Effect of colored traps and sex pheromone on the capture of Spodoptera frugiperda

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The search for new control strategies has proved important given that the use of insecticides predominates. A sustainable alternative is the use of sex pheromone traps to monitor and manage pests. These traps help identify the most appropriate time to implement control measures, minimizing dependence on insecticides. Research into the color preferences of insects can improve the effectiveness of these traps. The experiment was conducted in four different regions of Goiás, namely: Silvânia, Pontalina, Vianópolis and Palminópolis, using a randomized block design with five treatments and four replications, for each target pest. The treatments consisted of Delta-type traps in five colors: white, yellow, red, blue and black, and synthetic S. frugiperda sex pheromones were placed in all the traps. Each week, the glue bases were quantified in terms of the number of specimens captured and replaced with a new base. In the case of the pheromones, they were changed every 21 days. The count data was analyzed using generalized linear models, using the Poisson distribution. The red color was more attractive to S. frugiperda , while the white color was more attractive to predatory insects. Agronomy delta trap physical control behavioral control semiochemicals lepidoptera Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 1. INTRODUCTION The cartridge caterpillar, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), stands out as one of the main pests threatening the productivity of the corn crop ( Zea mays L.). A species native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, it presents an ongoing challenge for farmers given its polyphagous feeding habits, high reproductive capacity and aptitude for rapid migration (Sun et al., 2021 ; Acharya et al., 2022 , Fiteni et al., 2022 , Kenis et al., 2022 ). In tackling this threat, the search for new control strategies has proved important since the use of insecticides and transgenic crops still predominate, which can favor the evolution of resistant insect populations and increase the environmental impact caused by the excessive use of pesticides (Assefa & Ayalew, 2019 ; Muthukumar & Kennedy, 2021 ). Traps offer a selective and precise approach to population monitoring, enabling early detection of the presence of pests and the implementation of strategic management decisions that have advantages over conventional control methods, since they reduce dependence on chemical pesticides and minimize adverse environmental impacts (Santos, 2023 ). Also noteworthy is the use of traps incorporating synthetic sex pheromones, a promising tool in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) (Erler et al., 2020 ; Kwon et al., 2021 ). In addition, the use of traps with different colors is emerging as a viable alternative for detecting and monitoring insects, especially lepidopterans. This method is based on the understanding that variation in wavelengths can impact the behavior of insects (Powell et al., 2021 ), since they can discern between wavelengths of light reflected from visual targets, regardless of their intensity, to make choices when selecting hosts (Vashistha & Clark, 2022 ). Lepidopterans, for example, use short and long wavelengths to guide sexual selection behaviors, both interspecific and intraspecific (Finkbeiner & Briscoe, 2021 ). Color vision in insects begins in compound eyes, where visual units called omatids house retinal cells containing photoreceptors with visual pigments (Chittka and Menzel, 1992 ; Montell, 1999 ). Color perception is determined by the spectral sensitivity, diversity and spatial distribution of photoreceptors, together with the sorting of pigments around the rhabdoms. Some insects have a wider range of photoreceptors, such as tetrachromacy, covering a broader spectral range (Briscoe, 2000 ; Briscoe and Chittka, 2001 ; Kelber et al., 2003 ). The spatial distribution of photoreceptors within the eye also influences color vision, with variations in spectral sensitivity. The spectral specificities of photoreceptors appear to be adapted to the biological needs of insects in their natural environments (Montell, 1999 ; Hardie and Raghu, 2001 ; Knight & Miliczky, 2003 ; Hardie and Juusola, 2015 ; Song & Lee, 2018 ). The proper selection of colors for traps can influence their attractiveness to different insect species, providing more accurate and effective data collection for more assertive pest control (Polat, 2019 ; Santer & Allen, 2024). However, given the remarkable diversity of insects, the understanding of color vision in different groups still remains limited. In view of these considerations and noting that the white color predominates in the sale of Delta-type traps, the aim of this research was to identify the color of these traps that is most attractive to S. frugiperda , also considering possible impacts on predators. 2. METHODS This research was carried out in four commercial areas cultivated with maize (Zea mays L.), in the municipalities of Silvânia, at Farm Virgílio (16°26'35.96" South, 48°50'38.77" West), Pontalina, at Farm Paraíso (17°25'5.97" South, 49°24'17.96" West), Vianópolis, at Farm Santa Rita (16°50'57.46" South, 48°30'5.27" West) and Palminópolis, at Farm Martins Agro (16°52'6.71" South, 50° 8'35.75" West), in the state of Goiás, Brazil, during the year 2023. In Pontalina and Palminópolis the areas were cultivated with genetically modified maize with expression of insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt), while in Silvânia and Vianópolis sweet maize was grown without Bt technology. The experiments were installed when the corn crop was in the following vegetative stages in each location: Vianópolis in V3 (third leaf developed), Silvânia and Pontalina in V4 (fourth leaf developed) and Palminópolis in V10 (tenth leaf developed), according to the classification of phenological stages of the corn crop proposed by Ritchie et al. ( 1993 ). Delta-type traps with synthetic sex pheromone septa for S. frugiperda , fixed to adhesive floors, were used to attract and capture moths of the species. The traps were fixed to iron supports approximately 1.50 m high and installed randomly at the edges of the plots, at a distance of 30 m between them. The experimental design adopted was a randomized block design with five treatments and four replications, resulting in a total of 20 traps per area. The five colors evaluated were: white, red, yellow, blue and black. The evaluation took place weekly over nine weeks. During the field evaluations, the insects caught were identified and quantified in detail. Special attention was paid to the identification of S. frugiperda adults, as well as the presence of natural predators. Data was collected in the field by removing the sticky floors from the traps and recording the specimens captured. The adhesive floors were replaced weekly, while the pheromone septa were changed every 21 days in order to maintain the traps' attractive effectiveness. 4.2 Statistical analysis Statistical analyses were carried out using the program R v. 4.3.0 (R Core Team, 2023 ). The following factors were considered in the models evaluated: blocks, colors and interaction between blocks and colors. The effects associated with repeated measures over time (evaluation dates) and their interactions with the other factors were also evaluated. The dependent variable considered was the number of S. frugiperda adults captured per trap. Poisson distribution was assumed, considering the count nature of the data. This analysis provided relevant information to assess the effects of blocks, colors and the interaction between them, as well as to evaluate the behavior of these effects over time. The test of statistical significance of the effects of each of the factors in the model was applied using tests based on the likelihood ratio statistic. A probability level of 0.05 was adopted. At the end, the general average of the number of individuals captured by the traps of each color was calculated over the course of the evaluations. This data was also subjected to analysis of variance and then the Tukey test, using a significance level of 5%. 3. RESULTS A total of 4,026 S. frugiperda adults were captured in the traps during the evaluation period, with an upward trend from 42 days onwards. The highest number of adults observed was in the area located in the municipality of Pontalina (1,808), followed by the area in Palminópolis (1,082), Vianópolis (585) and Silvânia, where the lowest number of captured S. frugiperda specimens occurred (551). In the Palminópolis area, population peaks were observed at 14 and 63 days after trap installation (DAI) (Fig. 1 ). In contrast, it was not possible to clearly identify population peaks in the other regions. For example, in the Silvânia area, the occurrence of the pest was more pronounced between 7 and 28 DAI, in Pontalina, it extended from 28 to 63 days, and in Vianópolis, it occurred from 28 to 49 DAI, marking different periods of incidence. During the evaluation periods, significant differences were detected between the number of adults collected in the different traps at different times and locations. In the municipality of Palminópolis, where the most moths were caught, there was a statistical difference in the number of moths caught using red traps compared to traps with the other colors. This was clearly seen in the evaluations carried out at 7, 14, 56 and 63 DAI (Fig. 1 ). In Pontalina, the red and white colors stood out at 28 DAI, while the white color differed statistically at 42 DAI. In Vianópolis, the red color stood out from 28 to 49 DAI, with the exception of 42 DAI, when the white color caught more than the other traps. ------------------------------------- Insert Fig. 1 -------------------------------------- The results indicate a general trend towards better performance for the red color, as shown in Fig. 2 , in which the overall average number of adults captured was statistically significant compared to the traps of the other colors. ------------------------------------- Insert Fig. 2 -------------------------------------- Among the main natural enemies captured in the traps during the evaluation period in the corn crop, predatory specimens from the Syrphidae (373) and Chrysopidae (189) families stood out, accounting for 93% of the predatory insects captured (Table 1 ). The maize-growing area that stood out in terms of predators captured was in the municipality of Vianópolis (Farm Santa Rita) at 7 and 28 DAI (Fig. 2 ). Table 1 Total number of predators from different families caught in Delta-type traps in different areas cultivated with maize ( Zea mays L.) during the evaluation period in the municipalities of Palminópolis, Pontalina, Silvânia and Vianópolis in the state of Goiás, 2023. Natural predators Number of insects caught Quantity Percentage Sirphids 373 62,0 Chrysopids 189 31,0 Carabidae 19 3,1 Ladybugs 10 1,7 Scissors 10 1,7 Spiders 3 0,5 Total 604 100,0 ------------------------------------- Insert Table 1 -------------------------------------- In some evaluations and locations, significant differences were observed in the capture of predators between the white traps and the other colors, since the error bars of their averages do not overlap. With regard to capture, considering the color of the traps, it was observed that in the area of Farm Santa Rita, in the municipality of Vianópolis, in the evaluations at 7 and 28 DAI, statistical differences were detected in the white traps compared to the traps of the other colors (Fig. 3 ). ------------------------------------- Insert Fig. 3 -------------------------------------- In terms of the overall average number of predators captured, the white trap also differed statistically from the other colored traps (Fig. 4 ). On the other hand, the red traps, which were the most prominent in capturing S. frugiperda , did not show any significant predator captures. ------------------------------------- Insert Fig. 4 -------------------------------------- 4. DISCUSSION According to the data obtained in this study, it was observed that in areas cultivated with Bt corn there was a greater presence of S. frugiperda adults collected than in areas cultivated with non-Bt sweet corn. These data can be corroborated with studies presented by Téllez-Rodríguz et al. (2014) which showed that oviposition rates by S. frugiperda on corn plants were higher in Bt cultivars than in non-Bt cultivars. Although some research shows that female moths cannot discriminate between conventional transgenic and near-isogenic cultivars (Kruger et al., 2011 ; Hellmich et al., 1999 ), the most plausible explanation for the oviposition preference in Bt crop fields is that females avoid plants previously damaged by members of the same species, and damage in Bt crops is usually less than in non-Bt crops (Téllez-Rodríguz et al., 2014). In addition, chemical applications in non-Bt areas are certainly more frequent and in greater numbers and, therefore, may also reduce the pest's adult population. In the context of pest monitoring, the use of delta traps equipped with synthetic pheromones stands out as an essential tool for assessing population fluctuations. This approach is recognized for estimating insect density, and its implementation is crucial for guiding management strategies aimed at mitigating the damage caused by these pests and minimizing agricultural production losses (Cruz et al., 2012 ; Goedel et al., 2021 ). In this study, by monitoring the population fluctuation of S. frugiperda adults, it was not possible to observe well-defined population peaks during the evaluations. This may be related to the Brazilian agricultural system, which offers ideal conditions for the proliferation of this pest, due to the constant supply of food, which is intensified through irrigated crops, and this scenario favors the survival of the insect, resulting in an increase in the number of generations and the perpetuation of the pest in the agricultural environment (Czepak et al., 2019 ). In this study, by comparing the colors of the traps, it was possible to observe that the color red was more effective in capturing S. frugiperda than the others. A similar result was obtained for Spodoptera exempta (Pelzer & Langer, 1990 ), which can discern shades of red, even with visual receptors that are not exclusively sensitive to this wavelength (Briscoe & Chittka, 2001 ). This preference for red is also observed in other Lepidoptera (Taha et al., 2012 ; Mabrouk & Mahbob, 2015 ). Colors play a fundamental role in insect behavior (Meagher, 2001 ; Knight & Miliczky, 2003 ; Polat, 2019 ; Erler et al., 2020 ; Bravo-Portocarrero et al., 2020 ), through their ability to locate food sources, reproductive partners and other objects relevant to their survival and reproduction (Kinoshita et al., 2017 ; Lunau & Maier, 1995 ; Streinzer et al., 2019 ; Van der Kooi et al., 2019 ). Previous studies have shown that these preferences can vary depending on the behavioral context (An et al., 2018 ; Dyer et al., 2019 ), intensity and hue of the colors (Kuenzinger et al., 2019 ; Van Der Kooi et al., 2019 ), as well as the specific wavelength range (Telles et al., 2014 ). In this sense, the appropriate choice of colors in the traps can optimize their attractiveness to different insect species, resulting in more accurate and efficient data collection and contributing to more precise pest control (Polat, 2019 ). By capturing these insects, we can not only reduce spawning, but also prevent mating and, consequently, prevent their offspring from emerging. This method not only minimizes crop damage, but also provides significant benefits for integrated pest management, thus promoting more sustainable and effective agricultural practices (Rezende et al., 2023). Insects have a variety of receptors sensitive to different wavelengths of light, usually a short wavelength (S) receptor sensitive in the ultraviolet (UV) range, a medium wavelength (M) receptor sensitive in the blue range and only one long wavelength (L) receptor, from yellow to red (Zaccardi et al., 2006 ). In the order Lepidoptera, to which moths belong, it is common to find species with receptors sensitive to long wavelengths (LW, 500–600), which makes them visually sensitive to orange and red colors (Van Der Kooi et al., 2021 ). The presence of specific visual pigments, although they do not expand the animal's total visual range, can expand the range of color vision, providing moths with an adaptive advantage. This suggests a specialized adaptation for specific needs, such as food selection and communication in the environment (Zaccardi et al., 2006 ; Wakakuwa et al., 2004 ). Although the nocturnal habit of S. frugiperda adults is widely recognized (Rojas et al., 2004 ), the ability to perceive colors at night is also observed in some pollinators. These include moths and bees, which show an exceptional ability to discriminate stimuli and light intensities even in low light conditions, allowing them to distinguish between light colors and the color of an object (Kelber et al., 2002 ; Kelber et al., 2003 ; Balkenius & Kelber, 2004 ; Warrant & Somanathan, 2022 ). This is due to the fact that they have two different types of omatids in their eyes, allowing the photoreceptors present to reduce the absolute sensitivity of the eye, allowing color vision in nocturnal environments (Kelber et al., 2002 ). Thus, both color and odor play significant roles for insects in locating and feeding on flowers, being essential elements to optimize foraging behavior and avoid excessive energy expenditure (Balkenius et al., 2006 ), in addition to other ecological activities, such as recognizing food, partners, predators or habitats (Kelber et al., 2017 ; Song & Lee, 2018 ). The visual sensitivity of insects can vary not only between species, but also within the same species (Stavenga, 1992 ) and between the sexes (Bernard & Remington, 1991 ), whereby some species can identify males of the same species through color differentiation, as well as the choice of female partner, which occurs through changes in wing coloration (Finkbeiner et al., 2014 ; Huang et al., 2014 ). Our study revealed that white traps stood out compared to other colors when it came to capturing natural predators. Similar results were obtained by Rodriguez-Saona et al. ( 2012 ) and Atakan et al. ( 2016 ), who found that white traps were very effective at attracting Sirphids, the predator most commonly caught in this study. The studies carried out by Reyes-Prado et al. ( 2020 ) and Malo et al. ( 2018 ), which used Delta-type traps with sex pheromone to capture S. frugiperda , showed not only the effectiveness in capturing target insects, but also the incidental capture of non-target insects, including natural enemies. Furthermore, it is interesting to note that the predators captured are among the main predators in the corn crop, according to Cruz ( 2022 ). Several approaches to the use of colored traps highlight the importance of selecting specific colors to attract or repel non-target insects. Thus, several studies have revealed the attraction of beneficial insects to the color white (Fite et al., 2020 ), such as predatory wasps (Buffington et al., 2021 ), Orius spp. (Furihata et al., 2019 ) Trichogramma pretiosum (Romeis et al., 1998 ) and Thanasimus spp. (Sukovata et al., 2022 ), as well as ladybugs, bees (Rodriguez-Saona et al., 2012 ) and pollinating insects (Vrdoljak & Samways, 2012 ). Therefore, these results highlight the importance of properly selecting trap colors, taking into account the specific preferences of target and non-target insects, in order to optimize the effectiveness of traps in specific contexts and promote the overall phytosanitary health of the ecosystem. 5. CONCLUSIONS The red Delta-type adhesive trap was the most attractive for catching S. frugiperda in the corn crop. The white traps were more attractive to predators. 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Toward a mechanistic understanding of color vision in insects. Frontiers in neural circuits, v. 12, p. 16, 2018. STAVENGA, D. G. Eye regionalization and spectral tuning of retinal pigments in insects. Trends in neurosciences, v. 15, n. 6, p. 213-218, 1992. STREINZER, M.; ROTH, N.; PAULUS, H. F.; SPAETHE, J. Color preference and spatial distribution of glaphyrid beetles suggest a key role in the maintenance of the color polymorphism in the peacock anemone (Anemone pavonina, Ranunculaceae) in Northern Greece. Journal of Comparative Physiology A, v. 205, n. 5, p. 735-743, 2019. SUKOVATA, L.; DZIUK, A.; PLEWA, R.; JAWORSKI, T. The effect of trap color on catches of Monochamus galloprovincialis and three most numerous non-target insect species. Insects, v. 13, n. 3, p. 220, 2022. SUN, X. X.; HU, C. X.; JIA, H. R.; WU, Q. L.; SHEN, X. J.; ZHAO, S. Y.; WU, K. M. Case study on the first immigration of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda invading into China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, v. 20, n. 3, p. 664-672, 2021. TAHA, A. M., HOMAM, B. H., AFSAH, A. F. E.; EL-SHARKAWY, F. M. Effect of trap color on captures of Tuta absoluta moths (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). International Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, v. 3, n. 1, p. 43-48, 2012. TELLES, F. J.; LIND, O.; HENZE, M. J.; RODRÍGUEZ-GIRONÉS, M. A.; GOYRET, J.; KELBER, A. Out of the blue: the spectral sensitivity of hummingbird hawkmoths. Journal of Comparative Physiology A, v. 200, p. 537-546, 2014. TÉLLEZ-RODRÍGUEZ, P.; RAYMOND, B.; MORÁN-BERTOT, I.; RODRÍGUEZ-CABRERA, L.; WRIGHT, D. J.; BORROTO, C. G.; AYRA-PARDO, C. Strong oviposition preference for Bt over non-Bt maize in Spodoptera frugiperda and its implications for the evolution of resistance. BMC biology, v. 12, p. 1-11, 2014. VAN DER KOOI, C. J.; DYER, A. G.; KEVAN, P. G.; LUNAU, K. Functional significance of the optical properties of flowers for visual signalling. Annals of Botany, v. 123, n. 2, p. 263-276, 2019. VAN DER KOOI, C. J.; STAVENGA, D. G.; ARIKAWA, K.; BELUŠIČ, G.; KELBER, A. Evolution of insect color vision: from spectral sensitivity to visual ecology. Annual review of entomology, v. 66, p. 435-461, 2021. VASHISTHA, H.; CLARK, D. A. Feature maps: How the insect visual system organizes information. Current Biology, v. 32, n. 15, p. R847-R849, 2022. VRDOLJAK, S. M.; SAMWAYS, M. J. Optimizing colored pan traps to survey flower visiting insects. Journal of Insect Conservation, v. 16, p. 345-354, 2012. WAKAKUWA, M.; STAVENGA, D. G.; KURASAWA, M.; ARIKAWA, K. A unique visual pigment expressed in green, red and deep-red receptors in the eye of the small white butterfly, Pieris rapae crucivora. Journal of Experimental Biology, v. 207, n. 16, p. 2803-2810, 2004. WARRANT, E.; SOMANATHAN, H. Color vision in nocturnal insects. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, v. 377, n. 1862, p. 20210285, 2022. ZACCARDI, G.; KELBER, A.; SISON-MANGUS, M. P.; BRISCOE, A. D. Color discrimination in the red range with only one long-wavelength sensitive opsin. Journal of Experimental Biology, v. 209, n. 10, p. 1944-1955, 2006. Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5564805","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":385172834,"identity":"cc89a440-842f-493c-814d-ce7d9a19256f","order_by":0,"name":"Janethe Machado Brandão","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"UFG","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Janethe","middleName":"Machado","lastName":"Brandão","suffix":""},{"id":385173985,"identity":"f3457908-92c0-4276-925e-a28bf4964a24","order_by":1,"name":"Vinícius Silva Magalhães","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"UFG","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Vinícius","middleName":"Silva","lastName":"Magalhães","suffix":""},{"id":385173986,"identity":"ee175389-d535-4070-b9c5-3c0c7fcc62c6","order_by":2,"name":"Cejana Rayssa de Jesus Barbosa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"UFG","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Cejana","middleName":"Rayssa de Jesus","lastName":"Barbosa","suffix":""},{"id":385173987,"identity":"5bdf6267-a800-479b-8de2-6503dea56652","order_by":3,"name":"Filipe Augusto Solá","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"UFG","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Filipe","middleName":"Augusto","lastName":"Solá","suffix":""},{"id":385173988,"identity":"033afa16-6e22-46d3-a094-57ebfce4b79f","order_by":4,"name":"Maria Eduarda Monteiro Rosa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"UFG","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Maria","middleName":"Eduarda Monteiro","lastName":"Rosa","suffix":""},{"id":385173989,"identity":"502b59dc-d8c0-4b2a-a3ae-8170bcc49a1d","order_by":5,"name":"Karina Cordeiro Albernaz Godinho","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"UFG","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Karina","middleName":"Cordeiro Albernaz","lastName":"Godinho","suffix":""},{"id":385173990,"identity":"a68c82c9-fa47-4b20-93ec-2f62798bbc48","order_by":6,"name":"Cecilia Czepak","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"UFG","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Cecilia","middleName":"","lastName":"Czepak","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-12-02 13:02:15","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5564805/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5564805/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":70588092,"identity":"12e6e4ad-e2b8-449a-9619-1dc5fbb86f98","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-04 16:14:16","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":450837,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAverage number of \u003cem\u003eSpodoptera frugiperda \u003c/em\u003eadults captured weekly in Delta-type traps in different colors (white, red, yellow, blue and black), in areas cultivated with corn (\u003cem\u003eZea mays\u003c/em\u003e), in the municipalities of Palminópolis, Pontalina, Silvânia and Vianópolis, in the state of Goiás. 2023.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Error bars indicate the magnitude of the confidence interval associated with each of the mean estimates. Mean estimates associated with bars that do not overlap are considered statistically different from each other at the 5% significance level.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5564805/v1/cf12c01f8196348453d32c8c.png"},{"id":70587183,"identity":"45a15825-d911-4170-8f49-5d2bd13db410","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-04 16:06:16","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":57228,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAverage number of \u003cem\u003eSpodoptera frugiperda \u003c/em\u003eadults captured in white, red, yellow, blue and black Delta traps in areas cultivated with corn (\u003cem\u003eZea mays \u003c/em\u003eL.) in the municipalities of Palminópolis, Pontalina, Silvânia and Vianópolis, in the state of Goiás. 2023.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Error bars indicate the magnitude of the confidence interval associated with each of the mean estimates. Mean estimates associated with bars that do not overlap are considered statistically different from each other at the 5% significance level.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5564805/v1/f839eda8d2932dd7c5b8a23a.png"},{"id":70588465,"identity":"e50ed301-e5d5-430f-b5ca-d623e965ba13","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-04 16:22:16","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":414604,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAverage number of predators captured weekly in Delta-type traps in different colors (white, red, yellow, blue and black), in areas cultivated with corn (\u003cem\u003eZea mays \u003c/em\u003eL.), in the municipalities of Palminópolis, Pontalina, Silvânia and Vianópolis, in the state of Goiás. 2023.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Error bars indicate the magnitude of the confidence interval associated with each of the mean estimates. Mean estimates associated with bars that do not overlap are considered statistically different from each other at the 5% significance level.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5564805/v1/15458026986731f454a6fcc1.png"},{"id":70587181,"identity":"e7468f95-8ef3-45e4-984f-a1fdfffe0f47","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-04 16:06:16","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":51698,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOverall average of the number of predators captured in Delta-type traps in different colors (yellow, blue, white, black and red), in areas cultivated with corn (\u003cem\u003eZea mays \u003c/em\u003eL.), in the municipalities of Palminópolis, Pontalina, Silvânia and Vianópolis, in the state of Goiás, 2023. \u003cbr\u003e\n *Error bars indicate the magnitude of the confidence interval associated with each of the mean estimates. Mean estimates associated with bars that do not overlap are considered statistically different from each other at the 5% significance level.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5564805/v1/d47c324c6fb0a3d906cab910.png"},{"id":70589148,"identity":"c22e7e83-7eab-47c1-b3c0-243990dc2960","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-04 16:30:22","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1437571,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5564805/v1/3417e8c9-3699-40f6-8881-4901feff16ea.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of colored traps and sex pheromone on the capture of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpodoptera frugiperda\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe cartridge caterpillar, \u003cem\u003eSpodoptera frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e (Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), stands out as one of the main pests threatening the productivity of the corn crop (\u003cem\u003eZea mays\u003c/em\u003e L.). A species native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, it presents an ongoing challenge for farmers given its polyphagous feeding habits, high reproductive capacity and aptitude for rapid migration (Sun et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Acharya et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e, Fiteni et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e, Kenis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn tackling this threat, the search for new control strategies has proved important since the use of insecticides and transgenic crops still predominate, which can favor the evolution of resistant insect populations and increase the environmental impact caused by the excessive use of pesticides (Assefa \u0026amp; Ayalew, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Muthukumar \u0026amp; Kennedy, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraps offer a selective and precise approach to population monitoring, enabling early detection of the presence of pests and the implementation of strategic management decisions that have advantages over conventional control methods, since they reduce dependence on chemical pesticides and minimize adverse environmental impacts (Santos, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlso noteworthy is the use of traps incorporating synthetic sex pheromones, a promising tool in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) (Erler et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Kwon et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, the use of traps with different colors is emerging as a viable alternative for detecting and monitoring insects, especially lepidopterans. This method is based on the understanding that variation in wavelengths can impact the behavior of insects (Powell et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), since they can discern between wavelengths of light reflected from visual targets, regardless of their intensity, to make choices when selecting hosts (Vashistha \u0026amp; Clark, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Lepidopterans, for example, use short and long wavelengths to guide sexual selection behaviors, both interspecific and intraspecific (Finkbeiner \u0026amp; Briscoe, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eColor vision in insects begins in compound eyes, where visual units called omatids house retinal cells containing photoreceptors with visual pigments (Chittka and Menzel, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e; Montell, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e). Color perception is determined by the spectral sensitivity, diversity and spatial distribution of photoreceptors, together with the sorting of pigments around the rhabdoms. Some insects have a wider range of photoreceptors, such as tetrachromacy, covering a broader spectral range (Briscoe, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Briscoe and Chittka, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e; Kelber et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). The spatial distribution of photoreceptors within the eye also influences color vision, with variations in spectral sensitivity. The spectral specificities of photoreceptors appear to be adapted to the biological needs of insects in their natural environments (Montell, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e; Hardie and Raghu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e; Knight \u0026amp; Miliczky, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Hardie and Juusola, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Song \u0026amp; Lee, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe proper selection of colors for traps can influence their attractiveness to different insect species, providing more accurate and effective data collection for more assertive pest control (Polat, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Santer \u0026amp; Allen, 2024). However, given the remarkable diversity of insects, the understanding of color vision in different groups still remains limited.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn view of these considerations and noting that the white color predominates in the sale of Delta-type traps, the aim of this research was to identify the color of these traps that is most attractive to \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e, also considering possible impacts on predators.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. METHODS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis research was carried out in four commercial areas cultivated with maize (Zea mays L.), in the municipalities of Silv\u0026acirc;nia, at Farm Virg\u0026iacute;lio (16\u0026deg;26'35.96\" South, 48\u0026deg;50'38.77\" West), Pontalina, at Farm Para\u0026iacute;so (17\u0026deg;25'5.97\" South, 49\u0026deg;24'17.96\" West), Vian\u0026oacute;polis, at Farm Santa Rita (16\u0026deg;50'57.46\" South, 48\u0026deg;30'5.27\" West) and Palmin\u0026oacute;polis, at Farm Martins Agro (16\u0026deg;52'6.71\" South, 50\u0026deg; 8'35.75\" West), in the state of Goi\u0026aacute;s, Brazil, during the year 2023. In Pontalina and Palmin\u0026oacute;polis the areas were cultivated with genetically modified maize with expression of insecticidal proteins from \u003cem\u003eBacillus thuringiensis\u003c/em\u003e Berliner (Bt), while in Silv\u0026acirc;nia and Vian\u0026oacute;polis sweet maize was grown without Bt technology.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experiments were installed when the corn crop was in the following vegetative stages in each location: Vian\u0026oacute;polis in V3 (third leaf developed), Silv\u0026acirc;nia and Pontalina in V4 (fourth leaf developed) and Palmin\u0026oacute;polis in V10 (tenth leaf developed), according to the classification of phenological stages of the corn crop proposed by Ritchie et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDelta-type traps with synthetic sex pheromone septa for \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e, fixed to adhesive floors, were used to attract and capture moths of the species. The traps were fixed to iron supports approximately 1.50 m high and installed randomly at the edges of the plots, at a distance of 30 m between them.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experimental design adopted was a randomized block design with five treatments and four replications, resulting in a total of 20 traps per area. The five colors evaluated were: white, red, yellow, blue and black.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe evaluation took place weekly over nine weeks. During the field evaluations, the insects caught were identified and quantified in detail. Special attention was paid to the identification of \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e adults, as well as the presence of natural predators. Data was collected in the field by removing the sticky floors from the traps and recording the specimens captured.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe adhesive floors were replaced weekly, while the pheromone septa were changed every 21 days in order to maintain the traps' attractive effectiveness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2 Statistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical analyses were carried out using the program R v. 4.3.0 (R Core Team, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The following factors were considered in the models evaluated: blocks, colors and interaction between blocks and colors. The effects associated with repeated measures over time (evaluation dates) and their interactions with the other factors were also evaluated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe dependent variable considered was the number of \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e adults captured per trap. Poisson distribution was assumed, considering the count nature of the data. This analysis provided relevant information to assess the effects of blocks, colors and the interaction between them, as well as to evaluate the behavior of these effects over time.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe test of statistical significance of the effects of each of the factors in the model was applied using tests based on the likelihood ratio statistic. A probability level of 0.05 was adopted.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt the end, the general average of the number of individuals captured by the traps of each color was calculated over the course of the evaluations. This data was also subjected to analysis of variance and then the Tukey test, using a significance level of 5%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 4,026 \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e adults were captured in the traps during the evaluation period, with an upward trend from 42 days onwards. The highest number of adults observed was in the area located in the municipality of Pontalina (1,808), followed by the area in Palmin\u0026oacute;polis (1,082), Vian\u0026oacute;polis (585) and Silv\u0026acirc;nia, where the lowest number of captured \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e specimens occurred (551).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the Palmin\u0026oacute;polis area, population peaks were observed at 14 and 63 days after trap installation (DAI) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). In contrast, it was not possible to clearly identify population peaks in the other regions. For example, in the Silv\u0026acirc;nia area, the occurrence of the pest was more pronounced between 7 and 28 DAI, in Pontalina, it extended from 28 to 63 days, and in Vian\u0026oacute;polis, it occurred from 28 to 49 DAI, marking different periods of incidence. During the evaluation periods, significant differences were detected between the number of adults collected in the different traps at different times and locations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the municipality of Palmin\u0026oacute;polis, where the most moths were caught, there was a statistical difference in the number of moths caught using red traps compared to traps with the other colors. This was clearly seen in the evaluations carried out at 7, 14, 56 and 63 DAI (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). In Pontalina, the red and white colors stood out at 28 DAI, while the white color differed statistically at 42 DAI. In Vian\u0026oacute;polis, the red color stood out from 28 to 49 DAI, with the exception of 42 DAI, when the white color caught more than the other traps.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-------------------------------------\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsert Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e--------------------------------------\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results indicate a general trend towards better performance for the red color, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, in which the overall average number of adults captured was statistically significant compared to the traps of the other colors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-------------------------------------\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsert Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e--------------------------------------\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong the main natural enemies captured in the traps during the evaluation period in the corn crop, predatory specimens from the Syrphidae (373) and Chrysopidae (189) families stood out, accounting for 93% of the predatory insects captured (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The maize-growing area that stood out in terms of predators captured was in the municipality of Vian\u0026oacute;polis (Farm Santa Rita) at 7 and 28 DAI (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal number of predators from different families caught in Delta-type traps in different areas cultivated with maize (\u003cem\u003eZea mays\u003c/em\u003e L.) during the evaluation period in the municipalities of Palmin\u0026oacute;polis, Pontalina, Silv\u0026acirc;nia and Vian\u0026oacute;polis in the state of Goi\u0026aacute;s, 2023.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural predators\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of insects caught\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuantity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSirphids\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e373\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChrysopids\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e189\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarabidae\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3,1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLadybugs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScissors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpiders\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0,5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e604\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100,0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-------------------------------------\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsert Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e--------------------------------------\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn some evaluations and locations, significant differences were observed in the capture of predators between the white traps and the other colors, since the error bars of their averages do not overlap. With regard to capture, considering the color of the traps, it was observed that in the area of Farm Santa Rita, in the municipality of Vian\u0026oacute;polis, in the evaluations at 7 and 28 DAI, statistical differences were detected in the white traps compared to the traps of the other colors (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-------------------------------------\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsert Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e--------------------------------------\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn terms of the overall average number of predators captured, the white trap also differed statistically from the other colored traps (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). On the other hand, the red traps, which were the most prominent in capturing \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e, did not show any significant predator captures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-------------------------------------\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsert Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e--------------------------------------\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eAccording to the data obtained in this study, it was observed that in areas cultivated with Bt corn there was a greater presence of \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e adults collected than in areas cultivated with non-Bt sweet corn. These data can be corroborated with studies presented by T\u0026eacute;llez-Rodr\u0026iacute;guz et al. (2014) which showed that oviposition rates by \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e on corn plants were higher in Bt cultivars than in non-Bt cultivars. Although some research shows that female moths cannot discriminate between conventional transgenic and near-isogenic cultivars (Kruger et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Hellmich et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e), the most plausible explanation for the oviposition preference in Bt crop fields is that females avoid plants previously damaged by members of the same species, and damage in Bt crops is usually less than in non-Bt crops (T\u0026eacute;llez-Rodr\u0026iacute;guz et al., 2014). In addition, chemical applications in non-Bt areas are certainly more frequent and in greater numbers and, therefore, may also reduce the pest's adult population.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the context of pest monitoring, the use of delta traps equipped with synthetic pheromones stands out as an essential tool for assessing population fluctuations. This approach is recognized for estimating insect density, and its implementation is crucial for guiding management strategies aimed at mitigating the damage caused by these pests and minimizing agricultural production losses (Cruz et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Goedel et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, by monitoring the population fluctuation of \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e adults, it was not possible to observe well-defined population peaks during the evaluations. This may be related to the Brazilian agricultural system, which offers ideal conditions for the proliferation of this pest, due to the constant supply of food, which is intensified through irrigated crops, and this scenario favors the survival of the insect, resulting in an increase in the number of generations and the perpetuation of the pest in the agricultural environment (Czepak et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, by comparing the colors of the traps, it was possible to observe that the color red was more effective in capturing \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e than the others. A similar result was obtained for \u003cem\u003eSpodoptera exempta\u003c/em\u003e (Pelzer \u0026amp; Langer, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e), which can discern shades of red, even with visual receptors that are not exclusively sensitive to this wavelength (Briscoe \u0026amp; Chittka, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). This preference for red is also observed in other Lepidoptera (Taha et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Mabrouk \u0026amp; Mahbob, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eColors play a fundamental role in insect behavior (Meagher, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e; Knight \u0026amp; Miliczky, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Polat, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Erler et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Bravo-Portocarrero et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), through their ability to locate food sources, reproductive partners and other objects relevant to their survival and reproduction (Kinoshita et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Lunau \u0026amp; Maier, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e; Streinzer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Van der Kooi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Previous studies have shown that these preferences can vary depending on the behavioral context (An et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Dyer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), intensity and hue of the colors (Kuenzinger et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Van Der Kooi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), as well as the specific wavelength range (Telles et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this sense, the appropriate choice of colors in the traps can optimize their attractiveness to different insect species, resulting in more accurate and efficient data collection and contributing to more precise pest control (Polat, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). By capturing these insects, we can not only reduce spawning, but also prevent mating and, consequently, prevent their offspring from emerging. This method not only minimizes crop damage, but also provides significant benefits for integrated pest management, thus promoting more sustainable and effective agricultural practices (Rezende et al., 2023).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsects have a variety of receptors sensitive to different wavelengths of light, usually a short wavelength (S) receptor sensitive in the ultraviolet (UV) range, a medium wavelength (M) receptor sensitive in the blue range and only one long wavelength (L) receptor, from yellow to red (Zaccardi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). In the order Lepidoptera, to which moths belong, it is common to find species with receptors sensitive to long wavelengths (LW, 500\u0026ndash;600), which makes them visually sensitive to orange and red colors (Van Der Kooi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe presence of specific visual pigments, although they do not expand the animal's total visual range, can expand the range of color vision, providing moths with an adaptive advantage. This suggests a specialized adaptation for specific needs, such as food selection and communication in the environment (Zaccardi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Wakakuwa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough the nocturnal habit of \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e adults is widely recognized (Rojas et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e), the ability to perceive colors at night is also observed in some pollinators. These include moths and bees, which show an exceptional ability to discriminate stimuli and light intensities even in low light conditions, allowing them to distinguish between light colors and the color of an object (Kelber et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Kelber et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Balkenius \u0026amp; Kelber, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Warrant \u0026amp; Somanathan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). This is due to the fact that they have two different types of omatids in their eyes, allowing the photoreceptors present to reduce the absolute sensitivity of the eye, allowing color vision in nocturnal environments (Kelber et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThus, both color and odor play significant roles for insects in locating and feeding on flowers, being essential elements to optimize foraging behavior and avoid excessive energy expenditure (Balkenius et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e), in addition to other ecological activities, such as recognizing food, partners, predators or habitats (Kelber et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Song \u0026amp; Lee, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The visual sensitivity of insects can vary not only between species, but also within the same species (Stavenga, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e) and between the sexes (Bernard \u0026amp; Remington, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e), whereby some species can identify males of the same species through color differentiation, as well as the choice of female partner, which occurs through changes in wing coloration (Finkbeiner et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Huang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur study revealed that white traps stood out compared to other colors when it came to capturing natural predators. Similar results were obtained by Rodriguez-Saona et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) and Atakan et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), who found that white traps were very effective at attracting Sirphids, the predator most commonly caught in this study. The studies carried out by Reyes-Prado et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) and Malo et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), which used Delta-type traps with sex pheromone to capture \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e, showed not only the effectiveness in capturing target insects, but also the incidental capture of non-target insects, including natural enemies. Furthermore, it is interesting to note that the predators captured are among the main predators in the corn crop, according to Cruz (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral approaches to the use of colored traps highlight the importance of selecting specific colors to attract or repel non-target insects. Thus, several studies have revealed the attraction of beneficial insects to the color white (Fite et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), such as predatory wasps (Buffington et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), Orius spp. (Furihata et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) Trichogramma pretiosum (Romeis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e) and Thanasimus spp. (Sukovata et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), as well as ladybugs, bees (Rodriguez-Saona et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e) and pollinating insects (Vrdoljak \u0026amp; Samways, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, these results highlight the importance of properly selecting trap colors, taking into account the specific preferences of target and non-target insects, in order to optimize the effectiveness of traps in specific contexts and promote the overall phytosanitary health of the ecosystem.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. CONCLUSIONS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe red Delta-type adhesive trap was the most attractive for catching \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e in the corn crop. The white traps were more attractive to predators.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eIPM: Integrated Pest Management; Bt: \u003cem\u003eBacillus thuringiensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe students of Integrated Pest Management from the Federal University of Goiás (UFG) who contributed, directly or indirectly, in this work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eACHARYA, R.; MALEKERA, M. J.; DHUNGANA, S. K.; SHARMA, S. R.; LEE, K. Y. 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Journal of Experimental Biology, v. 209, n. 10, p. 1944-1955, 2006.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"delta trap, physical control, behavioral control, semiochemicals, lepidoptera ","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5564805/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5564805/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eSpodoptera frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e (Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), stands out as one of the main pests threatening the productivity of the corn crop (Zea mays L.). The search for new control strategies has proved important given that the use of insecticides predominates. A sustainable alternative is the use of sex pheromone traps to monitor and manage pests. These traps help identify the most appropriate time to implement control measures, minimizing dependence on insecticides. Research into the color preferences of insects can improve the effectiveness of these traps. The experiment was conducted in four different regions of Goi\u0026aacute;s, namely: Silv\u0026acirc;nia, Pontalina, Vian\u0026oacute;polis and Palmin\u0026oacute;polis, using a randomized block design with five treatments and four replications, for each target pest. The treatments consisted of Delta-type traps in five colors: white, yellow, red, blue and black, and synthetic \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e sex pheromones were placed in all the traps. Each week, the glue bases were quantified in terms of the number of specimens captured and replaced with a new base. In the case of the pheromones, they were changed every 21 days. The count data was analyzed using generalized linear models, using the Poisson distribution. The red color was more attractive to \u003cem\u003eS. frugiperda\u003c/em\u003e, while the white color was more attractive to predatory insects.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effect of colored traps and sex pheromone on the capture of Spodoptera frugiperda","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-12-04 16:06:11","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5564805/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d595919a-14d3-4bf4-a659-376c55d69289","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 4th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":41028809,"name":"Agronomy"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-12-13T16:41:35+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-12-04 16:06:11","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5564805","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5564805","identity":"rs-5564805","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}