Plan-Do-Check-Act-theory-based job satisfaction and countermeasures among public health postgraduates
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Abstract Background: Given the current global public health challenges and the potential outbreak of a pandemic in the future, the career choice of postgraduates majoring in public health is of great significance to public health development in society. The existing research mainly focuses on the analysis of the current situation and training mode of postgraduates. This study aimed to analyze the employment status of postgraduates majoring in public health in the Yangtze River Delta region of China using the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle model and propose suggestions for improvement. Methods: Postgraduates majoring in public health from universities in Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Anhui were selected as research participants through a questionnaire survey. The survey content included information on socio-demographic characteristics, practice and employment intentions, employment cognition, and satisfaction. A chi-square test was used to analyze differences in the distribution of industry cognition under different baseline characteristics, and a multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the factors influencing the distribution of industry cognition. Results: Overall, 290 individuals were included in the analysis (average age: 26.16±2.21 years). Regarding public health industry awareness, 193 individuals (66.6%) were in the low-score group, and 97 (33.4%) were in the high-score group. The results of multi-factorial logistic regression analysis showed that study participants with a higher annual household income had a poorer perception of the public health industry (odds ratio [OR]=0.7, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.503–0.973), graduated in 2021 and later (OR=5.231, 95% CI: 1.906–14.358), and specialized in the five major health professions (OR=2.199, 95% CI: 1.223–3.954). Study participants with lower annual household income had a higher perception of the public health profession. Graduate students in public health have a negative attitude towards the current situation and employment situation in the public health industry and believe that the epidemic has had a negative impact on employment. They face problems such as an insufficient match between internships and employment and increased employment pressure. Conclusions: Based on our findings, we propose strengthening the connection between internship and employment, providing career planning courses and psychological counseling services, and increasing practice and internship opportunities.
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The existing research mainly focuses on the analysis of the current situation and training mode of postgraduates. This study aimed to analyze the employment status of postgraduates majoring in public health in the Yangtze River Delta region of China using the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle model and propose suggestions for improvement. Methods: Postgraduates majoring in public health from universities in Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Anhui were selected as research participants through a questionnaire survey. The survey content included information on socio-demographic characteristics, practice and employment intentions, employment cognition, and satisfaction. A chi-square test was used to analyze differences in the distribution of industry cognition under different baseline characteristics, and a multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the factors influencing the distribution of industry cognition. Results: Overall, 290 individuals were included in the analysis (average age: 26.16±2.21 years). Regarding public health industry awareness, 193 individuals (66.6%) were in the low-score group, and 97 (33.4%) were in the high-score group. The results of multi-factorial logistic regression analysis showed that study participants with a higher annual household income had a poorer perception of the public health industry (odds ratio [OR]=0.7, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.503–0.973), graduated in 2021 and later (OR=5.231, 95% CI: 1.906–14.358), and specialized in the five major health professions (OR=2.199, 95% CI: 1.223–3.954). Study participants with lower annual household income had a higher perception of the public health profession. Graduate students in public health have a negative attitude towards the current situation and employment situation in the public health industry and believe that the epidemic has had a negative impact on employment. They face problems such as an insufficient match between internships and employment and increased employment pressure. Conclusions: Based on our findings, we propose strengthening the connection between internship and employment, providing career planning courses and psychological counseling services, and increasing practice and internship opportunities. Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) Public Health Satisfaction Employment Background The public health system is a key component in ensuring the health of the entire population and is central to promoting the construction of Healthy China [ 1 ]. It has played a key role in responding to major public health events such as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. The talent team is the cornerstone and strategic support for the construction of the public health system. The 14th Five-Year Plan for the development of healthcare in Zhejiang Province clearly stipulates the implementation of the training plan for public health personnel. Moreover, young talents are an important force for public health personnel. However, in the face of complex and changeable public health tasks, Zhejiang Province faces problems such as insufficient quantity, low level, and limited post-competence of young public health personnel. In the post-epidemic era, universities, research institutes, and other units that train young talents must not only cultivate scientific research talents who can conduct research on health problems and influencing factors but also cultivate multidisciplinary talents who are competent in epidemic prevention and control, treatment, and emergency response. This approach will better equip them to manage major public health emergencies. In 2001, the State Council approved 22 universities to offer master's degrees in public health education, and full-time master's degrees in public health commenced enrollment. Since then, the number of universities in China offering master's degrees in public health qualifications has increased to 57 [ 2 ], providing an important way to cultivate high-quality applied talents [ 3 ]. However, the training and education model of public health talents still faces many challenges. Conversely, the professional quality and post-competence of public health talents need to be improved, and the current training and education model is insufficiently equipped to address the challenges of public health emergencies and meet the requirements of heavy tasks [ 4 ]. Conversely, the structural imbalance between supply and demand has led to severe employment pressure for public health graduates in recent years, which is mainly reflected in the apparent scarcity of public health talents in grassroots institutions[ 5 ]. Grassroots institutions are often not the first choice for public health graduates; some employers will not recruit on a large scale in the next few years owing to job demands and staffing scales; the income level of general practitioners is higher than that of public health personnel; public health personnel jobs have high substitutability; and some medical units believe that there is no need to recruit . The existing research mainly focuses on the analysis of the current situation and training mode of postgraduates, the policy environment for graduates' employment, and the economic situation [ 9 ], which often focuses on macro-level analysis and ignores individual factors at the micro level, such as personal career planning, ability, quality, and practical experience. There is also a lack of detailed data support for employment distribution and career development. Further study is needed to explore the challenges and opportunities faced by public health graduates at work, as well as corresponding strategies and measures. This study employed the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle model theory, combined with a questionnaire survey, and analyzed the employment problems of public health graduates from the perspective of the project. This study aimed to establish a circular mechanism of "employment guidance Plan, Do, Check and feedback, Action quality analysis, and improvement" and to provide multidimensional ideas and suggestions for the training and utilization of public health talents needed to accelerate the construction of a healthy China. Methods Study and population design In this study, postgraduate students majoring in public health from universities in the Yangtze River Delta (Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui) were selected as research participants. The fields of study included epidemiology and health statistics, nutrition and food hygiene, occupational health and environmental hygiene, social medicine and Health Management, health toxicology, and public health. Questionnaire survey In this study, a self-designed questionnaire was utilized on employment intentions and the factors influencing postgraduate public health students. The contents of the survey included the following: (1) general socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents (including age, major, sex, type of postgraduate degree, highest postgraduate degree major, and undergraduate major); (2) practice and employment intention (including practice, employment advice, and intended job); and (3) current situation and satisfaction with employment cognition (such as the current situation of the public health industry, employment situation, and impact of the epidemic). The five-point Likert scale was used to score satisfaction with the cognition of the public health industry, with 1 point representing "strongly unsatisfied" and 5 points indicating "strongly satisfied." Based on the score, the cognition level of the public health industry was divided into two groups, with a score ≥ 2/3 of the total score of this section classified into the high-score group and the remaining into the low-score group). An electronic questionnaire was used for the investigation, with 20 valid questionnaires recovered in the pre-investigation. Additionally, 290 valid questionnaires were recovered in the formal investigation, with an effective recovery rate of 100%. Statistical analysis Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 26.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, US). Quantitative data were normally distributed and described as mean ± standard deviation (x ± s). The chi-square test was used to analyze the differences in employment cognition distribution under different baseline characteristics, and a multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of employment cognition distribution. The test level was α = 0.05. Ethics Statement The Zhejiang Medical Ethics Committee approved the study as an institutional ethics exemption ( https://lunli.wsjkw.zj.gov.cn/ [accessed on 30 April 2023]). The researchers obtained informed consent from all the recruited participants after presenting a brief description of the study before answering the questionnaires, including the purpose, time commitment, and any risks. All the researchers completed the required training module. Results Demographics, internship, and career information The study included 290 participants (average age: 26.16 ± 2.21 years), comprising 70 males (24.1%) and 220 females (75.9%). Of them, 130 (44.8%) were from urban areas, and 160 (55.2%) were from rural areas. The distribution of their higher education institutions was as follows: 18 in Shanghai (6.2%), 76 in Jiangsu (26.2%), 142 in Zhejiang (49.0%), and 54 in Anhui (18.6%). The sample comprised 34 doctoral students (11.7%), 114 academic master's degree students (39.3%), and 142 professional master's degree students (49.0%). Most students (93.1%) graduated in 2021 or later, and only 6.9% graduated in 2020 or earlier. Regarding the distribution of the highest degrees, 98 students (33.8%) majored in Public Health, 65 (22.4%) in Epidemiology and Health Statistics, 41 (14.1%) in Occupational And Environmental Health, 30 (10.3%) in Social Medicine and Public Health, 8 (2.8%) in Health Toxicology, 22 (7.6%) in Nutrition and Food Hygiene, and 26 (9.0%) in other majors. Regarding undergraduate majors, 200 students (69.0%) majored in Preventive Medicine, 21 (7.2%) in Health Management, 35 (12.1%) in other medical-related majors, and 34 (11.7%) in non-medical majors. Concerning the annual family income distribution, 102 (35.2%) had an income of less than 100,000 yuan, 113 (39.0%) had an income between 100,000 and 200,000 yuan (excluding 100,000 yuan), and 75 (25.9%) had an income of more than 200,000 yuan. In terms of the distribution of parents' education, 197 (67.9%) had a high school degree or lower, 87 (30.0%) had a junior college or undergraduate degree, and six (2.1%) had a postgraduate degree. Over one-third of the respondents had no practical experience during their postgraduate studies, and 38.3% had 1–6 months of practical experience. Of the respondents, 54.1% had not participated in career guidance, 54.5% had no definite jobs, and 54.8% intended to work in places other than their hometowns. Additionally, 51.4% of the respondents intended to work at the CDC, and 19.0% intended to work in hospitals (Table 1 ). Table 1 Cognition of public health graduate students on the public health industry (N = 290) Demographic Characteristic Reports Perceived Satisfaction With Public Health Industry N (%) x 2 p- value Low Score Group (n = 193) High Score Group (n = 97) Sex Male 70 (24.1%) 40 (20.7%) 30 (30.9%) 3.670 0.055 Female 220 (75.9%) 153 (79.3%) 67 (69.1%) Family resources Urban 130 (44.8%) 79 (40.9%) 51 (52.6%) 3.539 0.060 Rural 160 (55.2%) 114 (59.1%) 46 (47.4%) College Shanghai 18 (6.2%) 10 (5.2%) 8 (8.2%) 4.012 0.260 Jiangsu 76 (26.2%) 56 (29.0%) 20 (20.6%) Zhejiang 142 (49.0%) 95 (49.2%) 47 (48.5%) Anhui 54 (18.6%) 32 (16.6%) 22 (22.7%) Highest degree Type of postgraduate Doctoral Students 34 (11.7%) 25 (13.0%) 9 (9.3%) 2.488 0.288 Academic Master's Degree Students 114 (39.3%) 70 (36.3%) 44 (45.4%) Professional Master's Degree Students 142 (49.0%) 98 (50.8%) 44 (45.4%) Graduation year 2020 And Before 20 (6.9%) 6 (3.1%) 14 (14.4%) 12.893 < 0.001 2021 Or Later 270 (93.1%) 187 (96.9%) 83 (85.6%) Highest degrees Public Health 98 (33.8%) 68 (35.2%) 30 (30.9%) 14.407 0.025 Epidemiology And Health Statistics 65 (22.4%) 40 (20.7%) 25 (25.8%) Occupational And Environmental Health 41 (14.1%) 35 (18.1%) 6 (6.2%) Social Medicine And Public Health 30 (10.3%) 18 (9.3%) 12 (12.4%) Health Toxicology 8 (2.8%) 4 (2.1%) 4 (4.1%) Nutrition And Food Hygiene 22 (7.6%) 16 (8.3%) 6 (6.2%) Other Majors 26 (9.0%) 12 (6.2%) 14 (14.4%) Undergraduate majors Preventive Medicine 200 (69.0%) 137 (71.0%) 63 (64.9%) 3.235 0.357 Health Management 21 (7.2%) 14 (7.3%) 7 (7.2%) Other Medical-Related Majors 35 (12.1%) 24 (12.4%) 11 (11.3%) Non-Medical-Related Majors 34 (11.7%) 18 (9.3%) 16 (16.5%) Annual family income ≤ 100,000 Yuan 102 (35.2%) 72 (37.3%) 30 (30.9%) 9.717 0.008 100,000–200,000 Yuan(Excluding 100,000 Yuan) 113 (39.0%) 82 (42.5%) 31 (32.0%) ≥ 200,000 Yuan 75 (25.9%) 39 (20.2%) 36 (37.1%) Parents' education High School Degree Or Less 197 (67.9%) 136 (70.5%) 61 (21.0%) 1.786 0.409 Junior College Or Undergraduate Degree 87 (30.0%) 53 (27.5%) 34 (35.1%) Postgraduate Degree 6 (2.1%) 4 (2.1%) 2 (2.1%) Practical experience 1–6months 111 (38.3%) 78 (40.4%) 33 (34.0%) 1.630 0.443 >6months 79 (27.2%) 53 (27.5%) 26 (26.8%) None 100 (34.5%) 62 (32.1%) 38 (39.2%) Participation in career counseling Yes 133 (45.9%) 91 (47.2%) 42 (43.3%) 0.386 0.535 No 157 (54.1%) 102 (52.8%) 55 (56.7%) Already have a job in Mind Yes 131 (45.2%) 90(46.6%) 41 (42.3%) 0.496 0.481 No 158 (54.5%) 103 (53.4%) 56 (57.7%) Preferred working area Non-Hometowns 159 (54.8%) 102 (52.8%) 57 (58.8%) 0.911 0.340 Hometowns 131 (45.2%) 91 (47.2%) 40 (41.2%) Type of intended working unit CDC 149 (51.4%) 89 (46.1%) 60 (61.9%) 6.964 0.223 Hospitals 55 (19.0%) 41 (21.2%) 14 (14.4%) Civil Servant 28 (9.7%) 22 (11.4%) 6 (6.2%) University Or Scientific Research Institute 24 (8.3%) 17 (8.8%) 7 (7.2%) Other 20 (6.9%) 14 (7.3%) 6 (6.2%) Pursue a Doctorate Or Study Abroad 14 (4.8%) 10 (5.2%) 4 (4.1%) 1. with a score ≥ 2/3 of the total score of this section, classified into the high-score group and the remaining into the low-score group. 2. Statistically significant associated factors are indicated in bold. Current situation of the public health industry The current situation of the public health industry can be evaluated from three aspects: the current state, the employment situation, and the impact of the epidemic on public health employment. Among the 290 public health postgraduates surveyed, 56.9% rated the current situation of the public health industry as average, while 20.3% expressed satisfaction. Regarding the cognitive distribution of the public health employment situation, 47.2% reported that it was average, and 21.7% found it unsatisfactory. In terms of the impact of the epidemic on public health employment, 44.1% of respondents expressed dissatisfaction, and 25.5% reported general sentiment ( Table 2 ). Regarding the cognitive score of the public health industry, 193 (66.6%) individuals were in the low-score group and 97 (33.4%) in the high-score group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of cognitive factors in the public health industry The chi-square test revealed statistically significant differences in public health graduate students' understanding of the public health industry based on their graduation year, highest degree, and annual family income (Table 1 ). To exclude confounding factors after adjusting for relevant demographic variables, the cognition score of the public health industry was used as the dependent variable (0 = low score; 1 = high score). Statistically significant characteristics in univariate analysis were included as independent variables in multivariate logistic regression analysis. The results of the logistic regression analysis suggest that higher income levels are associated with poorer perceptions. Additionally, graduates who majored in the Five Major Hygiene in Public Health and graduated in 2021 later demonstrated higher levels of cognition in the public health industry (Table 3 ). Table 2 Current situation of respondents' cognition of the public health industry (N = 290) Public Health Industry Cognition Strongly Unsatisfied Unsatisfied Neutral Satisfied Strongly Satisfied Current Situation Of the Public Health Industry 18 (6.2%) 32 (11.0%) 165 (56.9%) 59 (20.3%) 16 (5.5%) Employment Situation In Public Health 26 (9.0%) 63 (21.7%) 137 (47.2%) 50 (17.2%) 14 (4.8%) The Impact Of The Pandemic On Public Health Employment 33 (11.4%) 127 (43.8%) 74 (25.5%) 48 (16.6%) 8 (2.8%) Table 3 Multivariate Logistics analysis results of public health industry cognition Items β SE Wald P OR 95%CI Annual Family Income -0.357 0.168 4.507 0.034 0.7 0.503–0.973 Year Of Graduation 2020 And Before (Reference) 2021 And Beyond 1.655 0.515 10.314 0.001 5.231 1.906–14.358 Highest Professional Degree Classification Other Majors (Reference) The Five Major Health Professions In Public Health 0.788 0.299 6.934 0.008 2.199 1.223–3.954 1. Statistically significant associated factors are indicated in bold. 2. We used the cognition score of the public health industry as the dependent variable (0 = low score; 1 = high score). 3. The five major health professions in Public Health: Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Occupational and Environmental Health, Nutrition and Food Hygiene. Discussion Training and employment challenges of postgraduates in public health Given the current global public health challenges and the potential outbreak of a pandemic such as “X disease” in the future, the career choice of postgraduates majoring in public health is of great significance to the development of public health in society. Their perceptions and attitudes towards the profession will directly affect their future career development and the quality of public health services. Examining the career choices of public health postgraduates is helpful for understanding their career development paths, optimizing talent training mechanisms, and improving the level of public health services. Research has indicated that few postgraduate public health students have a positive attitude towards the current situation and employment status in the public health sector, and the general view is that the epidemic is adversely affecting employment in the public health sector. This negative attitude may be due to the increased pressure of public health work during the epidemic, the increased risk of the work environment, and the uncertainty of career development prospects, which affects the employment satisfaction and quality of life of public health graduates and increases the difficulty of career planning for graduates. Despite their awareness of the spread of COVID-19, public health students were willing to take on a relatively high risk of infection to receive face-to-face instructions [ 6 ]. Postgraduates experience greater psychological burdens and employment pressures during the COVID-19 pandemic [ 7 ]. Mentoring public health graduate students is an effective strategy to improve student experience and graduate department satisfaction, which contributes to students' educational and career goals [ 8 ]. Moreover, the specificity and complexity of the public health industry may lead to graduate students' concerns regarding employment situation [ 9 ]. Public health work encompasses disease prevention, health promotion, environmental health, and other aspects, necessitating robust professional knowledge and practical skills. Positive promotion of the industry and sharing of public health success stories through media and academic platforms should be strengthened to improve the industry's image. Through the interpretation of policy support, the government's support policies in the field of public health should be clarified to enhance students' confidence in industry prospects. With the increase in social demand for public health services and the expansion of postgraduate enrollment in public health, an increasing number of graduates have entered the public health industry, leading to intensified competition and increasing pressure on the employment of public health graduates. Mental health interventions can effectively address burnout symptoms in graduate public health [ 10 ]. Providing professional mental health services for postgraduates in public health can assist them in dealing with occupational pressure. Additionally, conducting targeted career planning counseling can help students better understand industry trends and personal positioning. Moreover, providing more practice and internship opportunities and fostering cooperation with public health institutions ensures that the internship position aligns with the professional training objectives of students and improves the practical value of internships. The results showed that higher annual family income was associated with poorer public health industry cognition. This may be attributed to the advantages that graduate students from high-income families have in terms of resource access, career planning, and other aspects. They also have more development opportunities in other fields, which affects their attention and cognition of the public health industry. The higher awareness of the public health industry among graduates in 2021 and later is related to the increased attention paid to the pandemic in the public health field in recent years and the emphasis on emerging health issues in the education system. Newer educational resources and information have improved the understanding of the public health industry among these graduates. This advantage should be fully utilized to integrate the latest public health research findings and cases into teaching and maintain the timeliness and cutting-edge teaching content. Through alumni sharing and exchange programs, outstanding alumni who graduated in recent years can share their working experiences and insights in the public health field and provide graduate students with a sense of identity in the industry. Graduates who majored in the Five Major Hygiene in Public Health have a high awareness of the public health industry. The curriculum of these related majors is closer to the practice of public health, which makes students more directly in contact with the relevant problems and practices of public health, thereby facilitating a comprehensive understanding of the industry. The most common types of intended work units for public health graduate students were disease prevention and control centers at all levels, followed by hospitals at all levels, and civil servants, reflecting their preference for professional and technical positions. Approximately two-thirds of the public health graduate students had practical experience. Although graduate students participated in various forms of practice, there were differences between internships and job requirements, which may have affected their career development and job adaptability. Concurrent field practice is more effective as a teaching method than traditional teaching in graduate education in public health [ 11 ]. It is necessary to strengthen the connection between practice and job positions, establish a stable school-enterprise cooperation mechanism, and ensure that internship content aligns with the actual needs in the field of public health. Cooperation between employers and universities can help improve public health capacity, with significant implications for research output and undergraduate training [ 12 ]. More than half of the public health graduate students did not participate in employment guidance. The lack of employment guidance may make graduate students inadequate in career planning and market adaptability. To expand the coverage of employment guidance services, compulsory career planning, and employment guidance courses should be established to help students understand industry trends and develop personal career-planning strategies. Additionally, over half of public health graduates had no definite job. Regular employment fairs and lectures can help build bridges between potential employees. Furthermore, more than half of graduate students in public health intend to work in non-hometowns. However, working in non-hometowns may put extra pressure on life and work. For graduate students willing to work in non-hometowns, regional cultural adaptation training should be provided, and a cross-regional communication platform should be established to share employment information from various regions and promote inter-regional talent flow. Process of PDCA management for career development of Master of Public Health To improve the employability and quality of postgraduates majoring in public health, universities can adopt the PDCA model management. This involves establishing a circular management mode of "employment guidance Plan, Do, Check, Action quality analysis and improvement." Employment guidance plan (P): Formulates a detailed employment guidance plan for postgraduates, including career planning, skill training, and internship arrangements. Establish clear employment guidance goals and schedules to ensure the orderly conduct of various activities. Do and feedback (D): Equip the employment guidance plan with the necessary resources, such as funds, personnel, and facilities, and establish work rules and procedures to ensure the effectiveness of employment guidance activities. Check and feedback (C): Dynamically monitor the quality of employment guidance work, establish a ledger, analyze problems timely, and provide a basis for improvement in the next round of the PDCA cycle. Action quality analysis and improvement (A): summarize the results according to the employment rate and other indicators, identify the existing problems and deficiencies, put forward improvement directions, and optimize the employment guidance management mode [ 13 – 15 ]. The PDCA employment program helps promote diversity and in-depth development of public health education. Additionally, it provides valuable teaching and research experience for training public health professionals with project evaluation skills and the ability to apply multidisciplinary methods [ 16 ]. The following suggestions are proposed based on the PDCA model: (1) Cultivation of high-level interdisciplinary medical talent. The cultivation of high-level interdisciplinary medical talents should be strengthened, coverage of post-skills learning in the field of public health should be improved, a "white list" system for outstanding talents should be established, top medical and health units should be attracted to recruit students, the teaching environment should be optimized, and talent incentive measures to cultivate high-level talents should be adopted. (2) Systematic arrangement of employment guidance teams. Multidepartment alliances should be supported to participate in employment education and guidance, positive interactions between teachers and students should be promoted, and new guidance modes should be explored [ 17 ]. (3) Establishing an "Internet + employment" platform and weaving a tight employment service network. Information technology should be used to strengthen the construction of the "Internet + employment" platform. The iterative employment information release platform should be updated, recruitment information disseminated, employment tracked, and the iterative employment information release platform should be updated based on the needs of graduates. (4) Strengthening career guidance. Career counseling courses should be set up, and students should be encouraged to participate in grassroots service projects, such as "Three Supports and One Help" and "College Students Volunteer Service in the West," to contribute to the public health cause of grassroots and Western regions. Study Limitations Several constraints were identified in this study that should be considered in future research. First, the recruitment of public health graduate students was limited to the Yangtze River Delta region (Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui) owing to financial and time limitations, which may restrict the generalizability of the findings. Future studies should use larger sample sizes and geographic scopes to enhance the external validity of the results. Second this study used a self-designed questionnaire. The satisfaction measures used in this study are well-established and validated in preliminary explorations but have not been applied and validated in larger surveys. Future research should consider additional contextual factors. Conclusions The PDCA management process is a long-term talent development strategy for a Master of Public Health that relies on collaboration between multiple departments. The main findings of this study are that few postgraduate public health students have a positive attitude toward the current situation and employment status in the public health sector, and the general view is that the epidemic is adversely affecting employment in the public health sector; higher income levels are associated with poorer perceptions. Additionally, graduates who majored in the Five Major Hygiene in Public Health and graduated in 2021 or later demonstrated higher levels of cognition in the public health industry. This provides a broad sense and basis for the application of PDCA management in the employment guidance of postgraduates in public health. We specifically suggest cultivating high-level interdisciplinary medical talents, systematically organizing employment guidance teams, establishing an "Internet + employment" platform to weave a tight employment service network, and strengthening career guidance. Abbreviations COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019 PDCA Plan-Do-Check-Act OR odds ratio CI confidence interval Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was registered as an institutional ethics exemption and the need for ethical approval was waived by the Zhejiang Medical Ethics Committee (https://lunli.wsjkw.zj.gov.cn/ (accessed on 30 April 2023). To minimize the study’s risks and protect subjects’ identities, the study provided informed content to all recruited participants and presented a brief description of the study, including the purpose, time commitment, and any risks. Availability of data and materials The online survey collected data using the Wenjuanxing Platform (https://www.wjx.cn/app/survey.aspx [accessed on 3 June 2024]). More detailed data used and analyzed in the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interest Funding Zhejiang Province Youth and Youth Work Research Project (ZQ2023094) Authors' contributions T.W., Q.Z. and B.C. conceptualized the study. T.W. and B.C. designed the study. T.W., Q.Z., and B.C. wrote the manuscript. T.W., Q.Z., L.H., M.T., Y.G., B.Z., F.Z., and B.C. collected primary data. T.W., Q.Z., and B.C. analyzed results and designed exhibits. T.W. contributed to the critical review of the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Acknowledgments The authors thank all participants of the study. The authors also express their gratitude for the generous support of the Zhejiang Province Youth and Youth Work Research Project. Consent for publication This manuscript has not been published before and is not being considered for publication elsewhere. References The Lancet Public Health. Strengthening public health for a Healthy China. 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Willingness-to-pay tuition and risk-taking proclivities among public health students. J Am Coll Health. 2023;71:2705–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2021.1987249 . Andrade D, Ribeiro IJ, Máté O. Academic burnout among master and doctoral students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sci Rep. 2023;13:4745. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-31852-w . Grilo S, Bryant M, Garbers S, Wiggin M, Samari G. Effects of a mentoring program for black, indigenous, and people of color and first-generation public health students. Public Health Rep. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1177/00333549231181346 . Liang B, Zhan Y, Feng A, Gao Y, Li P, Shu Y, et al. A survey on the willingness of college students majoring in public health to work in their majors. Chin J Epidemiol. 2021;42(3):562–8. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20200629-00898 . [In Chinese]. Igbokwe C, Obandeogbuinya N, Nwala E, Ezugwu U, Ugwu U. Effect of rational-emotive behavior intervention on managing burnout symptoms among postgraduate students in public universities. Glob J Health Sci. 2020;12:38–43. https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v12n9p38 . Banu B, Asaduzzaman S, Akter N. Concurrent field practice act as an efficient teaching pedagogy to originate public health professionals: A Bangladesh Context. Univers J Public Health. 2020. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujph.2020.080401 . Araújo II, Beleza S, Maria MD, Medicine. Portugal BMJ Glob Health. 2019;4:A62. https://doi.org/10.1136/BMJGH-2019-EDC.163 . Whelan N, Murphy MP, McGann M. The enabling role of employment guidance in contemporary public employment services: A work-first to life-first typology. Br J Guidance Couns. 2021;49(2):200–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2021.1879374 . Gu S, Zhang A, Huo G, Yuan W, Li Y, Han J, Shen N. Application of PDCA cycle management for postgraduate medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Med Educ. 2021;21(1):308. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02740-6 . Tang B, Lin D, Zhang F, Yan M, Shao A. The Plan-Do-Check-Action Plan Helps Improve the Quality of the Standardized Training of Resident Physicians: An Analysis of the Results of the First Pass Rate. Front public health. 2021;8:598774. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.598774 . Durham ML, Town E. Interprofessional student quality improvement project in a federally qualified health center. J Nurs Educ. 2020;59:585–88. https://doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20200921-09 . Weixin R. 2021. A Study on College Graduates' Employment Problem in The Context of Big Data Based on the Event of COVID-19. In Proceedings of the 2021 4th International Conference on Big Data and Education (ICBDE '21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 88–91. https://doi.org/10.1145/3451400.3451414 . Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4434862","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":307783101,"identity":"4a244a3c-a9f4-4fb2-9984-42ffa1af88a7","order_by":0,"name":"Tianjiao Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tianjiao","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":307783102,"identity":"46da3b29-67a1-4e4e-9476-a0bd8832a0bd","order_by":1,"name":"Qingheng Zhu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Qingheng","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhu","suffix":""},{"id":307783103,"identity":"d95b45b9-ad39-4018-8f14-9409263fa521","order_by":2,"name":"Liang Huang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Liang","middleName":"","lastName":"Huang","suffix":""},{"id":307783104,"identity":"4bc7abfb-d4bb-415e-a04d-56898ca5231d","order_by":3,"name":"Mengtao Pang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mengtao","middleName":"","lastName":"Pang","suffix":""},{"id":307783105,"identity":"e7a1b964-34c0-4ca1-8afa-9f2cc75dd291","order_by":4,"name":"Yujie Guo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yujie","middleName":"","lastName":"Guo","suffix":""},{"id":307783106,"identity":"2d9b22fc-1586-45fd-97bb-4946b6598de6","order_by":5,"name":"Baodan Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Baodan","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":307783107,"identity":"f4cdf1cb-dd33-4996-a8f9-71ef1fcaddb6","order_by":6,"name":"Fu Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fu","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""},{"id":307783108,"identity":"bdfac13d-dd10-41ba-92ed-34b8bc26a127","order_by":7,"name":"Boyan Chen","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA2klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACCSBmbGBg4GdgSAAymUnQItlAshaDA2AuEVr4Zzcfe8C4gyFx8/kDzyQYKqwTG9jPHsBvyZ1j6QaMZxgStx04kCbBcCY9sYEnLwGvFgOJHDMJxjagloMNaUDG4cQGCR4DAlryv4G1bG5mAGr5R5SWHDawlg1sIC0NRGiRuJEGdNgZBuMZZxiSLRKOpRu38eTg18I/I/mZBDDEZPv7zyTe+FBjLdvPfga/FhBg/sPw37GBgScBHJlsBNVDgT0DA/sBYhWPglEwCkbBCAMAi3hAv6wzyjYAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Boyan","middleName":"","lastName":"Chen","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-17 07:15:41","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4434862/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4434862/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":67883896,"identity":"fed9389a-2e75-4aae-8a1b-01fea40bb5cf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-30 17:38:45","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":602393,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4434862/v1/42209ffb-b7fc-4450-b7fd-659d487b1dbf.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Plan-Do-Check-Act-theory-based job satisfaction and countermeasures among public health postgraduates","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe public health system is a key component in ensuring the health of the entire population and is central to promoting the construction of Healthy China [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. It has played a key role in responding to major public health events such as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. The talent team is the cornerstone and strategic support for the construction of the public health system. The 14th Five-Year Plan for the development of healthcare in Zhejiang Province clearly stipulates the implementation of the training plan for public health personnel. Moreover, young talents are an important force for public health personnel. However, in the face of complex and changeable public health tasks, Zhejiang Province faces problems such as insufficient quantity, low level, and limited post-competence of young public health personnel. In the post-epidemic era, universities, research institutes, and other units that train young talents must not only cultivate scientific research talents who can conduct research on health problems and influencing factors but also cultivate multidisciplinary talents who are competent in epidemic prevention and control, treatment, and emergency response. This approach will better equip them to manage major public health emergencies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn 2001, the State Council approved 22 universities to offer master's degrees in public health education, and full-time master's degrees in public health commenced enrollment. Since then, the number of universities in China offering master's degrees in public health qualifications has increased to 57 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e], providing an important way to cultivate high-quality applied talents [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the training and education model of public health talents still faces many challenges. Conversely, the professional quality and post-competence of public health talents need to be improved, and the current training and education model is insufficiently equipped to address the challenges of public health emergencies and meet the requirements of heavy tasks [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Conversely, the structural imbalance between supply and demand has led to severe employment pressure for public health graduates in recent years, which is mainly reflected in the apparent scarcity of public health talents in grassroots institutions[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Grassroots institutions are often not the first choice for public health graduates; some employers will not recruit on a large scale in the next few years owing to job demands and staffing scales; the income level of general practitioners is higher than that of public health personnel; public health personnel jobs have high substitutability; and some medical units believe that there is no need to recruit .\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe existing research mainly focuses on the analysis of the current situation and training mode of postgraduates, the policy environment for graduates' employment, and the economic situation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e], which often focuses on macro-level analysis and ignores individual factors at the micro level, such as personal career planning, ability, quality, and practical experience. There is also a lack of detailed data support for employment distribution and career development. Further study is needed to explore the challenges and opportunities faced by public health graduates at work, as well as corresponding strategies and measures. This study employed the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle model theory, combined with a questionnaire survey, and analyzed the employment problems of public health graduates from the perspective of the project. This study aimed to establish a circular mechanism of \"employment guidance Plan, Do, Check and feedback, Action quality analysis, and improvement\" and to provide multidimensional ideas and suggestions for the training and utilization of public health talents needed to accelerate the construction of a healthy China.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy and population design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, postgraduate students majoring in public health from universities in the Yangtze River Delta (Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui) were selected as research participants. The fields of study included epidemiology and health statistics, nutrition and food hygiene, occupational health and environmental hygiene, social medicine and Health Management, health toxicology, and public health.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eQuestionnaire survey\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, a self-designed questionnaire was utilized on employment intentions and the factors influencing postgraduate public health students. The contents of the survey included the following: (1) general socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents (including age, major, sex, type of postgraduate degree, highest postgraduate degree major, and undergraduate major); (2) practice and employment intention (including practice, employment advice, and intended job); and (3) current situation and satisfaction with employment cognition (such as the current situation of the public health industry, employment situation, and impact of the epidemic). The five-point Likert scale was used to score satisfaction with the cognition of the public health industry, with 1 point representing \"strongly unsatisfied\" and 5 points indicating \"strongly satisfied.\" Based on the score, the cognition level of the public health industry was divided into two groups, with a score\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;2/3 of the total score of this section classified into the high-score group and the remaining into the low-score group). An electronic questionnaire was used for the investigation, with 20 valid questionnaires recovered in the pre-investigation. Additionally, 290 valid questionnaires were recovered in the formal investigation, with an effective recovery rate of 100%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical analysis was performed using SPSS 26.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, US). Quantitative data were normally distributed and described as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation (x\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;s). The chi-square test was used to analyze the differences in employment cognition distribution under different baseline characteristics, and a multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of employment cognition distribution. The test level was α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEthics Statement\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Zhejiang Medical Ethics Committee approved the study as an institutional ethics\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eexemption (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://lunli.wsjkw.zj.gov.cn/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://lunli.wsjkw.zj.gov.cn/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e [accessed on 30 April 2023]). The researchers obtained informed consent from all the recruited participants after presenting a brief description of the study before answering the questionnaires, including the purpose, time commitment, and any risks. All the researchers completed the required training module.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eDemographics, internship, and career information\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study included 290 participants (average age: 26.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.21 years), comprising 70 males (24.1%) and 220 females (75.9%). Of them, 130 (44.8%) were from urban areas, and 160 (55.2%) were from rural areas. The distribution of their higher education institutions was as follows: 18 in Shanghai (6.2%), 76 in Jiangsu (26.2%), 142 in Zhejiang (49.0%), and 54 in Anhui (18.6%). The sample comprised 34 doctoral students (11.7%), 114 academic master's degree students (39.3%), and 142 professional master's degree students (49.0%). Most students (93.1%) graduated in 2021 or later, and only 6.9% graduated in 2020 or earlier. Regarding the distribution of the highest degrees, 98 students (33.8%) majored in Public Health, 65 (22.4%) in Epidemiology and Health Statistics, 41 (14.1%) in Occupational And Environmental Health, 30 (10.3%) in Social Medicine and Public Health, 8 (2.8%) in Health Toxicology, 22 (7.6%) in Nutrition and Food Hygiene, and 26 (9.0%) in other majors. Regarding undergraduate majors, 200 students (69.0%) majored in Preventive Medicine, 21 (7.2%) in Health Management, 35 (12.1%) in other medical-related majors, and 34 (11.7%) in non-medical majors. Concerning the annual family income distribution, 102 (35.2%) had an income of less than 100,000 yuan, 113 (39.0%) had an income between 100,000 and 200,000 yuan (excluding 100,000 yuan), and 75 (25.9%) had an income of more than 200,000 yuan. In terms of the distribution of parents' education, 197 (67.9%) had a high school degree or lower, 87 (30.0%) had a junior college or undergraduate degree, and six (2.1%) had a postgraduate degree. Over one-third of the respondents had no practical experience during their postgraduate studies, and 38.3% had 1\u0026ndash;6 months of practical experience. Of the respondents, 54.1% had not participated in career guidance, 54.5% had no definite jobs, and 54.8% intended to work in places other than their hometowns. Additionally, 51.4% of the respondents intended to work at the CDC, and 19.0% intended to work in hospitals (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCognition of public health graduate students on the public health industry (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;290)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDemographic Characteristic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReports\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerceived Satisfaction With Public Health Industry N (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ex\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep-\u003c/em\u003evalue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow Score Group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;193)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh Score Group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;97)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70 (24.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40 (20.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 (30.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.670\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.055\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e220 (75.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e153 (79.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67 (69.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily resources\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e130 (44.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79 (40.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51 (52.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.539\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.060\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e160 (55.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114 (59.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46 (47.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollege\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShanghai\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (6.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (5.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (8.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.260\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJiangsu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e76 (26.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56 (29.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (20.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZhejiang\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e142 (49.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95 (49.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47 (48.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnhui\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54 (18.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32 (16.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (22.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHighest degree Type of postgraduate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDoctoral Students\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34 (11.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 (13.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9 (9.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.488\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.288\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcademic Master's Degree Students\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e114 (39.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70 (36.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44 (45.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProfessional Master's Degree Students\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e142 (49.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98 (50.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44 (45.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGraduation year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2020 And Before\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (6.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (3.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (14.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.893\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021 Or Later\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e270 (93.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e187 (96.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83 (85.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHighest degrees\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublic Health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98 (33.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68 (35.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 (30.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.407\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpidemiology And Health Statistics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65 (22.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40 (20.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25 (25.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupational And Environmental Health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41 (14.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35 (18.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (6.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial Medicine And Public Health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 (10.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (9.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (12.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth Toxicology\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (2.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (2.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (4.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNutrition And Food Hygiene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (7.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (8.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (6.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther Majors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26 (9.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (6.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (14.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUndergraduate majors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreventive Medicine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e200 (69.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137 (71.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63 (64.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.235\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.357\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth Management\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21 (7.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (7.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (7.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther Medical-Related Majors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35 (12.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24 (12.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11 (11.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-Medical-Related Majors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34 (11.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (9.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (16.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnnual family income\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;100,000 Yuan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102 (35.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72 (37.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 (30.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.717\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100,000\u0026ndash;200,000 Yuan(Excluding 100,000 Yuan)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113 (39.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82 (42.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31 (32.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;200,000 Yuan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75 (25.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39 (20.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36 (37.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParents' education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh School Degree Or Less\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e197 (67.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e136 (70.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61 (21.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.786\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.409\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJunior College Or Undergraduate Degree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e87 (30.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53 (27.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34 (35.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePostgraduate Degree\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (2.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (2.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (2.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePractical experience\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;6months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e111 (38.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78 (40.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33 (34.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.630\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.443\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;6months\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79 (27.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53 (27.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26 (26.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100 (34.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62 (32.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38 (39.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipation in career counseling\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133 (45.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91 (47.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42 (43.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.386\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.535\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e157 (54.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102 (52.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55 (56.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlready have a job in Mind\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131 (45.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e90(46.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41 (42.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.496\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.481\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158 (54.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103 (53.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56 (57.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreferred working area\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-Hometowns\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e159 (54.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102 (52.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57 (58.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.911\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.340\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHometowns\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e131 (45.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91 (47.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40 (41.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eType of intended working unit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCDC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149 (51.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89 (46.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60 (61.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.964\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.223\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHospitals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55 (19.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41 (21.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (14.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCivil Servant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 (9.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22 (11.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (6.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity Or Scientific Research Institute\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24 (8.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17 (8.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (7.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (6.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (7.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (6.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePursue a Doctorate Or Study Abroad\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (4.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 (5.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (4.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e1. with a score\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;2/3 of the total score of this section, classified into the high-score group and the remaining into the low-score group.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e2. Statistically significant associated factors are indicated in bold.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurrent situation of the public health industry\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe current situation of the public health industry can be evaluated from three aspects: the current state, the employment situation, and the impact of the epidemic on public health employment. Among the 290 public health postgraduates surveyed, 56.9% rated the current situation of the public health industry as average, while 20.3% expressed satisfaction. Regarding the cognitive distribution of the public health employment situation, 47.2% reported that it was average, and 21.7% found it unsatisfactory. In terms of the impact of the epidemic on public health employment, 44.1% of respondents expressed dissatisfaction, and 25.5% reported general sentiment ( Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Regarding the cognitive score of the public health industry, 193 (66.6%) individuals were in the low-score group and 97 (33.4%) in the high-score group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultivariate logistic regression analysis of cognitive factors in the public health industry\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe chi-square test revealed statistically significant differences in public health graduate students' understanding of the public health industry based on their graduation year, highest degree, and annual family income (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). To exclude confounding factors after adjusting for relevant demographic variables, the cognition score of the public health industry was used as the dependent variable (0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;low score; 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;high score). Statistically significant characteristics in univariate analysis were included as independent variables in multivariate logistic regression analysis. The results of the logistic regression analysis suggest that higher income levels are associated with poorer perceptions. Additionally, graduates who majored in the Five Major Hygiene in Public Health and graduated in 2021 later demonstrated higher levels of cognition in the public health industry (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurrent situation of respondents' cognition of the public health industry (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;290)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublic Health Industry Cognition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrongly Unsatisfied\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnsatisfied\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeutral\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSatisfied\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrongly Satisfied\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurrent Situation Of the Public Health Industry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (6.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32 (11.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e165 (56.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59 (20.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (5.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmployment Situation In Public Health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26 (9.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63 (21.7%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e137 (47.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50 (17.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14 (4.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Impact Of The Pandemic On Public Health Employment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33 (11.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127 (43.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74 (25.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48 (16.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8 (2.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultivariate Logistics analysis results of public health industry cognition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eβ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWald\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95%CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnnual Family Income\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.357\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.168\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.507\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.503\u0026ndash;0.973\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYear Of Graduation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2020 And Before (Reference)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2021 And Beyond\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.655\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.515\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.314\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.231\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.906\u0026ndash;14.358\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHighest Professional Degree Classification\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther Majors (Reference)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Five Major Health Professions In Public Health\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.788\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.299\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.934\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.199\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.223\u0026ndash;3.954\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. Statistically significant associated factors are indicated in bold.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e2. We used the cognition score of the public health industry as the dependent variable (0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;low score; 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;high score).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e3. The five major health professions in Public Health: Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Occupational and Environmental Health, Nutrition and Food Hygiene.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTraining and employment challenges of postgraduates in public health\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eGiven the current global public health challenges and the potential outbreak of a pandemic such as \u0026ldquo;X disease\u0026rdquo; in the future, the career choice of postgraduates majoring in public health is of great significance to the development of public health in society. Their perceptions and attitudes towards the profession will directly affect their future career development and the quality of public health services. Examining the career choices of public health postgraduates is helpful for understanding their career development paths, optimizing talent training mechanisms, and improving the level of public health services.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearch has indicated that few postgraduate public health students have a positive attitude towards the current situation and employment status in the public health sector, and the general view is that the epidemic is adversely affecting employment in the public health sector. This negative attitude may be due to the increased pressure of public health work during the epidemic, the increased risk of the work environment, and the uncertainty of career development prospects, which affects the employment satisfaction and quality of life of public health graduates and increases the difficulty of career planning for graduates. Despite their awareness of the spread of COVID-19, public health students were willing to take on a relatively high risk of infection to receive face-to-face instructions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Postgraduates experience greater psychological burdens and employment pressures during the COVID-19 pandemic [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Mentoring public health graduate students is an effective strategy to improve student experience and graduate department satisfaction, which contributes to students' educational and career goals [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, the specificity and complexity of the public health industry may lead to graduate students' concerns regarding employment situation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublic health work encompasses disease prevention, health promotion, environmental health, and other aspects, necessitating robust professional knowledge and practical skills. Positive promotion of the industry and sharing of public health success stories through media and academic platforms should be strengthened to improve the industry's image. Through the interpretation of policy support, the government's support policies in the field of public health should be clarified to enhance students' confidence in industry prospects. With the increase in social demand for public health services and the expansion of postgraduate enrollment in public health, an increasing number of graduates have entered the public health industry, leading to intensified competition and increasing pressure on the employment of public health graduates. Mental health interventions can effectively address burnout symptoms in graduate public health [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Providing professional mental health services for postgraduates in public health can assist them in dealing with occupational pressure. Additionally, conducting targeted career planning counseling can help students better understand industry trends and personal positioning. Moreover, providing more practice and internship opportunities and fostering cooperation with public health institutions ensures that the internship position aligns with the professional training objectives of students and improves the practical value of internships.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results showed that higher annual family income was associated with poorer public health industry cognition. This may be attributed to the advantages that graduate students from high-income families have in terms of resource access, career planning, and other aspects. They also have more development opportunities in other fields, which affects their attention and cognition of the public health industry. The higher awareness of the public health industry among graduates in 2021 and later is related to the increased attention paid to the pandemic in the public health field in recent years and the emphasis on emerging health issues in the education system. Newer educational resources and information have improved the understanding of the public health industry among these graduates. This advantage should be fully utilized to integrate the latest public health research findings and cases into teaching and maintain the timeliness and cutting-edge teaching content. Through alumni sharing and exchange programs, outstanding alumni who graduated in recent years can share their working experiences and insights in the public health field and provide graduate students with a sense of identity in the industry. Graduates who majored in the Five Major Hygiene in Public Health have a high awareness of the public health industry. The curriculum of these related majors is closer to the practice of public health, which makes students more directly in contact with the relevant problems and practices of public health, thereby facilitating a comprehensive understanding of the industry.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most common types of intended work units for public health graduate students were disease prevention and control centers at all levels, followed by hospitals at all levels, and civil servants, reflecting their preference for professional and technical positions. Approximately two-thirds of the public health graduate students had practical experience. Although graduate students participated in various forms of practice, there were differences between internships and job requirements, which may have affected their career development and job adaptability. Concurrent field practice is more effective as a teaching method than traditional teaching in graduate education in public health [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. It is necessary to strengthen the connection between practice and job positions, establish a stable school-enterprise cooperation mechanism, and ensure that internship content aligns with the actual needs in the field of public health. Cooperation between employers and universities can help improve public health capacity, with significant implications for research output and undergraduate training [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. More than half of the public health graduate students did not participate in employment guidance. The lack of employment guidance may make graduate students inadequate in career planning and market adaptability. To expand the coverage of employment guidance services, compulsory career planning, and employment guidance courses should be established to help students understand industry trends and develop personal career-planning strategies. Additionally, over half of public health graduates had no definite job. Regular employment fairs and lectures can help build bridges between potential employees. Furthermore, more than half of graduate students in public health intend to work in non-hometowns. However, working in non-hometowns may put extra pressure on life and work. For graduate students willing to work in non-hometowns, regional cultural adaptation training should be provided, and a cross-regional communication platform should be established to share employment information from various regions and promote inter-regional talent flow.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eProcess of PDCA management for career development of Master of Public Health\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo improve the employability and quality of postgraduates majoring in public health, universities can adopt the PDCA model management. This involves establishing a circular management mode of \"employment guidance Plan, Do, Check, Action quality analysis and improvement.\" Employment guidance plan (P): Formulates a detailed employment guidance plan for postgraduates, including career planning, skill training, and internship arrangements. Establish clear employment guidance goals and schedules to ensure the orderly conduct of various activities. Do and feedback (D): Equip the employment guidance plan with the necessary resources, such as funds, personnel, and facilities, and establish work rules and procedures to ensure the effectiveness of employment guidance activities. Check and feedback (C): Dynamically monitor the quality of employment guidance work, establish a ledger, analyze problems timely, and provide a basis for improvement in the next round of the PDCA cycle. Action quality analysis and improvement (A): summarize the results according to the employment rate and other indicators, identify the existing problems and deficiencies, put forward improvement directions, and optimize the employment guidance management mode [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. The PDCA employment program helps promote diversity and in-depth development of public health education. Additionally, it provides valuable teaching and research experience for training public health professionals with project evaluation skills and the ability to apply multidisciplinary methods [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe following suggestions are proposed based on the PDCA model: (1) Cultivation of high-level interdisciplinary medical talent. The cultivation of high-level interdisciplinary medical talents should be strengthened, coverage of post-skills learning in the field of public health should be improved, a \"white list\" system for outstanding talents should be established, top medical and health units should be attracted to recruit students, the teaching environment should be optimized, and talent incentive measures to cultivate high-level talents should be adopted. (2) Systematic arrangement of employment guidance teams. Multidepartment alliances should be supported to participate in employment education and guidance, positive interactions between teachers and students should be promoted, and new guidance modes should be explored [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. (3) Establishing an \"Internet\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;employment\" platform and weaving a tight employment service network. Information technology should be used to strengthen the construction of the \"Internet\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;employment\" platform. The iterative employment information release platform should be updated, recruitment information disseminated, employment tracked, and the iterative employment information release platform should be updated based on the needs of graduates. (4) Strengthening career guidance. Career counseling courses should be set up, and students should be encouraged to participate in grassroots service projects, such as \"Three Supports and One Help\" and \"College Students Volunteer Service in the West,\" to contribute to the public health cause of grassroots and Western regions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Limitations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral constraints were identified in this study that should be considered in future research. First, the recruitment of public health graduate students was limited to the Yangtze River Delta region (Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui) owing to financial and time limitations, which may restrict the generalizability of the findings. Future studies should use larger sample sizes and geographic scopes to enhance the external validity of the results. Second this study used a self-designed questionnaire. The satisfaction measures used in this study are well-established and validated in preliminary explorations but have not been applied and validated in larger surveys. Future research should consider additional contextual factors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe PDCA management process is a long-term talent development strategy for a Master of Public Health that relies on collaboration between multiple departments. The main findings of this study are that few postgraduate public health students have a positive attitude toward the current situation and employment status in the public health sector, and the general view is that the epidemic is adversely affecting employment in the public health sector; higher income levels are associated with poorer perceptions. Additionally, graduates who majored in the Five Major Hygiene in Public Health and graduated in 2021 or later demonstrated higher levels of cognition in the public health industry. This provides a broad sense and basis for the application of PDCA management in the employment guidance of postgraduates in public health. We specifically suggest cultivating high-level interdisciplinary medical talents, systematically organizing employment guidance teams, establishing an \"Internet\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;employment\" platform to weave a tight employment service network, and strengthening career guidance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eCOVID-19\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;coronavirus disease 2019\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePDCA\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Plan-Do-Check-Act\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOR\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;odds ratio\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCI \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;confidence interval\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was registered as an institutional ethics\u0026nbsp;exemption and the need for ethical approval was waived by the Zhejiang Medical Ethics Committee\u0026nbsp;(https://lunli.wsjkw.zj.gov.cn/ (accessed on 30 April 2023). To minimize the study’s risks and\u0026nbsp;protect subjects’\u0026nbsp;identities, the study provided informed content to all recruited participants and\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;presented a brief description of the study, including the purpose, time commitment, and any risks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe online survey collected data using the Wenjuanxing Platform (https://www.wjx.cn/app/survey.aspx [accessed on 3 June 2024]). More detailed data used and analyzed in the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eFunding\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZhejiang Province Youth and Youth Work Research Project (ZQ2023094)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAuthors' contributions\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eT.W.,\u0026nbsp;Q.Z. and B.C.\u0026nbsp;conceptualized the study. T.W. and B.C. designed the study. T.W., Q.Z., and B.C. wrote the manuscript. T.W., Q.Z., L.H., M.T., Y.G., B.Z., F.Z., and B.C. collected primary data. T.W., Q.Z., and B.C. analyzed results and designed exhibits. T.W. contributed to the critical review of the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors thank all participants of the study. The authors also express their gratitude for the generous support of the Zhejiang Province Youth and Youth Work Research Project.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis manuscript has not been published before and is not being considered for publication elsewhere.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThe Lancet Public Health. Strengthening public health for a Healthy China. 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In Proceedings of the 2021 4th International Conference on Big Data and Education (ICBDE '21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 88\u0026ndash;91. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1145/3451400.3451414\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1145/3451400.3451414\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA), Public Health, Satisfaction, Employment","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4434862/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4434862/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground:\u003c/strong\u003e Given the current global public health challenges and the potential outbreak of a pandemic in the future, the career choice of postgraduates majoring in public health is of great significance to public health development in society. The existing research mainly focuses on the analysis of the current situation and training mode of postgraduates. This study aimed to analyze the employment status of postgraduates majoring in public health in the Yangtze River Delta region of China using the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle model and propose suggestions for improvement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods:\u003c/strong\u003e Postgraduates majoring in public health from universities in Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Anhui were selected as research participants through a questionnaire survey. The survey content included information on socio-demographic characteristics, practice and employment intentions, employment cognition, and satisfaction. A chi-square test was used to analyze differences in the distribution of industry cognition under different baseline characteristics, and a multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the factors influencing the distribution of industry cognition.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e Overall, 290 individuals were included in the analysis (average age: 26.16±2.21 years). Regarding public health industry awareness, 193 individuals (66.6%) were in the low-score group, and 97 (33.4%) were in the high-score group. The results of multi-factorial logistic regression analysis showed that study participants with a higher annual household income had a poorer perception of the public health industry (odds ratio [OR]=0.7, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.503–0.973), graduated in 2021 and later (OR=5.231, 95% CI: 1.906–14.358), and specialized in the five major health professions (OR=2.199, 95% CI: 1.223–3.954). Study participants with lower annual household income had a higher perception of the public health profession. Graduate students in public health have a negative attitude towards the current situation and employment situation in the public health industry and believe that the epidemic has had a negative impact on employment. They face problems such as an insufficient match between internships and employment and increased employment pressure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions:\u003c/strong\u003e Based on our findings, we propose strengthening the connection between internship and employment, providing career planning courses and psychological counseling services, and increasing practice and internship opportunities.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Plan-Do-Check-Act-theory-based job satisfaction and countermeasures among public health postgraduates","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-05-29 19:42:08","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4434862/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"4fdbb93c-505e-4fe5-bef4-ea6dedd5eebf","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 29th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-10-30T17:38:20+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-05-29 19:42:08","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4434862","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4434862","identity":"rs-4434862","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}
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