Improving growth performance, immunity, and health status of rabbits by using cinnamon Nanoparticles

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Y Tahoon, Gehan I. E. Ali, Nehal A.A. Naena, El-Keredy M.S. Abeer, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4184430/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The goal of this study was to find out how supplementing rabbits with cinnamon Nanoparticles (CNP) affected their immunity, growth performance, serum biochemistry, blood haematology, and the histology of their liver, lung, and kidney in addition to their protective impact against a fake infection with Escherichia coli O25 . After being acclimated for two weeks and separated into six equal groups, sixty weaned white New Zealand rabbits (35 days old) that appeared healthy were acquired from a private farm in Kafr EL-Sheikh Governorate. According to our findings, the rabbits that got CNP exhibited better growth performance, P.M. lesions, bacterial re-isolation outcomes, and clinical symptoms. The hepatic and renoprotective effects of CNP may be supported by the mean values of serum ALT and AST levels decreasing and mean values of total protein, albumin, globulin, total white blood cell count, lymphocyte count, and antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) increasing. The histological analysis showed that the positive control group had apparent pathological changes, such as interstitial nephritis, hepatic coagulative necrosis, and interstitial pneumonia with mononuclear cell infiltrations. The CNP and streptomycin-treated group, on the other hand, showed milder to moderately changed tissue conditions. It is possible to conclude that CNP can be used as an alternative to antibiotics because the combined treated group showed high efficacy (growth performance, antibacterial, and favourable effects on liver, kidney, and antioxidant enzyme functions in addition to reducing the histological alteration changes in liver, kidney, and lung tissues). E. coli infection pathogenic alterations growth performance serum biochemistry CNP and rabbits Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction The production of rabbits is a rapidly growing livestock industry worldwide. One good source of animal protein that can help address the global scarcity of red meat is rabbit meat (Dalle and Szendro 2011). In rabbit breeding operations, digestive infections are one of the primary pathogenic issues and cause large financial losses (Saravia et al. 2017 ). Many infectious illnesses, including bacterial, viral, and parasitic, can affect domestic rabbits (Langan et al. 2000 ; Lennox and Kelleher 2009 ). Warm-blooded animals' gastrointestinal tracts are frequently home to the commensal bacteria E.coli (Swennes et al. 2012 ). Nonetheless, some E. Coli strains have the potential to become virulent in an immune-compromised host, leading to diarrhoea and other intestinal disorders (Croxen et al. 2013 ). One of the primary pathological issues and the cause of large financial losses in the rabbit breeding industry is digestive infections (Boullier and Milon 2006). Enteropathogenic E.coli (EPEC) is the most prevalent E. coli serovar in rabbits; it produces mucoid or bloody diarrhoea, dehydration, and lethargic behaviour (Swennes et al. 2012 ). In neonatal Zealand rabbits, E. coli was found to cause diarrhoea (Hamed et al. 2014). This bacterium's virulence-associated genes allow some serotypes to cause extra-intestinal or intestinal diseases. Diarrheagenic E. Coli strains are those serotypes that typically cause enteric infections; their pathogenesis is linked to specific virulence traits that differ according to the pathotype (Xia et al. 2010 ). The only class of E. coli known to cause acute intestinal disease in rabbits is EPEC, characterized by inflammatory lesions in the gut where the bacteria are present (Licois 2004 ). Antibiotic resistance has become the biggest threat to human health and livestock production. Antibiotic resistance is mostly caused by the widespread use of antibiotics as animal growth promoters (Millman et al. 2013 ; Mitchell et al. 2013 ). To enhance animal performance, a wide variety of feed additives can be added to the diets of animals and poultry. Due to its adverse effects, several nations now avoid using antibiotics. Growth promoters derived from herbal sources (photogenic extracts) are widely used nowadays because of the global ban on nutritional antibiotics and consumer awareness, which created a need for safe and natural feed additives to improve farm animal productivity (Zeweil et al. 2016 ). According to Szabóová et al. ( 2008 ), using phyto-additives and their extracts in rabbit husbandry reasonably enhances welfare and health. Plant-derived substances known as phytogenic feed additives (PFA) are added to animal feed to enhance livestock performance, boost production, and enhance animal food quality (Steiner 2009 ). Furthermore, the effectiveness and administration of phytogenic feed additives to livestock must be safe for the environment, the animal, and the user or consumer of the animal product (Windisch et al. 2008 ). Within the Lauracea family, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, or cinnamon, is one of the earliest known medicinal herbs. Due to its unique scent and potent antibacterial, antifungal, antiulcer, analgesic, antioxidant, and hypocholesterolemic qualities, cinnamon is employed in the food sector (Mohamed Sham Shihabudeen et al. 2011 ). With a variety of uses, the field of nanotechnology has grown and matured in recent years. The vast surface area and nanoscale of nanoparticles make them useful tools for interacting with biological processes. It was discovered that using nanoparticles to control the bioavailability and absorption of various medications improved their performance (Najafi et al. 2020 ). In our study, we assessed how CNP affected the growth, biochemical, immunological, pathological, and growth parameters and the infection of E. coli in developing rabbits. Material and methods Samples From various rabbit farms inside the Governorate of Kafr EL-Sheikh, 100 faecal swabs and samples of internal organs (liver, spleen, and intestine) from rabbits that appeared healthy and diarrheal were obtained. Bacteriological isolation and identification of E.coli It was reported by Radwan et al. (2021) that E. coli was isolated. The gathered specimens were introduced into MacConkey's broth and subjected to an aerobic 24-hour incubation period at 37 ̊C. After that, MacConkey's agar was streaked with a loopful of broth cultures, and the mixture was aerobically incubated for 24 to 48 hours at 37 0 C. After being inoculated onto eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar medium, the lactose fermenter (pink) colonies were cultured for 18 to 24 hours at 37 0 C. According to Edward and Ewing (1972), suspected colonies of E. coli were inspected for morphological and cultural traits before being picked up and streaked into nutrient agar slopes for biochemical identification (Cheesbrough 1985 ). This biochemical identification was done using Oxidase, Catalase, Indole, Citrate, Methyl red, Voges Proskauer, Haemolysis on Blood Agar, and Urea utilization. Pathogenicity Testing In Vitro: Congo red dye binding test The Congo red dye binding assay, described by Berkhoff and Vinal ( 1986 ), was used to determine the pathogenicity of the isolates. Trypticase soy agar medium supplemented with 0.15% bile salts and 0.003% Congo red dye was used to cultivate each isolate. According to Reichhardt and Cegelski ( 2018 ), colonies that remained white or grey after failing to bind the dye were classified as congo red (CR-) negative, while colonies that appeared red were classified as congo red (CR+) positive. Serological identification of E. coli isolates. At Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Dokki, Giza, Egypt, one of the Congo red positive (CR+) samples was subjected to serological identification using slide agglutination test utilizing polyvalent and monovalent E. coli antisera by Edwards and Ewing ( 1972 ) for use in experimental infection. Identification of E. coli isolates and detection of some Virulence genes by PCR : DNA extraction. The QIAamp DNA Mini kit (Qiagen, Germany, GmbH) was used to extract DNA from samples, with certain changes made by the manufacturer's instructions. In summary, 200 µl of the sample suspension was treated for 10 minutes at 56 O C with 10 µl of proteinase K and 200 µl of lysis buffer. 200 µl of 100% ethanol was added to the lysate following incubation. After that, the sample was centrifuged and cleaned according to the manufacturer's instructions. The kit included 100 µl of elution buffer, which eluted the nucleic acid. Oligonucleotide Primer. The primers utilized, which are mentioned in Table (1), were provided by Metabion (Germany) PCR amplification. A 25 µl reaction comprising 12.5 µl of EmeraldAmp Max PCR Master Mix (Takara, Japan), 1 µl of each primer at a concentration of 20 pmol, 5.5 µl of water, and 5 µl of DNA template was used to use the primers. A 2720 thermal cycler from Applied Biosystems was used to carry out the reaction. Analysis of the PCR Products. The PCR products were separated by electrophoresis employing gradients of 5V/cm on a 1.5% agarose gel (Applichem, Germany, GmbH) in 1x TBE buffer at room temperature. 15 µl of each product was put into a gel slot for gel analysis. AA generator 100 bp ladder (Fermentas, Germany) was employed to ascertain the fragment sizes to ascertain the fragment sizes. A gel documentation system (Alpha Innotech, Biometra) took pictures of the gel, and computer software was used to analyze the data. Table 1 Primers sequences, target genes, amplicon sizes and cycling conditions Target gene Primers sequences Amplified segment (bp) Primary denaturation Amplification (35 cycles) Final extension Reference Secondary denaturation Annealing Extension tsh GGT GGT GCA CTG GAG TGG 620 94˚C 5 min. 94˚C 30 sec. 54˚C 30 sec. 72˚C 30 sec. 72˚C 10 min. Delicato et al. 2003 AGT CCA GCG TGA TAG TGG astA CCATCAACACAGTATATCCGA 115 94˚C 5 min 94˚C 30 sec. 55˚C 30 sec. 72˚C 30 sec. 72˚C 7 min. Piva et al. 2003 GGTCGCGAGTGACGGCTTTGT hlyA GCATCATCAAGCGTACGTTCC 534 94˚C 5 min. 94˚C 30 sec. 60˚C 40 sec. 72˚C 45 sec. 72˚C 10 min. Paton and Paton 1998 AATGAGCCAAGCTGGTTAAGCT phoA CGATTCTGGAAATGGCAAAAG 720 94˚C 5 min. 94˚C 30 sec. 55˚C 40 sec. 72˚C 45 sec. 72˚C 10 min. Hu et al. 2011 CGTGATCAGCGGTGACTATGAC Antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli isolates Bauer et al. ( 1966 )'s disc diffusion method was used to ascertain the isolates' antibiotic susceptibility. There were many discs utilized, including Ampicillin (AM-10 µg), Streptomycin (S-10 µg), Colistin Sulphate, Cefoxitin (FOX), Doxycycline (DO-30 µg), Ciprofloxacin (CIP-5 µg), and Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim (SXT-25 µg), by guidelines provided by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (CLSI, 2015 ), the inhibitory zone diameter was measured and interpreted. Preparation of bacterial cultures for experimental infection Reconstituted E. Coli O25 was cultured for 24 hours at 37 0 C in 5 millilitres of nutrient broth. Then, it was incubated for 24 hours at 37°C after being subcultured on MacConkey's agar. Experimental rabbits After two weeks of adaptation, sixty healthy, weaned white New Zealand rabbits (35 days of age) were acquired from a private farm in Kafr EL-Sheikh Governorate. As shown in Table (3) (NRC 1994 ), rabbits were fed a basal and balanced diet. Based on Table (2), six equal groups of rabbits were created. An endless supply of pure and fresh drinking water was provided. Experimental design: Table 2 The experimental design Groups Treatments 1 Negative control (non-challenged). 2 Positive control (challenged and non-treated ) Challenged orally with 2 ml of saline containing 2x10 7 CFU /ml E. coli O 25 at the age of fifty days according to (Feldman, 2000). 3 Non-challenged and fed on a basal diet containing CNP* 200 mg/kg. 4 Challenged and fed on a basal diet containing CNP. 5 Challenged and treated after infection by 48 hrs with antibiotic (streptomycin**)(1gm/litre) for 5 successive days. 6 Challenged and treated with antibiotic and fed on a basal diet containing CNP * The CNP: According to Bello et al. ( 2015 ) and Mashkouri et al. ( 2017 ), the cinnamon was bought from the neighbourhood market in Kafrelsheikh City, Egypt, and the nanoparticles were made at the Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Kafrelsheikh University. ** Produced by medical specialists for usage in accordance with manufacturer recommendations for veterinary products and fooders additions (MUVCO). Table 3 Ingredients and Proximate analysis of the experimental diet Ingredients Basal diet Proximate analysis Yellow corn(7%) 9 Dry matter% 89.87 Barseem hay(18.1%) 36.65 Moisture% 10.13 Wheat bran (14.44%) 16.5 Crude protein% 18.62 Barley(12.04%) 16 Ether Extract% 2.95 Soya bean(44.7%) 16 Ash% 9.88 Vegetable oil 1 Crude Fiber% (CF) 16.57 Molasses 3 Nitrogen-free extract (NEF%)** 41.85 Limestone 0.500 Calcium % 1.19 Dicalcium phosphate 0.250 Total phosphorus% 0.69 Sodium bicarbonate 0.300 vitamins & mineral mixture* 0.250 DL methionine 0.050 Salt 0.500 Total (Kg) 100 * The vitamins and minerals mixture (Multivita Co.) containing vitamin A (12000000 IU), vitamin D3 (2200000 IU), vitamin E (10000 mg), vitamin K3 2000 mg, vitamin B1 1000 mg, vitamin B2 5000 mg, vitamin B6 1500 mg, vitamin B12 10 mg, Niacin (30000 mg), Biotin 50 mg, Folic acid 1000 mg, Pantothenic acid 10000 mg, Iron 30000 mg, Manganese 60000 mg, Copper 4000 mg, Zinc 50000 mg, Iodine 1000 mg, Cobalt 100 mg, Selenium 100 mg, and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) carrier to 3000g. **NFE = Nitrogen free extract and calculated by difference {100 – (moisture% + CP% + EE% + CF% + Ash%)} Clinical signs and P/M lesions: All groups were monitored throughout the trial for symptoms, postmortem lesions, and mortality. Bacteriological investigation: Lungs, livers, and spleen were removed from rabbits in each group on the third day, first week, and second-week following infection to isolate bacteria again. Per (Hamm et al. 2016 ) recommendations, re-isolation was carried out. Additionally, on days 3, 7, and 14, rectal swab specimens were taken from every rabbit that had been infected. Measurements: Growth performance parameters Body weights (BW), weight gain, feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were estimated using the Ensminger ( 1980 ) equation, and feed efficiency (FE) was computed using the Brody ( 1968 ) equation. The growth parameters were calculated using the following formulas: $$\text{W}\text{G} \left(\text{t}\text{h}\text{e} \text{w}\text{e}\text{i}\text{g}\text{h}\text{t} \text{g}\text{a}\text{i}\text{n}, \text{g}\right)=\text{W}2 \left(\text{f}\text{i}\text{n}\text{a}\text{l} \text{b}\text{o}\text{d}\text{y} \text{w}\text{e}\text{i}\text{g}\text{h}\text{t}, \text{g}\right)-\text{W}1 \left(\text{g}\right)$$ $$\text{F}\text{C}\text{R} \left( \text{f}\text{e}\text{e}\text{d} \text{c}\text{o}\text{n}\text{v}\text{e}\text{r}\text{s}\text{i}\text{o}\text{n} \text{r}\text{a}\text{t}\text{i}\text{o}\right)=\frac{\text{F}\text{I} ( \text{t}\text{o}\text{t}\text{a}\text{l} \text{f}\text{e}\text{e}\text{d} \text{i}\text{n}\text{t}\text{a}\text{k}\text{e},\text{g})}{\text{t}\text{o}\text{t}\text{a}\text{l} \text{W}\text{G} \left(\text{g}\right)}$$ $$\text{F}\text{E} \left(\text{f}\text{e}\text{e}\text{d} \text{e}\text{f}\text{f}\text{i}\text{c}\text{i}\text{e}\text{n}\text{c}\text{y}\right)=\frac{100 \left(\text{W}1;\text{g}-\text{W}2;\text{g}\right)}{ \text{f}\text{e}\text{e}\text{d} \text{c}\text{o}\text{n}\text{s}\text{u}\text{m}\text{p}\text{t}\text{i}\text{o}\text{n};g}$$ Blood collection and hemato-biochemical analysis Five randomly chosen rabbits from each group had their blood drawn twice: once during the first week following infection and again after the infection through the ear vein. According to Faggio et al. ( 2014 ), a portion of blood samples containing an anticoagulant, such as EDTA, was drawn to assess haematological parameters. Hemocytometers were used to count red blood cells (RBCs; ×106/ mm³) and white blood cells (WBCs; ×103/ mm³), and the cyanmethemoglobin method was used to estimate haemoglobin concentration (Hb; g/100 ml). Thin blood films were placed on sterile slides to measure the differential leucocyte count. Modified Wright's stain was added to the slides once they had had time to dry. Without an anticoagulant, a second set of blood was drawn, and the coagulated blood was extracted by centrifuging the sample for 15 minutes at 3000 rpm. Before using commercial kits from Bio-Diagnostic Company, Egypt, the serum is kept at − 20°C to determine biochemical parameters (ALT, AST, Total protein, Albumin, Globulin, Urea, and Creatinine). Using diagnostic kits from Bio-diagnostic CO., Egypt, the serum antioxidant capacity was determined by measuring the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities by the methodology of Martin Jr. et al. ( 1987 ) and Aebi ( 1984 ). Histopathological examination All experimental rabbit groups had tissue samples from their livers, kidneys, and lungs. These samples were then routinely sectioned into 4 µm thick tissue slices, immersed in paraffin, and preserved in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Hematoxylin and eosin was used to stain these sections. (Bancroft and Layton 2013 ). Biosafety measures The pathogen regulation mandate for infectious materials ( E. coli ) was adhered to by the biosafety procedures. Statical analysis: Data were statically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple comparisons test of SPSS ( 2007 ) to investigate the significant variations between various treatments concerning the evaluated parameters. Duncan's test indicates a significant difference (P < 0.05) between the means with the different letters. Results Bacterial isolation From 100 faecal swabs and internal organs (representing 59% of the total), which were taken from seemingly healthy and diarrheal rabbits from various rabbit farms in the Kafr El-Sheikh governorate, 59 E. coli were found to be isolated. Gram-negative rods were found after gram staining on MacConkey's agar medium and Eosin Methylene blue (EMB) medium; the acquired isolates developed pink colonies and a characteristic green metallic sheen with a black core, respectively. The Vogus-Proskauer, Urease, Citrate utilization and Oxidase reduction tests yielded negative results for the suspected E. Coli isolates. However, the methyl red, indole, and catalase production tests produced positive results. According to the results of the Congo red dye binding test, which measures in vitro pathogenicity, 17 out of 59 isolates (or 28% of the total) developed tiny, dark brick red colonies. Identification of E. coli and detection of some virulence genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Antimicrobial susceptibility of the E. coli isolates: The results indicate that cefoxitin, streptomycin, ampicillin, and amikacin exhibited the highest levels of antimicrobial sensitivity in the isolated E. coli . As indicated in Table (4), the isolates were immediately sensitive to colistin sulphate and resistant to ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and doxycycline. Table 4 Antimicrobial sensitivity of E.coli Sensitive Intermediate Resistant Antimicrobial agents % No. % No. % No. 20 2 80 8 0 0 Colistin sulphate 0 0 30 3 70 7 Doxycycline 100 10 0 0 0 0 cefoxitin 80 8 20 2 0 0 Streptomycin 60 6 30 3 10 1 ciprofloxacin 80 8 20 2 0 0 Ampicillin 20 2 0 0 80 8 sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim 70 7 10 1 20 2 Amikacin Effect of CNP treatments on E.coli re-isolation rate Before the infection, no coli bacteria were found in the faeces of any of the experimental rabbits. It was discovered that the E. Coli discharge started on the third day after infection, peaked in the first week, and then gradually stopped exhibiting clinical symptoms in the second week. Compared to non-treated groups, the re-isolation rate was lower in those treated with CNP or antibiotic alone and in groups treated with CNP and antibiotic combination. Table 5 Effect of CNP treatments on E.coli re-isolation rate Re-isolation rate Treatment Group 2 nd week post-infection 1 st week post-infection 3 rd post-infection % No % No % No 0 0/10 0 0/10 0 0/10 Non-treated+ non-challenged 1 30 3/10 100 10/10 40 4/10 Non-treated+ challenged 2 0 0/10 0 0/10 0 0/10 Treated with CNP + non-challenged 3 20 2/10 50 5/10 30 3/10 Treated with CNP + challenged 4 10 1/10 40 4/10 20 2/10 Treated with antibiotic+ challenged 5 0 0/10 20 2/10 0 0/10 Treated with antibiotic+ CNP+ challenged 6 Effect of CNP supplementation and E.coli infection on feed parameters. As shown in Table 6, we found significant (p<0.05) differences between the groups of growing rabbits fed food containing Nano cinnamon and the control group in terms of growth performance metrics (body weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and feed efficiency). All animals fed CNP showed the highest body weight, weight growth, and feed conversion ratio; in contrast, control groups, either control +ve or -ve, showed the lowest final body weight and weight gain. Furthermore, compared to rabbits fed a diet without CNP, growing rabbits fed a diet containing CNP showed the best feed conversion ratio. Table 6 Effect of CNP supplementation and E.coli infection on growth performance parameters every week Groups Initial weight 1 st week 2 nd week 3 rd week 4 th week 5 th week 6 th week 7 th week 8 th -week weight G1 955±2 1092±12 b 1133.25±7.25 c 1299.25±6 c 1422.5±3 e 1504.25±1.5 e 1572.08±1.02 e 1663.45±.0.8 e 1764.95±0.15 e G2 960±1 1080±9 b 1117.5±1.75 c 1163.9±6.85 e 1219.9±1.4 f 1269.4±2.1 f 1329.6±1.6 f 1408.10±1.1 f 1498.6±0.85 f G3 953±3 1158±2 a 1248.25±7.75 b 1470.75±4.5 b 1718.45±0.95 b 1900.45±0.8 b 2179.15±0.93 b 2331.48±0.63 b 2471.48±0.73 b G4 957±2 1137±13 a 1137±72.75 c 1300.8±1.7 c 1464.8±2.05 d 1590.55±1.7 d 1696.8±.0.95 d 1861.30±1.2 d 1973.3±0.9 d G5 958±3 1057.75±8 b 1115.75±1.25 c 1265.55±0.7 d 1480.55±1.3 c 1674.15±0.7 c 1889.15±1.2 c 2055.15±0.65 c 2263.65±0.76 c G6 956±4 1153.75±13.5 a 1340.75±29.75 a 1545.75±1.9 a 1791.95±1.3 a 1962.25±.1.25 a 2231.25±0.5 a 2422.92±0.83 a 2715.52±0.73 a Weight gain G1 - 137±1 d 41.25±0.5 d 166±0.5 c 123±0.5 d 82±0.25 e 67.83±1.08 e 91.37±0.67 d 101.5±0.75 e G2 - 120±1 e 37.5±0.75 e 46.4±0.7 f 56±2 e 49.5±0.45 f 60.2±1.65 f 78.5±1.25 e 90.5±1.22 f G3 - 205±2 a 96.33±0.39 b 216.5±0.75 a 247.7±0.8 a 182±0.25 b 279.03±0.2 a 152±0.5 c 140±2 c G4 - 180±3 c 41±1 d 122.8±0.7 e 164±1.75 c 125.75±0.3 d 106.25±0.5 d 164.5±0.75 b 112±1 d G5 - 99.75±1.25 f 58±1 c 149.8±1.3 d 215±1.25 b 193.6±0.75 a 215±0.7 c 166.5±0.75 b 208±1 b G6 - 197.75±1.75 b 187±0.5 a 205±0.75 b 246.2±1.3 a 170.3±0.95 c 269±1.25 b 191.87±1.13 a 292.6±1.1 a Feed intake G1 - 748.33±0.38 c 641.67±0.92 e 819.7±0.55 a 998.68±0.42 c 837.67±0.72 c 685±1 e 819.33±1.58 c 902.7±0.45 c G2 - 711.67±0.58 d 656.67±0.92 c 728.48±0.47 c 759.92±1.17 f 662.33±0.42 f 633.3±0.55 f 745.75±1.5 e 819.02±0.9 e G3 - 871.7±0.75 a 650±0.5 d 804±1 b 1083.67±1.42 b 925.7±0.45 b 850.67±0.11 c 761.33±1.09 d 618.67±0.43 f G4 - 781.7±0.75 b 583.33±0.48 f 600.33±0.92 f 1114.7±0.45 a 825.77±0.31 d 988±1 b 1076±1 a 899.33±1.58 d G5 - 646.67±0.16 f 750±1 b 606±0.5 e 994.7±1.2 d 1105.3±0.05 a 1134±2 a 999±2 b 1102.7±2 a G6 - 701.67±0.58 e 823.3±2.45 a 717.67±0.42 d 836.67±1.42 e 757.67±0.28 e 791.67±0.72 d 564±2 f 988.67±1.17 b FCR G1 - 5.46±0.11 c 15.56±0.03 b 4.94±0.19 b 8.1±0.35 b 10.2±0.22 b 10.1±0.15 a 8.97±0.22 b 8.9±0.53 a G2 - 5.93±0.04 b 17.5±0.25 a 15.7±0.25 a 13.57±0.12 a 13.38±0.13 a 10.52±0.09 a 9.5±0.05 a 9.05±0.01 a G3 - 4.25±0.05 d 6.75±0.5 e 3.7±0.45 c 4.37±0.13 d 5.09±0.11 d 3.05±0.14 d 5.01±0.21 e 4.4±0.17 d G4 - 4.34±0.02 d 14.23±0.14 c 4.9±0.1 b 6.8±0.01 c 6.57±0.22 c 9.3±0.01 b 6.5±0.15 c 8.03±0.01 b G5 - 6.48±0.07 a 12.93±0.18 d 4.05±0.04 c 4.6±0.35 d 5.71±0.46 d 5.27±0.04 c 6±0.23 d 5.3±0.05 c G6 - 3.55±0.1 e 4.4±0.15 f 3.5±0.25 c 3.07±0.45 e 4.45±0.1 e 2.94±0.02 d 2.94±0.01 f 3.36±0.044 e FEE G1 - 0.18±0.01 b 0.06±0.01 c 0.2±0.01 b 0.12±0.010 d 0.098±0.003 d 0.099±0.002 e 0.11±0.01 d 0.11±0.01 d G2 - 0.17±0.02 b 0.057±0.002 c 0.06±0.01 c 0.074±0.001 e 0.074±0.002 e 0.095±0.002 e 0.105±0.002 d 0.11±0.01 d G3 - 0.24±0.02 a 0.148±0.001 b 0.27±0.007 a 0.23±0.002 b 0.197±0.002 b 0.328±0.002 b 0.20±0.0002 b 0.23±0.002 b G4 - 0.23±0.02 a 0.07±0.01 c 0.2±0.01 b 0.15±0.002 c 0.150±0.02 c 0.108±0.002 d 0.15±0.02 c 0.13±0.002 d G5 - 0.15±0.03 b 0.077±0.002 c 0.247±0.002 a 0.22±0.001 b 0.175±.0002 b 0.190±0.002 c 0.17±0.02 bc 0.19±0.002 c G6 - 0.28±0.02 a 0.227±0.002 a 0.29±0.02 a 0.29±0.020 a 0.225±0.002 a 0.339±0.002 a 0.34±0.004 a 0.30±0.001 a An expression for values is a mean value ± standard error. The means of distinct letters in the same column differ significantly at (P < 0.05). Effect of CNP supplementation and E.coli infection on haematological parameters White blood cell count increased in group (3) and declined in group (2), but it increased in group (6), group (5), and group (4), correspondingly, until it approached group (1) (table 7). Red blood cell count and hemoglobin amount did not substantially differ across the groups. Table 7 Effect of CNP supplementation and E.coli infection on haematological parameters group RBCs( ×10 6 /mm³) WBCs( ×10 3 /mm³) Hb( g/100ml) 1 st wk pc* At the end of the experiment 1 st wk pc* At the end of the experiment 1 st wk pc* At the end of the experiment 1 6.18± 0.17 a 6.18± 0.17 a 10.77± 1.07 a 10.77± 1.07 a 13.57 ± 0.17 a 13.57 ± 0.17 a 2 5.67± 0.25 a 6.12± 0.230 a 6.23± 0.14 b 7.86± 0.33 b 11.20± 0.20 b 12.37± 0.49 a 3 6.19± 0.19 a 6.19± 0.19 a 15.60± 2.97 a 15.60± 2.97 a 12.23± 0.53 a 12.23± 0.53 a 4 5.93± 0.11 a 5.973± 0.13 a 9.16± 0.17 c 10.57± 1.14 a 12.20± 0.17 a 11.93± 0.16 a 5 6.20± 0.25 a 6.14± 0.18 a 9.00± 0.17 d 9.10± 0.94 a 12.57± 0.80 a 11.70± 0.26 a 6 6.29± 0.13 a 6.11± 0.29 a 10.20± 0.56 a 11.27± 0.43 a 12.83± 0.40 a 12.00± 0.88 a An expression for values is a mean value ± standard error. At (P < 0.05, means of various letters in the same column differ significantly), pc* (post-infection). Effect of CNP supplementation and E.coli infection on deferential leucocytic count In the first week following the infection, there were no differences between group (1) and the other groups. However, the group (2) significantly declined lymphocyte counts. Furthermore, group (2) had a notable rise in neutrophil counts; group (1) and the other groups showed no differences in neutrophil counts. However, the mixed cell count rose in other groups to reach group (1), whereas it fell in group (2) (table 8). Table 8 Effect of CNP supplementation and E.coli infection on deferential leucocytic count Group Lymphocyte Neutrophil Mixed cell 1 st wk pc* At the end of the experiment 1 st wk pc* At the end of the experiment 1 st wk pc* At the end of the experiment 1 5.46± 0.76 a 5.46± 0.76 a 2.06± 0.08 b 2.93± 0.12 b 3.36± 0.56 a 3.36± 0.56 a 2 3.00± 0.11 b 5.63± 0.59 a 6.10± 1.30 a 6.10± 1.30 a 1.13± 0.03 b 2.00± 0.55 a 3 5.20± 0.36 a 5.20±0.36 a 3.36± 0.41 a 3.36± 0.41 a 2.20± 0.45 a 2.20± 0.45 a 4 5.40± 0.20 a 4.03± 0.17 a 2.23± 0.23 c 1.83± 0.12 c 1.53± 0.08 c 2.00± 0.10 a 5 5.56± 0.29 a 4.80± 0.72 a 2.50± 0.20 d 2.06± 0.40 d 2.13± 0.08 a 2.23± 0.40 a 6 5.06± 0.12 a 5.10± 0.40 a 2.03± 0.26 e 3.33± 0.40 a 1.90± 0.11 d 2.83± 0.48 a An expression for values is a mean value ± standard error. At (P < 0.05, means of various letters in the same column differ significantly), pc* (post-infection). Effect of CNP supplementation and E.coli infection on antioxidant enzymes The antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) in the current study increased in group (3) and Following E. coli inoculation, the antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) in groups (6), group (5), and group (4) increased to reach group (1) (table 9). Table 9 Effect of CNP supplementation and E.coli infection on serum antioxidant enzymes Group SOD (U/L) CAT (U/L) 1 st wk pc* At the end of the experiment 1 st wk pc* At the end of the experiment 1 4289± 53.67 a 4289± 53.67 a 336.7± 4.80 a 336.7± 4.80 a 2 1368± 214.20 b 3563± 218.10 a 250.2± 11.75 b 135.7± 18.95 b 3 6208± 232.90 c 6208± 232.90 b 443.8± 3.43 c 443.8± 3.43 c 4 3357± 85.07 d 3607± 184.50 a 274.9± 10.67 a 235.9± 2.86 d 5 2747± 239.30 e 4274± 39.37 a 353.5± 16.77 a 251.6± 13.49 e 6 5086± 38.00 f 5403± 212.90 c 439.5± 29.71 d 426.9± 21.78 f An expression for values is a mean value ± standard error. At (P < 0.05, means of various letters in the same column differ significantly), pc* (post-infection). Effect of CNP supplementation and E.coli infection on liver enzymes In the current study, group (2) had considerably higher liver enzymes (ALT and AST) than group (3), although group (6), group (5), and group (4) all had lower liver enzymes to approach group (1) (table 10). Table 10 Effect of CNP supplementation and E.coli infection on liver enzymes Group ALT (U/L) AST (U/L) 1 st wk pc* At the end of the experiment 1 st wk pc* At the end of the experiment 1 47.00± 3.05 a 47.00± 3.05 a 30.33± 2.60 a 34.67± 3.18 a 2 79.33± 11.84 b 77.67± 3.84 b 49.67± 2.33 a 49.67± 2.33 a 3 53.67± 6.88 a 53.67± 6.88 a 22.00± 1.15 c 30.33± 0.66 a 4 55.00± 1.73 a 50.67± 1.76 a 33.33± 2.72 d 49.00± 8.327 a 5 63.00± 2.64 a 56.00± 5.50 a 46.67± 1.85 b 51.33± 13.54 a 6 53.67± 6.96 a 50.67± 2.96 a 32.67± 1.45 e 46.67± 1.85 a An expression for values is a mean value ± standard error. At (P < 0.05, means of various letters in the same column differ significantly), pc* (post-infection). Effect of CNP supplementation and E.coli infection on kidney function tests The renal function tests (urea, creatinine, and uric acid) did not significantly differ across the groups (table 11). Table 11 Effect of CNP supplementation and E.coli infection on kidney function tests Group Urea (mg/dL) Creatinine (mg/dL) Uric acid (mg/dL) 1 st wk pc* At the end of the experiment 1 st wk pc* At the end of the experiment 1 st wk pc* At the end of the experiment 1 39.33± 2.90 a 39.33± 2.90 a 1.50± 0.098 a 1.50± 0.098 a 0.55 ± 0.02 a 0.55 ± 0.02 a 2 33.67± 0.66 a 39.33± 1.76 a 1.60± 0.33 a 1.57± 0.08 a 0.60± 0.11 a 0.40± 0.11 a 3 43.67± 2.33 a 43.67± 2.33 a 1.29± 0.02 a 1.29± 0.02 a 0.36± 0.21 a 0.36± 0.21 a 4 39.00± 2.08 a 43.33± 4.37 a 2.01± 0.05 a 1.57± 0.06 a 1.00± 0.05 a 0.36± 0.21 a 5 32.67± 1.45 a 38.00± 5.29 a 1.34± 0.03 a 1.55± 0.17 a 0.86± 0.14 a 0.26± 0.03 a 6 45.33± 2.02 a 41.33 ± 1.76 a 1.80± 0.15 a 1.4± 0.03 a 1.23± 0.08 b 0.13± 0.03 a An expression for values is a mean value ± standard error. At (P < 0.05, means of various letters in the same column differ significantly), pc* (post-infection). Effect of CNP supplementation and E.coli infection on Total protein, Albumin and Globulin According to table 12, total protein, albumin, and globulin raised in groups (3) and (6), (5) and (4) increased to approach group (1), and declined in group (2) in the current study. Table 12 Effect of CNP supplementation and E.coli infection on Total protein, Albumin and Globulin Group Total protein(g/L) Albumin (g/dL) globulin (g/dL) 1 st wk pc* At the end of the experiment 1 st wk pc* At the end of the experiment 1 st wk pc* At the end of the experiment 1 7.56± 0.37 a 7.56± 0.37 a 3.30± 0.06 a 3.30± 0.06 a 4.26± 0.34 a 4.26± 0.34 a 2 6.40± 0.15 b 6.90± 0.26 a 2.51± 0.17 b 3.26± 0.04 a 3.88± 0.32 a 3.90± 0.09 a 3 8.13± 0.20 a 7.36± 0.26 a 3.34± 0.25 a 3.34± 0.25 a 5.05± 0.27 a 4.02± 0.26 a 4 7.30± 0.11 a 7.16± 0.08 a 3.03± 0.04 a 3.10± 0.05 a 4.26± 0.10 a 3.80± 0.23 a 5 7.23± 0.13 a 7.10± 0.72 a 2.67± 0.09 a 2.93± 0.26 a 4.02± 0.26 a 4.16± 0.46 a 6 7.36± 0.26 a 7.36± 0.38 a 3.08± 0.09 a 3.42± 0.04 a 4.55± 0.21 a 3.94± 0.33 a An expression for values is a mean value ± standard error. At (P < 0.05, means of various letters in the same column differ significantly), pc* (post-infection). Histopathological findings 1. Liver Untreated control rabbits' liver tissues displayed a normal portal area and normal hepatic parenchyma of the central vein with radiating hepatic cords (Fig.2A) . Conversely, the liver tissues of rabbits infected with E. Coli displayed distinct focal areas of coagulative necrosis along with the infiltration of mononuclear cells (Fig.2B) . Although, rabbits fed CNP showed normal structure in their hepatic tissues (Fig.2C) . Rabbits infected with E. Coli and given CNP were moderately restored the normal histology showing hepatocytes vacuolar degeneration accompanied by focal infiltration of perivascular mononuclear cells and sinusoidal cells activation (Fig.2D) . On the other hand, the hepatic parenchyma of the E. Coli infected rabbits treated with streptomycin showed a notable improvement. (Fig.2E) , though hyperemia was observed in some areas of the hepatic parenchyma. Amazingly, the normal hepatic structure was restored in infected rabbits exposed to CNP and streptomycin administration without cytoplasmic vacuolation, cellular infiltration, or necrotic changes. ( Fig.2F) . 2. Kidney The glomeruli and renal tubules in the cortical and medullary areas of the control rabbits' kidneys had normal histological appearances (Fig.3A) . On the other hand, rabbits infected with E. Coli demonstrated features of marked interstitial nephritis, including focal tubular necrosis and inflammatory infiltrates mainly of macrophages, lymphocytes, and some heterophils (Fig.3B) . However, rabbits fed a diet including CNP had kidneys with normal structure (Fig.3C) . A moderate reduction in renal histological alterations was noted in E. Coli -infected rabbits given CNP (Fig.3D) except of small focal areas of interstitial nephritis, vacuolar degeneration of renal tubules, and mild congestion of glomerular capillaries and intertubular blood vessels. Rabbits with E. Coli infection treated with streptomycin showed minor renal alterations, including congested glomerular capillaries and mild renal epithelial vacuolar degeneration with a pyknotic nucleus (Fig.3E) . Remarkably, renal parenchyma was significantly restored in E. coli -infected rabbits given a combination of streptomycin and CNP (Fig.3F) . 3. Lung The pulmonary tissues of untreated control rabbits showed normal alveoli with thin-walled interalveolar septa. (Fig.4A) . Conversely, the E. Coli infection group's lung exhibited features of interstitial pneumonia, including thickening of the interalveolar septa with infiltrating mononuclear cells and blood vessel congestion. (Fig.4B) . Rabbits given a diet containing CNP displayed normal lung histology, except for a mild focal pulmonary emphysema, in line with the control group (Fig.4C) . The features of interstitial pneumonia were slightly ameliorated in E. coli -infected rabbits supplemented with CNP (Fig.4D) . This amelioration was enhanced in E. coli infected rabbits treated with streptomycin with a moderate degree of interstitial pneumonia (Fig.4E ). A significant improvement was seen in E. coli infected group treated with a combination of streptomycin and CNP where minute focal areas of interalveolar thickening (Fig.4F ). Discussion One of Egypt's most significant animal industries is the raising of rabbits. (Edlin and Saif-Saif 1994). According to some research published by Hong et al. (2017), a rabbit farm had a high mortality rate of 24%, and isolates of diarrheagenic E. Coli were responsible for 75% of these deaths. The current investigation aimed to separate diarrheagenic E. Coli F from rabbits. Out of 100 faecal samples, 59 had E. Coli , representing a 59% prevalence rate. These outcomes matched those reported by El-Masry et al. (2021). Alternatively, the putative E. coli isolates, Gram staining, cultural traits, and biochemical testing agreed with Edward and Ewing (1972) and El-Masry et al. (2021). Additionally, Singh and Gupta (1996) mentioned that the ability of virulent E. Coli isolates to interact with Congo red can be used to identify them. The results of the Congo red dye binding test, used to assess the in vitro pathogenicity of the suspected E. coli , were consistent with the findings of Berkhoff and Vinal ( 1986 ), who found a substantial correlation between the virulence of E. coli in chicken and its expression of the CR phenotype. Additionally, they concurred with El-Masry et al. (2021), who reported that 8 out of 27 isolates (29.63%) produced positive results and had tiny and dark red colonies. Our results, which are shown in Figs. 1 a, 1 b, 1 c, and 1 d evidenced that the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was implemented to identify the three virulence genes, tsh, astA, and hlyA, as well as the phoA gene of E. coli , which generates bands at 720 bp. According to the data, nine isolates out of ten tested (90%) carried the gene tsh, resulting in products at 620 bp. These results were in agreement with Walaa and Lamyaa ( 2016 ), who reported that all detected E. coli serogroups isolated from nursing rabbits expressed the tsh gene, and disagreed with those published by Eid et al. ( 2017 ), who found that the tsh gene was expressed in just one isolate out of five isolates. Furthermore, our results showed that hlyA was detected in two out of ten isolates. Most E. Coli isolates in our study were amikacin, ampicillin, streptomycin, and cefoxitin sensitive. These outcomes were almost identical to those reported by Xiaonan et al. (2018), who discovered that imipenem, ceftriaxone, and ceftazidime were effective against all E.coli strains. Additionally, our findings showed that the isolates of E. Coli were resistant to doxycycline and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. These findings aligned with those of Sabry and Mohamed (2009), who discovered that rabbit E. Coli strains exhibited resistance to tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole. Additionally, the findings were in line with those of Chuong et al. ( 2021 ), who reported that isolates of E. Coli were resistant to 100% of doxycycline, 95.46% of sulfamethoxazole, and 86.37% of neomycin. Since rabbits are more susceptible to beta-lactams, we could not utilize cefoxitin or ampicillin in our experiment and had to use streptomycin in the drinking water. On the third day post-infection, the E. coli -infected rabbits in this experiment displayed symptoms like anorexia, dullness, abdominal distension, and brown, watery diarrhoea. All internal organs were enlarged; pericarditis, enteritis, and petechial bleeding on the wall were seen during the examination of deceased rabbits. These findings are consistent with earlier reports (Licois 2004 ; Ismail et al. 2017 ; Abdallah et al. 2023 ). Cinnamaldehyde is linked to cinnamon's antibacterial properties (Zhou et al. 2007 ). According to Gill and Holley ( 2004 ), the impact of membrane permeability and the suppression of glucose uptake or utilization are two potential pathways for the antibacterial activity of cinnamon aldehyde. Additionally, Abd El-Hack et al. ( 2020 ) noted that the primary active components of cinnamon are eugenol and cinnamaldehyde, both of which have additive or synergistic qualities. These elements work together to facilitate the entry of cinnamaldehyde into the phospholipid bilayer of bacterial cells and walls, making it easier to bind to proteins. This prevents the proteins from performing their regular functions, resulting in cytoplasmic coagulation, denaturation of proteins and enzymes, and loss of metabolites and ions (Burt 2004 ). Research indicates that the presence of cinnamon oil can suppress the growth of bacteria (Wang et al. 2018 ). According to Pereira et al. ( 2021 ), cinnamaldehyde has significant anti-adhesive properties against pathogenic E. coli , and CNP helped inhibit or decrease E. coli infection. In our research, the re-isolation rate of E. coli was lower in groups treated with CNP and antibiotic together and in groups treated with CNP or antibiotic alone than in non-treated groups. We found that there were substantial (p < 0.05) differences between the groups of growing rabbits fed food containing CNP and the control group in our study in terms of growth performance indicators (body weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and feed efficiency) (6). All animals fed CNP showed the highest body weight, weight growth, and feed conversion ratio; in contrast, control groups, either control + ve or -ve, showed the lowest final body weight and weight gain. Furthermore, when comparing growing rabbits provided with a diet containing cinnamon to those on a diet without CNP, the best feed conversion ratio was seen. The findings of Zeweil et al. ( 2016 ) and El-Khali et al. (2012) reported that growing rabbits fed diets supplemented with cinnamon had significantly higher final body weights, weight gains, feed conversion ratios, and feed efficiency at performance compared to control groups, corroborated the findings of our study. According to Mohamed et al. ( 2023 ) and Naderi et al. ( 2014 ), the feed intake of growing rabbits supplemented with CNP remained the same in the current study compared to the control group. The data indicating that the CNP-containing diet improved the growth performance of the rabbits may also have resulted from the presence of compounds that enhance the assimilation and assimilation of specific nutrients. These compounds may have been linked to the bioactive ingredient (cinnamaldehyde), which increases feed utilization and enhances growth (Zeweil et al. 2016 ). Red blood cell count and haemoglobin amount did not differ significantly between the groups; however, white blood cell count rose in the group (3) fed CNP and basal diet and decreased in the group (2) inoculated with E. coli. However, it increased in group (6) fed CNP and treated with streptomycin, group (5) treated with streptomycin, and group (4) fed CNP until it reached the control group (Table 7 ). The normal RBCs supported these findings and clarified that there was neither hemolytic anaemia nor erythrogenesis depression. The fact that all of the experimental rabbits had normal haemoglobin concentrations suggests that the added feed ingredients support the formation of haemoglobin. In contrast to Zeweil et al. ( 2016 ), who reported that cinnamon had a significant increase in RBCs and haemoglobin but, similarly to our study, had a significant increase in WBCs, and in agreement with the findings of Baghban et al. ( 2016 ), which demonstrated that cinnamon did not alter levels of red blood cell count and haemoglobin. In the first week following the infection, there were no differences between group (1) and the other groups, but group (2), which had received an E. Coli infection, had a significant decline in lymphocyte counts. Furthermore, group (2), which received an E. Coli infection, had a notable rise in neutrophil counts; group (1) and the other groups showed no differences in neutrophil counts. However, the mixed cell count rose in other groups to reach the control group, whereas it fell in group (2) that received the E. Coli injection (Table 8 ). Our findings corroborated those of Abdel-Azeem ( 2019 ), who found that supplementing with cinnamon improves the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio. The increase in the control group's neutrophil percentage and the corresponding drop in the treated groups' neutrophil percentages may indicate how stressed out the growing rabbits in the control group were. Additionally, CNP has a protective impact by reducing the oxidative pathway of stress-related damage. Furthermore, including a CNP supplement in the diet may help control stress, making it a practical dietary approach to lowering the risk of stress. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a key defence mechanism against oxidative stress. It catalyzes the conversion of superoxide radicals to hydrogen peroxide and oxygen, increasing the body's ability to scavenge free radicals and reducing tissue or cell damage. Catalase (CAT) is another enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and molecular oxygen. An antioxidant defence system is essential for shielding cells from oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Owumi and Dim 2019 ). The antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) in the current study increased in the group (3) fed a basal diet with CNP and (6) that fed a basal diet with CNP and treated with streptomycin, group (5) that received streptomycin treatment, and group (4) that fed CNP to reach the control group after being inoculated by E. coli (Table 9 ). These findings corroborated those of Abdel-Tawwab et al. ( 2018 ), who suggested that dietary CNP exhibited antioxidant activity and that there was a significant increase in SOD and CAT activities. These outcomes could be attributed to the high concentrations of bioactive compounds found in cinnamon, such as polyphenols, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, essential oils (cinnamyl and cinnamonmic aldehyde), and carbohydrates. In the current study, liver enzymes (ALT and AST) significantly increased in group (2) that received an E. coli infection and decreased in group (3) that received a basal diet supplemented with CNP; however, group (6) that received a basal diet supplemented with CNP and streptomycin treatment, group (5) that received streptomycin treatment, and group (4) that received CNP feeding all decreased to reach the control group (Table 10 ). These findings suggest that CNP has a hepatocyte-protective effect. According to globulin levels, a supplement containing cinnamon may improve the humoral immune response. The aminotransferases, ALT and AST of blood, indicate the number of intracellular hepatic enzymes permeating the bloodstream. Additionally, they function as an indicator of hepatocyte injury (McGill 2016). There was no evidence of liver damage in the groups taking cinnamon supplements, as seen by the drop in aminotransferase levels. Mammals and birds have shown altered liver metabolism in response to endotoxin therapy or a live bacterial challenge (Curtis et al. 1980). The experiment's rabbits showed a drop in blood aminotransferase levels, especially the ones that got CNP supplementation. These results corroborate the findings of El-Nomeary et al. ( 2020 ), who found that cinnamon reduced serum GOT, and Kreydiyyeh et al. ( 2000 ), who found that the active ingredients in cinnamon can penetrate intestinal cell membranes and inhibit the Na+-K+-ATPase, which is the motor for numerous transport processes. The renal function tests (urea, creatinine, and uric acid) did not significantly differ across the groups (Table 11 ). CNP's kidney-protective properties might explain our findings. These findings are comparable to those of El-Nomeary et al. ( 2020 ), who found that extract from cinnamon can considerably reduce blood urea and creatinine values. Cinnamaldehyde, an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory component found in cinnamon, is one of the active chemicals in cinnamon that can improve kidney functions. In the current study, total protein, albumin, and globulin increased in group (3) fed basal diet with CNP and (6) fed basal diet with CNP and treated with streptomycin, group (5) treated with streptomycin, group (4) fed CNP to reach control group, and group (2) inoculated by E. coli decreased (Table 12 ). Because the liver produces albumin and has a half-life of approximately two weeks, a drop in albumin levels could be caused by either decreased liver production or albumin loss from the kidney (nephropathy) or the gut (enteropathy). These findings are consistent with the findings of Al-Sayed et al. ( 2017 ), Acar et al. (2018), Abdel-Azeem, and El-Kader ( 2022 ), who reported that albumin-based antibodies are major protein components of serum protein generated in the hepatic tissues, which functions as a humoral immune response and may aid in the augmentation of immune organs. Total protein and globulin of plasma are also components of the immune system. Consequently, the results of the present investigation on blood total protein and globulin levels indicated that supplementing with CNP may improve the humoral immune response. The liver's function is substantially impacted by infection or sepsis (Kokosharov et al. 1997 ), who reported liver degenerative alterations that were responsible for the decline. Additionally, (Kokosharov 2006 ) observed a significant decrease in either albumin or serum total protein due to an acute S. gallinarium infection. He also mentioned that albumin decreased while globulin fractions increased. Histopathological analysis of rabbits' livers, kidneys, and lungs experimentally infected with E. coli revealed architectural distortion, similar to the earlier reports of Azhar and Shahera (2014) and Lateef et al. ( 2018 ). When compared to the control group, the most encountered hepatic lesion was marked multi-focal coagulative necrosis accompanied by infiltrations of mononuclear cells Abalaka et al., 2017 and Abd El-Ghany et al. 2022 . Along with alveolar emphysema in the lungs interspersed with thickened interstitial septa, the kidneys also displayed focal interstitial nephritis Usman et al., ( 2024 ). E. coli causes, directly or indirectly, oxidative stress due to the increased generation of reactive species or depletion of defence antioxidants combined with the production of endotoxin Barreiros et al., 2006 . The cytotoxicity associated with oxidative stress derives from the potential of free radicals responsible for causing the oxidation of cellular constituents, including proteins, lipids and DNA, leading to cell death Valko et al., 2006 . In the existing study, serum levels of SOD and CAT were significantly lowered in the E. coli -infected group, suggesting oxidative stress, which accounts for the histological changes seen in the examined tissues. In contrast, in the infected groups treated with CNP, there was a significant increase in the serum levels of SOD and CAT in groups 6, 5, and 4, respectively. This improvement was linked to the histological structure of the liver, kidney, and lungs being restored to normal levels; the group of rabbits that received both CNP and streptomycin showed the greatest improvement compared to other treated groups. The main components of cinnamon, including phenols, terpenes, and cinnamaldehyde, are what give it its antioxidant properties and, consequently, lower lipid peroxidation Qin et al. ( 2010 ) Shakeel et al. (2018) and tissue damage. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report studying the protective effects of CNP against the pathological changes induced by E.coli induced infection in rabbits Conclusion Based on the current research, CNP may be a viable antibiotic substitute in E. Coli infections because of its potent antibacterial activity, influence on growth performance, and effects on the liver, kidneys, tissues' histological structure, and antioxidant enzymes. In addition, CNP can be used as a preventative measure to treat E. Coli infections in developing rabbits. Ironically, the most potent effects are obtained when CNP and streptomycin are administered together. Declarations Acknowledgements The Animal Health Research Institute Dokki-Giza team, Kafrelsheikh Provincial Lab, is greatly appreciated by the authors for their courteous support and the facilities they provided. Authorship contribution statement All authors worked together to complete this project. Methodology, formal analysis, writing (original draft), writing (review & editing), Gehan I.E. Ali Resources, Monitoring, Research, and Visualization. The author, Nehal, A.A. Naena , specializes in ideas, original draft writing, formulating overall research goals and aims, and writing reviews. Tahoon, A.Y .: Materials, Research, Illustration, Verification, Composing – Evaluation, Eman T. Al-sokary : Concepts, Developing broad research objectives, Project management, Writing – Evaluation, El-Keredy, M.S. Abeer : Materials, Research, Illustration, Verification, Composing – Evaluation, Shaimaa Elbaz : concepts, initial draft writing, establishing broad objectives and goals for the research, and writing reviews. Samah Abou Asa : Histopathological section writing and methodology. Every author wrote the manuscript's initial and final drafts. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Data availability The article, images, and tables contain the data that the authors of this work have confirmed are available. Animal Welfare and Ethics Statement The experimental methodology, protocols, and animal care used in the present study followed the relevant guidelines and regulations of the Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt. Consent to participate Not applicable Consent for publication Not applicable Conflict of interest disclosure The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests or personal relationships that could influence the work reported in this paper. Funding statement This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. References Abalaka S, Sani N, Idoko I, et al (2017) Pathological changes associated with an outbreak of colibacillosis in a commercial broiler flock. Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences 15:95. https://doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v15i3.14 Abd El-Hack ME, Alagawany M, Abdel-Moneim A-ME, et al (2020) Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Oil as a Potential Alternative to Antibiotics in Poultry. 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Al-sokary","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Eman","middleName":"T.","lastName":"Al-sokary","suffix":""},{"id":286299127,"identity":"c5edb531-8afb-44db-a5eb-05ad33243c4b","order_by":5,"name":"Shaimaa Elbaz","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center (ARC)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shaimaa","middleName":"","lastName":"Elbaz","suffix":""},{"id":286299128,"identity":"deac5554-530a-44cd-9449-4b95eacdf9c4","order_by":6,"name":"Samah Abou Asa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Samah","middleName":"Abou","lastName":"Asa","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-28 20:59:16","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4184430/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4184430/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":54093193,"identity":"3f3babdd-a705-4c61-a5e5-2f50a4caf770","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-04 13:34:13","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1731829,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR amplification products of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ephoA \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003egene for characterization of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eE.coli\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLane L: \u003c/strong\u003e100bp ladder as molecular size DNA marker. \u003cstrong\u003eLanes1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8, 9, 10: \u003c/strong\u003ePositive \u003cem\u003eE.coli \u003c/em\u003estrains for \u003cem\u003ephoA \u003c/em\u003egene at 720bp.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb \u0026nbsp;Agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR amplification products of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003etsh \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003egene for characterization of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eE.coli\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLane L: \u003c/strong\u003e100bp ladder as molecular size DNA marker. \u003cstrong\u003eLanes1, 3, 4, 5, 6,7,8,9,10: \u003c/strong\u003ePositive \u003cem\u003eE.coli \u003c/em\u003estrains for \u003cem\u003etsh \u003c/em\u003egene at 620 bp.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ec Agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR amplification products of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eastA \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003egene for characterization of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eE.coli\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLane L: \u003c/strong\u003e100bp ladder as molecular size DNA marker. \u003cstrong\u003eLanes1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7,8,9,10: \u003c/strong\u003ePositive \u003cem\u003eE.coli \u003c/em\u003estrains for \u003cem\u003eastA \u003c/em\u003egene at 115 bp.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ed Agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR amplification products of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ehlyA \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003egene for characterization of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eE.coli\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLane L: \u003c/strong\u003e100bp ladder as molecular size DNA marker. \u003cstrong\u003eLanes 3, 8: \u003c/strong\u003ePositive \u003cem\u003eE.coli \u003c/em\u003estrains for \u003cem\u003ehlyA \u003c/em\u003egene at 534 bp.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4184430/v1/16d979145f097594506c5704.png"},{"id":54093473,"identity":"3fdd2c38-f375-4b85-ba0c-708f0b95bc3e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-04 13:42:13","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":3285190,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHistopathological findings of the rabbit’s liver in different experimental groups\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(A): \u003c/strong\u003eThe control group displays normal hepatic parenchyma of the central vein (CV) with radiating hepatic cords.\u003cstrong\u003e (B\u003c/strong\u003e): \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e infected rabbits showing coagulative necrosis \u003cem\u003e(arrows)\u003c/em\u003e accompanied by infiltration of mononuclear cells \u003cem\u003e(arrowheads).\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e (C): \u003c/strong\u003eRabbits received a diet supplemented with CNP exhibiting normal hepatic architecture of central vein (CV) and hepatocyte cords.\u003cstrong\u003e (D): \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e infected rabbits supplemented with herbal demonstrating mild vacuolar hepatic degeneration \u003cem\u003e(arrowhead)\u003c/em\u003e with focal perivascular mononuclear cell infiltration \u003cem\u003e(arrow)\u003c/em\u003e.\u003cstrong\u003e (E): \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e-infected rabbits treated with streptomycin showing\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003edilated hyperemic sinusoids \u003cem\u003e(arrows)\u003c/em\u003e.\u003cstrong\u003e (F): \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e-infected rabbits treated with a combination of CNP and streptomycin show\u003cem\u003eed \u003c/em\u003enormal hepatic architecture.\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAll are H\u0026amp;E stained (x200), bar = 50µ\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4184430/v1/52e2e4beea5e0c1e5fa5fd77.png"},{"id":54093194,"identity":"84aa617f-2c86-4ec3-a7c5-d9f1dba7845b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-04 13:34:13","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":3213447,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHistopathological findings of the rabbit’s kidney in different experimental groups\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(A):\u003c/strong\u003e The control group showed normal renal parenchyma of the glomeruli and renal tubules.\u003cstrong\u003e (B\u003c/strong\u003e): The kidneys of rabbits infected with \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e show interstitial nephritis of necrotic renal tubules \u003cem\u003e(arrow)\u003c/em\u003e with mononuclear cell infiltration \u003cem\u003e(arrowhead).\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(C): \u003c/strong\u003eThe rabbit group received a diet supplemented with CNP and exhibited normal renal histology.\u003cstrong\u003e (D): \u003c/strong\u003eKidney of infected rabbits supplemented with herbal displaying vacuolar degeneration of renal tubular epithelium with pyknotic nucleus \u003cem\u003e(arrow)\u003c/em\u003e and accompanied by small focal mononuclear cell infiltration \u003cem\u003e(arrowhead)\u003c/em\u003e.\u003cstrong\u003e (E): \u003c/strong\u003eThe kidneys of infected rabbits treated with streptomycin show mild vacuolar degeneration of the tubular epithelium \u003cem\u003e(arrows)\u003c/em\u003e.\u003cstrong\u003e(F): \u003c/strong\u003eThe kidneys of infected rabbits treated with a combination of CNP and streptomycin show normal renal parenchyma with slight congestion of glomerular tuft \u003cem\u003e(arrow)\u003c/em\u003e.\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAll are\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eH\u0026amp;E stained (x200), bar = 50µ\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4184430/v1/667a01357277db1b5e5cfeb2.png"},{"id":54093191,"identity":"5419f94a-e395-46a3-a07d-79bcbee8fcf0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-04 13:34:13","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2128361,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHistopathological findings of the rabbit’s lung in different experimental groups\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(A):\u003c/strong\u003e The lung of the control group shows normal alveoli and interalveolar tissues.\u003cstrong\u003e (B\u003c/strong\u003e): Infected group with \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e demonstrating marked interstitial pneumonia with thickened interalveolar septa with infiltrating mononuclear cells \u003cem\u003e(arrowheads).\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e (C): \u003c/strong\u003eCNP-supplemented group showing mild pulmonary emphysema of enlarged air spaces \u003cem\u003e(arrow)\u003c/em\u003e.\u003cstrong\u003e (D): \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e infected group supplemented with CNP exhibited moderately thickened interalveolar septa \u003cem\u003e(arrow)\u003c/em\u003e.\u003cstrong\u003e (E): \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e-infected rabbits treated with streptomycin exhibiting mild thickening of interalveolar septa with infiltrating mononuclear cells (arrow) and congested interalveolar capillaries \u003cem\u003e(arrowhead)\u003c/em\u003e.\u003cstrong\u003e (F): \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e infected group treated with a combination of CNP and streptomycin displaying minute focal interalveolar thickening \u003cem\u003e(arrowheads) \u003c/em\u003ewith mild emphysema\u003cem\u003e (arrow)\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAll are\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eH\u0026amp;E stained (x200), bar = 50µ\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4184430/v1/1f25908dc2e10f23317a2706.png"},{"id":54220943,"identity":"181c5af7-825a-41b8-91e7-91658083ef47","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-06 19:08:47","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":11311660,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4184430/v1/175ea3e7-a7b5-4ab3-b427-782c4104fbfc.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Improving growth performance, immunity, and health status of rabbits by using cinnamon Nanoparticles","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe production of rabbits is a rapidly growing livestock industry worldwide. One good source of animal protein that can help address the global scarcity of red meat is rabbit meat (Dalle and Szendro 2011). In rabbit breeding operations, digestive infections are one of the primary pathogenic issues and cause large financial losses (Saravia et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Many infectious illnesses, including bacterial, viral, and parasitic, can affect domestic rabbits (Langan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Lennox and Kelleher \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWarm-blooded animals' gastrointestinal tracts are frequently home to the commensal bacteria \u003cem\u003eE.coli\u003c/em\u003e (Swennes et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Nonetheless, some \u003cem\u003eE. Coli\u003c/em\u003e strains have the potential to become virulent in an immune-compromised host, leading to diarrhoea and other intestinal disorders (Croxen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). One of the primary pathological issues and the cause of large financial losses in the rabbit breeding industry is digestive infections (Boullier and Milon 2006). Enteropathogenic \u003cem\u003eE.coli\u003c/em\u003e (EPEC) is the most prevalent \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e serovar in rabbits; it produces mucoid or bloody diarrhoea, dehydration, and lethargic behaviour (Swennes et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). In neonatal Zealand rabbits, \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e was found to cause diarrhoea (Hamed et al. 2014). This bacterium's virulence-associated genes allow some serotypes to cause extra-intestinal or intestinal diseases. Diarrheagenic \u003cem\u003eE. Coli\u003c/em\u003e strains are those serotypes that typically cause enteric infections; their pathogenesis is linked to specific virulence traits that differ according to the pathotype (Xia et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). The only class of \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e known to cause acute intestinal disease in rabbits is EPEC, characterized by inflammatory lesions in the gut where the bacteria are present (Licois \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibiotic resistance has become the biggest threat to human health and livestock production. Antibiotic resistance is mostly caused by the widespread use of antibiotics as animal growth promoters (Millman et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Mitchell et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo enhance animal performance, a wide variety of feed additives can be added to the diets of animals and poultry. Due to its adverse effects, several nations now avoid using antibiotics. Growth promoters derived from herbal sources (photogenic extracts) are widely used nowadays because of the global ban on nutritional antibiotics and consumer awareness, which created a need for safe and natural feed additives to improve farm animal productivity (Zeweil et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). According to Szab\u0026oacute;ov\u0026aacute; et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e), using phyto-additives and their extracts in rabbit husbandry reasonably enhances welfare and health.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant-derived substances known as phytogenic feed additives (PFA) are added to animal feed to enhance livestock performance, boost production, and enhance animal food quality (Steiner \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, the effectiveness and administration of phytogenic feed additives to livestock must be safe for the environment, the animal, and the user or consumer of the animal product (Windisch et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Within the Lauracea family, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, or cinnamon, is one of the earliest known medicinal herbs. Due to its unique scent and potent antibacterial, antifungal, antiulcer, analgesic, antioxidant, and hypocholesterolemic qualities, cinnamon is employed in the food sector (Mohamed Sham Shihabudeen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith a variety of uses, the field of nanotechnology has grown and matured in recent years. The vast surface area and nanoscale of nanoparticles make them useful tools for interacting with biological processes. It was discovered that using nanoparticles to control the bioavailability and absorption of various medications improved their performance (Najafi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn our study, we assessed how CNP affected the growth, biochemical, immunological, pathological, and growth parameters and the infection of \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e in developing rabbits.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSamples\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom various rabbit farms inside the Governorate of Kafr EL-Sheikh, 100 faecal swabs and samples of internal organs (liver, spleen, and intestine) from rabbits that appeared healthy and diarrheal were obtained.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eBacteriological isolation and identification of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eE.coli\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was reported by Radwan et al. (2021) that \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e was isolated. The gathered specimens were introduced into MacConkey's broth and subjected to an aerobic 24-hour incubation period at 37 ̊C. After that, MacConkey's agar was streaked with a loopful of broth cultures, and the mixture was aerobically incubated for 24 to 48 hours at 37 \u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC. After being inoculated onto eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar medium, the lactose fermenter (pink) colonies were cultured for 18 to 24 hours at 37 \u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC. According to Edward and Ewing (1972), suspected colonies of \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e were inspected for morphological and cultural traits before being picked up and streaked into nutrient agar slopes for biochemical identification (Cheesbrough \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1985\u003c/span\u003e). This biochemical identification was done using Oxidase, Catalase, Indole, Citrate, Methyl red, Voges Proskauer, Haemolysis on Blood Agar, and Urea utilization.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePathogenicity Testing In Vitro:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCongo red dye binding test\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Congo red dye binding assay, described by Berkhoff and Vinal (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e), was used to determine the pathogenicity of the isolates. Trypticase soy agar medium supplemented with 0.15% bile salts and 0.003% Congo red dye was used to cultivate each isolate. According to Reichhardt and Cegelski (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), colonies that remained white or grey after failing to bind the dye were classified as congo red (CR-) negative, while colonies that appeared red were classified as congo red (CR+) positive.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSerological identification of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eE. coli\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eisolates.\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Dokki, Giza, Egypt, one of the Congo red positive (CR+) samples was subjected to serological identification using slide agglutination test utilizing polyvalent and monovalent \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e antisera by Edwards and Ewing (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1972\u003c/span\u003e) for use in experimental infection.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eIdentification of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eE. coli\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eisolates and detection of some Virulence genes by PCR\u003c/b\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eDNA extraction.\u003c/b\u003e The QIAamp DNA Mini kit (Qiagen, Germany, GmbH) was used to extract DNA from samples, with certain changes made by the manufacturer's instructions. In summary, 200 \u0026micro;l of the sample suspension was treated for 10 minutes at 56 \u003csup\u003eO\u003c/sup\u003eC with 10 \u0026micro;l of proteinase K and 200 \u0026micro;l of lysis buffer. 200 \u0026micro;l of 100% ethanol was added to the lysate following incubation. After that, the sample was centrifuged and cleaned according to the manufacturer's instructions. The kit included 100 \u0026micro;l of elution buffer, which eluted the nucleic acid.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eOligonucleotide Primer.\u003c/b\u003e The primers utilized, which are mentioned in Table\u0026nbsp;(1), were provided by Metabion (Germany)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePCR amplification.\u003c/b\u003e A 25 \u0026micro;l reaction comprising 12.5 \u0026micro;l of EmeraldAmp Max PCR Master Mix (Takara, Japan), 1 \u0026micro;l of each primer at a concentration of 20 pmol, 5.5 \u0026micro;l of water, and 5 \u0026micro;l of DNA template was used to use the primers. A 2720 thermal cycler from Applied Biosystems was used to carry out the reaction.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAnalysis of the PCR Products.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe PCR products were separated by electrophoresis employing gradients of 5V/cm on a 1.5% agarose gel (Applichem, Germany, GmbH) in 1x TBE buffer at room temperature. 15 \u0026micro;l of each product was put into a gel slot for gel analysis. AA generator 100 bp ladder (Fermentas, Germany) was employed to ascertain the fragment sizes to ascertain the fragment sizes. A gel documentation system (Alpha Innotech, Biometra) took pictures of the gel, and computer software was used to analyze the data.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimers sequences, target genes, amplicon sizes and cycling conditions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTarget gene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimers sequences\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmplified segment (bp)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003edenaturation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmplification (35 cycles)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFinal extension\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary denaturation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnnealing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtension\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003etsh\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGGT GGT GCA CTG GAG TGG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e620\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94˚C\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 min.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94˚C\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 sec.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54˚C\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 sec.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72˚C\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 sec.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72˚C\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 min.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDelicato et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAGT CCA GCG TGA TAG TGG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eastA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCCATCAACACAGTATATCCGA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94˚C\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 min\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94˚C\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 sec.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55˚C\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 sec.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72˚C\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 sec.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72˚C\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 min.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePiva et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGGTCGCGAGTGACGGCTTTGT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ehlyA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGCATCATCAAGCGTACGTTCC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e534\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94˚C\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 min.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94˚C\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 sec.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60˚C\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e40 sec.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72˚C\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e45 sec.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72˚C\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 min.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePaton and Paton 1998\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAATGAGCCAAGCTGGTTAAGCT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ephoA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCGATTCTGGAAATGGCAAAAG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e720\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94˚C\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 min.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94˚C\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 sec.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55˚C\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e40 sec.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72˚C\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e45 sec.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72˚C\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 min.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCGTGATCAGCGGTGACTATGAC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAntimicrobial susceptibility of\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eE. coli\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eisolates\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBauer et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1966\u003c/span\u003e)'s disc diffusion method was used to ascertain the isolates' antibiotic susceptibility. There were many discs utilized, including Ampicillin (AM-10 \u0026micro;g), Streptomycin (S-10 \u0026micro;g), Colistin Sulphate, Cefoxitin (FOX), Doxycycline (DO-30 \u0026micro;g), Ciprofloxacin (CIP-5 \u0026micro;g), and Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim (SXT-25 \u0026micro;g), by guidelines provided by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (CLSI, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), the inhibitory zone diameter was measured and interpreted.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePreparation of bacterial cultures for experimental infection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eReconstituted \u003cem\u003eE. Coli O25\u003c/em\u003e was cultured for 24 hours at 37 \u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003eC in 5 millilitres of nutrient broth. Then, it was incubated for 24 hours at 37\u0026deg;C after being subcultured on MacConkey's agar.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eExperimental rabbits\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter two weeks of adaptation, sixty healthy, weaned white New Zealand rabbits (35 days of age) were acquired from a private farm in Kafr EL-Sheikh Governorate. As shown in Table\u0026nbsp;(3) (NRC \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e), rabbits were fed a basal and balanced diet. Based on Table\u0026nbsp;(2), six equal groups of rabbits were created. An endless supply of pure and fresh drinking water was provided.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eExperimental design:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experimental design\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroups\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNegative control (non-challenged).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive control (challenged and non-treated ) Challenged orally with 2 ml of saline containing 2x10\u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e CFU /ml \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e O\u003csub\u003e25\u003c/sub\u003e at the age of fifty days according to (Feldman, 2000).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-challenged and fed on a basal diet containing CNP* 200 mg/kg.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChallenged and fed on a basal diet containing CNP.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChallenged and treated after infection by 48 hrs with antibiotic (streptomycin**)(1gm/litre) for 5 successive days.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChallenged and treated with antibiotic and fed on a basal diet containing CNP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003eThe CNP: According to Bello et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e) and Mashkouri et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), the cinnamon was bought from the neighbourhood market in Kafrelsheikh City, Egypt, and the nanoparticles were made at the Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Kafrelsheikh University.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e Produced by medical specialists for usage in accordance with manufacturer recommendations for veterinary products and fooders additions (MUVCO).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIngredients and Proximate analysis of the experimental diet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIngredients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBasal diet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProximate analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYellow corn(7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry matter%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBarseem hay(18.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoisture%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWheat bran (14.44%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrude protein%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBarley(12.04%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEther Extract%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoya bean(44.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsh%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVegetable oil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrude Fiber% (CF)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMolasses\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNitrogen-free extract (NEF%)**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimestone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalcium %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDicalcium phosphate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal phosphorus%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSodium bicarbonate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"4\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003evitamins \u0026amp; mineral mixture*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.250\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDL methionine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.050\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal (Kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e* The vitamins and minerals mixture (Multivita Co.) containing vitamin A (12000000 IU), vitamin D3 (2200000 IU), vitamin E (10000 mg), vitamin K3 2000 mg, vitamin B1 1000 mg, vitamin B2 5000 mg, vitamin B6 1500 mg, vitamin B12 10 mg, Niacin (30000 mg), Biotin 50 mg, Folic acid 1000 mg, Pantothenic acid 10000 mg, Iron 30000 mg, Manganese 60000 mg, Copper 4000 mg, Zinc 50000 mg, Iodine 1000 mg, Cobalt 100 mg, Selenium 100 mg, and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) carrier to 3000g.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e**NFE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Nitrogen free extract and calculated by difference {100 \u0026ndash; (moisture% + CP% + EE% + CF% + Ash%)}\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eClinical signs and P/M lesions:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll groups were monitored throughout the trial for symptoms, postmortem lesions, and mortality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBacteriological investigation:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLungs, livers, and spleen were removed from rabbits in each group on the third day, first week, and second-week following infection to isolate bacteria again. Per (Hamm et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) recommendations, re-isolation was carried out. Additionally, on days 3, 7, and 14, rectal swab specimens were taken from every rabbit that had been infected.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMeasurements:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGrowth performance parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBody weights (BW), weight gain, feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were estimated using the Ensminger (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e) equation, and feed efficiency (FE) was computed using the Brody (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1968\u003c/span\u003e) equation. The growth parameters were calculated using the following formulas:\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\text{W}\\text{G} \\left(\\text{t}\\text{h}\\text{e} \\text{w}\\text{e}\\text{i}\\text{g}\\text{h}\\text{t} \\text{g}\\text{a}\\text{i}\\text{n}, \\text{g}\\right)=\\text{W}2 \\left(\\text{f}\\text{i}\\text{n}\\text{a}\\text{l} \\text{b}\\text{o}\\text{d}\\text{y} \\text{w}\\text{e}\\text{i}\\text{g}\\text{h}\\text{t}, \\text{g}\\right)-\\text{W}1 \\left(\\text{g}\\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equb\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equb\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\text{F}\\text{C}\\text{R} \\left( \\text{f}\\text{e}\\text{e}\\text{d} \\text{c}\\text{o}\\text{n}\\text{v}\\text{e}\\text{r}\\text{s}\\text{i}\\text{o}\\text{n} \\text{r}\\text{a}\\text{t}\\text{i}\\text{o}\\right)=\\frac{\\text{F}\\text{I} ( \\text{t}\\text{o}\\text{t}\\text{a}\\text{l} \\text{f}\\text{e}\\text{e}\\text{d} \\text{i}\\text{n}\\text{t}\\text{a}\\text{k}\\text{e},\\text{g})}{\\text{t}\\text{o}\\text{t}\\text{a}\\text{l} \\text{W}\\text{G} \\left(\\text{g}\\right)}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equc\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equc\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\text{F}\\text{E} \\left(\\text{f}\\text{e}\\text{e}\\text{d} \\text{e}\\text{f}\\text{f}\\text{i}\\text{c}\\text{i}\\text{e}\\text{n}\\text{c}\\text{y}\\right)=\\frac{100 \\left(\\text{W}1;\\text{g}-\\text{W}2;\\text{g}\\right)}{ \\text{f}\\text{e}\\text{e}\\text{d} \\text{c}\\text{o}\\text{n}\\text{s}\\text{u}\\text{m}\\text{p}\\text{t}\\text{i}\\text{o}\\text{n};g}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBlood collection and hemato-biochemical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFive randomly chosen rabbits from each group had their blood drawn twice: once during the first week following infection and again after the infection through the ear vein. According to Faggio et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), a portion of blood samples containing an anticoagulant, such as EDTA, was drawn to assess haematological parameters. Hemocytometers were used to count red blood cells (RBCs; \u0026times;106/ mm\u0026sup3;) and white blood cells (WBCs; \u0026times;103/ mm\u0026sup3;), and the cyanmethemoglobin method was used to estimate haemoglobin concentration (Hb; g/100 ml). Thin blood films were placed on sterile slides to measure the differential leucocyte count. Modified Wright's stain was added to the slides once they had had time to dry. Without an anticoagulant, a second set of blood was drawn, and the coagulated blood was extracted by centrifuging the sample for 15 minutes at 3000 rpm. Before using commercial kits from Bio-Diagnostic Company, Egypt, the serum is kept at \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;20\u0026deg;C to determine biochemical parameters (ALT, AST, Total protein, Albumin, Globulin, Urea, and Creatinine). Using diagnostic kits from Bio-diagnostic CO., Egypt, the serum antioxidant capacity was determined by measuring the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities by the methodology of Martin Jr. et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e) and Aebi (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1984\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eHistopathological examination\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll experimental rabbit groups had tissue samples from their livers, kidneys, and lungs. These samples were then routinely sectioned into 4 \u0026micro;m thick tissue slices, immersed in paraffin, and preserved in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Hematoxylin and eosin was used to stain these sections. (Bancroft and Layton \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBiosafety measures\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe pathogen regulation mandate for infectious materials (\u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e) was adhered to by the biosafety procedures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatical analysis:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were statically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple comparisons test of SPSS (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e) to investigate the significant variations between various treatments concerning the evaluated parameters. Duncan's test indicates a significant difference (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) between the means with the different letters.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBacterial isolation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom 100 faecal swabs and internal organs (representing 59% of the total), which were taken from seemingly healthy and diarrheal rabbits from various rabbit farms in the Kafr El-Sheikh governorate, 59 \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e were found to be isolated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGram-negative rods were found after gram staining on MacConkey\u0026apos;s agar medium and Eosin Methylene blue (EMB) medium; the acquired isolates developed pink colonies and a characteristic green metallic sheen with a black core, respectively. The Vogus-Proskauer, Urease, Citrate utilization and Oxidase reduction tests yielded negative results for the suspected \u003cem\u003eE. Coli\u003c/em\u003e isolates. However, the methyl red, indole, and catalase production tests produced positive results. According to the results of the Congo red dye binding test, which measures in vitro pathogenicity, 17 out of 59 isolates (or 28% of the total) developed tiny, dark brick red colonies. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIdentification of \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand detection of some virulence genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAntimicrobial susceptibility of the \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eisolates:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results indicate that cefoxitin, streptomycin, ampicillin, and amikacin exhibited the highest levels of antimicrobial sensitivity in the isolated \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e. As indicated in Table (4), the isolates were immediately sensitive to colistin sulphate and resistant to ciprofloxacin, \u0026nbsp;sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and doxycycline. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4 Antimicrobial sensitivity of \u003cem\u003eE.coli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003ctable dir=\"rtl\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.629173989455186%\" colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eSensitive\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.91388400702988%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eIntermediate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.629173989455186%\" colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eResistant\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.82776801405976%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eAntimicrobial agents\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.759036144578314%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.46987951807229%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.373493975903614%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.46987951807229%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.36144578313253%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.566265060240966%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.596491228070175%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e20\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.175438596491228%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.701754385964913%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e80\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.175438596491228%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.947368421052632%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.649122807017545%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.75438596491228%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eColistin sulphate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.596491228070175%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.175438596491228%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.701754385964913%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e30\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.175438596491228%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.947368421052632%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e70\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.649122807017545%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.75438596491228%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eDoxycycline\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.596491228070175%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.175438596491228%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.701754385964913%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.175438596491228%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.947368421052632%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.649122807017545%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.75438596491228%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecefoxitin\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.596491228070175%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e80\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.175438596491228%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.701754385964913%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e20\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.175438596491228%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.947368421052632%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.649122807017545%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.75438596491228%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eStreptomycin\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.596491228070175%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e60\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.175438596491228%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.701754385964913%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e30\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.175438596491228%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.947368421052632%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.649122807017545%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.75438596491228%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eciprofloxacin\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.596491228070175%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e80\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.175438596491228%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.701754385964913%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e20\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.175438596491228%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.947368421052632%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.649122807017545%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.75438596491228%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAmpicillin\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e20\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.350877192982455%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.228070175438596%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.649122807017545%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.947368421052632%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.649122807017545%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.75438596491228%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.922535211267606%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e70\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.56338028169014%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.443661971830986%\" colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.330985915492958%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.154929577464788%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e20\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.683098591549296%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"41.901408450704224%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAmikacin\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of CNP treatments on \u003cem\u003eE.coli\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ere-isolation rate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBefore the infection, no coli bacteria were found in the faeces of any of the experimental rabbits. It was discovered that the \u003cem\u003eE. Coli\u003c/em\u003e discharge started on the third day after infection, peaked in the first week, and then gradually stopped exhibiting clinical symptoms in the second week. Compared to non-treated groups, the re-isolation rate was lower in those treated with CNP or antibiotic alone and in groups treated with CNP and antibiotic combination.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Effect of CNP treatments on \u003cem\u003eE.coli\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ere-isolation rate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003ctable dir=\"rtl\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"648\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"48.148148148148145%\" colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRe-isolation rate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.592592592592595%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTreatment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.25925925925926%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.76923076923077%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e week post-infection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.61538461538461%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e week post-infection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.61538461538461%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e post-infection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.384615384615385%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.307692307692307%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.307692307692307%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.307692307692307%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.307692307692307%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.407407407407407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.407407407407407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0/10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0/10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0/10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.592592592592595%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eNon-treated+ non-challenged\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.25925925925926%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.407407407407407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.407407407407407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3/10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e10/10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e4/10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.592592592592595%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eNon-treated+ challenged\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.25925925925926%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.407407407407407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.407407407407407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0/10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0/10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0/10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.592592592592595%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eTreated with CNP + non-challenged\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.25925925925926%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.407407407407407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.407407407407407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2/10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e5/10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3/10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.592592592592595%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eTreated with CNP + challenged\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.25925925925926%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.407407407407407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.407407407407407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1/10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e4/10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2/10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.592592592592595%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eTreated with antibiotic+ challenged\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.25925925925926%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.407407407407407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.407407407407407%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0/10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2/10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0/10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.592592592592595%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003eTreated with antibiotic+ CNP+ challenged\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.25925925925926%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of CNP supplementation and \u003cem\u003eE.coli\u003c/em\u003e infection\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eon feed parameters.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table 6, we found significant (p\u0026lt;0.05) differences between the groups of growing rabbits fed food containing Nano cinnamon and the control group in terms of growth performance metrics (body weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and feed efficiency). All animals fed CNP showed the highest body weight, weight growth, and feed conversion ratio; in contrast, control groups, either control +ve or -ve, showed the lowest final body weight and weight gain. Furthermore, compared to rabbits fed a diet without CNP, growing rabbits fed a diet containing CNP showed the best feed conversion ratio.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6 Effect\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;of CNP supplementation and \u003cem\u003eE.coli\u003c/em\u003e infection\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eon growth performance parameters every week\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"\" width=\"867\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.76036866359447%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroups\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.414746543778802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInitial weight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.7926267281106%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.599078341013826%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.56221198156682%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.253456221198157%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.253456221198157%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.90783410138249%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.90783410138249%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.548387096774192%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e-week\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"10\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eweight\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.76036866359447%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.414746543778802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e955\u0026plusmn;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.7926267281106%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1092\u0026plusmn;12\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.599078341013826%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1133.25\u0026plusmn;7.25\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.56221198156682%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1299.25\u0026plusmn;6\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.253456221198157%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1422.5\u0026plusmn;3\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.253456221198157%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1504.25\u0026plusmn;1.5\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.90783410138249%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1572.08\u0026plusmn;1.02\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.90783410138249%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1663.45\u0026plusmn;.0.8\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.548387096774192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1764.95\u0026plusmn;0.15\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.76036866359447%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.414746543778802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e960\u0026plusmn;1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.7926267281106%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1080\u0026plusmn;9\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.599078341013826%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1117.5\u0026plusmn;1.75\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.56221198156682%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1163.9\u0026plusmn;6.85\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.253456221198157%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1219.9\u0026plusmn;1.4\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.253456221198157%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1269.4\u0026plusmn;2.1\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n 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\u003cp\u003e0.11\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.76036866359447%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.414746543778802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.7926267281106%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.599078341013826%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.057\u0026plusmn;0.002\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.56221198156682%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.253456221198157%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.074\u0026plusmn;0.001\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.253456221198157%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.074\u0026plusmn;0.002\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.90783410138249%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.095\u0026plusmn;0.002\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.90783410138249%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.105\u0026plusmn;0.002\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.548387096774192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.76036866359447%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.414746543778802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.7926267281106%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.599078341013826%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.148\u0026plusmn;0.001\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.56221198156682%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.27\u0026plusmn;0.007\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.253456221198157%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u0026plusmn;0.002\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.253456221198157%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.197\u0026plusmn;0.002\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.90783410138249%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.328\u0026plusmn;0.002\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.90783410138249%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u0026plusmn;0.0002\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.548387096774192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u0026plusmn;0.002\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.76036866359447%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.414746543778802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.7926267281106%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.599078341013826%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.56221198156682%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.253456221198157%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026plusmn;0.002\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.253456221198157%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.150\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.90783410138249%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.108\u0026plusmn;0.002\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.90783410138249%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.548387096774192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u0026plusmn;0.002\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.76036866359447%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.414746543778802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.7926267281106%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.599078341013826%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.077\u0026plusmn;0.002\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.56221198156682%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.247\u0026plusmn;0.002\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.253456221198157%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u0026plusmn;0.001\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.253456221198157%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.175\u0026plusmn;.0002\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.90783410138249%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.190\u0026plusmn;0.002\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.90783410138249%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.548387096774192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u0026plusmn;0.002\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.76036866359447%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eG6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.414746543778802%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.7926267281106%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.599078341013826%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.227\u0026plusmn;0.002\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.56221198156682%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u0026plusmn;0.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.253456221198157%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.29\u0026plusmn;0.020\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.253456221198157%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.225\u0026plusmn;0.002\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.90783410138249%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.339\u0026plusmn;0.002\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.90783410138249%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.34\u0026plusmn;0.004\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.548387096774192%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.30\u0026plusmn;0.001\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn expression for values is a mean value \u0026plusmn; standard error. The means of distinct letters in the same column differ significantly at (P \u0026lt; 0.05).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of CNP supplementation and \u003cem\u003eE.coli\u003c/em\u003e infection on haematological parameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhite blood cell count increased in group (3) and declined in group (2), but it increased in group (6), group (5), and group (4), correspondingly, until it approached group (1) (table 7). Red blood cell count and hemoglobin amount did not substantially differ across the groups.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 7 Effect of CNP supplementation and \u003cem\u003eE.coli\u003c/em\u003e infection on haematological parameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"747\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.174029451137885%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003egroup\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.388219544846052%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRBCs(\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e/mm\u0026sup3;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.388219544846052%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWBCs(\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/mm\u0026sup3;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.049531459170012%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHb(\u003c/strong\u003eg/100ml)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.522388059701493%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 st wk pc*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.35820895522388%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAt the end of the experiment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.865671641791046%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 st wk pc*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.865671641791046%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAt the end of the experiment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.865671641791046%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 st wk pc*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.522388059701493%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAt the end of the experiment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.187667560321715%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.941018766756033%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.18\u0026plusmn; 0.17\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.487935656836463%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.18\u0026plusmn; 0.17\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.77\u0026plusmn; 1.07 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.77\u0026plusmn; 1.07\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.57 \u0026plusmn; 0.17\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.941018766756033%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.57 \u0026plusmn; 0.17\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.187667560321715%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.941018766756033%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.67\u0026plusmn; \u0026nbsp;0.25\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.487935656836463%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.12\u0026plusmn; 0.230\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.23\u0026plusmn; 0.14\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.86\u0026plusmn; 0.33\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.20\u0026plusmn; 0.20\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.941018766756033%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.37\u0026plusmn; 0.49\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.187667560321715%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.941018766756033%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.19\u0026plusmn; 0.19\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.487935656836463%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.19\u0026plusmn; 0.19\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.60\u0026plusmn; 2.97\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.60\u0026plusmn; 2.97\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.23\u0026plusmn; 0.53\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.941018766756033%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.23\u0026plusmn; \u0026nbsp;0.53\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.187667560321715%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.941018766756033%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.93\u0026plusmn; 0.11\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.487935656836463%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.973\u0026plusmn; 0.13\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.16\u0026plusmn; 0.17\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.57\u0026plusmn; 1.14\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.20\u0026plusmn; 0.17\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.941018766756033%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.93\u0026plusmn; 0.16\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.187667560321715%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.941018766756033%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.20\u0026plusmn; 0.25\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.487935656836463%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.14\u0026plusmn; 0.18\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.00\u0026plusmn; 0.17\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;d\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.10\u0026plusmn; 0.94\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.57\u0026plusmn; 0.80\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.941018766756033%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.70\u0026plusmn; \u0026nbsp;0.26\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.187667560321715%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.941018766756033%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.29\u0026plusmn; \u0026nbsp;0.13\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.487935656836463%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.11\u0026plusmn; 0.29\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.20\u0026plusmn; 0.56\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.27\u0026plusmn; 0.43\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.83\u0026plusmn; 0.40\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.941018766756033%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.00\u0026plusmn; 0.88\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn expression for values is a mean value \u0026plusmn; standard error. At (P \u0026lt; 0.05, means of various letters in the same column differ significantly), pc* (post-infection).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of CNP supplementation and \u003cem\u003eE.coli\u003c/em\u003e infection on deferential leucocytic count\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the first week following the infection, there were no differences between group (1) and the other groups. However, the group (2) significantly declined lymphocyte counts. Furthermore, group (2) had a notable rise in neutrophil counts; group (1) and the other groups showed no differences in neutrophil counts. However, the mixed cell count rose in other groups to reach group (1), whereas it fell in group (2) (table 8). \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 8 \u0026nbsp;Effect of CNP supplementation and \u003cem\u003eE.coli\u003c/em\u003e infection on deferential leucocytic count\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"747\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.174029451137885%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.388219544846052%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLymphocyte\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.388219544846052%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNeutrophil\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.049531459170012%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMixed cell\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.522388059701493%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 st wk pc*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.35820895522388%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAt the end of the experiment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.865671641791046%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 st wk pc*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.865671641791046%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAt the end of the experiment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.865671641791046%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 st wk pc*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.522388059701493%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAt the end of the experiment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.187667560321715%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.941018766756033%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.46\u0026plusmn; 0.76\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.487935656836463%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.46\u0026plusmn; 0.76\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.06\u0026plusmn; 0.08\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.93\u0026plusmn; 0.12\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.36\u0026plusmn; 0.56\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.941018766756033%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.36\u0026plusmn; 0.56\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.187667560321715%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.941018766756033%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.00\u0026plusmn; 0.11\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.487935656836463%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.63\u0026plusmn; 0.59\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.10\u0026plusmn; 1.30\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.10\u0026plusmn; 1.30\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.13\u0026plusmn; 0.03\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.941018766756033%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026plusmn; 0.55\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.187667560321715%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.941018766756033%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.20\u0026plusmn; 0.36\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.487935656836463%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.20\u0026plusmn;0.36\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.36\u0026plusmn; 0.41\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.36\u0026plusmn; 0.41 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.20\u0026plusmn; 0.45\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.941018766756033%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.20\u0026plusmn; 0.45\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.187667560321715%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.941018766756033%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.40\u0026plusmn; 0.20\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.487935656836463%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.03\u0026plusmn; 0.17\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.23\u0026plusmn; 0.23\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.83\u0026plusmn; 0.12\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.53\u0026plusmn; 0.08\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.941018766756033%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026plusmn; 0.10\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.187667560321715%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.941018766756033%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.56\u0026plusmn; 0.29\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.487935656836463%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.80\u0026plusmn; 0.72\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.50\u0026plusmn; 0.20\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;d\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.06\u0026plusmn; 0.40\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;d\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.13\u0026plusmn; 0.08\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.941018766756033%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.23\u0026plusmn; 0.40\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.187667560321715%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.941018766756033%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.06\u0026plusmn; 0.12\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.487935656836463%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.10\u0026plusmn; 0.40\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.03\u0026plusmn; 0.26\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.33\u0026plusmn; 0.40\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.90\u0026plusmn; 0.11\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;d\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.941018766756033%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.83\u0026plusmn; 0.48\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn expression for values is a mean value \u0026plusmn; standard error. At (P \u0026lt; 0.05, means of various letters in the same column differ significantly), \u0026nbsp;pc* (post-infection).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of CNP supplementation and \u003cem\u003eE.coli\u003c/em\u003e infection on antioxidant enzymes\u003c/strong\u003e \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) in the current study increased in group (3) and Following E. coli inoculation, the antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) in groups (6), group (5), and group (4) increased to reach group (1) (table 9). \u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 9 Effect of CNP supplementation and \u003cem\u003eE.coli\u003c/em\u003e infection on serum antioxidant enzymes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"662\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.969788519637461%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.03021148036254%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSOD (U/L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCAT (U/L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.63758389261745%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 st wk pc*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.825503355704697%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAt the end of the experiment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.201342281879196%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 st wk pc*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.335570469798657%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAt the end of the experiment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.969788519637461%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.580060422960724%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4289\u0026plusmn; \u0026nbsp;53.67\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.45015105740181%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4289\u0026plusmn; \u0026nbsp;53.67\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.190332326283986%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e336.7\u0026plusmn; 4.80\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.809667673716014%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e336.7\u0026plusmn; 4.80\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.969788519637461%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.580060422960724%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1368\u0026plusmn; 214.20\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.45015105740181%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3563\u0026plusmn; 218.10\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.190332326283986%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250.2\u0026plusmn; 11.75\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.809667673716014%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135.7\u0026plusmn; 18.95\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.969788519637461%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.580060422960724%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6208\u0026plusmn; 232.90\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.45015105740181%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6208\u0026plusmn; 232.90\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.190332326283986%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e443.8\u0026plusmn; \u0026nbsp;3.43\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.809667673716014%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e443.8\u0026plusmn; 3.43\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.969788519637461%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.580060422960724%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3357\u0026plusmn; 85.07\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;d\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.45015105740181%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3607\u0026plusmn; 184.50\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.190332326283986%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e274.9\u0026plusmn; 10.67\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.809667673716014%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e235.9\u0026plusmn; 2.86\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;d\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.969788519637461%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.580060422960724%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2747\u0026plusmn; 239.30\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.45015105740181%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4274\u0026plusmn; 39.37\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.190332326283986%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e353.5\u0026plusmn; 16.77\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.809667673716014%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e251.6\u0026plusmn; 13.49\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.969788519637461%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.580060422960724%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5086\u0026plusmn; 38.00\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;f\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.45015105740181%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5403\u0026plusmn; 212.90\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.190332326283986%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e439.5\u0026plusmn; 29.71\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;d\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.809667673716014%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e426.9\u0026plusmn; 21.78\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;f\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn expression for values is a mean value \u0026plusmn; standard error. At (P \u0026lt; 0.05, means of various letters in the same column differ significantly), \u0026nbsp;pc* (post-infection).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of CNP supplementation and \u003cem\u003eE.coli\u003c/em\u003e infection on liver enzymes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the current study, group (2) had considerably higher liver enzymes (ALT and AST) than group (3), although group (6), group (5), and group (4) all had lower liver enzymes to approach group (1) (table 10).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 10 Effect of CNP supplementation and \u003cem\u003eE.coli\u003c/em\u003e infection on liver enzymes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"690\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.191582002902758%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.97677793904209%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eALT (U/L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"43.83164005805515%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAST (U/L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 st wk pc*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.082644628099175%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAt the end of the experiment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.818181818181817%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 st wk pc*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.09917355371901%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAt the end of the experiment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.191582002902758%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.56168359941945%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.00\u0026plusmn; 3.05\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.41509433962264%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.00\u0026plusmn; 3.05\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.15820029027576%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.33\u0026plusmn; 2.60\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.673439767779392%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.67\u0026plusmn; 3.18\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.191582002902758%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.56168359941945%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.33\u0026plusmn; 11.84\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.41509433962264%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.67\u0026plusmn; 3.84\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.15820029027576%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.67\u0026plusmn; 2.33\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.673439767779392%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.67\u0026plusmn; 2.33\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.191582002902758%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.56168359941945%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.67\u0026plusmn; 6.88\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.41509433962264%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.67\u0026plusmn; 6.88\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.15820029027576%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.00\u0026plusmn; 1.15\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;c\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.673439767779392%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.33\u0026plusmn; 0.66\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.191582002902758%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.56168359941945%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.00\u0026plusmn; 1.73\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.41509433962264%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.67\u0026plusmn; 1.76\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.15820029027576%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.33\u0026plusmn; 2.72\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;d\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.673439767779392%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.00\u0026plusmn; 8.327\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.191582002902758%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.56168359941945%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.00\u0026plusmn; 2.64\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.41509433962264%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.00\u0026plusmn; 5.50\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.15820029027576%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.67\u0026plusmn; 1.85\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.673439767779392%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.33\u0026plusmn; 13.54\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.191582002902758%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.56168359941945%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.67\u0026plusmn; 6.96\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.41509433962264%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.67\u0026plusmn; 2.96\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.15820029027576%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.67\u0026plusmn; 1.45\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.673439767779392%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.67\u0026plusmn; 1.85\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn expression for values is a mean value \u0026plusmn; standard error. At (P \u0026lt; 0.05, means of various letters in the same column differ significantly), \u0026nbsp;pc* (post-infection).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of CNP supplementation and \u003cem\u003eE.coli\u003c/em\u003e infection on kidney function tests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe renal function tests (urea, creatinine, and uric acid) did not significantly differ across the groups (table 11).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 11 Effect of CNP supplementation and \u003cem\u003eE.coli\u003c/em\u003e infection on kidney function tests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"747\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.174029451137885%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.388219544846052%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUrea (mg/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.388219544846052%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCreatinine (mg/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.049531459170012%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUric acid (mg/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.522388059701493%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 st wk pc*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.35820895522388%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAt the end of the experiment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.865671641791046%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 st wk pc*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.865671641791046%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAt the end of the experiment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.865671641791046%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 st wk pc*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.522388059701493%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAt the end of the experiment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.187667560321715%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.941018766756033%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.33\u0026plusmn; 2.90\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.487935656836463%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.33\u0026plusmn; 2.90\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.50\u0026plusmn; 0.098 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.50\u0026plusmn; 0.098 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55 \u0026plusmn; 0.02 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.941018766756033%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55 \u0026plusmn; 0.02 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.187667560321715%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.941018766756033%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.67\u0026plusmn; 0.66\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.487935656836463%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.33\u0026plusmn; 1.76\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.60\u0026plusmn; \u0026nbsp;0.33\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.57\u0026plusmn; 0.08 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60\u0026plusmn; 0.11\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.941018766756033%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u0026plusmn; 0.11 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.187667560321715%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.941018766756033%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.67\u0026plusmn; 2.33\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.487935656836463%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.67\u0026plusmn; 2.33\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.29\u0026plusmn; \u0026nbsp;0.02\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.29\u0026plusmn; 0.02 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u0026plusmn; \u0026nbsp;0.21\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.941018766756033%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u0026plusmn; 0.21 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.187667560321715%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.941018766756033%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.00\u0026plusmn; 2.08\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.487935656836463%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.33\u0026plusmn; 4.37\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.01\u0026plusmn; 0.05\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.57\u0026plusmn; 0.06\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u0026plusmn; 0.05\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.941018766756033%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u0026plusmn; 0.21 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.187667560321715%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.941018766756033%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.67\u0026plusmn; 1.45\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.487935656836463%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.00\u0026plusmn; 5.29\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.34\u0026plusmn; 0.03\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.55\u0026plusmn; 0.17\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86\u0026plusmn; 0.14\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.941018766756033%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u0026plusmn; 0.03 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.187667560321715%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.941018766756033%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.33\u0026plusmn; 2.02\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.487935656836463%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.33 \u0026plusmn; 1.76\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.80\u0026plusmn; 0.15\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u0026plusmn; 0.03\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.14745308310992%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.23\u0026plusmn; 0.08\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.941018766756033%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u0026plusmn; 0.03 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn expression for values is a mean value \u0026plusmn; standard error. At (P \u0026lt; 0.05, means of various letters in the same column differ significantly), \u0026nbsp;pc* (post-infection).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of CNP supplementation and \u003cem\u003eE.coli\u003c/em\u003e infection on Total protein, Albumin and Globulin\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to table 12, total protein, albumin, and globulin raised in groups (3) and (6), (5) \u0026nbsp;and (4) increased to approach group (1), and declined in group (2) in the current study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 12 Effect of CNP supplementation and \u003cem\u003eE.coli\u003c/em\u003e infection on Total protein, Albumin and Globulin\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"652\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.883435582822086%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.141104294478527%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal protein(g/L)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.987730061349694%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlbumin (g/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.987730061349694%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eglobulin (g/dL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 st wk pc*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAt the end of the experiment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.49122807017544%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 st wk pc*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAt the end of the experiment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 st wk pc*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAt the end of the experiment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.678899082568808%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.56\u0026plusmn; 0.37\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.525993883792049%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.56\u0026plusmn; 0.37\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.37308868501529%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.30\u0026plusmn; 0.06\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.525993883792049%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.30\u0026plusmn; 0.06\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.525993883792049%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.26\u0026plusmn; 0.34\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.525993883792049%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.26\u0026plusmn; 0.34\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.678899082568808%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.40\u0026plusmn; 0.15\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.525993883792049%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.90\u0026plusmn; 0.26\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.37308868501529%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.51\u0026plusmn; \u0026nbsp;0.17\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.525993883792049%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.26\u0026plusmn; 0.04\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.525993883792049%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.88\u0026plusmn; 0.32\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.525993883792049%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.90\u0026plusmn; 0.09\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.678899082568808%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.13\u0026plusmn; 0.20\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.525993883792049%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.36\u0026plusmn; 0.26\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.37308868501529%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.34\u0026plusmn; 0.25\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.525993883792049%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.34\u0026plusmn; 0.25\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.525993883792049%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.05\u0026plusmn; 0.27\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.525993883792049%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.02\u0026plusmn; 0.26\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.678899082568808%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.30\u0026plusmn; 0.11\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.525993883792049%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.16\u0026plusmn; 0.08\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.37308868501529%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.03\u0026plusmn; 0.04\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.525993883792049%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.10\u0026plusmn; 0.05\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.525993883792049%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.26\u0026plusmn; 0.10\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.525993883792049%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.80\u0026plusmn; 0.23\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.678899082568808%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.23\u0026plusmn; 0.13\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.525993883792049%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.10\u0026plusmn; 0.72\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.37308868501529%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.67\u0026plusmn; 0.09\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.525993883792049%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.93\u0026plusmn; 0.26\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.525993883792049%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.02\u0026plusmn; 0.26\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.525993883792049%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.16\u0026plusmn; 0.46\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.844036697247706%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.678899082568808%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.36\u0026plusmn; 0.26\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.525993883792049%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.36\u0026plusmn; 0.38\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.37308868501529%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.08\u0026plusmn; 0.09\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.525993883792049%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.42\u0026plusmn; 0.04\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.525993883792049%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.55\u0026plusmn; 0.21\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.525993883792049%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.94\u0026plusmn; 0.33\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;a\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn expression for values is a mean value \u0026plusmn; standard error. At (P \u0026lt; 0.05, means of various letters in the same column differ significantly), \u0026nbsp;pc* (post-infection).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHistopathological findings\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. Liver\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUntreated control rabbits\u0026apos; liver tissues displayed a normal portal area and normal hepatic parenchyma of the central vein with radiating hepatic cords \u003cstrong\u003e(Fig.2A)\u003c/strong\u003e. Conversely, the liver tissues of rabbits infected with \u003cem\u003eE. Coli\u003c/em\u003e displayed distinct focal areas of coagulative necrosis along with the infiltration of mononuclear cells \u003cstrong\u003e(Fig.2B)\u003c/strong\u003e. Although, rabbits fed CNP showed normal structure in their hepatic tissues \u003cstrong\u003e(Fig.2C)\u003c/strong\u003e. Rabbits infected with \u003cem\u003eE. Coli\u003c/em\u003e and given CNP were moderately restored the normal histology showing hepatocytes vacuolar degeneration accompanied by focal infiltration of perivascular mononuclear cells and sinusoidal cells activation \u003cstrong\u003e(Fig.2D)\u003c/strong\u003e. On the other hand, the hepatic parenchyma of the E. Coli infected rabbits treated with streptomycin showed a notable improvement. \u003cstrong\u003e(Fig.2E)\u003c/strong\u003e, though hyperemia was observed in some areas of the hepatic parenchyma. Amazingly, the normal hepatic structure was restored in infected rabbits exposed to CNP and streptomycin administration without cytoplasmic vacuolation, cellular infiltration, or necrotic changes. \u003cstrong\u003e( Fig.2F)\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Kidney\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe glomeruli and renal tubules in the cortical and medullary areas of the control rabbits\u0026apos; kidneys had normal histological appearances \u003cstrong\u003e(Fig.3A)\u003c/strong\u003e. On the other hand, rabbits infected with E. Coli demonstrated features of marked interstitial nephritis, including focal tubular necrosis and inflammatory infiltrates mainly of macrophages, lymphocytes, and some heterophils \u003cstrong\u003e(Fig.3B)\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eHowever, rabbits fed a diet including CNP had kidneys with normal structure \u003cstrong\u003e(Fig.3C)\u003c/strong\u003e. \u0026nbsp; A moderate reduction in renal histological alterations was noted in \u003cem\u003eE. Coli\u003c/em\u003e-infected rabbits given CNP \u003cstrong\u003e(Fig.3D)\u003c/strong\u003e except of small focal areas of interstitial nephritis, vacuolar degeneration of renal tubules, and mild congestion of glomerular capillaries and intertubular blood vessels. Rabbits with E. Coli infection treated with streptomycin showed minor renal alterations, including congested glomerular capillaries and mild renal epithelial vacuolar degeneration with a pyknotic nucleus \u003cstrong\u003e(Fig.3E)\u003c/strong\u003e. Remarkably, renal parenchyma was significantly restored in \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e-infected rabbits given a combination of streptomycin and CNP \u003cstrong\u003e(Fig.3F)\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. Lung\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe pulmonary tissues of untreated control rabbits showed normal alveoli with thin-walled interalveolar septa. \u003cstrong\u003e(Fig.4A)\u003c/strong\u003e. Conversely, the \u003cem\u003eE. Coli\u003c/em\u003e infection group\u0026apos;s lung exhibited features of interstitial pneumonia, including thickening of the interalveolar septa with infiltrating mononuclear cells and blood vessel congestion. \u003cstrong\u003e(Fig.4B)\u003c/strong\u003e. Rabbits given a diet containing CNP displayed normal lung histology, except for a mild focal pulmonary emphysema, in line with the control group \u003cstrong\u003e(Fig.4C)\u003c/strong\u003e. The features of interstitial pneumonia were slightly ameliorated in \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e-infected rabbits supplemented with CNP \u003cstrong\u003e(Fig.4D)\u003c/strong\u003e. This amelioration was enhanced in \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e infected rabbits treated with streptomycin with a moderate degree of interstitial pneumonia \u003cstrong\u003e(Fig.4E\u003c/strong\u003e). A significant improvement was seen in \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e infected group treated with a combination of streptomycin and CNP where minute focal areas of interalveolar thickening \u003cstrong\u003e(Fig.4F\u003c/strong\u003e).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eOne of Egypt's most significant animal industries is the raising of rabbits. (Edlin and Saif-Saif 1994). According to some research published by Hong et al. (2017), a rabbit farm had a high mortality rate of 24%, and isolates of diarrheagenic \u003cem\u003eE. Coli\u003c/em\u003e were responsible for 75% of these deaths. The current investigation aimed to separate diarrheagenic E. Coli F from rabbits. Out of 100 faecal samples, 59 had \u003cem\u003eE. Coli\u003c/em\u003e, representing a 59% prevalence rate. These outcomes matched those reported by El-Masry et al. (2021).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlternatively, the putative \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e isolates, Gram staining, cultural traits, and biochemical testing agreed with Edward and Ewing (1972) and El-Masry et al. (2021). Additionally, Singh and Gupta (1996) mentioned that the ability of virulent \u003cem\u003eE. Coli\u003c/em\u003e isolates to interact with Congo red can be used to identify them. The results of the Congo red dye binding test, used to assess the in vitro pathogenicity of the suspected \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e, were consistent with the findings of Berkhoff and Vinal (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1986\u003c/span\u003e), who found a substantial correlation between the virulence of \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e in chicken and its expression of the CR phenotype. Additionally, they concurred with El-Masry et al. (2021), who reported that 8 out of 27 isolates (29.63%) produced positive results and had tiny and dark red colonies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur results, which are shown in Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ea, \u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003eb, \u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ec, and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003ed evidenced that the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was implemented to identify the three virulence genes, tsh, astA, and hlyA, as well as the phoA gene of \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e, which generates bands at 720 bp. According to the data, nine isolates out of ten tested (90%) carried the gene tsh, resulting in products at 620 bp. These results were in agreement with Walaa and Lamyaa (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), who reported that all detected E. coli serogroups isolated from nursing rabbits expressed the tsh gene, and disagreed with those published by Eid et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), who found that the tsh gene was expressed in just one isolate out of five isolates. Furthermore, our results showed that hlyA was detected in two out of ten isolates.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost \u003cem\u003eE. Coli\u003c/em\u003e isolates in our study were amikacin, ampicillin, streptomycin, and cefoxitin sensitive. These outcomes were almost identical to those reported by Xiaonan et al. (2018), who discovered that imipenem, ceftriaxone, and ceftazidime were effective against all \u003cem\u003eE.coli\u003c/em\u003e strains. Additionally, our findings showed that the isolates of \u003cem\u003eE. Coli\u003c/em\u003e were resistant to doxycycline and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. These findings aligned with those of Sabry and Mohamed (2009), who discovered that rabbit \u003cem\u003eE. Coli\u003c/em\u003e strains exhibited resistance to tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole. Additionally, the findings were in line with those of Chuong et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), who reported that isolates of \u003cem\u003eE. Coli\u003c/em\u003e were resistant to 100% of doxycycline, 95.46% of sulfamethoxazole, and 86.37% of neomycin. Since rabbits are more susceptible to beta-lactams, we could not utilize cefoxitin or ampicillin in our experiment and had to use streptomycin in the drinking water.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the third day post-infection, the \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e-infected rabbits in this experiment displayed symptoms like anorexia, dullness, abdominal distension, and brown, watery diarrhoea. All internal organs were enlarged; pericarditis, enteritis, and petechial bleeding on the wall were seen during the examination of deceased rabbits. These findings are consistent with earlier reports (Licois \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Ismail et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e ; Abdallah et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCinnamaldehyde is linked to cinnamon's antibacterial properties (Zhou et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). According to Gill and Holley (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e), the impact of membrane permeability and the suppression of glucose uptake or utilization are two potential pathways for the antibacterial activity of cinnamon aldehyde. Additionally, Abd El-Hack et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) noted that the primary active components of cinnamon are eugenol and cinnamaldehyde, both of which have additive or synergistic qualities. These elements work together to facilitate the entry of cinnamaldehyde into the phospholipid bilayer of bacterial cells and walls, making it easier to bind to proteins. This prevents the proteins from performing their regular functions, resulting in cytoplasmic coagulation, denaturation of proteins and enzymes, and loss of metabolites and ions (Burt \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). Research indicates that the presence of cinnamon oil can suppress the growth of bacteria (Wang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to Pereira et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), cinnamaldehyde has significant anti-adhesive properties against pathogenic \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e, and CNP helped inhibit or decrease E. coli infection. In our research, the re-isolation rate of \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e was lower in groups treated with CNP and antibiotic together and in groups treated with CNP or antibiotic alone than in non-treated groups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe found that there were substantial (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) differences between the groups of growing rabbits fed food containing CNP and the control group in our study in terms of growth performance indicators (body weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and feed efficiency) (6). All animals fed CNP showed the highest body weight, weight growth, and feed conversion ratio; in contrast, control groups, either control\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;ve or -ve, showed the lowest final body weight and weight gain. Furthermore, when comparing growing rabbits provided with a diet containing cinnamon to those on a diet without CNP, the best feed conversion ratio was seen. The findings of Zeweil et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) and El-Khali et al. (2012) reported that growing rabbits fed diets supplemented with cinnamon had significantly higher final body weights, weight gains, feed conversion ratios, and feed efficiency at performance compared to control groups, corroborated the findings of our study. According to Mohamed et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) and Naderi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), the feed intake of growing rabbits supplemented with CNP remained the same in the current study compared to the control group. The data indicating that the CNP-containing diet improved the growth performance of the rabbits may also have resulted from the presence of compounds that enhance the assimilation and assimilation of specific nutrients. These compounds may have been linked to the bioactive ingredient (cinnamaldehyde), which increases feed utilization and enhances growth (Zeweil et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRed blood cell count and haemoglobin amount did not differ significantly between the groups; however, white blood cell count rose in the group (3) fed CNP and basal diet and decreased in the group (2) inoculated with E. coli. However, it increased in group (6) fed CNP and treated with streptomycin, group (5) treated with streptomycin, and group (4) fed CNP until it reached the control group (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). The normal RBCs supported these findings and clarified that there was neither hemolytic anaemia nor erythrogenesis depression. The fact that all of the experimental rabbits had normal haemoglobin concentrations suggests that the added feed ingredients support the formation of haemoglobin. In contrast to Zeweil et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), who reported that cinnamon had a significant increase in RBCs and haemoglobin but, similarly to our study, had a significant increase in WBCs, and in agreement with the findings of Baghban et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), which demonstrated that cinnamon did not alter levels of red blood cell count and haemoglobin.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the first week following the infection, there were no differences between group (1) and the other groups, but group (2), which had received an \u003cem\u003eE. Coli\u003c/em\u003e infection, had a significant decline in lymphocyte counts. Furthermore, group (2), which received an \u003cem\u003eE. Coli\u003c/em\u003e infection, had a notable rise in neutrophil counts; group (1) and the other groups showed no differences in neutrophil counts. However, the mixed cell count rose in other groups to reach the control group, whereas it fell in group (2) that received the \u003cem\u003eE. Coli\u003c/em\u003e injection (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). Our findings corroborated those of Abdel-Azeem (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), who found that supplementing with cinnamon improves the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio. The increase in the control group's neutrophil percentage and the corresponding drop in the treated groups' neutrophil percentages may indicate how stressed out the growing rabbits in the control group were. Additionally, CNP has a protective impact by reducing the oxidative pathway of stress-related damage. Furthermore, including a CNP supplement in the diet may help control stress, making it a practical dietary approach to lowering the risk of stress.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuperoxide dismutase (SOD) is a key defence mechanism against oxidative stress. It catalyzes the conversion of superoxide radicals to hydrogen peroxide and oxygen, increasing the body's ability to scavenge free radicals and reducing tissue or cell damage. Catalase (CAT) is another enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and molecular oxygen. An antioxidant defence system is essential for shielding cells from oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Owumi and Dim \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) in the current study increased in the group (3) fed a basal diet with CNP and (6) that fed a basal diet with CNP and treated with streptomycin, group (5) that received streptomycin treatment, and group (4) that fed CNP to reach the control group after being inoculated by \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). These findings corroborated those of Abdel-Tawwab et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), who suggested that dietary CNP exhibited antioxidant activity and that there was a significant increase in SOD and CAT activities. These outcomes could be attributed to the high concentrations of bioactive compounds found in cinnamon, such as polyphenols, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, essential oils (cinnamyl and cinnamonmic aldehyde), and carbohydrates.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the current study, liver enzymes (ALT and AST) significantly increased in group (2) that received an E. coli infection and decreased in group (3) that received a basal diet supplemented with CNP; however, group (6) that received a basal diet supplemented with CNP and streptomycin treatment, group (5) that received streptomycin treatment, and group (4) that received CNP feeding all decreased to reach the control group (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). These findings suggest that CNP has a hepatocyte-protective effect. According to globulin levels, a supplement containing cinnamon may improve the humoral immune response. The aminotransferases, ALT and AST of blood, indicate the number of intracellular hepatic enzymes permeating the bloodstream. Additionally, they function as an indicator of hepatocyte injury (McGill 2016). There was no evidence of liver damage in the groups taking cinnamon supplements, as seen by the drop in aminotransferase levels. Mammals and birds have shown altered liver metabolism in response to endotoxin therapy or a live bacterial challenge (Curtis et al. 1980).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experiment's rabbits showed a drop in blood aminotransferase levels, especially the ones that got CNP supplementation. These results corroborate the findings of El-Nomeary et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), who found that cinnamon reduced serum GOT, and Kreydiyyeh et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e), who found that the active ingredients in cinnamon can penetrate intestinal cell membranes and inhibit the Na+-K+-ATPase, which is the motor for numerous transport processes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe renal function tests (urea, creatinine, and uric acid) did not significantly differ across the groups (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). CNP's kidney-protective properties might explain our findings. These findings are comparable to those of El-Nomeary et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), who found that extract from cinnamon can considerably reduce blood urea and creatinine values. Cinnamaldehyde, an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory component found in cinnamon, is one of the active chemicals in cinnamon that can improve kidney functions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the current study, total protein, albumin, and globulin increased in group (3) fed basal diet with CNP and (6) fed basal diet with CNP and treated with streptomycin, group (5) treated with streptomycin, group (4) fed CNP to reach control group, and group (2) inoculated by E. coli decreased (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). Because the liver produces albumin and has a half-life of approximately two weeks, a drop in albumin levels could be caused by either decreased liver production or albumin loss from the kidney (nephropathy) or the gut (enteropathy). These findings are consistent with the findings of Al-Sayed et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), Acar et al. (2018), Abdel-Azeem, and El-Kader (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), who reported that albumin-based antibodies are major protein components of serum protein generated in the hepatic tissues, which functions as a humoral immune response and may aid in the augmentation of immune organs. Total protein and globulin of plasma are also components of the immune system. Consequently, the results of the present investigation on blood total protein and globulin levels indicated that supplementing with CNP may improve the humoral immune response. The liver's function is substantially impacted by infection or sepsis (Kokosharov et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e), who reported liver degenerative alterations that were responsible for the decline. Additionally, (Kokosharov \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e) observed a significant decrease in either albumin or serum total protein due to an acute \u003cem\u003eS. gallinarium\u003c/em\u003e infection. He also mentioned that albumin decreased while globulin fractions increased.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistopathological analysis of rabbits' livers, kidneys, and lungs experimentally infected with \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e revealed architectural distortion, similar to the earlier reports of Azhar and Shahera (2014) and Lateef et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). When compared to the control group, the most encountered hepatic lesion was marked multi-focal coagulative necrosis accompanied by infiltrations of mononuclear cells Abalaka et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e and Abd El-Ghany et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e. Along with alveolar emphysema in the lungs interspersed with thickened interstitial septa, the kidneys also displayed focal interstitial nephritis Usman et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). E. coli causes, directly or indirectly, oxidative stress due to the increased generation of reactive species or depletion of defence antioxidants combined with the production of endotoxin Barreiros et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e. The cytotoxicity associated with oxidative stress derives from the potential of free radicals responsible for causing the oxidation of cellular constituents, including proteins, lipids and DNA, leading to cell death Valko et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e. In the existing study, serum levels of SOD and CAT were significantly lowered in the \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e-infected group, suggesting oxidative stress, which accounts for the histological changes seen in the examined tissues. In contrast, in the infected groups treated with CNP, there was a significant increase in the serum levels of SOD and CAT in groups 6, 5, and 4, respectively. This improvement was linked to the histological structure of the liver, kidney, and lungs being restored to normal levels; the group of rabbits that received both CNP and streptomycin showed the greatest improvement compared to other treated groups. The main components of cinnamon, including phenols, terpenes, and cinnamaldehyde, are what give it its antioxidant properties and, consequently, lower lipid peroxidation Qin et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e) Shakeel et al. (2018) and tissue damage. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report studying the protective effects of CNP against the pathological changes induced by \u003cem\u003eE.coli\u003c/em\u003e induced infection in rabbits\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eBased on the current research, CNP may be a viable antibiotic substitute in \u003cem\u003eE. Coli\u003c/em\u003e infections because of its potent antibacterial activity, influence on growth performance, and effects on the liver, kidneys, tissues' histological structure, and antioxidant enzymes. In addition, CNP can be used as a preventative measure to treat \u003cem\u003eE. Coli\u003c/em\u003e infections in developing rabbits. Ironically, the most potent effects are obtained when CNP and streptomycin are administered together.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Animal Health Research Institute Dokki-Giza team, Kafrelsheikh Provincial Lab, is greatly appreciated by the authors for their courteous support and the facilities they provided. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthorship contribution statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors worked together to complete this project. Methodology, formal analysis, writing (original draft), writing (review \u0026amp; editing), \u003cstrong\u003eGehan I.E. Ali\u003c/strong\u003e Resources, Monitoring, Research, and Visualization. The author, \u003cstrong\u003eNehal, A.A. Naena\u003c/strong\u003e, specializes in ideas, original draft writing, formulating overall research goals and aims, and writing reviews. \u003cstrong\u003eTahoon, A.Y\u003c/strong\u003e.: Materials, Research, Illustration, Verification, Composing \u0026ndash; Evaluation, \u003cstrong\u003eEman T. Al-sokary\u003c/strong\u003e: Concepts, Developing broad research objectives, Project management, Writing \u0026ndash; Evaluation, \u003cstrong\u003eEl-Keredy, M.S. Abeer\u003c/strong\u003e: Materials, Research, Illustration, Verification, Composing \u0026ndash; Evaluation, \u003cstrong\u003eShaimaa Elbaz\u003c/strong\u003e: concepts, initial draft writing, establishing broad objectives and goals for the research, and writing reviews. \u003cstrong\u003eSamah Abou Asa\u003c/strong\u003e: Histopathological section writing and methodology. Every author wrote the manuscript\u0026apos;s initial and final drafts. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe article, images, and tables contain the data that the authors of this work have confirmed are available. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnimal Welfare and Ethics Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe experimental methodology, protocols, and animal care used in the present study followed the relevant guidelines and regulations of the Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest disclosure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing financial interests or personal relationships that could influence the work reported in this paper.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbalaka S, Sani N, Idoko I, et al (2017) Pathological changes associated with an outbreak of colibacillosis in a commercial broiler flock. 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Egyptian Journal of Nutrition and Feeds 19:521\u0026ndash;533. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejnf.2016.74993\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhao X, Yang J, Ju Z, et al (2018) Molecular Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance in \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e from Rabbit Farms in Tai\u0026rsquo;an, China. BioMed Research International 2018:1\u0026ndash;7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8607647\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhou F, Ji B, Zhang H, et al (2007) THE ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF CINNAMALDEHYDE, THYMOL, CARVACROL AND THEIR COMBINATIONS AGAINST THE FOODBORNE PATHOGEN \u003cem\u003eSALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM\u003c/em\u003e. Journal of Food Safety 27:124\u0026ndash;133. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4565.2007.00064.x\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZweil H, Zahran S, Ahmed M, et al (2016) Effects of Allicin and Lycopene on Performance, Carcass, Hematological Profile and Antioxidant Status of Growing Rabbits Through Summer Season. Journal of the Advances in Agricultural Researches 21:622\u0026ndash;638. https://doi.org/10.21608/jalexu.2016.195566\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"E. coli infection, pathogenic alterations, growth performance, serum biochemistry, CNP, and rabbits","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4184430/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4184430/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe goal of this study was to find out how supplementing rabbits with cinnamon Nanoparticles (CNP) affected their immunity, growth performance, serum biochemistry, blood haematology, and the histology of their liver, lung, and kidney in addition to their protective impact against a fake infection with \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli O25\u003c/em\u003e. After being acclimated for two weeks and separated into six equal groups, sixty weaned white New Zealand rabbits (35 days old) that appeared healthy were acquired from a private farm in Kafr EL-Sheikh Governorate. According to our findings, the rabbits that got CNP exhibited better growth performance, P.M. lesions, bacterial re-isolation outcomes, and clinical symptoms. The hepatic and renoprotective effects of CNP may be supported by the mean values of serum ALT and AST levels decreasing and mean values of total protein, albumin, globulin, total white blood cell count, lymphocyte count, and antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) increasing. The histological analysis showed that the positive control group had apparent pathological changes, such as interstitial nephritis, hepatic coagulative necrosis, and interstitial pneumonia with mononuclear cell infiltrations. The CNP and streptomycin-treated group, on the other hand, showed milder to moderately changed tissue conditions. It is possible to conclude that CNP can be used as an alternative to antibiotics because the combined treated group showed high efficacy (growth performance, antibacterial, and favourable effects on liver, kidney, and antioxidant enzyme functions in addition to reducing the histological alteration changes in liver, kidney, and lung tissues).\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Improving growth performance, immunity, and health status of rabbits by using cinnamon Nanoparticles","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-04 13:34:08","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4184430/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"55c48408-d8bc-4567-af68-f75a0bbead2c","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 4th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-04-06T19:00:33+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-04 13:34:08","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4184430","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4184430","identity":"rs-4184430","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}