Analysis of Bio-Oil of the Thermal and Catalytic Pyrolysis of Yellow Passion Fruit Peel

Analysis of Bio-Oil of the Thermal and Catalytic Pyrolysis of Yellow Passion Fruit Peel | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Analysis of Bio-Oil of the Thermal and Catalytic Pyrolysis of Yellow Passion Fruit Peel Ana C. Oliveira, Luiz E. P. Borges This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7328172/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Brazil is the world's largest producer of passion fruit, and the peel, rich in hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin, is often discarded as organic waste. This study used thermal pyrolysis to convert the peel of sour yellow passion fruit into new fractions of bioproducts. The pretreatment was carried out using a kinetic test, adjusted according to the Newton model, and the samples were heated to 450°C for 30 minutes. Thermal and catalytic pyrolysis resulted in three-states. GC-MS analysis showed that the use of CaO as a catalyst modified the composition of the pyrolytic liquid. 13 C and 1 H NMR analysis indicated the presence of -CH 2 and -CH 3 groups, as well as alcoholic hydrogen. It was concluded that pyrolysis is a sustainable route to residue decreases, waste and generate new product fractions, with possible added value in the market. Pyrolysis Biomass Passion fruit peel Waste Bio-oil Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 16 Feb, 2026 Reviews received at journal 09 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 05 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 31 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 27 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 18 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 18 Dec, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 16 Dec, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 22 Aug, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 22 Aug, 2025 First submitted to journal 22 Aug, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7328172","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":562624895,"identity":"158cb4ba-be9f-4e16-9e9e-111e7edff10b","order_by":0,"name":"Ana C. Oliveira","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA60lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYNCCAgkGBmYg/cEAxOMBswkAA4gWxhkkaIFQzDwMRGjhn938AOgei8R+dt6Hn20KtskxsPceYC7cg1uLxJ1jBkD3SCTObGY3ls4xuG3MwHMugXnGMzzW3EgwYOYxkDA2OMzGANKS2CCRAxQ5gFuH/I30D2At9ofZmH9bGNyub5B/g1+LwY0csC1yBsxsbNIMBrcTGCR48GsxvJFTcBDoFzmJw2xslj0Gtw3bePISDs/Ao0XuRvrGBx8q6nj4+48x3/jx57Y8P/vZg48L8GgBAVRpNgyRUTAKRsEoGAUkAwA93ETMjweVxAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Military Institute of Engineering","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ana","middleName":"C.","lastName":"Oliveira","suffix":""},{"id":562624896,"identity":"8165d574-c055-4fa8-ab9b-56335bd1095c","order_by":1,"name":"Luiz E. P. Borges","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Military Institute of Engineering","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Luiz","middleName":"E. P.","lastName":"Borges","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-08 14:23:23","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7328172/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7328172/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":99309557,"identity":"3993f18a-61af-445f-b577-e8b7e8d5536c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:10:46","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":458349,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Article220825.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7328172/v1/bf318d4588ef4fa5b3445e59.docx"},{"id":98886717,"identity":"5fa21f9c-2a90-4145-a449-2494f4682f64","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-23 15:14:57","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4173,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"e91b0e6ee9084332b2cc302c732c6a8f.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7328172/v1/2dfbe2d7c657947d1f8596f7.json"},{"id":98886718,"identity":"b5182a78-b6a5-4652-8036-4c07401d5e65","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-23 15:14:57","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":50498,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"e91b0e6ee9084332b2cc302c732c6a8f1enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7328172/v1/57746943ed889aba88ea8943.xml"},{"id":98886698,"identity":"de88c722-7092-41da-aa9a-c4d505a807df","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-23 15:14:54","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":6705,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7328172/v1/8026b19a162ad46723442fa9.png"},{"id":98886700,"identity":"631c840e-006c-4026-a27c-8b5d6b1fa66f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-23 15:14:55","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":75047,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7328172/v1/2f726bb1969d871d68ef71f6.png"},{"id":98886703,"identity":"41dcfa72-2cd7-4376-b014-28abe5039619","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-23 15:14:55","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":14139,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7328172/v1/d77c8422418b73a50e9d8704.png"},{"id":98886699,"identity":"ed17e0ed-59d9-406d-9785-582e57487b96","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-23 15:14:54","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":24107,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7328172/v1/a913d49a737d9116d52ee879.png"},{"id":99309497,"identity":"26984ce6-5ebd-41eb-abf3-5dec0c921589","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:10:33","extension":"emf","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":604824,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7328172/v1/9c53019788e337948a060a92.emf"},{"id":99309290,"identity":"8899ec3f-0640-4836-af78-1a4fa730323d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:10:00","extension":"emf","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":987620,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7328172/v1/aac11db2742980bb0e4e8819.emf"},{"id":99309585,"identity":"f0d47259-14f5-4b03-a6d0-666838001ef8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:10:46","extension":"jpeg","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":121358,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7328172/v1/8a1b36cda29f13b16f8c4710.jpeg"},{"id":98886709,"identity":"37d890c2-a9dc-4fd3-8459-872d4455f3cd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-23 15:14:55","extension":"emf","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":990016,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7328172/v1/5c8a7bdb4d9043016088cc39.emf"},{"id":99309219,"identity":"98e0101b-4a20-4925-a4c4-300d5b1f8b13","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:09:54","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":6714,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7328172/v1/085b150566e298b2766caccc.png"},{"id":99309335,"identity":"ce3fdde0-c3dc-452c-8d7a-929411912f68","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:10:12","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":24724,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7328172/v1/d5056e9014a30fd951df3ab3.png"},{"id":99309473,"identity":"e006a4fc-4f27-46e5-a98c-e862cff24f4b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:10:27","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":9662,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7328172/v1/b62ca5c977f209b4c3dfb7e0.png"},{"id":98886713,"identity":"c615fb47-2465-4256-a9e8-ef99dfe63b3a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-23 15:14:55","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":9292,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7328172/v1/0b9f2a8dead2800969bb7697.png"},{"id":98886714,"identity":"1895b20e-95b1-410d-b213-8d419d4c5911","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-23 15:14:55","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":21857,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7328172/v1/8e0e0f5b417f9eaf3dc04be0.png"},{"id":99309414,"identity":"d081908d-8597-4b8b-8acf-a34984c6eba0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:10:21","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":17110,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7328172/v1/eb9d9c3b6a0f2b0ca165636a.png"},{"id":99309220,"identity":"9f47d58c-ac29-4aa3-ade8-b32dac82064d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:09:54","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":36324,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7328172/v1/4e225b62653dc9c703b8d3b7.png"},{"id":99309172,"identity":"e4fae7a3-e74f-4cd1-8863-48451b23085c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:09:50","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":13311,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7328172/v1/16153baca0e309cee9b548a0.png"},{"id":98886712,"identity":"85080fe0-6bee-4d60-9aff-06d7afa90d42","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-23 15:14:55","extension":"xml","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":48198,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"e91b0e6ee9084332b2cc302c732c6a8f1structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7328172/v1/92af338b65e250d7a06155af.xml"},{"id":98886715,"identity":"3e52d836-0e51-41ea-9ac3-ab5f9f94617c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-23 15:14:55","extension":"html","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":56055,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7328172/v1/f170a87a78e7413fce8218eb.html"},{"id":99322580,"identity":"3a8a3c21-6626-4718-ad24-f1d96c963af4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:43:50","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":731722,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Article220825.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7328172/v1_covered_dd2d0dda-7221-43de-afa8-5427d2e2bdc0.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of Bio-Oil of the Thermal and Catalytic Pyrolysis of Yellow Passion Fruit Peel\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-chemistry","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ccjo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Chemistry](https://bmcchem.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ccjo/default.aspx","title":"BMC Chemistry","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Pyrolysis, Biomass, Passion fruit peel, Waste, Bio-oil","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7328172/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7328172/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBrazil is the world's largest producer of passion fruit, and the peel, rich in hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin, is often discarded as organic waste. This study used thermal pyrolysis to convert the peel of sour yellow passion fruit into new fractions of bioproducts. The pretreatment was carried out using a kinetic test, adjusted according to the Newton model, and the samples were heated to 450°C for 30 minutes. Thermal and catalytic pyrolysis resulted in three-states. GC-MS analysis showed that the use of CaO as a catalyst modified the composition of the pyrolytic liquid. \u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003eC and \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eH NMR analysis indicated the presence of -CH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and -CH\u003csub\u003e3 \u003c/sub\u003egroups, as well as alcoholic hydrogen. It was concluded that pyrolysis is a sustainable route to residue decreases, waste and generate new product fractions, with possible added value in the market.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Analysis of Bio-Oil of the Thermal and Catalytic Pyrolysis of Yellow Passion Fruit Peel","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-23 15:14:50","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7328172/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-02-16T09:32:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-09T09:22:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"322451406009768028906949044443985898617","date":"2026-01-05T09:41:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"21760955263139838975563302119142674070","date":"2025-12-31T07:13:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-27T20:39:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"168331487090500306013863469687189895925","date":"2025-12-18T22:33:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"282339775236135551581378643497657044010","date":"2025-12-18T05:53:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-16T22:30:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-08-22T10:14:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-08-22T04:38:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Chemistry","date":"2025-08-22T04:36:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-chemistry","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ccjo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Chemistry](https://bmcchem.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ccjo/default.aspx","title":"BMC Chemistry","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"71e31f35-8680-498f-a146-3f291cc50eb1","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 23rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-27T14:10:27+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-23 15:14:50","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7328172","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7328172","identity":"rs-7328172","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}