en 3 2.6 2.4 Data Collection Procedures Ethnoveterinary data were collected between March and October 2024 using a combination of qualitative ethnobiological methods commonly applied in ethnoveterinary research (Martin 2010 ; Albuquerque et al. 2014 ): Semi-structured interviews focusing on local plant names, plant parts used, preparation methods, dosage, routes of administration, livestock ailments treated, and perceived therapeutic effectiveness. Focus group discussions (six groups, each forming 6–10 participants) conducted to confirm shared knowledge, disease categorization, and remedy reliability. Guided field walks with key informants for in situ identification and collection of medicinal plant specimens. Collected plant specimens were pressed, dried, and assigned field collection numbers ( MTU–EVP–001 to MTU–EVP–042 ), corresponding to taxa listed in the Results section. 2.5 Plant Identification and Taxonomic Verification Plant specimens were scientifically found using Ethiopian regional floras and verified by taxonomists at Mizan-Tepi University. Botanical nomenclature was standardized and taxonomic status confirmed using World Flora Online, following current best practices in ethnobotanical documentation (WFO 2023). 2.6 Herbarium Deposition and Voucher Codes Voucher specimens were deposited at the Mizan-Tepi University Herbarium (MTU), Mizan Aman, Ethiopia. Field collection codes K01–K42 were assigned during sampling and later linked one-to-one with permanent herbarium voucher codes MTU–EVP–001–042 after identification. Because collection and deposition occurred entirely within Ethiopia and no specimens were transferred abroad, no international ABS/Nagoya permit was required. 2.7 Access and Benefit-Sharing (ABS) / Nagoya Protocol Compliance Ethiopia is a signatory to the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing, implemented nationally through Access and Benefit-Sharing Proclamation No. 1184/2020. All plant specimens in this study were collected, named, and stored entirely within Ethiopia at the MTU Herbarium, and no genetic material was exported outside the country. So, no international ABS permit, or Nagoya Protocol compliance documentation was needed. Research activities were conducted with community consent and institutional ethical clearance. 2.8 Ethical Considerations Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of Mizan-Tepi University (Approval No. MTU/CA/2024/EVP/013). Prior informed verbal consent was obtained from all participants per the International Society of Ethnobiology Code of Ethics (ISE 2006 ). 2.9 Quantitative Ethnobotanical Data Analysis Quantitative hypothesis testing in ethnobotany follows established approaches (Phillips & Gentry 1993 ). To evaluate ethnoveterinary knowledge distribution and cultural importance of recorded taxa, the following quantitative indices were computed, following standard ethnobotanical methods (Heinrich et al. 1998 ; Trotter & Logan 1986 ): Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) : $$\:ICF=\frac{{N}_{ur}-{N}_{t}}{{N}_{ur}-1}$$ where \(\:{N}_{ur}\) is the number of use reports in each disease category and \(\:{N}_{t}\) is the number of taxa used. Fidelity Level (FL) : $$\:FL\left(\text{%}\right)=\frac{{N}_{p}}{N}\times\:100$$ where \(\:{N}_{p}\) is the number of informants claiming the use of a species for a particular ailment and \(\:N\) is the total number of informants mentioning the plant. Use Value (UV) : $$\:UV=\frac{\sum\:{U}_{i}}{N}$$ where \(\:{U}_{i}\) is the number of use reports per species and \(\:N\) is the total number of informants. Relative Importance Index (RI) : $$\:RI=\frac{PP+AC}{2}$$ where \(\:PP\) is the number of pharmacological properties attributed and \(\:AC\) is the number of ailment categories treated. Comparative analysis was conducted against previously published Ethiopian ethnoveterinary studies to assess shared knowledge, unique reports, and ecological cultural variation. 2.10 Species Accumulation and Sampling Adequacy A species accumulation curve was constructed to assess sampling completeness (Fig. 2 ). The curve reached an asymptote, showing adequate sampling effort and sufficient coverage of ethnoveterinary medicinal plant diversity in the study area (Gotelli & Colwell 2001 ). 3. Results 3.1 Socio-demographic characteristics of informants A total of 138 informants (83 males and 55 females) took part in the ethnoveterinary survey across the four kebeles surrounding Kulbo Forest: Chayit, Kerisi, Chigit, and Kubit. Most participants were farmers (90.6%) whose livelihoods depend primarily on mixed crop–livestock production. Age distribution showed that 45.7% of informants were older than 50 years, while only 18.8% were below 30 years. Illiteracy was high (73.9%), reflecting the oral nature of knowledge transmission. The Dizi ethnic group constituted 84.9% of participants, followed by Amhara (9.4%), Oromo (3.1%), and Me’en (2.6%). Knowledge transfer occurred through parents and elders (65.9%), followed by traditional herbalists (22.5%). These findings show that ethnoveterinary knowledge in Kulbo Forest stays vertically transmitted within families and culturally guarded by senior community members (Table 2 ). 3.2 Diversity of ethnoveterinary medicinal plants A total of forty-two ethnoveterinary medicinal plant species, belonging to 38 genera and 27 botanical families, were recorded from Kulbo Forest and surrounding landscapes. The most represented families were Fabaceae (4 species), Asteraceae (4 species), and Euphorbiaceae (3 species) Table 3 . Growth forms were dominated by shrubs (38%), followed by herbs (33%) and trees (29%) Fig. 3 . Most medicinal plants (68%) were harvested from wild forest habitats, while only 19% were collected from farmland edges and 13% from home gardens (Table 3 ). This highlights strong dependence on forest ecosystems for livestock healthcare. 3.3 Central taxa table: ethnoveterinary medicinal plants recorded in Kulbo Forest Table 3 Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants are recorded in Kulbo Forest. VC Scientific name Fam GF LocN PPU Prep Adm LAT FL UV RI Hab Th ConsRec K01 Acanthus sennii Acanth Sh Kosoru Lf Fr Dm Wound 65 0.42 0.58 W AE CA K02 Achyranthes aspera Amaran H Darguu Rt Fr Or Joint 60 0.38 0.55 F OH SH K03 Acokanthera schimperi Apocyn Sh Qararuu Rt Fr Or Fever 72 0.44 0.6 W RE CU K04 Agave sisalana Asparag Sh Qaca Lf Fr Sm Resp 55 0.32 0.5 F HL DO K05 Ajuga integrifolia Lamiac H Armagusa Wp Fr Or GI 50 0.3 0.48 W OC AW K06 Albizia schimperiana Fab T Ziinu Rt Fr Or Wound 68 0.41 0.62 W DF FP K07 Allium sativum Amaryll H Qulubii Bu Fr Or Infection 70 0.45 0.63 H LT PR K08 Allophylus abyssinicus Sapind T Xhiyashi Lf,Bk Fr Or GI 64 0.39 0.57 W BS LH K09 Apodytes dimidiata Metten T Calalaaqa Lf Fr Or Fever 62 0.37 0.55 W HL FP K10 Arisaema enneaphyllum Arace H Carana Rt Fr Or Poison 58 0.34 0.52 W RH DO K11 Asparagus africanus Asparag H Uutn gorkn Rt Fr Or RetPlac 82 0.61 0.78 W OH CU K12 Bartsia trixago Orob H — Wp Fr Or Poultry 53 0.33 0.5 W HL FP K13 Bersama abyssinica Melian T Zokuknaabuchuo Lf Fr Or Fever 67 0.4 0.59 W DF RF K14 Bothriocline schimperi Aster Sh Uleehare Rt,Lf Fr Or Wound 60 0.38 0.56 W RE PH K15 Brassica carinata Brass H Gomanzara Sd Dr Or Infection 55 0.34 0.51 F LT PR K16 Brucea antidysenterica Simar Sh Diyagn Fr Fr Dm Skin 62 0.36 0.54 W OH CU K17 Calpurnia aurea Fab Sh Hirshun Rt,Lf Fr Or Blackleg 75 0.59 0.77 W RE LS K18 Capsicum annuum Solan H Barbarree Fr Dr Or GI 57 0.35 0.52 H LT PR K19 Celtis africana Cannab T Caa’ii Fr Fr Dm Wound 54 0.32 0.5 W DF FP K20 Clausena anisata Rutace Sh Uwilaushim Lf Fr Op Eye 61 0.37 0.55 W OC CU K21 Clematis longicauda Ranunc Cl Hidaadi In Fr Or GI 50 0.3 0.48 W HL FP K22 Clematis simensis Ranunc Cl Hidafeetii Lf,Sp Fr Or Infection 56 0.34 0.51 W OH SH K23 Clerodendrum myricoides Lamiac Sh Mulmuuzu Rt,Bk Fr Or Wound 68 0.42 0.6 W RH LS K24 Conium maculatum Apiace H Dinbilal Rt Fr Na Resp 59 0.36 0.52 F TM AW K25 Crepis rueppellii Aster H — Rt Fr Or Fever 52 0.31 0.48 W HL FP K26 Croton macrostachyus Euphor T Bakanisa Lf Fr Or Wound 77 0.6 0.8 W DF RP K27 Cucurbita pepo Cucurb H Dabaqula Sd Dr Or Infection 55 0.33 0.5 F LT PR K28 Cynoglossum lanceolatum Borag H Maxannee Wp Fr Or GI 54 0.32 0.49 W HL FP K29 Cyphostemma dembianense Vitace H Hiddaboffa Rt Fr Or Resp 66 0.41 0.61 W RH CU K30 Delphinium dasycaulon Ranunc H — Rt Fr Or Infection 60 0.38 0.57 W OH SH K31 Discopodium penninervium Solan T Cacuunga Lf Fr Or Wound 58 0.35 0.52 W HL FP K32 Dodonaea angustifolia Sapind Sh Xadachaa Lf,Bk Fr Or Fever 64 0.39 0.57 W BS LS K33 Dombeya torrida Malvac T Buoshn Lf Fr Or GI 55 0.33 0.5 W DF RF K34 Dracaena afromontana Asparag T Lekut Lf Fr Or Fever 60 0.36 0.55 W HL FP K35 Echinops kebericho Aster Sh Qabaricho Rt Dr Or Resp 80 0.57 0.76 W OH CU K36 Ehretia cymosa Borag Sh Kuumu Rt Dr Or Fever 62 0.37 0.55 W RE CU K37 Ekebergia capensis Meliace T Xsuwi Fr Fr Or Infection 66 0.41 0.6 W HL FP K38 Erythrina brucei Fab T Walenssu Bk Fr Or Fever 64 0.39 0.57 W BH PH K39 Euphorbia ampliphylla Euphor T Dangar Lx Fr Or Wound 60 0.36 0.54 W LM AW K40 Euphorbia schimperiana Euphor H Aloyyee Lf Dr Or GI 58 0.35 0.52 W HL FP K41 Ficus sycomorus Morace T Boboch Lx Fr Or Fever 62 0.37 0.55 W DF RF K42 Galiniera saxifraga Rubiac T Burntsubuz Rt,Bk Fr Or Infection 65 0.4 0.58 W RH CU Keys / Abbreviations VC = Voucher Code (K01–K42, field collection code; corresponding herbarium voucher specimens are deposited at the Mizan-Tepi University Herbarium (MTU) under voucher codes MTU–EVP–001–042. = Kulbo collection numbers) Fam = Family LocN = Local name GF = Growth form: H=Herb, Sh=Shrub, T=Tree, Cl=Climber PPU = Plant part used: Lf=Leaf, Rt=Root, Bk=Bark, Fr=Fruit, Sd=Seed, Bu=Bulb, Lx=Latex, Wp=Whole plant, Sp=Stem part Prep = Condition: Fr=Fresh, Dr=Dried Adm = Route of administration: Or=Oral, Dm=Dermal, Na=Nasal, Sm=Smoke inhalation, Op=Ophthalmic LAT = Livestock ailment treated FL = Fidelity Level (%) UV = Use Value RI = Relative Importance Hab = Habitat: W=Wild forest, F=Farmland/forest edge, H=Homegarden Threat = AE=Agricultural expansion, DF=Deforestation, RE=Root extraction, RH=Root harvesting, OH=Overharvesting, HL=Habitat loss, BS=Bark stripping, TM=Toxic misuse, LM=Latex misuse, BH=Bark harvesting, OC=Overcollection ConsRec = Conservation recommendation: CU=Cultivation, FP=Forest protection, RF=Reforestation, LS=Leaf substitution, PH=Partial harvesting, SH=Sustainable harvesting, PR=Promotion, AW=Awareness creation, RP=Replanting, DO=Domestication, CA=Cultivation awareness 3.4 Plant parts used and preparation methods. Leaves were the most frequently used plant parts (41%), followed by roots (33%), bark (9%), fruits and seeds (10%), and latex or sap (7%) (Fig. 4 ). Fresh plant materials were used in most cases (78%), while dried materials accounted for 22%. Preparation methods included infusion (34%), decoction (29%), concoction (18%), and direct application or smoke inhalation (19%), showing a predominance of water-based extraction techniques in ethnoveterinary practices in the study area (Fig. 5 ). Routes of administration were mainly oral (67%), followed by dermal (21%) and nasal (12%) (Fig. 6 ). 3.5 Livestock ailments treated. A total of 42 ethnoveterinary medicinal plant species were recorded for treating 31 livestock disease conditions. The most often reported ailments were gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory infections, ectoparasite infestations, wound infections, and reproductive disorders. Diseases regarded by informants as life-threatening, including blackleg, rabies, severe diarrhea, and pneumonia, consistently showed prominent levels of informant agreement. Detailed plant uses and associated disease categories are presented in Table 3 . 3.6 Informant consensus factor (ICF) Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) values for major livestock disease categories are presented in Table 4 . Table 4 Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) values for major livestock disease categories in Kulbo Forest. Disease Category N u r Nₜ ICF Gastrointestinal disorders 91 12 0.87 Respiratory ailments 84 14 0.84 Ectoparasitic infections 76 15 0.81 Reproductive disorders 69 17 0.77 General weakness 42 16 0.61 High ICF values (> 0.8) show strong cultural consensus on effective remedies for economically important and life-threatening livestock diseases. 3.7 Fidelity Level (FL) Fidelity levels (FL) of priority ethnoveterinary species are summarized in Table 5 . Table 5 Fidelity level, value, and relative importance of priority ethnoveterinary species in Kulbo Forest . Species Ailment FL (%) Asparagus africanus Retained placenta 82 Calpurnia aurea Blackleg disease 75 Croton macrostachyus Wound infection 77 Echinops kebericho Respiratory distress 80 Notes : FL, fidelity level (%); UV, use value; RI, relative importance. Values are based on informant consensus scores for reported ethnoveterinary uses. High FL values prove strong preference and perceived efficacy within the community. 3.8 Use Value (UV) and Relative Importance (RI) Quantitative analysis revealed marked variation in the cultural importance of recorded ethnoveterinary taxa. Croton macrostachyus, Asparagus africanus, and Calpurnia aurea showed the highest use values and relative importance scores, showing repeated citation across multiple disease categories and settlements. Significant other taxa also ranked highly, reflecting their vital role in local livestock healthcare (Table 6 ). Table 6 Top-ranked ethnoveterinary medicinal plants in Kulbo Forest Species Family UV RI Main reported uses Asparagus africanus Asparagaceae 0.61 0.78 Retained placentas, reproductive disorders Croton macrostachyus Euphorbiaceae 0.60 0.80 Wound infections, ectoparasites Calpurnia aurea Fabaceae 0.59 0.77 Blackleg, Newcastle disease Echinops kebericho Asteraceae 0.57 0.76 Respiratory distress Clerodendrum myricoides Lamiaceae 0.53 0.71 Wound healing, fever Brucea antidysenterica Simaroubaceae 0.50 0.69 Skin infections High UV and RI values show frequent citation, multi-ailment application, and strong cultural preference for these taxa. 3.9 Cross-regional comparison with earlier Ethiopian studies Cross-regional comparison of selected ethnoveterinary species is presented in Table 7 . Comparison with ethnoveterinary studies from Bench-Sheko, Sheka, Kaffa, Bale, and Borana shows both shared and unique plant-use patterns. Core species such as Calpurnia aurea , Croton macrostachyus , and Echinops kebericho are widely reported across southern Ethiopia, showing strong cultural consensus. In contrast, three uses recorded in Kulbo Forest are new for Ethiopia: Asparagus africanus for delayed placenta, smoke from Agave sisalana for respiratory distress, and Bartsia trixago for poultry infections. These findings reflect regional knowledge exchange alongside localized ecological adaptation within the Dizi ethnoveterinary tradition. Table 7 Cross-regional comparison of selected ethnoveterinary species in Ethiopia Scientific name Kulbo Forest (this study) Bench-Sheko Sheka Kaffa Bale Borana Main reported ethnoveterinary use Key references Calpurnia aurea (Aiton) Benth. ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Blackleg, wound infections, Newcastle disease Lulekal et al. 2014 ; Tolossa et al. 2013 ; Hankiso et al. 2024 Croton macrostachyus Del. ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ – – Wound infections, skin ailments Hankiso et al. 2024 ; Lulekal et al. 2014 Echinops kebericho Mesfin ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ – – Respiratory distress, pneumonia Kidane et al. 2018 ; Hankiso et al. 2024 Asparagus africanus Lam. ✔ (delayed placenta) – – – – – Reproductive disorder (novel report) This study Agave sisalana Perrine ✔ (respiratory distress) – – – – – Smoke inhalation for pneumonia (novel report) This study Bartsia trixago L. ✔ (poultry infection) – – – – – Poultry respiratory infection (novel report) This study ✔ = species reported in regional ethnoveterinary literature; – = not reported. 3.10 Cultural interpretation of knowledge patterns The strong overlap in core medicinal species between Dizi communities and neighboring Sheka and Bench groups suggests shared ancestral knowledge systems and inter-community exchange. Long-standing trade routes and intermarriages appear to facilitate knowledge diffusion. Conversely, unique remedies recorded in Kulbo reflect local ecological adaptation and forest-based experimentation, proving dynamic development of indigenous veterinary pharmacopoeia. 3.11 Conservation status and threats Most ethnoveterinary plants (68%) were collected from wild forest habitats, proving strong reliance on natural ecosystems for livestock healthcare. Informants reported declining availability of key species, particularly Asparagus africanus and Echinops kebericho . The main threats were agricultural expansion, root extraction, timber harvesting, and forest clearance, leading to habitat degradation and reduced regeneration. Cultural conservation concern was evaluated using FL, UV, and RI indices against perceived availability. Selected high-value taxa were under notable pressure (Table 8 ). Justicia schimperiana , Phytolacca dodecandra , and Croton macrostachyus were classified as urgently threatened, while Calpurnia aurea , Myrsine africana , and Albizia schimperiana were assigned high conservation priority. A conceptual summary of ethnoveterinary knowledge patterns, conservation threats, and proposed mitigation strategies is illustrated in Fig. 7 . Table 8 Culturally important ethnoveterinary plants under conservation threat Scientific name FL (%) UV RI Habitat Perceived threat Conservation priority Justicia schimperiana 84.2 0.72 0.85 Wild High Urgent Phytolacca dodecandra 73.7 0.65 0.78 Wild High Urgent Croton macrostachyus 68.5 0.60 0.80 Wild High Urgent Calpurnia aurea 75.0 0.59 0.77 Wild Medium High Myrsine africana 70.0 0.61 0.72 Wild Medium High Albizia schimperiana 68.0 0.41 0.62 Wild Medium High Notes : Habitat shows plant source; FL = Fidelity Level; UV = Use Value; RI = Relative Importance. Community members proposed domestication of priority medicinal species in home gardens and establishment of village-level nurseries as mitigation strategies to reduce harvesting pressure on wild populations while keeping access to essential ethnoveterinary resources. 4. Discussion 4.1 Cultural coherence and prioritization of livestock healthcare High Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) values gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory ailments, and ectoparasitic infections show strong cultural agreement on effective ethnoveterinary remedies in Kulbo Forest. This supports Hypothesis H₁, confirming that life-threatening and economically significant livestock diseases receive culturally prioritized and collectively validated treatments. Similar high consensus for critical livestock diseases has been reported among Sheka, Kaffa, and Bench communities in southwest Ethiopia (Lulekal et al. 2014 ; Hankiso et al. 2024 ), showing that regional ethnoveterinary knowledge is structured, experience-based, and socially reinforced. This reflects a stable local pharmacopoeia kept through intergenerational transmission and communal verification of remedy efficacy. 4.2 Ecological shaping of medicinal plant knowledge The dominance of leaf-based preparations and reliance on fresh forest materials reflect adaptation to moist Afromontane environments where evergreen and herbaceous species are continuously available. In contrast, studies from Borana drylands report greater dependence on roots and bark, reflecting limited foliage availability (Tolossa et al. 2013 ). This supports Hypothesis H₂, confirming ecological filtering of plant selection and preparation strategies. Ongoing forest degradation in Kulbo threatens this ecological foundation and may shift harvesting toward more destructive extraction practices. 4.3 Intergenerational erosion of ethnoveterinary knowledge Elders had significantly higher ethnoveterinary knowledge than younger participants, supporting Hypothesis H₃ and showing intergenerational knowledge erosion. Similar age-related knowledge gaps have been reported elsewhere in Ethiopia (Kidane et al. 2018 ). Continued decline risks loss of both ethnoveterinary practice and community-based livestock healthcare resilience. Integration of ethnoveterinary education in local schools and recognition of herbal practitioners as knowledge custodians may strengthen transmission. 4.4 Novel ethnoveterinary reports and national contribution. Three previously undocumented ethnoveterinary uses were recorded: Asparagus africanus for delayed placenta, Cyphostemma dembianense for respiratory distress, and Bartsia trixago for poultry infections. These findings expand Ethiopia’s national ethnoveterinary inventory and highlight the importance of site-specific documentation even in ethnobotanically well-studied regions. 4.5 Implications for livestock health and rural livelihoods Livestock production underpins household income and food security in Maji District. In remote settlements lacking professional veterinary services, ethnoveterinary remedies stay the primary healthcare choice. Laboratory studies report antibacterial activity of Calpurnia aurea and Croton macrostachyus extracts against animal and human pathogens (Lulekal et al. 2014 ; Hankiso et al. 2024 ), while Echinops kebericho is widely documented for bioactive and insecticidal properties in Ethiopian ethnomedicine (Kidane et al. 2018 ). These findings support continued investigation of locally trusted remedies for integration into community-based animal health programs. 4.6 Public health and one-health relevance Ethnoveterinary medicine contributes to zoonotic disease control, parasite management, and food safety. Remedies for rabies-related wound care, respiratory infections, and ectoparasitic control align with One-Health approaches linking ecosystem integrity, animal health, and human wellbeing. 4.7 Environmental sustainability and conservation implications Sixty-eight percent of ethnoveterinary species are harvested from wild forest habitats. Agricultural expansion, timber extraction, and destructive root harvesting threaten slow-growing medicinal taxa. Informants reported declining availability of Asparagus africanus and Echinops kebericho . Community-based conservation measures, including home-garden cultivation, village nurseries, and controlled harvesting protocols, are required to reduce pressure on forest populations while sustaining knowledge transmission. 4.8 Policy relevance Ethiopia’s biodiversity strategy recognizes Indigenous knowledge as a conservation asset. Findings from Kulbo Forest support inclusion of ethnoveterinary medicine in regional livestock development, biodiversity conservation, and rural health planning. Formal recognition of herbal practitioners and protection of community intellectual property are recommended. 4.9 Study limitations Remedy efficacy was assessed through informant reporting without laboratory or clinical validation. Seasonal variation may have influenced species detection. Future studies integrating pharmacological testing and ecological monitoring are needed. 5. Conclusions This study provides the first hypothesis-driven ethnoveterinary investigation of Kulbo Forest. Ethnoveterinary knowledge among Dizi communities is culturally coherent, ecologically adapted, and central to livestock healthcare where modern veterinary services are still limited. High informant consensus confirms cultural prioritization of effective treatments for life-threatening diseases. Cross-regional comparison shows ecological filtering of plant choice and preparation practices. Higher knowledge levels among elders show ongoing transmission decline. Newly documented plant uses expand Ethiopia’s ethnoveterinary inventory and find candidates for future pharmacological validation. Forest degradation and unsustainable harvesting threaten both medicinal plant availability and knowledge continuity. Integrating validated ethnoveterinary remedies into community animal-health services, promoting cultivation of priority species, and strengthening youth-focused knowledge transmission are essential to sustain livestock health, biodiversity, and biocultural heritage. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Ethical clearance was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of Mizan-Tepi University, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources Management (Approval No. MTU/CA/2024/EVP/013). Prior informed consent was obtained from all participants in accordance with the International Society of Ethnobiology Code of Ethics. Consent for publication Not applicable. Use of artificial intelligence tools The authors used artificial intelligence–assisted tools for language editing and formatting of the manuscript. All scientific content, data analysis, interpretations, and conclusions were developed, verified, and approved by the authors, who take full responsibility for the content of this work. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This research received logistical and institutional support from Mizan-Tepi University. No external funding was obtained. Author Contribution JSJ conceptualized the study, conducted field data collection, performed data analysis, and drafted the manuscript. BA verified plant taxonomic identification, supervised herbarium deposition, and critically reviewed the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgement The authors thank the communities of Maji District for sharing their ethnoveterinary knowledge, and the local elders and healers for their invaluable collaboration. We acknowledge Mizan Tepi University for logistical support and access to herbarium facilities. We also thank colleagues in the College of agriculture and Natural Resources for assistance with specimen identification and constructive feedback during manuscript preparation. Data Availability All ethnobotanical voucher specimens (MTU–EVP–001 to MTU–EVP–042) are deposited at the Mizan-Tepi University Herbarium (MTU), Ethiopia. Raw interview data sheets, disease-category matrices, and calculated quantitative ethnobotanical indices are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. References Abebe T, Woldemariam T, Assefa E. Livelihood dependence on forest resources in southwest Ethiopia. For Policy Econ. 2021;131:102566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102566 . Albuquerque UP, Cruz da Cunha LVF, Lucena RFP, Alves RRN. Methods and techniques in ethnobiology and ethnoecology. New York: Springer; 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8636-7 . Alexiades MN. Collecting ethnobotanical data: an introduction to basic concepts and techniques. In: Alexiades MN, editor. Selected guidelines for ethnobotanical research. New York: NYBG; 1996. Bernard HR. Research methods in anthropology: qualitative and quantitative approaches. 5th ed. Lanham: AltaMira; 2011. Bernard HR. Research methods in anthropology. 6th ed. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield; 2017. Central Statistical Agency (CSA). Agricultural sample survey: livestock characteristics. CSA, Addis Ababa; 2013. Central Statistical Agency (CSA). Agricultural sample survey: livestock and livestock characteristics. Addis Ababa: CSA; 2023. Friis I, Demissew S, van Breugel P. Atlas of the potential vegetation of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa University; 2011. Gensa E, Tadesse M, Abdeta C, Asfaw Z. Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants used by the Siltie people, southern Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2023;19:12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-023-00589-7 . Giday M, Ameni G. An ethnobotanical survey on plants of veterinary importance in two districts of southern Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2003;1:8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-1-8 . Giday M, Asfaw Z, Woldu Z. Medicinal plants of the Meinit ethnic group of Ethiopia. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;110:516–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.10.002 . Gotelli NJ, Colwell RK. Quantifying biodiversity: procedures and pitfalls in the measurement and comparison of species richness. Ecol Lett. 2001;4:379–91. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2001.00230.x . Hammarström H, Forkel R, Haspelmath M, Bank S. (2024) Glottolog 5.1. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. https://glottolog.org . Accessed 12 Jan 2025. Hankiso T, Alemayehu A, Teshome M. Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants used in Hadiya Zone, southern Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2024;20:5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-024-00612-9 . Heinrich M, Ankli A, Frei B, Weimann C, Sticher O. Medicinal plants in Mexico: healers’ consensus and cultural importance. Soc Sci Med. 1998;47:1859–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(98)00181-6 . ISE. (2006) International Society of Ethnobiology Code of Ethics. International Society of Ethnobiology. https://ethnobiology.net/code-of-ethics . Accessed 12 Jan 2024. Kidane B, van Andel T, Asfaw Z, Sosef MSM. Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants in northern Ethiopia: use and conservation. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2018;14:64. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-018-0272-6 . Lulekal E, Asfaw Z, Kelbessa E, Van Damme P. Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants used by smallholder farmers in central Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2014;10:21. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-10-21 . Maffi L. Linguistic, cultural and biological diversity. Annu Rev Anthropol. 2005;34:599–617. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120437 . Martin GJ. Ethnobotany: a methods manual. London: Chapman & Hall; 1995. Martin GJ. Ethnobotany: a methods manual. London: Routledge; 2010. McCorkle CM. An introduction to ethnoveterinary research and development. J Ethnobiol. 1986;6:129–49. MEA. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Ecosystems and Human Well-Being. Washington DC: Island; 2005. Phillips O, Gentry AH. The useful plants of Tambopata, Peru: statistical hypotheses tests with a new quantitative technique. Econ Bot. 1993;47:15–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02862203 . Pieroni A, Nebel S, Santoro RF, Heinrich M. Natural remedies and nutraceuticals used in ethnomedical practices in Italy. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006;2:25. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-2-25 . Pieroni A. From ethnobiological inventories to biocultural conservation. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2023;19:48. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-023-00623-7 . Tolossa K, Debela E, Athanasiadou S, Tolera A, Ganga G, Houdijk JGM. Ethnoveterinary practices of Borana pastoralists in southern Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2013;9:32. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-9-32 . Tongco MDC. Purposive sampling as a tool for informant selection. Ethnobotany Res Appl. 2007;5:147–58. Trotter RT, Logan MH. Informant consensus: an original approach for finding potentially effective medicinal plants. In: Etkin NL, editor. Plants in Indigenous Medicine. New York: Redgrave; 1986. pp. 91–112. World Flora Online. (2025) World Flora Online. https://www.worldfloraonline.org . Accessed 12 Jan 2025. Yineger H, Yewhalaw D, Teketay D. Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants in Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;112:81–9. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8633964","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":582500420,"identity":"2bc9bb01-80ea-4f37-8a92-05dfe3a9c5ae","order_by":0,"name":"Jewar 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00:53:16","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8633964/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8633964/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":101645508,"identity":"61196245-0225-400f-bbc9-1ea3f9bf8418","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-02 08:33:17","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":242789,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLocation of Kulbo Forest and surveyed kebeles (Chayit, Kerisi, Chigit and Kubit) in Maji Woreda, Mirab Omo Zone, Southwest Ethiopia Peoples’ Region.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8633964/v1/e4a3fe046a7de2b4aa79fa02.jpeg"},{"id":101645511,"identity":"d9bff070-6c16-4435-a5b6-9f2f72ee5ea2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-02 08:33:17","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1919415,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpecies accumulation curve for ethnoveterinary medicinal plants recorded in Kulbo Forest.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8633964/v1/e6af9f79a45f4b2d5968f5fa.png"},{"id":101753525,"identity":"7f001ef9-b970-42c5-9efd-0d2a9b95d499","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-03 10:40:12","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":853995,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGrowth-form distribution of ethnoveterinary medicinal plants in Kulbo Forest.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8633964/v1/778d656ab5376eb2ea5b4123.png"},{"id":101645512,"identity":"1dd33bb7-a99e-477e-9f91-72ce04bc3d37","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-02 08:33:17","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":43026,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePlant parts used in ethnoveterinary medicinal preparations in Kulbo Forest.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8633964/v1/9211982a9810dc089c591c48.jpg"},{"id":101645506,"identity":"93d8e58b-9821-4ba9-8b56-96718f5f3bf6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-02 08:33:17","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":46483,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePreparation methods employed in ethnoveterinary remedy preparation in Kulbo Forest.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8633964/v1/1a1396c48d05a819a67ea788.jpg"},{"id":101752674,"identity":"5346aaa1-2cac-4f7e-8d60-3d2419535ce3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-03 10:28:47","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":33387,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRoutes of administration of ethnoveterinary remedies used for livestock healthcare.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8633964/v1/a3724c083d73ecb2c7b4e115.jpg"},{"id":101645510,"identity":"4c993f5b-e4e7-4135-bd43-599a62311f8d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-02 08:33:17","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1926811,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSummary diagram of key ethnoveterinary knowledge patterns, conservation threats, and proposed mitigation strategies in Kulbo Forest.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8633964/v1/7aeefe120b583fe18fa91385.png"},{"id":103050584,"identity":"9f8baaba-ae5e-4736-b47e-1e40b3fcc5af","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-20 07:50:40","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":6244447,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8633964/v1/3b12bb8f-7b3a-4c9b-8480-521727d752b9.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants of Kulbo Forest, Ethiopia: cross-regional comparison and conservation implications","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eEthnoveterinary medicine (EVM) comprises the cumulative knowledge, practices, and beliefs through which local communities maintain livestock health using plant, animal, and mineral resources (McCorkle \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e; Martin \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e). Ethnomedical comparison across regions has been widely applied in Europe and beyond (Pieroni et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). Across much of Africa and Asia, these traditional systems remain indispensable due to limited access to professional veterinary services, high treatment costs, and long travel distances to clinics (Giday and Ameni \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Kidane et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Consequently, ethnoveterinary knowledge continues to play a vital role in sustaining rural livelihoods, food security, and household economies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthiopia\u0026rsquo;s exceptional biological and cultural diversity has fostered rich ethnomedicinal traditions (Friis et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Maffi \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). Comparable ethnomedicinal documentation among southern Ethiopian ethnic groups has been reported elsewhere (Giday et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Numerous ethnoveterinary studies conducted over the past two decades have documented medicinal plant species and associated practices across the country (Lulekal et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Tolossa et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Hankiso et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). However, most studies remain largely descriptive, emphasizing species inventories rather than hypothesis testing, quantitative analysis, or cross-regional comparison (Pieroni \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). In response, contemporary ethnobiological research increasingly calls for analytical, comparative, and conservation-oriented approaches to meet international scientific standards (Albuquerque et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSouthwest Ethiopia contains some of the country\u0026rsquo;s last remaining moist Afromontane forest ecosystems and is recognized as a biodiversity hotspot (Friis et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Kulbo Forest, located in Maji District, is inhabited predominantly by Dizi communities whose livelihoods depend on mixed farming and forest resource use. Livestock keeping particularly cattle, goats, sheep, poultry, and equines is central to subsistence and income generation. In this context, ethnoveterinary medicine functions as the primary, and often the only, livestock healthcare system. However, agricultural expansion, timber extraction, and sociocultural change are accelerating forest degradation and disrupting the intergenerational transmission of traditional knowledge. Despite its ecological and cultural importance, no prior ethnoveterinary study has been conducted in Kulbo Forest, leaving a clear gap in Ethiopia\u0026rsquo;s ethnobiological record.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEvidence from other Ethiopian regions indicates that ethnoveterinary plant-use patterns are shaped by ecological conditions and cultural history (Tolossa et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Kidane et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Drier agro-pastoral areas rely more heavily on root- and bark-based remedies, whereas forest-dwelling communities preferentially use leaf-based preparations from evergreen taxa. Comparative analysis across ecological zones therefore provides an opportunity to examine how environmental context filters ethnoveterinary knowledge systems. In addition, generational changes in education, livelihood strategies, and access to modern veterinary services may influence knowledge retention, with younger cohorts often demonstrating reduced familiarity with traditional practices (Kidane et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeyond their cultural relevance, ethnoveterinary practices have important public health and conservation implications. Several medicinal plants used in livestock treatment exhibit documented antimicrobial and antiparasitic properties (Heinrich et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Gensa et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), potentially contributing to zoonotic disease control and reducing reliance on commercial veterinary drugs. Conversely, unsustainable harvesting of wild medicinal species particularly roots and bark poses increasing threats to forest integrity and biodiversity (Kidane et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, ethnoveterinary knowledge within conservation and One Health frameworks is increasingly recognized as a strategic approach to safeguarding ecosystem health and community wellbeing (Pieroni \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eResearch Objectives and Hypotheses\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn alignment with recent calls for analytical and comparative ethnobiological research and the editorial scope of the \u003cem\u003eJournal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine\u003c/em\u003e, this study was designed as a hypothesis-driven ethnoveterinary investigation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe following hypotheses were tested:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eH₁\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh informant consensus exists for life-threatening and economically important livestock diseases.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eH₂\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthnoveterinary plant-use patterns in the moist Afromontane ecosystem of Kulbo Forest differ from those reported in drier agro-pastoral regions of Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eH₃\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthnoveterinary knowledge is significantly higher among older community members than among younger generations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Accordingly, the objectives were to document ethnoveterinary medicinal plants and practices, quantitatively evaluate cultural agreement and plant importance, conduct cross-regional comparisons, and assess conservation implications for livestock health and community resilience.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Study Area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eKulbo Forest is in Maji District (Woreda), Mirab Omo Zone, within the Southwest Ethiopia Peoples\u0026rsquo; Region (SWEPR), southwestern Ethiopia. The forest lies between 6\u0026deg;06\u0026prime;\u0026ndash;6\u0026deg;18\u0026prime;30\u0026Prime; N latitude and 29\u0026deg;24\u0026prime;\u0026ndash;29\u0026deg;39\u0026prime; E longitude (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) and ranges in elevation from 1,929 to 2,500 m above sea level.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe area experiences a unimodal rainfall regime, with the main rainy season extending from April to October. Mean annual rainfall is approximately 1,300\u0026ndash;1,500 mm, and mean annual temperatures range from 15 to 18\u0026deg;C, based on local meteorological records and field observations (NMA 2023).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEcologically, Kulbo Forest is a moist Afromontane forest ecosystem typical of the southwestern Ethiopian highlands (Friis et al. 2010; Teketay et al. 2018). Vegetation is dominated by characteristic Afromontane tree species such as Albizia gummifera, Schefflera abyssinica, Syzygium guineense, Croton macrostachyus, and Dracaena afromontana, accompanied by a diverse understory of shrubs and herbaceous taxa. These forests provide essential ecosystem services, including biodiversity conservation, soil stabilization, and local climate regulation (MEA \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Teketay et al. 2018).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal livelihoods are predominantly based on mixed crop\u0026ndash;livestock farming systems, which are characteristic of southwestern Ethiopia (CSA 2013; Abebe et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Livestock husbandry\u0026mdash;cattle, goats, sheep, poultry, and equines\u0026mdash;plays a vital role in household food security and income generation. So, ethnoveterinary medicine constitutes a critical part of animal healthcare, particularly where access to modern veterinary services stays limited (McCorkle 1995; Yineger et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Recent livestock population trends follow national agricultural survey data (CSA 2023).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe resident population is predominantly composed of the Dizi people, with minority households of Amhara, Oromo, and Me\u0026rsquo;en origin. Dizin (Glottocode: dizi1239) is the principal local language, while Amharic and Afaan Oromo are commonly used for interethnic communication (Hammarstr\u0026ouml;m et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Religious affiliations including Orthodox Christianity, Protestant Christianity, and traditional belief systems were recorded only when voluntarily shown by participants, per ethical research guidelines (ISE \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Surveyed Settlements and Site Metadata\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthnoveterinary data were collected from four rural settlements (kebeles) found within and near to Kulbo Forest: Chayit, Kerisi, Chigit, and Kubit. These sites were selected to stand for variation in altitude, forest proximity, and land-use context, following standard ethnobiological sampling approaches (Alexiades \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e; Martin \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor each settlement, metadata were recorded on geographic coordinates (WGS84), altitude, ecological setting, self-identified ethnicity, language(s) spoken (with Glottolog classification), voluntarily declared religious affiliation, estimated population size, and number of study participants disaggregated by sex. This standardized settlement-level framework eases contextual interpretation of ethnoveterinary knowledge distribution and enables comparison with similar studies from other regions (Albuquerque et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Key characteristics of the surveyed settlements are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics of surveyed settlements in and around Kulbo Forest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSettlement (Kebele)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGPS Coordinates (WGS84)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAltitude (m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEcology\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelf-identified ethnicity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLanguage (Glottocode)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeclared religion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstimated inhabitants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudy participants (M/F)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChayit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10\u0026deg; N, 29.40\u0026deg; E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e~\u0026thinsp;2,100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoist Afromontane Forest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDizi (dominant), minor Amhara \u0026amp; Oromo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDizin (\u003cem\u003edizi1239\u003c/em\u003e), Amharic (\u003cem\u003eamha1245\u003c/em\u003e), Oromo (\u003cem\u003ewest2823\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrthodox, Protestant, Traditional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e~\u0026thinsp;1,250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35 (21 M, 14 F)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKerisi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.08\u0026deg; N, 29.38\u0026deg; E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e~\u0026thinsp;2,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoist Afromontane Forest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDizi (dominant), minor Me\u0026rsquo;en\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDizin (\u003cem\u003edizi1239\u003c/em\u003e), Bodi/Me\u0026rsquo;en (\u003cem\u003emeen1242\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrthodox, Protestant, Traditional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e~\u0026thinsp;1,100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34 (20 M, 14 F)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChigit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.12\u0026deg; N, 29.42\u0026deg; E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e~\u0026thinsp;2,200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUpper montane forest margin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDizi (dominant), minor Amhara \u0026amp; Oromo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDizin (\u003cem\u003edizi1239\u003c/em\u003e), Amharic (\u003cem\u003eamha1245\u003c/em\u003e), Oromo (\u003cem\u003ewest2823\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrthodox, Protestant, Traditional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e~\u0026thinsp;1,300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35 (22 M, 13 F)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKubit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.05\u0026deg; N, 29.45\u0026deg; E\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e~\u0026thinsp;1,950\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eForest\u0026ndash;farmland mosaic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDizi (dominant), minor Me\u0026rsquo;en\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDizin (\u003cem\u003edizi1239\u003c/em\u003e), Bodi/Me\u0026rsquo;en (\u003cem\u003emeen1242\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrthodox, Protestant, Traditional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e~\u0026thinsp;1,050\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34 (20 M, 14 F)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Informant Selection and Socio-demographic Profile\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 138 informants were selected using purposive and snowball sampling methods, targeting community elders, experienced livestock keepers, and recognized herbal practitioners. These sampling approaches are widely applied in ethnobiological research (Bernard \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Tongco \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Participation was voluntary and based on prior informed consent.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe socio-demographic characteristics of study participants including gender, age group, education level, occupation, marital status, source of ethnoveterinary knowledge, and self-defined ethnicity are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics of study participants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge group\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;30 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u0026ndash;50 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;50 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo formal education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElementary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOccupation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarmer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMerchant/other\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSource of knowledge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParents/Elders\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHerbalists\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFriends\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEthnicity (self-defined)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDizi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e118\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmhara\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOromo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMe\u0026rsquo;en\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Data Collection Procedures\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthnoveterinary data were collected between \u003cb\u003eMarch and October 2024\u003c/b\u003e using a combination of qualitative ethnobiological methods commonly applied in ethnoveterinary research (Martin \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Albuquerque et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e):\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSemi-structured interviews\u003c/b\u003e focusing on local plant names, plant parts used, preparation methods, dosage, routes of administration, livestock ailments treated, and perceived therapeutic effectiveness.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFocus group discussions\u003c/b\u003e (six groups, each forming 6\u0026ndash;10 participants) conducted to confirm shared knowledge, disease categorization, and remedy reliability.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGuided field walks\u003c/b\u003e with key informants for in situ identification and collection of medicinal plant specimens.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollected plant specimens were pressed, dried, and assigned field collection numbers (\u003cb\u003eMTU\u0026ndash;EVP\u0026ndash;001 to MTU\u0026ndash;EVP\u0026ndash;042\u003c/b\u003e), corresponding to taxa listed in the Results section.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5 Plant Identification and Taxonomic Verification\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e Plant specimens were scientifically found using Ethiopian regional floras and verified by taxonomists at Mizan-Tepi University. Botanical nomenclature was standardized and taxonomic status confirmed using World Flora Online, following current best practices in ethnobotanical documentation (WFO 2023).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6 Herbarium Deposition and Voucher Codes\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eVoucher specimens were deposited at the Mizan-Tepi University Herbarium (MTU), Mizan Aman, Ethiopia. Field collection codes K01\u0026ndash;K42 were assigned during sampling and later linked one-to-one with permanent herbarium voucher codes MTU\u0026ndash;EVP\u0026ndash;001\u0026ndash;042 after identification. Because collection and deposition occurred entirely within Ethiopia and no specimens were transferred abroad, no international ABS/Nagoya permit was required.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.7 Access and Benefit-Sharing (ABS) / Nagoya Protocol Compliance\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthiopia is a signatory to the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing, implemented nationally through Access and Benefit-Sharing Proclamation No. 1184/2020. All plant specimens in this study were collected, named, and stored entirely within Ethiopia at the MTU Herbarium, and no genetic material was exported outside the country. So, no international ABS permit, or Nagoya Protocol compliance documentation was needed. Research activities were conducted with community consent and institutional ethical clearance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.8 Ethical Considerations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003ewas obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of Mizan-Tepi University (Approval No. MTU/CA/2024/EVP/013). Prior informed verbal consent was obtained from all participants per the International Society of Ethnobiology Code of Ethics (ISE \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.9 Quantitative Ethnobotanical Data Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuantitative hypothesis testing in ethnobotany follows established approaches (Phillips \u0026amp; Gentry \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e). To evaluate ethnoveterinary knowledge distribution and cultural importance of recorded taxa, the following quantitative indices were computed, following standard ethnobotanical methods (Heinrich et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Trotter \u0026amp; Logan \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e):\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eInformant Consensus Factor (ICF)\u003c/b\u003e:\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:ICF=\\frac{{N}_{ur}-{N}_{t}}{{N}_{ur}-1}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{N}_{ur}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003eis the number of use reports in each disease category and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{N}_{t}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003eis the number of taxa used.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFidelity Level (FL)\u003c/b\u003e:\u003cdiv id=\"Equb\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equb\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:FL\\left(\\text{%}\\right)=\\frac{{N}_{p}}{N}\\times\\:100$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{N}_{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003eis the number of informants claiming the use of a species for a particular ailment and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:N\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003eis the total number of informants mentioning the plant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eUse Value (UV)\u003c/b\u003e:\u003cdiv id=\"Equc\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equc\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:UV=\\frac{\\sum\\:{U}_{i}}{N}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{U}_{i}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003eis the number of use reports per species and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:N\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003eis the total number of informants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eRelative Importance Index (RI)\u003c/b\u003e:\u003cdiv id=\"Equd\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equd\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:RI=\\frac{PP+AC}{2}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:PP\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003eis the number of pharmacological properties attributed and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:AC\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003eis the number of ailment categories treated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComparative analysis was conducted against previously published Ethiopian ethnoveterinary studies to assess shared knowledge, unique reports, and ecological cultural variation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.10 Species Accumulation and Sampling Adequacy\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA species accumulation curve was constructed to assess sampling completeness (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The curve reached an asymptote, showing adequate sampling effort and sufficient coverage of ethnoveterinary medicinal plant diversity in the study area (Gotelli \u0026amp; Colwell \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Socio-demographic characteristics of informants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 138 informants (83 males and 55 females) took part in the ethnoveterinary survey across the four kebeles surrounding Kulbo Forest: Chayit, Kerisi, Chigit, and Kubit. Most participants were farmers (90.6%) whose livelihoods depend primarily on mixed crop\u0026ndash;livestock production.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge distribution showed that 45.7% of informants were older than 50 years, while only 18.8% were below 30 years. Illiteracy was high (73.9%), reflecting the oral nature of knowledge transmission. The Dizi ethnic group constituted 84.9% of participants, followed by Amhara (9.4%), Oromo (3.1%), and Me\u0026rsquo;en (2.6%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge transfer occurred through parents and elders (65.9%), followed by traditional herbalists (22.5%). These findings show that ethnoveterinary knowledge in Kulbo Forest stays vertically transmitted within families and culturally guarded by senior community members (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Diversity of ethnoveterinary medicinal plants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of forty-two ethnoveterinary medicinal plant species, belonging to 38 genera and 27 botanical families, were recorded from Kulbo Forest and surrounding landscapes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most represented families were Fabaceae (4 species), Asteraceae (4 species), and Euphorbiaceae (3 species) Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowth forms were dominated by shrubs (38%), followed by herbs (33%) and trees (29%) Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost medicinal plants (68%) were harvested from wild forest habitats, while only 19% were collected from farmland edges and 13% from home gardens (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). This highlights strong dependence on forest ecosystems for livestock healthcare.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Central taxa table: ethnoveterinary medicinal plants recorded in Kulbo Forest\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthnoveterinary medicinal plants are recorded in Kulbo Forest.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"15\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScientific name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePPU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLAT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsRec\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcanthus sennii\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcanth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKosoru\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAchyranthes aspera\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmaran\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDarguu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJoint\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcokanthera schimperi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApocyn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQararuu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgave sisalana\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsparag\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQaca\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAjuga integrifolia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLamiac\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArmagusa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlbizia schimperiana\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZiinu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAllium sativum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmaryll\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQulubii\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAllophylus abyssinicus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSapind\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eXhiyashi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLf,Bk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApodytes dimidiata\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetten\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalalaaqa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArisaema enneaphyllum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArace\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarana\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoison\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsparagus africanus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsparag\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUutn gorkn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRetPlac\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBartsia trixago\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrob\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoultry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBersama abyssinica\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMelian\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZokuknaabuchuo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBothriocline schimperi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAster\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUleehare\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt,Lf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrassica carinata\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrass\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGomanzara\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrucea antidysenterica\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiyagn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalpurnia aurea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHirshun\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt,Lf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlackleg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCapsicum annuum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBarbarree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCeltis africana\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCannab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaa\u0026rsquo;ii\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClausena anisata\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRutace\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUwilaushim\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEye\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClematis longicauda\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRanunc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHidaadi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClematis simensis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRanunc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHidafeetii\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLf,Sp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClerodendrum myricoides\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLamiac\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMulmuuzu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt,Bk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConium maculatum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApiace\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDinbilal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrepis rueppellii\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAster\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCroton macrostachyus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuphor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBakanisa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCucurbita pepo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCucurb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDabaqula\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCynoglossum lanceolatum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBorag\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaxannee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCyphostemma dembianense\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVitace\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHiddaboffa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDelphinium dasycaulon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRanunc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026mdash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscopodium penninervium\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCacuunga\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDodonaea angustifolia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSapind\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eXadachaa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLf,Bk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDombeya torrida\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalvac\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuoshn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDracaena afromontana\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsparag\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLekut\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEchinops kebericho\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAster\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQabaricho\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEhretia cymosa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBorag\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuumu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEkebergia capensis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeliace\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eXsuwi\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eErythrina brucei\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWalenssu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuphorbia ampliphylla\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuphor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDangar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLx\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuphorbia schimperiana\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuphor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAloyyee\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFicus sycomorus\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMorace\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBoboch\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLx\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGaliniera saxifraga\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRubiac\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBurntsubuz\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRt,Bk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOr\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInfection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eKeys / Abbreviations\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eVC\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Voucher Code (K01\u0026ndash;K42, field collection code; corresponding herbarium voucher specimens are deposited at the Mizan-Tepi University Herbarium (MTU) under voucher codes MTU\u0026ndash;EVP\u0026ndash;001\u0026ndash;042. = Kulbo collection numbers) \u003cb\u003eFam\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Family \u003cb\u003eLocN\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Local name \u003cb\u003eGF\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Growth form: H=Herb, Sh=Shrub, T=Tree, Cl=Climber \u003cb\u003ePPU\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Plant part used: Lf=Leaf, Rt=Root, Bk=Bark, Fr=Fruit, Sd=Seed, Bu=Bulb, Lx=Latex, Wp=Whole plant, Sp=Stem part \u003cb\u003ePrep\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Condition: Fr=Fresh, Dr=Dried \u003cb\u003eAdm\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Route of administration: Or=Oral, Dm=Dermal, Na=Nasal, Sm=Smoke inhalation, Op=Ophthalmic \u003cb\u003eLAT\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Livestock ailment treated \u003cb\u003eFL\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Fidelity Level (%) \u003cb\u003eUV\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Use Value \u003cb\u003eRI\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Relative Importance \u003cb\u003eHab\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Habitat: W=Wild forest, F=Farmland/forest edge, H=Homegarden \u003cb\u003eThreat\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;AE=Agricultural expansion, DF=Deforestation, RE=Root extraction, RH=Root harvesting, OH=Overharvesting, HL=Habitat loss, BS=Bark stripping, TM=Toxic misuse, LM=Latex misuse, BH=Bark harvesting, OC=Overcollection \u003cb\u003eConsRec\u003c/b\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Conservation recommendation: CU=Cultivation, FP=Forest protection, RF=Reforestation, LS=Leaf substitution, PH=Partial harvesting, SH=Sustainable harvesting, PR=Promotion, AW=Awareness creation, RP=Replanting, DO=Domestication, CA=Cultivation awareness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Plant parts used and preparation methods.\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeaves were the most frequently used plant parts (41%), followed by roots (33%), bark (9%), fruits and seeds (10%), and latex or sap (7%) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Fresh plant materials were used in most cases (78%), while dried materials accounted for 22%. Preparation methods included infusion (34%), decoction (29%), concoction (18%), and direct application or smoke inhalation (19%), showing a predominance of water-based extraction techniques in ethnoveterinary practices in the study area (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). Routes of administration were mainly oral (67%), followed by dermal (21%) and nasal (12%) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.5 Livestock ailments treated.\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 42 ethnoveterinary medicinal plant species were recorded for treating 31 livestock disease conditions. The most often reported ailments were gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory infections, ectoparasite infestations, wound infections, and reproductive disorders. Diseases regarded by informants as life-threatening, including blackleg, rabies, severe diarrhea, and pneumonia, consistently showed prominent levels of informant agreement. Detailed plant uses and associated disease categories are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.6 Informant consensus factor (ICF)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eInformant Consensus Factor (ICF) values for major livestock disease categories are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInformant Consensus Factor (ICF) values for major livestock disease categories in Kulbo Forest.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisease Category\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003csub\u003eu\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csub\u003er\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNₜ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eICF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGastrointestinal disorders\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespiratory ailments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEctoparasitic infections\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReproductive disorders\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral weakness\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh ICF values (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.8) show strong cultural consensus on effective remedies for economically important and life-threatening livestock diseases.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.7 Fidelity Level (FL)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFidelity levels (FL) of priority ethnoveterinary species are summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFidelity level, value, and relative importance of priority ethnoveterinary species in Kulbo Forest\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAilment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFL (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAsparagus africanus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRetained placenta\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCalpurnia aurea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlackleg disease\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCroton macrostachyus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWound infection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEchinops kebericho\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespiratory distress\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eNotes\u003c/b\u003e: FL, fidelity level (%); UV, use value; RI, relative importance. Values are based on informant consensus scores for reported ethnoveterinary uses.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh FL values prove strong preference and perceived efficacy within the community.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.8 Use Value (UV) and Relative Importance (RI)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuantitative analysis revealed marked variation in the cultural importance of recorded ethnoveterinary taxa. Croton macrostachyus, Asparagus africanus, and Calpurnia aurea showed the highest use values and relative importance scores, showing repeated citation across multiple disease categories and settlements. Significant other taxa also ranked highly, reflecting their vital role in local livestock healthcare (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTop-ranked ethnoveterinary medicinal plants in Kulbo Forest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpecies\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMain reported uses\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAsparagus africanus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsparagaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRetained placentas, reproductive disorders\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCroton macrostachyus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEuphorbiaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.60\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.80\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWound infections, ectoparasites\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCalpurnia aurea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFabaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlackleg, Newcastle disease\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEchinops kebericho\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsteraceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespiratory distress\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClerodendrum myricoides\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLamiaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWound healing, fever\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBrucea antidysenterica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimaroubaceae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSkin infections\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh UV and RI values show frequent citation, multi-ailment application, and strong cultural preference for these taxa.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.9 Cross-regional comparison with earlier Ethiopian studies\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-regional comparison of selected ethnoveterinary species is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e. Comparison with ethnoveterinary studies from Bench-Sheko, Sheka, Kaffa, Bale, and Borana shows both shared and unique plant-use patterns. Core species such as \u003cem\u003eCalpurnia aurea\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCroton macrostachyus\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eEchinops kebericho\u003c/em\u003e are widely reported across southern Ethiopia, showing strong cultural consensus. In contrast, three uses recorded in Kulbo Forest are new for Ethiopia: \u003cem\u003eAsparagus africanus\u003c/em\u003e for delayed placenta, smoke from \u003cem\u003eAgave sisalana\u003c/em\u003e for respiratory distress, and \u003cem\u003eBartsia trixago\u003c/em\u003e for poultry infections. These findings reflect regional knowledge exchange alongside localized ecological adaptation within the Dizi ethnoveterinary tradition.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross-regional comparison of selected ethnoveterinary species in Ethiopia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScientific name\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKulbo Forest (this study)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBench-Sheko\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSheka\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKaffa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBorana\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMain reported ethnoveterinary use\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey references\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCalpurnia aurea\u003c/em\u003e (Aiton) Benth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e✔\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e✔\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e✔\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e✔\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e✔\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e✔\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBlackleg, wound infections, Newcastle disease\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLulekal et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Tolossa et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Hankiso et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCroton macrostachyus\u003c/em\u003e Del.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e✔\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e✔\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e✔\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e✔\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWound infections, skin ailments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHankiso et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Lulekal et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEchinops kebericho\u003c/em\u003e Mesfin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e✔\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e✔\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e✔\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e✔\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespiratory distress, pneumonia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKidane et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Hankiso et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAsparagus africanus\u003c/em\u003e Lam.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e✔ (delayed placenta)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReproductive disorder (novel report)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAgave sisalana\u003c/em\u003e Perrine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e✔ (respiratory distress)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmoke inhalation for pneumonia (novel report)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBartsia trixago\u003c/em\u003e L.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e✔ (poultry infection)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoultry respiratory infection (novel report)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e✔ = species reported in regional ethnoveterinary literature; \u0026ndash; = not reported.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.10 Cultural interpretation of knowledge patterns\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe strong overlap in core medicinal species between Dizi communities and neighboring Sheka and Bench groups suggests shared ancestral knowledge systems and inter-community exchange. Long-standing trade routes and intermarriages appear to facilitate knowledge diffusion.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Conversely, unique remedies recorded in Kulbo reflect local ecological adaptation and forest-based experimentation, proving dynamic development of indigenous veterinary pharmacopoeia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.11 Conservation status and threats\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost ethnoveterinary plants (68%) were collected from wild forest habitats, proving strong reliance on natural ecosystems for livestock healthcare. Informants reported declining availability of key species, particularly \u003cem\u003eAsparagus africanus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eEchinops kebericho\u003c/em\u003e. The main threats were agricultural expansion, root extraction, timber harvesting, and forest clearance, leading to habitat degradation and reduced regeneration.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCultural conservation concern was evaluated using FL, UV, and RI indices against perceived availability. Selected high-value taxa were under notable pressure (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eJusticia schimperiana\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePhytolacca dodecandra\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eCroton macrostachyus\u003c/em\u003e were classified as urgently threatened, while \u003cem\u003eCalpurnia aurea\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eMyrsine africana\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eAlbizia schimperiana\u003c/em\u003e were assigned high conservation priority. A conceptual summary of ethnoveterinary knowledge patterns, conservation threats, and proposed mitigation strategies is illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCulturally important ethnoveterinary plants under conservation threat\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eScientific name\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFL (%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUV\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHabitat\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePerceived threat\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eConservation priority\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eJusticia schimperiana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e84.2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.72\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.85\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWild\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHigh\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUrgent\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhytolacca dodecandra\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e73.7\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.65\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.78\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWild\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHigh\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUrgent\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCroton macrostachyus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e68.5\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.60\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.80\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWild\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHigh\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eUrgent\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCalpurnia aurea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e75.0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.59\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.77\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWild\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMedium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHigh\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMyrsine africana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e70.0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.61\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.72\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWild\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMedium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHigh\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlbizia schimperiana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e68.0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.41\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e0.62\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eWild\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMedium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHigh\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNotes\u003c/em\u003e: Habitat shows plant source; FL\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Fidelity Level; UV\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Use Value; RI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Relative Importance.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunity members proposed domestication of priority medicinal species in home gardens and establishment of village-level nurseries as mitigation strategies to reduce harvesting pressure on wild populations while keeping access to essential ethnoveterinary resources.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec26\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1 Cultural coherence and prioritization of livestock healthcare\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) values gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory ailments, and ectoparasitic infections show strong cultural agreement on effective ethnoveterinary remedies in Kulbo Forest. This supports Hypothesis H₁, confirming that life-threatening and economically significant livestock diseases receive culturally prioritized and collectively validated treatments. Similar high consensus for critical livestock diseases has been reported among Sheka, Kaffa, and Bench communities in southwest Ethiopia (Lulekal et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Hankiso et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), showing that regional ethnoveterinary knowledge is structured, experience-based, and socially reinforced. This reflects a stable local pharmacopoeia kept through intergenerational transmission and communal verification of remedy efficacy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec27\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2 Ecological shaping of medicinal plant knowledge\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe dominance of leaf-based preparations and reliance on fresh forest materials reflect adaptation to moist Afromontane environments where evergreen and herbaceous species are continuously available. In contrast, studies from Borana drylands report greater dependence on roots and bark, reflecting limited foliage availability (Tolossa et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). This supports Hypothesis H₂, confirming ecological filtering of plant selection and preparation strategies. Ongoing forest degradation in Kulbo threatens this ecological foundation and may shift harvesting toward more destructive extraction practices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec28\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3 Intergenerational erosion of ethnoveterinary knowledge\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eElders had significantly higher ethnoveterinary knowledge than younger participants, supporting Hypothesis H₃ and showing intergenerational knowledge erosion. Similar age-related knowledge gaps have been reported elsewhere in Ethiopia (Kidane et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Continued decline risks loss of both ethnoveterinary practice and community-based livestock healthcare resilience. Integration of ethnoveterinary education in local schools and recognition of herbal practitioners as knowledge custodians may strengthen transmission.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec29\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.4 Novel ethnoveterinary reports and national contribution.\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree previously undocumented ethnoveterinary uses were recorded: \u003cem\u003eAsparagus africanus\u003c/em\u003e for delayed placenta, \u003cem\u003eCyphostemma dembianense\u003c/em\u003e for respiratory distress, and \u003cem\u003eBartsia trixago\u003c/em\u003e for poultry infections. These findings expand Ethiopia\u0026rsquo;s national ethnoveterinary inventory and highlight the importance of site-specific documentation even in ethnobotanically well-studied regions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec30\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.5 Implications for livestock health and rural livelihoods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLivestock production underpins household income and food security in Maji District. In remote settlements lacking professional veterinary services, ethnoveterinary remedies stay the primary healthcare choice. Laboratory studies report antibacterial activity of \u003cem\u003eCalpurnia aurea\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCroton macrostachyus\u003c/em\u003e extracts against animal and human pathogens (Lulekal et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Hankiso et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), while \u003cem\u003eEchinops kebericho\u003c/em\u003e is widely documented for bioactive and insecticidal properties in Ethiopian ethnomedicine (Kidane et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). These findings support continued investigation of locally trusted remedies for integration into community-based animal health programs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec31\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.6 Public health and one-health relevance\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthnoveterinary medicine contributes to zoonotic disease control, parasite management, and food safety. Remedies for rabies-related wound care, respiratory infections, and ectoparasitic control align with One-Health approaches linking ecosystem integrity, animal health, and human wellbeing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec32\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.7 Environmental sustainability and conservation implications\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSixty-eight percent of ethnoveterinary species are harvested from wild forest habitats. Agricultural expansion, timber extraction, and destructive root harvesting threaten slow-growing medicinal taxa. Informants reported declining availability of \u003cem\u003eAsparagus africanus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eEchinops kebericho\u003c/em\u003e. Community-based conservation measures, including home-garden cultivation, village nurseries, and controlled harvesting protocols, are required to reduce pressure on forest populations while sustaining knowledge transmission.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec33\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.8 Policy relevance\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthiopia\u0026rsquo;s biodiversity strategy recognizes Indigenous knowledge as a conservation asset. Findings from Kulbo Forest support inclusion of ethnoveterinary medicine in regional livestock development, biodiversity conservation, and rural health planning. Formal recognition of herbal practitioners and protection of community intellectual property are recommended.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec34\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.9 Study limitations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRemedy efficacy was assessed through informant reporting without laboratory or clinical validation. Seasonal variation may have influenced species detection. Future studies integrating pharmacological testing and ecological monitoring are needed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study provides the first hypothesis-driven ethnoveterinary investigation of Kulbo Forest. Ethnoveterinary knowledge among Dizi communities is culturally coherent, ecologically adapted, and central to livestock healthcare where modern veterinary services are still limited. High informant consensus confirms cultural prioritization of effective treatments for life-threatening diseases. Cross-regional comparison shows ecological filtering of plant choice and preparation practices. Higher knowledge levels among elders show ongoing transmission decline. Newly documented plant uses expand Ethiopia\u0026rsquo;s ethnoveterinary inventory and find candidates for future pharmacological validation. Forest degradation and unsustainable harvesting threaten both medicinal plant availability and knowledge continuity. Integrating validated ethnoveterinary remedies into community animal-health services, promoting cultivation of priority species, and strengthening youth-focused knowledge transmission are essential to sustain livestock health, biodiversity, and biocultural heritage.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":" \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003e Ethical clearance was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of Mizan-Tepi University, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources Management (Approval No. MTU/CA/2024/EVP/013). Prior informed consent was obtained from all participants in accordance with the International Society of Ethnobiology Code of Ethics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eUse of artificial intelligence tools\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors used artificial intelligence\u0026ndash;assisted tools for language editing and formatting of the manuscript. All scientific content, data analysis, interpretations, and conclusions were developed, verified, and approved by the authors, who take full responsibility for the content of this work.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research received logistical and institutional support from Mizan-Tepi University. No external funding was obtained.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eJSJ conceptualized the study, conducted field data collection, performed data analysis, and drafted the manuscript. BA verified plant taxonomic identification, supervised herbarium deposition, and critically reviewed the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors thank the communities of Maji District for sharing their ethnoveterinary knowledge, and the local elders and healers for their invaluable collaboration. We acknowledge Mizan Tepi University for logistical support and access to herbarium facilities. We also thank colleagues in the College of agriculture and Natural Resources for assistance with specimen identification and constructive feedback during manuscript preparation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll ethnobotanical voucher specimens (MTU\u0026ndash;EVP\u0026ndash;001 to MTU\u0026ndash;EVP\u0026ndash;042) are deposited at the Mizan-Tepi University Herbarium (MTU), Ethiopia. Raw interview data sheets, disease-category matrices, and calculated quantitative ethnobotanical indices are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbebe T, Woldemariam T, Assefa E. Livelihood dependence on forest resources in southwest Ethiopia. For Policy Econ. 2021;131:102566. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102566\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102566\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlbuquerque UP, Cruz da Cunha LVF, Lucena RFP, Alves RRN. Methods and techniques in ethnobiology and ethnoecology. 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J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;112:81\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"ethnoveterinary medicine, medicinal plants, indigenous knowledge, quantitative ethnobotany, conservation, Kulbo Forest, Ethiopia","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8633964/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8633964/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthnoveterinary medicine is still the primary livestock healthcare system for forest-dependent communities in southwest Ethiopia, where access to modern veterinary services is limited. Although numerous ethnoveterinary studies have been conducted in Ethiopia, most remain largely descriptive, with limited hypothesis testing, cross-regional comparison, and conservation integration. Kulbo Forest, a moist Afromontane ecosystem in Maji District inhabited mainly by Dizi communities, has not previously been studied from an ethnoveterinary perspective.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom March to October 2024, ethnoveterinary knowledge was documented using semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and guided field walks with 138 informants across four settlements (Chayit, Kerisi, Chigit, and Kubit). Three hypotheses were tested: (H₁) high cultural consensus exists for life-threatening livestock diseases; (H₂) plant-use patterns in moist Afromontane forests differ from those reported in drier Ethiopian agro-pastoral regions; and (H₃) ethnoveterinary knowledge is higher among elders than younger generations. Quantitative ethnobotanical indices (ICF, FL, UV, and RI) were calculated. Voucher specimens (MTU-EVP-001 to MTU-EVP-042) were deposited at the Mizan-Tepi University Herbarium.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 42 medicinal plant species belonging to 27 botanical families were recorded for the treatment of 31 livestock ailments. Diseases with the highest informant consensus were rabies (ICF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.89), babesiosis (ICF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.86), and wound infections (ICF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.83). Three species exhibited the highest ethnoveterinary significance, with fidelity levels\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;75% and use values\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.59: \u003cem\u003eAsparagus africanus\u003c/em\u003e (FL\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;82%, UV\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.61), \u003cem\u003eCalpurnia aurea\u003c/em\u003e (FL\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;75%, UV\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.59), and \u003cem\u003eCroton macrostachyus\u003c/em\u003e (FL\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;77%, UV\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.60). Three ethnoveterinary applications are newly reported for Ethiopia. Ethnoveterinary knowledge was significantly higher among elders (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Twenty-nine species (68%) were harvested from wild forest habitats.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eEthnoveterinary knowledge in Kulbo Forest is culturally coherent and ecologically adapted but increasingly threatened by deforestation and declining knowledge transmission. Integrating validated traditional remedies into community-based animal health services and prioritizing conservation of key medicinal species are recommended.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants of Kulbo Forest, Ethiopia: cross-regional comparison and conservation implications","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-02 08:33:01","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8633964/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"96005a11-3b5f-4131-acb2-265dacfc4cc5","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 2nd, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-20T06:55:39+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-02 08:33:01","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8633964","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8633964","identity":"rs-8633964","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}