Trans-boundary Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Sentinel 5P Tropospheric Nitrogen Dioxide and Total Carbon Monoxide Columns over Punjab & Haryana Regions with COVID-19 Lockdown Impact

A spatio-temporal analysis of Tropospheric Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and Total Carbon Monoxide (CO) concentrations over the Punjab and Haryana regions of India and Pakistan is performed, utilizing datasets from the Sentinel 5-Precursor (S5P). These regions, marked by diverse economic growth factors such as population expansion, power generation, transportation, and agricultural practices, confront similar challenges in atmospheric pollution. This is particularly evident in major urban centers like Delhi and Lahore, which are identified as pollution hotspots. The study also spotlights pollution associated with power plants. In urban areas, Tropospheric NO2 levels are predominantly elevated due to vehicular emissions, whereas residential activities mainly contribute to CO pollution. However, precisely attributing urban CO sources is complex due to its longer atmospheric residence time and intricate circulation patterns. Notably, the burning of rice crop residue in November significantly exacerbates winter pollution episodes and smog, showing a more pronounced correlation with Total CO than with Tropospheric NO2 levels. The temporal analysis indicates that the months from October to December witness peak pollution, contrasted with the relatively cleaner period during the monsoon months of July to September. The severe pollution in the OND quarter is attributed to factors such as variations in boundary layer height and depletion of OH radicals. Furthermore, the study highlights the positive impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on air quality, with a significant decrease in NO 2 concentrations during April 2020 (Delhi: 59%, Lahore: 58%). However, the reduction in Total CO columns was less significant. The study also correlates lockdown stringency with Tropospheric NO 2 Columns (R 2 0.37 for Delhi, 0.25 for Lahore, 0.22 for Rawalpindi/Islamabad), acknowledging the influence of various meteorological and atmospheric variables.