Peroxisomes, PPARs, and Their Role in Macrophages.

Macrophages are versatile immune cells capable of modifying their functions based on their location and the specific requirements of the immune response. They polarize into the M1 phenotype when stimulated by inflammatory agents. In contrast to resolve inflammation and to facilitate tissue repair, macrophages polarize into the M2 phenotype. Polarization alters the cellular composition of the macrophages, including peroxisomes and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). In macrophages, peroxisomes and PPARs perform at least three key roles: mediating inflammation, reducing oxidative stress, and regulating lipid metabolism. We review the functional role of peroxisomes and PPARs on macrophage biology focusing on adaptive mechanisms during these processes. The insights gained from this analysis are expected to lead to new advancements in treating inflammation and immune-related disorders, including autoimmune disorders, metabolic inflammation, and neurodegenerative conditions.