Determining the Elemental Compositions in the trichome of five sampled herbarium species in the genus Solanum (Solanaceae) using SEM-EDS

Determining the Elemental Compositions in the trichome of five sampled herbarium species in the genus Solanum (Solanaceae) using SEM-EDS | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Determining the Elemental Compositions in the trichome of five sampled herbarium species in the genus Solanum (Solanaceae) using SEM-EDS Funmilola Mabel Ojo, Vagner A. Benedito This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4575391/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Trichomes, specialized epidermal structures on plant surfaces, are integral to plant defense and adaptation. However, their elemental composition in Solanum species remains understudied. This research investigates the trichomes' elemental compositions from five Solanum species— Solanum berthaultii , Solanum galapagense , Solanum lycopersicum , Solanum pennellii , and Solanum tuberosum —using herbarium samples from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Samples were prepared using standard coating techniques with a Quorum-Q150T ES series and imaged under a Hitachi Regulus 8230 SEM with a 5 kV electron beam. Elemental compositions were analyzed using SEM-EDS with an Oxford EDS detector and BSE detector. EDS spectra were acquired from the base, midsection, and tip of the trichomes and processed using AZtech software. Results revealed significant variations in elemental content among the five Solanum species. S. berthaultii trichomes showed high potassium levels, especially at the tips, indicating a role in osmoregulation and defense. S. galapagense exhibited notable chlorine and calcium presence, suggesting ionic balance and pest deterrence. S. lycopersicum and S. pennellii had higher silicon concentrations in midsections and tips, enhancing structural integrity and herbivory resistance. S. tuberosum displayed significant variability in calcium, particularly at the base, highlighting its role in cellular structure and rapid damage response. This study provides detailed insights into the elemental strategies of Solanum species trichomes, contributing to our understanding of their ecological and physiological roles. The findings underscore the importance of elemental composition in plant adaptation and evolution, offering a foundation for future research in plant defense mechanisms and environmental interactions. Botany Elemental composition Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) Herbarium specimens Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Solanum Trichomes Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 INTRODUCTION Trichomes, specialized epidermal structures found on plant leaves and stem surfaces,have garnered considerable interest due to their diverse rolesin plant physiology, ecology, ecological interactions, defense mechanisms,and adaptation to environmental stresses(Liu et al., 2019 ; Zhang et al., 2020 ). They are known to contribute to plant protection against herbivores, pathogens, and environmental stresses, as well as participate in various physiological processes such as water regulation and UV protection (Glas et al., 2012 ; Karabourniotis et al., 2020 ; Kaur & Kariyat, 2020 ). Trichomes are also reservoirs of secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids, which are involved in plant chemical defence(Kaur & Kariyat, 2020 ).However, the economy around these epidermal structures is often overlooked and undervalued; many ignore their pervasive presence in everyday life. For instance, cotton textiles, beer flavour, culinary herbs, and some drugs, such as the antimalarial artemisinin from Artemisia annua (Duke et al., 2000 ; Soetaert, 2013 ) and the antidepressant cannabidiol from Cannabis sativa (Ghosh et al., 2023 ; Xie et al., 2023 ), are derived from plant trichomes. Trichomes perform a variety of ecological functions by conferring tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, such as protection against the attack of insects and microorganisms, excess ultraviolet light, heat, drought, and heavy metal(Zhang et al., 2020 ). Glandular trichomes produce and accumulate (secondary) specialized compounds(Wang, 2014 ). In the tomato clade, there are species with notable pest resistance due to the presence of type-IV trichomes at a high density, such as S. pennellii and S. galapagense (Vendemiatti, 2020 ; Vendemiatti et al., 2021 ; Vendemiatti et al., 2022 ). Among the sampled species, Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) and Solanum tuberosum (potato) are of particular agricultural importance, while Solanum berthaultii, Solanum galapagense , and Solanum pennellii represent wild relatives with unique ecological niches and genetic diversity. The genus Solanum within the Solanaceae family comprises a diverse group of plant species with a wide range of trichome morphologies and ecological adaptations(Bar & Shtein, 2019 ; Hassan & Hamdy, 2023 ). Trichomes in Solanum species vary in size, shape, density, and glandular structures. Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) is well-known for its glandular trichomes, which secrete various secondary metabolites involved in chemical defense against herbivores and pathogens (Vendemiatti, 2020 ). Similarly, Solanum tuberosum (potato) possesses non-glandular trichomes that contribute to physical defense by reducing herbivore feeding damage(Cho et al., 2017 ; Pelletier et al., 2013 ). The wild relatives, Solanum berthaultii, Solanum galapagense , and Solanum pennellii , exhibit unique trichome morphologies adapted to their respective ecological niches (Dupin, 2017 ). According to Heberling ( 2022 ), herbarium specimens offer a valuable resource for studying the elemental compositions of different plants parts including trichomes across diverse plant species within agenus. By analyzing archived specimens collected from various geographic locations and ecological conditions, we can elucidate the spatial and temporal variations in trichome elemental content and their implications for plant adaptation and evolution. The elemental composition of trichomes, encompassing a wide range of essential and trace elements, is of particular interest due to its potential implications for plant physiology, biochemistry, and ecological interactions(Tissier, 2012 ). Despite their ecological and agronomic significance, the elemental composition of trichomes in Solanum species remains poorly understood. Investigating the elemental profiles of trichomes in these species provides insight into their physiological functions, ecological roles, potential applications in plant breeding, crop improvement, nutrient uptake, metal accumulation, and metabolic pathways associated with secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Furthermore, understanding the elemental compositions of trichomes in Solanum species may elucidate their adaptive strategies to biotic and abiotic stresses in their natural habitats.The elemental composition of trichomes has significant ecological and physiological implications for Solanum species. For instance, calcium and potassium play essential roles in plant defence against herbivores and pathogens by regulating secondary metabolite production and signal transduction pathways (Mostafa et al., 2022 ; Zaynab et al., 2019 ). Iron and zinc are involved in photosynthesis and antioxidant defence mechanisms, which are critical for plant growth and stress tolerance (Chen et al., 2017 ; ul Hassan et al., 2017 ). Recent studies also highlighted the presence of essential and trace elements in trichomes, including calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron, zinc, and manganese (Chwil & Kostryco, 2020 ; Hopewell et al., 2021 ). These elements are essential for various physiological processes, such as cell wall structure, enzyme activation, and osmotic regulation. Hence, in this study, we aim to determine the elemental compositions in the trichomes of sampled herbarium specimens from five Solanum species: Solanum berthaultii, Solanum galapagense, Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum pennellii , and Solanum tuberosum . By employing scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analysis, we investigated the distribution and concentration of elements within trichomes of these species. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sample collections Herbarium specimens of Solanum berthaulitii, Solanum galapagense, Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum pennellii and Solanum tuberosum were obtained from botanical collections of the Wing C section herbarium of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew London. Samples were labeled with an abbreviation of the specific epithet. Sample preparations Trichome areas were carefully dissected from the leaf surfaces of herbarium specimens using fine forceps and mounted on metal stubs with carbon cement and sputter coated with carbon (nm) using coating using a quorum-Q150T es Series to enhance conductivity and minimize charging effects during imaging.Special care was taken to avoid contamination and damage to the trichomes during the preparation process. Scanning Electron Microscopy and Elemental Analysis (SEM-EDS) Samples were imaged under a Hitachi Regulus 8230SEMwith a 5 Kv. Elemental compositions of trichomes were determined using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The EDS system was calibrated using standard reference materials to ensure accurate quantification of elemental peaks. Elemental spectra were analyzed to identify and quantify the presence of elements within the trichome samples using Oxford EDS detector together with BSE detector to obtain elemental composition information at the Bioimaging Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.EDS spectra were acquired from selected areas of interest on the sample; the base, mid and tip of the trichomes. The acquired SEM images and EDS spectra were processed and analyzed using AZtech software. Trichome samples were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) detector. Data Analysis Elemental data were analyzed using appropriate statistical method, analysis of variance (ANOVA) to assess differences in elemental compositions among Solanum species and trichome types, showing the differences between groups of data which are statistically significant, analyzing the levels of variance within the group. Quality Control In order to ensure the reliability and reproducibility of results, all sample preparation and analysis procedures were conducted under controlled laboratory conditions. Standard reference materials and calibration procedures were used to verify the accuracy of elemental compositions. RESULTS The elemental compositions of trichomes in the sampled Solanum species reveal significant variations among species and trichome types. Across the five species studied ( Solanum berthaultii, Solanum galapagense, Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum pennellii , and Solanum tuberosum ), differences in elemental content were observed, reflecting their ecological and physiological adaptations (Tables 1 , 2 and 3 ; Figs. 1 , 2 and 3 ; Appendix ).Oxygen is consistently the most abundant element in the trichomes of all species and regions (base, mid, and tip). However, the proportions of other elements like silicon, potassium, iron, aluminium, magnesium, calcium, chlorine, sodium, phosphorus, and sulfur vary markedly. For instance, Solanum tuberosum exhibits a higher percentage of calcium and potassium in the trichome tips compared to other species, which might suggest a unique adaptation or functional role. At the trichome bases, Solanum berthaultii shows a notable presence of iron and aluminium, which is significantly lower in Solanum galapagense . This could be attributed to the ecological and physiological differences among these species. The mid regions of the trichomes in Solanum galapagense are enriched with silicon and chlorine, which are relatively lower in Solanum lycopersicum . Such variations could be indicative of different defensive or structural functions provided by these elements, as silicon, for instance, is known for its role in enhancing plant defence mechanisms. Examining the trichome tips reveals further discrepancies, with Solanum pennellii exhibiting a high percentage of potassium and calcium, possibly indicating a role in specific defence or metabolic processes. The variability in elemental composition, especially in the tip regions, could reflect diverse ecological pressures and evolutionary adaptations. For example, higher potassium levels in Solanum pennellii might be linked to enhanced pest deterrence or stress resistance. In essence, these elemental differences among trichome regions and species underline the complexity of plant adaptations and the potential multifunctionality of trichomes in the Solanum genus. Table 1 Elemental compositions on the bases of Trichomes of Sampled species Sample Code O % Si % K % Fe % Al % Mg % Ca % Cl % Na % P % S % SB b 1 SB b 1 SB b 1 SB b 1 SB b 1 SB b 2 SB b 2 SB b 2 SB b 2 SB b 2 57.6 62.0 60.9 57.2 66.0 71.1 52.5 44.0 48.7 42.2 8.8 7.2 8.1 7.4 7.1 3.5 8.6 10.2 7.7 7.5 8.2 9.5 10.6 13.1 9.3 11.2 14.7 18.0 13.3 17.0 7.7 4.6 2.6 1.9 1.4 0.9 2.5 3.3 1.3 3.4 7.5 6.2 6.6 6.2 5.6 2.9 5.5 8.4 3.0 4.6 3.4 4.5 4.3 4.6 4.7 3.1 1.8 2.4 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 2.3 2.6 6.6 4.7 15.8 16.1 2.0 2.4 2.6 3.0 2.3 4.4 5.6 5.9 6.5 6.3 1.0 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.6 - 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.8 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 - 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 SG b 1 SG b 1 SG b 1 SG b 1 SG b 1 SG b 2 SG b 2 SG b 2 SG b 2 SG b 2 50.5 63.6 55.2 57.9 57.1 57.8 54.4 51.5 54.7 59.6 1.0 3.1 5.1 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.2 0.2 - 4.1 1.5 2.6 2.7 2.6 3.0 2.8 3.1 3.6 2.7 0.4 0.5 5.1 - - - 0.4 - 1.1 1.1 4.2 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.6 - 0.5 0.5 9.5 9.5 6.8 11.1 11.5 10.3 14.8 - 10.2 10.9 5.9 4.1 3.7 4.2 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.1 5.4 4.8 22.3 11.6 13.0 17.0 17.0 18.2 17.5 19.9 21.1 16.3 1.9 2.5 1.8 2.5 2.6 1.9 3.1 4.1 1.8 2.3 0.8 1.7 1.5 0.7 1.6 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.5 2.6 3.1 1.0 2.3 2.4 1.5 1.4 1.0 1.8 2.4 SL b 1 SL b 1 SL b 1 SL b 1 SL b 1 SL b 2 SL b 2 SL b 2 SL b 2 SL b 2 34.2 58.5 33.9 44.8 42.0 53.4 58.5 54.5 57.2 57.6 3.9 0.3 2.3 0.8 2.9 1.1 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 11.0 13.3 13.0 17.0 10.7 6.4 13.3 16.4 16.3 16.2 8.1 - 5.3 - 4.7 - - - - - 3.6 - 2.0 0.3 2.9 2.1 - - - - 3.1 6.8 3.2 4.4 2.6 - 6.8 7.0 8.0 7.8 28.7 11.4 32.3 23.6 27.8 33.1 11.4 10.4 7.8 7.7 5.2 6.7 5.6 6.5 4.7 3.2 6.7 8.1 7.5 6.5 - 0.5 - - - - 0.5 - 0.7 0.6 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.0 0.4 1.3 1.6 1.1 1.6 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.2 0.7 0.3 1.1 1.7 1.2 1.6 SP b 1 SP b 1 SP b 1 SP b 1 SP b 1 SP b 2 SP b 2 SP b 2 SP b 2 SP b 2 54.3 67.5 68.3 67.5 68.3 65.7 65.2 58.9 61.6 69.5 1.7 1.8 2.6 2.5 2.2 3.4 2.5 1.9 0.8 1.0 9.8 4.6 6.2 6.6 7.1 7.3 7.9 11.2 11.8 6.8 0.9 0.6 0.8 0.9 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.8 1.1 1.6 1.6 1.6 2.2 1.4 1.1 0.5 0.5 9.3 4.4 5.0 5.6 6.9 4.2 5.6 5.2 4.6 5.2 6.4 10.0 7.1 6.7 6.9 7.8 7.3 5.2 6.9 8.2 13.0 7.1 4.9 5.1 5.1 5.3 6.3 6.8 5.1 2.2 1.1 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.6 2.0 1.3 2.0 0.3 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.9 0.5 0.3 1.2 0.9 1.3 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.5 4.5 6.6 2.2 ST b 1 ST b 1 ST b 1 ST b 1 ST b 1 ST b 2 ST b 2 ST b 2 ST b 2 ST b 2 44.7 44.5 35.9 56.9 33.9 53.5 63.7 59.2 57.0 68.4 10.3 5.6 6.5 4.5 10.3 6.1 4.5 4.9 8.3 4.7 17.9 13.9 14.7 14.9 20.1 15.6 13.9 15.0 10.7 11.0 2.8 - 2.7 1.4 2.8 3.7 0.7 1.0 5.5 0.5 5.5 1.7 4.7 3.3 5.5 5.5 3.3 3.9 6.7 3.7 1.7 0.6 1.8 1.7 1.7 3.8 3.8 2.9 4.2 3.7 8.5 27.5 26.0 9.7 30.2 4.7 3.3 6.5 2.6 2.7 7.6 6.0 6.9 6.9 7.6 5.7 5.2 5.6 3.7 3.9 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.3 - 0.3 - 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.2 - 0.3 - 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 LEGENDS b – base, SB – Solanum berthaultii , SG - Solanum galapagense , SL - Solanum lycopersicum , SP - Solanum pennellii , ST - Solanum tuberosum , O- Oxygen, Si- Silicon, K- Potassium, Fe – Iron, Al – Aluminum, Mg – Magnesium, Ca- Calcium, Cl- Chlorine, Na – Sodium, P – Phosphorus, S - Sulphur Table 2 Elemental compositions on the mid of Trichomes of Sampled species Sample Code O % Si % K % Fe % Al % Mg % Ca % Cl % Na % P % S % SB m 1 SB m 2 SB m 3 SB m 4 SB m 5 68.0 64.9 66.4 61.8 67.5 3.7 5.0 1.7 3.2 5.7 12.2 13.5 15.9 16.7 10.5 0.5 1.0 0.7 0.8 0.6 3.4 3.5 1.5 2.4 5.0 3.9 2.8 3.7 4.2 3.4 1.3 2.7 2.9 3.6 2.5 5.5 5.1 6.0 5.8 3.8 0.5 0.5 - 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.9 1.0 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 - SG m 1 SG m 2 SG m 3 SG m 4 SG m 5 60.2 44.8 56.0 58.2 55.0 0.2 12.1 5.0 8.1 5.1 2.0 2.8 3.1 2.4 3.0 - - - - - 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.4 13.6 8.4 6.8 6.0 6.8 4.0 7.7 7.6 7.4 8.8 14.1 16.6 16.7 14.0 15.7 3.3 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.4 0.4 4.1 0.6 0.7 0.6 2.2 1.8 2.4 1.6 2.1 SL m 1 SL m 2 SL m 3 SL m 4 SL m 5 61.1 57.4 65.6 54.2 60.2 1.8 3.0 2.2 1.6 0.4 13.5 11.1 7.5 14.9 10.0 - - - - - 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.5 6.0 4.8 3.8 6.0 6.9 9.1 16.3 15.4 13.4 10.3 5.0 4.2 3.2 5.6 5.0 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 1.1 1.1 0.7 1.6 4.4 1.0 0.8 0.7 1.4 1.5 SP m 1 SP m 2 SP m 3 SP m 4 SP m 5 67.9 65.7 70.2 65.7 63.0 3.1 2.2 5.9 7.9 10.0 5.1 10.1 5.2 6.1 5.9 0.7 1.2 0.7 1.5 1.6 1.9 1.2 2.8 3.7 4.8 5.5 2.7 4.4 3.7 3.3 5.5 11.5 4.2 4.2 4.6 6.4 2.4 3.5 3.3 3.5 2.3 0.6 1.7 1.4 1.4 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.4 1.3 1.8 1.2 2.3 1.6 ST m 1 ST m 2 ST m 3 ST m 4 ST m 5 68.0 64.9 66.4 61.8 67.5 3.7 5.0 1.7 3.2 5.7 12.2 13.5 15.6 16.7 10.5 0.5 1.0 0.7 0.8 0.6 3.4 3.5 1.5 2.4 5.0 3.9 2.8 2.7 4.2 3.4 1.3 2.7 2.9 3.6 2.5 5.5 5.3 6.0 5.8 3.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 - LEGENDS m –mid, SB – Solanum berthaultii , SG - Solanum galapagense , SL - Solanum lycopersicum , SP - Solanum pennellii , ST - Solanum tuberosum , O- Oxygen, Si- Silicon, K- Potassium, Fe – Iron, Al – Aluminum, Mg – Magnesium, Ca- Calcium, Cl- Chlorine, Na – Sodium, P – Phosphorus, S - Sulphur Table 3 Elemental compositions on the tip of Trichomes of Sampled species Sample Code O % Si % K % Fe % Al % Mg % Ca % Cl % Na % P % S % SB t 1 SB t 2 SB t 3 SB t 4 SB t 5 42.4 59.0 36.1 54.1 56.6 9.8 6.2 11.9 9.8 7.7 20.9 13.2 24.9 15.3 16.1 10.1 2.2 6.9 4.5 4.8 5.4 6.4 6.1 7.5 2.8 2.4 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.9 3.1 4.3 3.1 2.1 3.7 4.9 5.8 6.2 3.8 4.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 SG t 1 SG t 2 SG t 3 SG t 4 SG t 5 60.2 54.7 54.8 53.9 53.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.2 2.0 1.6 1.5 3.1 2.7 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 1.1 0.3 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.4 13.6 9.7 5.2 9.2 10.6 4.0 5.7 16.0 9.9 7.5 14.1 13.9 9.3 17.9 17.2 2.3 2.0 1.0 1.7 2.0 0.6 3.5 0.7 0.7 1.0 2.2 4.6 10.7 3.6 4.0 SL t 1 SL t 2 SL t 3 SL t 4 SL t 5 56.8 60.5 64.6 58.1 60.4 2.9 1.8 1.8 1.7 2.2 12.6 13.4 11.5 14.8 13.3 0.5 0.5 0.7 2.0 0.5 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.1 5.4 6.2 5.4 5.7 5.9 11.2 8.5 7.8 9.9 9.1 5.9 4.7 4.3 5.4 4.8 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.3 1.8 1.3 1.1 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.3 SP t 1 SP t 2 SP t 3 SP t 4 SP t 5 60.2 55.1 69.4 46.4 42.4 1.2 1.5 1.6 0.9 12.4 10.8 11.2 7.1 12.3 12.4 1.4 2.1 0.4 3.3 4.0 0.6 0.3 0.8 0.4 5.2 3.9 4.1 5.7 5.1 4.1 9.8 13.8 5.5 18.1 9.7 5.7 4.4 4.5 5.5 6.5 1.1 1.0 2.0 1.3 1.1 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 4.6 6.2 2.6 6.3 1.7 ST t 1 ST t 2 ST t 3 ST t 4 ST t 5 52.4 48.3 68.5 63.9 58.5 3.8 6.1 4.2 5.3 7.3 13.7 22.1 11.5 12.5 13.6 1.6 6.3 - 1.1 1.1 6.5 4.5 3.1 1.5 5.2 1.3 2.4 1.8 3.9 1.9 13.1 4.0 4.2 5.1 4.7 6.0 5.1 5.3 5.4 5.9 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 LEGENDS t –tip, SB – Solanum berthaultii , SG - Solanum galapagense , SL - Solanum lycopersicum , SP - Solanum pennellii , ST - Solanum tuberosum , O- Oxygen, Si- Silicon, K- Potassium, Fe – Iron, Al – Aluminum, Mg – Magnesium, Ca- Calcium, Cl- Chlorine, Na – Sodium, P – Phosphorus, S - Sulphur ANOVA Analysis ( Appendix Table 1, Fig. 1 ) The analysis of variance (ANOVA) table reveals significant effects of the group on certain elemental levels. Specifically, the group significantly affects oxygen levels (F (2, 97) = 6.16, p = 0.00303), with the mean oxygen levels differing substantially between groups, as indicated by the p-value. This suggests that the group has a notable impact on oxygen levels, further supported by the relatively small residuals' mean square value compared to the mean square value of the group, indicating that a significant proportion of the variance is explained by the group. Iron levels also show a significant effect of the group (F (2, 97) = 5.58, p = 0.00508), with the p-value below the 0.05 threshold, suggesting that group differences have a statistically significant impact on iron levels. Similarly, sulfur levels are significantly affected by the group (F (2, 97) = 4.966, p = 0.00884), again indicated by the p-value being below 0.05. In contrast, several other elements did not show significant effects of the group. Silicon levels do not significantly differ between groups (F (2, 97) = 0.254, p = 0.776), as the p-value is much larger than 0.05, indicating no statistical significance. Potassium levels similarly show no significant group effect (F (2, 97) = 1.1, p = 0.337), with a non-significant p-value.Aluminum levels (F (2, 97) = 0.708, p = 0.495) and magnesium levels (F (2, 97) = 0.096, p = 0.908) also show no significant effects, with their p-values much greater than 0.05. Chlorine (F (2, 97) = 0.432, p = 0.651), sodium (F (2, 97) = 0.295, p = 0.745), and phosphorus (F (2, 97) = 1.366, p = 0.26) levels similarly indicate no significant group differences. Calcium levels show a borderline effect (F (2, 97) = 2.24, p = 0.112), with the p-value being greater than 0.05 but relatively close to the significance level, suggesting a potential but not definitive group effect. Overall, while oxygen, iron, and sulfur levels are significantly impacted by group differences, the levels of silicon, potassium, aluminum, magnesium, chlorine, sodium, phosphorus, and to a lesser extent calcium, are not significantly affected. Variance between Groups ( Appendix , Table 2 , Fig. 2 ) Base Data Group: Oxygen (O) has the highest variance (93.6), indicating significant variability in its data. Phosphorus (P) has the lowest variance (0.201), suggesting minimal variability. Other elements like Calcium (Ca) and Chlorine (Cl) also show relatively high variance values (80.3 and 28.9, respectively). Mid Data Group Oxygen (O) again shows a high variance (33.7), but lower compared to the Base Data group. Phosphorus (P) and Iron (Fe) have low variances (1.06 and 0.252, respectively), indicating consistent data for these elements. The variances for most elements are generally lower compared to the Base Data group Tip Data Group Potassium (K) has a high variance (37.7), indicating a wide spread in its data. Sodium (Na) has the lowest variance (0.367), similar to its low variance in other groups. Variance values for elements like Oxygen (O) and Silicon (Si) are between those of the Base and Mid data groups Correlations of Combined Data The correlation analysis of combined data reveals several significant relationships among the elements (Fig. 3 ). Oxygen (O) exhibits strong negative correlations with iron (Fe) (-0.525) and calcium (Ca) (-0.600), indicating that these elements are less likely to coexist in high concentrations with oxygen. Silicon (Si) shows a strong positive correlation with aluminium (Al) (0.794) and a moderate positive correlation with iron (Fe) (0.551), suggesting that these elements often occur together. Similarly, iron (Fe) is strongly correlated with silicon (0.551) and aluminium (0.630), reinforcing the tendency for these elements to co-exist. Potassium (K) presents strong negative correlations with sodium (Na) (-0.737) and magnesium (Mg) (-0.609), alongside moderate positive correlations with silicon (0.363) and iron (0.400). This pattern indicates complex interrelationships among these elements. Aluminum (Al) also shows strong positive correlations with silicon (0.794) and iron (0.630), further indicating a strong association between these elements. In contrast, magnesium (Mg) strongly positively correlates with chlorine (Cl) (0.664) and sodium (0.636) but has strong negative correlations with silicon (-0.522) and potassium (-0.609). Calcium (Ca) displays a strong negative correlation with oxygen (-0.600) and a moderate negative correlation with sodium (-0.358), suggesting specific exclusion patterns with these elements. Chlorine (Cl) has a strong positive correlation with sodium (0.643) and a moderate positive correlation with magnesium (0.664), indicating a tendency for these elements to be found together. Sodium (Na) is strongly negatively correlated with potassium (-0.737) and moderately with silicon (-0.326) and aluminum (-0.373), which suggests a separation between these element concentrations. Lastly, phosphorus (P) shows weaker correlations compared to other elements but has a moderate positive correlation with magnesium (0.347), indicating some level of association. DISCUSSIONS The research on the elemental composition of trichomes in five Solanum species— Solanum berthaultii , Solanum galapagense , Solanum lycopersicum , Solanum pennellii , and Solanum tuberosum —revealed significant interspecies and intraspecies variations. These variations reflect both ecological and physiological adaptations. By examining the trichomes' elemental compositions at the base, midsection, and tip, distinct patterns emerge that could influence the species' interaction with their environment, pest resistance, and overall physiology. The base of trichomes across the species showed a high content of oxygen, with notable variations in other elements like silicon (Si), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca). For example, S. berthaultii exhibited a wide range of potassium content (8.2–18.0%), suggesting a potential role in physiological processes such as turgor regulation and defence mechanisms as described by Altaf et al. ( 2022 ). S. galapagense and S. lycopersicum on the other hand had relatively lower silicon concentrations compared to S. tuberosum and S. pennellii , which might relate to their different environmental stress adaptations. Notably, S. tuberosum trichomes showed significant variability in calcium content (2.6–30.2%), indicating potential differences in cellular structure and rigidity. At the mid section, oxygen remained predominant, but the distribution of other elements shifted. S. pennellii and S. tuberosum showed higher silicon content, which could enhance their structural integrity and resistance to herbivory which has been confirmed in other plants like cucumber, radish, rice, etc.(Fan et al., 2023 ; Islam et al., 2020 ; Meharg & Meharg, 2015 ; Singh et al., 2020 ). Potassium levels were also high in S. berthaultii , which aligns with its physiological role in plant stress responses. The presence of magnesium (Mg) and sulfur (S) in varying concentrations suggests their involvement in metabolic and defensive processes, as supported by previous research linking these elements to enzyme activity and secondary metabolite production(Abdalla et al., 2021 ; Isah, 2019 ; Zenda et al., 2021 ). The trichome tips displayed the most significant variations in elemental composition. S. berthaultii showed high potassium levels (up to 24.9%), which could enhance the plant's defensive secretion capability. In contrast, S. galapagense had lower elemental diversity but a significant presence of chlorine (Cl) and calcium, possibly contributing to ionic balance and pest deterrence provided by calcium chlorides (White & Broadley, 2001 ). The varied elemental content at the trichome tips across species underscores the role of these structures in ecological interactions and defense mechanisms. The presence, absence, abundance, and correlations of specific elements in trichomes across different regions have several implications. High oxygen levels across all regions indicate its fundamental role in maintaining trichome structure and function. Muravnik ( 2021 ) found glandular trichomes to be highly oxygenated in all the plant species he studied. Also, the significant presence of potassium, particularly in S. berthaultii and S. tuberosum , suggests its importance in osmoregulation and defence, corroborating studies that highlight potassium's role in plant stress tolerance and pathogen resistance (Kamanga et al., 2018 ; Rajagopal et al., 2023 ; Sofy et al., 2020 ). The variability in silicon content, especially in the midsection and tips of S. pennellii and S. tuberosum , aligns with research suggesting that silicon can enhance structural defences and reduce herbivory. The elevated calcium levels in S. tuberosum trichomes point to its role in maintaining cellular integrity and facilitating rapid response to physical damage, consistent with findings that calcium signalling is crucial in plant defence (Lamalakshmi Devi et al., 2017 ; Vega-Muñoz et al., 2020 ). Magnesium and sulfur's varying levels highlight their involvement in enzymatic functions and secondary metabolism. Magnesium is essential for chlorophyll production and enzyme activation (Guo et al., 2016 ; Peng et al., 2019 ), while sulfur is a key component of amino acids and defensive compounds(Capaldi et al., 2015 ; Francioso et al., 2020 ). Their presence in the trichomes suggests these elements support the metabolic demands of these structures and enhance the plants' overall resilience. CONCLUSION In summary, the elemental composition of trichomes in the studied Solanum species reveals critical insights into their ecological and physiological strategies. The significant variations among species and trichome regions indicate adaptive mechanisms that likely enhance survival, stress tolerance, and defence. Understanding these elemental distributions helps in deciphering the complex interactions between plants and their environment, providing a foundation for future research and potential agricultural applications. Knowledge of the elemental compositions of trichomes in Solanum species has practical implications for plant breeding and conservation efforts. Breeding programs aimed at developing stress-tolerant cultivars can utilize information on elemental profiles to select for traits associated with enhanced nutrient uptake, metal tolerance, and pest resistance. Furthermore, conservation strategies for endangered species can benefit from understanding the elemental strategies employed by wild relatives in diverse ecological niches. Declarations ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author would like to thank TETFUND for sponsorship on postdoctoral visit under Academic Staff Training and Development (AST&D, Year 2022 Intervention) to Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew London to undergo training and conducting this research. We also express our gratitude to Saba Rokni, who provided training for sampling at the herbarium section and lab technicians at Bioimaging laboratory of Kew in persons of Jehova Lourenco Junior and Manoj Kumar-Mahto for granting access to their facility for sample preparations and analysis. Availability of data The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article. Disclosure statement The authors reported no potential conflict of interest. References Abdalla, M. A., Li, F., Wenzel-Storjohann, A., Sulieman, S., Tasdemir, D., & Mühling, K. H. (2021). Comparative metabolite profile, biological activity and overall quality of three lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., Asteraceae) cultivars in response to sulfur nutrition. Pharmaceutics , 13 (5), 713. Altaf, M. A., Behera, B., Mangal, V., Singhal, R. K., Kumar, R., More, S., Naz, S., Mandal, S., Dey, A., & Saqib, M. (2022). 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Dealing with Environmental Fluctuations: Diversity of Potassium Uptake Systems Across the Three Domains of Life. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation , 42 (10), 6104-6136. Singh, A., Kumar, A., Hartley, S., & Singh, I. K. (2020). Silicon: its ameliorative effect on plant defense against herbivory. Journal of Experimental Botany , 71 (21), 6730-6743. Soetaert, S. (2013). Trichomes, the key to an increased production of artemisinin in Artemisia annua Ghent University]. Sofy, M. R., Elhawat, N., & Alshaal, T. (2020). Glycine betaine counters salinity stress by maintaining high K+/Na+ ratio and antioxidant defense via limiting Na+ uptake in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety , 200 , 110732. Tissier, A. (2012). Glandular trichomes: what comes after expressed sequence tags? The Plant Journal , 70 (1), 51-68. ul Hassan, Z., Ali, S., Rizwan, M., Hussain, A., Akbar, Z., Rasool, N., & Abbas, F. (2017). Role of zinc in alleviating heavy metal stress. Essential Plant Nutrients: Uptake, Use Efficiency, and Management , 351-366. Vega-Muñoz, I., Duran-Flores, D., Fernández-Fernández, Á. D., Heyman, J., Ritter, A., & Stael, S. (2020). Breaking bad news: dynamic molecular mechanisms of wound response in plants. Frontiers in Plant Science , 11 , 610445. Vendemiatti, E. (2020). Genetic and molecular characterization of type-IV glandular trichome development in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom) and its participation in arthropod resistance Universidade de São Paulo]. Vendemiatti, E., Therezan, R., Vicente, M. H., de Siqueira Pinto, M., Bergau, N., Yang, L., Bernardi, W. F., de Alencar, S. M., Zsögön, A., & Tissier, A. (2021). Introgression of type-IV glandular trichomes from Solanum galapagense to cultivated tomato reveals genetic complexity for the development of acylsugar-based insect resistance. bioRxiv , 2021.2006. 2018.448858. Vendemiatti, E., Therezan, R., Vicente, M. H., Pinto, M. d. S., Bergau, N., Yang, L., Bernardi, W. F., Alencar, S. M. d., Zsögön, A., & Tissier, A. (2022). The genetic complexity of type-IV trichome development reveals the steps towards an insect-resistant tomato. Plants , 11 (10), 1309. Wang, G. (2014). Recent progress in secondary metabolism of plant glandular trichomes. Plant Biotechnology , 31 (5), 353-361. White, P. J., & Broadley, M. R. (2001). Chloride in soils and its uptake and movement within the plant: a review. Annals of botany , 88 (6), 967-988. Xie, Z., Mi, Y., Kong, L., Gao, M., Chen, S., Chen, W., Meng, X., Sun, W., Chen, S., & Xu, Z. (2023). Cannabis sativa: origin and history, glandular trichome development, and cannabinoid biosynthesis. Horticulture Research , 10 (9), uhad150. Zaynab, M., Fatima, M., Sharif, Y., Zafar, M. H., Ali, H., & Khan, K. A. (2019). Role of primary metabolites in plant defense against pathogens. Microbial pathogenesis , 137 , 103728. Zenda, T., Liu, S., Dong, A., & Duan, H. (2021). Revisiting sulphur—The once neglected nutrient: It’s roles in plant growth, metabolism, stress tolerance and crop production. Agriculture , 11 (7), 626. Zhang, Y., Song, H., Wang, X., Zhou, X., Zhang, K., Chen, X., Liu, J., Han, J., & Wang, A. (2020). The roles of different types of trichomes in tomato resistance to cold, drought, whiteflies, and botrytis. Agronomy , 10 (3), 411. Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Supplementary Files SpectrumSupplementarydata.docx Spectrum material APPENDIX.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4575391","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":313985427,"identity":"5812e57a-d638-4ea1-a062-79975999e2bb","order_by":0,"name":"Funmilola Mabel Ojo","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBAC9gYgIcFgA+MfAOIE/Fp4DoC1pIHYjA3Ea2FgOEyKFrEDjA8sKs7L8c9If/7gQ80dBn72HAPmgl94tEgnMBtInLltLHEjx7BxxrFnDJI9bwyYZ/bh1mIvncAmIdl2O7HhRg5jM2/DYQaDG0BbeHvw2gLSci5x/o30h81/gVrsidRyIHHDjQTDZkaQLRJALTw/8GlJbAb6JdnY8Mwbw5k9xw7zSJx5VnCYtwGfluSDjyUq7OTkjqc/+PCj5rAcf3vyxsc8f3BrAcUGswSyGSDiAGMbPi1ATR8wxfDaMgpGwSgYBSMMAADuN1Kq4FkelgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8870-4349","institution":"Olusegun Agagu University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa, Ondo State, Nigeria","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Funmilola","middleName":"Mabel","lastName":"Ojo","suffix":""},{"id":313985428,"identity":"c1652119-1402-4525-9251-5b798e27ba59","order_by":1,"name":"Vagner A. Benedito","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2131-7651","institution":"West Virginia University, West Virginia USA","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Vagner","middleName":"A.","lastName":"Benedito","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-06-13 10:11:47","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4575391/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4575391/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":58335327,"identity":"fe289c4d-8bfb-47f3-8afd-39f912958b48","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-14 05:17:40","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":28351,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eANOVA F-Values for Elemental compositions\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4575391/v1/e2443766cc5232843dee7240.jpeg"},{"id":58335328,"identity":"be74e7a9-6e4d-4c8b-930e-428136899a4d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-14 05:17:40","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":346596,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariance within Groups for Each Element\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4575391/v1/52fd71947fb9ee251b4c136b.jpeg"},{"id":58335329,"identity":"c301fa7b-860b-4765-ae55-62738dcddbdc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-14 05:17:40","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":176924,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorrelation Matrix of Combined Data\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4575391/v1/e84ea2460c9d6a0ac62abe80.jpg"},{"id":58336656,"identity":"126c9a41-5465-4aa1-9069-9e96d5eb761e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-14 05:33:40","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1717997,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4575391/v1/21d110f6-8c84-4057-ba3f-63d6309ca73d.pdf"},{"id":58335944,"identity":"8e074188-7b55-4e14-a9c1-607c2bc1377c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-14 05:25:40","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":9553860,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSpectrum material\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"SpectrumSupplementarydata.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4575391/v1/4bb83b95b78ca3c238c83f5e.docx"},{"id":58335332,"identity":"8bc18f7e-d215-496e-9402-03febc32f628","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-14 05:17:40","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":116632,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"APPENDIX.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4575391/v1/e7c9051700f6b736d4ba30c5.docx"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eDetermining the Elemental Compositions in the trichome of five sampled herbarium species in the genus Solanum (Solanaceae) using SEM-EDS\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eTrichomes, specialized epidermal structures found on plant leaves and stem surfaces,have garnered considerable interest due to their diverse rolesin plant physiology, ecology, ecological interactions, defense mechanisms,and adaptation to environmental stresses(Liu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Zhang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). They are known to contribute to plant protection against herbivores, pathogens, and environmental stresses, as well as participate in various physiological processes such as water regulation and UV protection (Glas et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Karabourniotis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Kaur \u0026amp; Kariyat, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Trichomes are also reservoirs of secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids, which are involved in plant chemical defence(Kaur \u0026amp; Kariyat, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).However, the economy around these epidermal structures is often overlooked and undervalued; many ignore their pervasive presence in everyday life. For instance, cotton textiles, beer flavour, culinary herbs, and some drugs, such as the antimalarial artemisinin from \u003cem\u003eArtemisia annua\u003c/em\u003e (Duke et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Soetaert, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e) and the antidepressant cannabidiol from \u003cem\u003eCannabis sativa\u003c/em\u003e(Ghosh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Xie et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), are derived from plant trichomes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrichomes perform a variety of ecological functions by conferring tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, such as protection against the attack of insects and microorganisms, excess ultraviolet light, heat, drought, and heavy metal(Zhang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Glandular trichomes produce and accumulate (secondary) specialized compounds(Wang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). In the tomato clade, there are species with notable pest resistance due to the presence of type-IV trichomes at a high density, such as \u003cem\u003eS. pennellii\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. galapagense\u003c/em\u003e(Vendemiatti, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Vendemiatti et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Vendemiatti et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Among the sampled species, \u003cem\u003eSolanum lycopersicum\u003c/em\u003e (tomato) and \u003cem\u003eSolanum tuberosum\u003c/em\u003e (potato) are of particular agricultural importance, while \u003cem\u003eSolanum berthaultii, Solanum galapagense\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eSolanum pennellii\u003c/em\u003e represent wild relatives with unique ecological niches and genetic diversity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe genus \u003cem\u003eSolanum\u003c/em\u003e within the Solanaceae family comprises a diverse group of plant species with a wide range of trichome morphologies and ecological adaptations(Bar \u0026amp; Shtein, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Hassan \u0026amp; Hamdy, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Trichomes in \u003cem\u003eSolanum\u003c/em\u003e species vary in size, shape, density, and glandular structures. \u003cem\u003eSolanum lycopersicum\u003c/em\u003e (tomato) is well-known for its glandular trichomes, which secrete various secondary metabolites involved in chemical defense against herbivores and pathogens (Vendemiatti, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, \u003cem\u003eSolanum tuberosum\u003c/em\u003e (potato) possesses non-glandular trichomes that contribute to physical defense by reducing herbivore feeding damage(Cho et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Pelletier et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). The wild relatives, \u003cem\u003eSolanum berthaultii, Solanum galapagense\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eSolanum pennellii\u003c/em\u003e, exhibit unique trichome morphologies adapted to their respective ecological niches (Dupin, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to Heberling (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), herbarium specimens offer a valuable resource for studying the elemental compositions of different plants parts including trichomes across diverse plant species within agenus. By analyzing archived specimens collected from various geographic locations and ecological conditions, we can elucidate the spatial and temporal variations in trichome elemental content and their implications for plant adaptation and evolution.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe elemental composition of trichomes, encompassing a wide range of essential and trace elements, is of particular interest due to its potential implications for plant physiology, biochemistry, and ecological interactions(Tissier, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Despite their ecological and agronomic significance, the elemental composition of trichomes in \u003cem\u003eSolanum\u003c/em\u003e species remains poorly understood. Investigating the elemental profiles of trichomes in these species provides insight into their physiological functions, ecological roles, potential applications in plant breeding, crop improvement, nutrient uptake, metal accumulation, and metabolic pathways associated with secondary metabolite biosynthesis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, understanding the elemental compositions of trichomes in \u003cem\u003eSolanum\u003c/em\u003e species may elucidate their adaptive strategies to biotic and abiotic stresses in their natural habitats.The elemental composition of trichomes has significant ecological and physiological implications for \u003cem\u003eSolanum\u003c/em\u003e species. For instance, calcium and potassium play essential roles in plant defence against herbivores and pathogens by regulating secondary metabolite production and signal transduction pathways (Mostafa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Zaynab et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Iron and zinc are involved in photosynthesis and antioxidant defence mechanisms, which are critical for plant growth and stress tolerance (Chen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; ul Hassan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecent studies also highlighted the presence of essential and trace elements in trichomes, including calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron, zinc, and manganese (Chwil \u0026amp; Kostryco, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Hopewell et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). These elements are essential for various physiological processes, such as cell wall structure, enzyme activation, and osmotic regulation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHence, in this study, we aim to determine the elemental compositions in the trichomes of sampled herbarium specimens from five \u003cem\u003eSolanum\u003c/em\u003e species: \u003cem\u003eSolanum berthaultii, Solanum galapagense, Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum pennellii\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eSolanum tuberosum\u003c/em\u003e. By employing scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analysis, we investigated the distribution and concentration of elements within trichomes of these species.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIALS AND METHODS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSample collections\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eHerbarium specimens of \u003cem\u003eSolanum berthaulitii, Solanum galapagense, Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum pennellii\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eSolanum tuberosum\u003c/em\u003e were obtained from botanical collections of the Wing C section herbarium of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew London. Samples were labeled with an abbreviation of the specific epithet.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSample preparations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrichome areas were carefully dissected from the leaf surfaces of herbarium specimens using fine forceps and mounted on metal stubs with carbon cement and sputter coated with carbon (nm) using coating using a quorum-Q150T es Series to enhance conductivity and minimize charging effects during imaging.Special care was taken to avoid contamination and damage to the trichomes during the preparation process.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eScanning Electron Microscopy and Elemental Analysis (SEM-EDS)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSamples were imaged under a Hitachi Regulus 8230SEMwith a 5 Kv. Elemental compositions of trichomes were determined using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The EDS system was calibrated using standard reference materials to ensure accurate quantification of elemental peaks. Elemental spectra were analyzed to identify and quantify the presence of elements within the trichome samples using Oxford EDS detector together with BSE detector to obtain elemental composition information at the Bioimaging Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.EDS spectra were acquired from selected areas of interest on the sample; the base, mid and tip of the trichomes. The acquired SEM images and EDS spectra were processed and analyzed using AZtech software. Trichome samples were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) detector.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eElemental data were analyzed using appropriate statistical method, analysis of variance (ANOVA) to assess differences in elemental compositions among \u003cem\u003eSolanum\u003c/em\u003e species and trichome types, showing the differences between groups of data which are statistically significant, analyzing the levels of variance within the group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eQuality Control\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn order to ensure the reliability and reproducibility of results, all sample preparation and analysis procedures were conducted under controlled laboratory conditions. Standard reference materials and calibration procedures were used to verify the accuracy of elemental compositions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe elemental compositions of trichomes in the sampled \u003cem\u003eSolanum\u003c/em\u003e species reveal significant variations among species and trichome types. Across the five species studied (\u003cem\u003eSolanum berthaultii, Solanum galapagense, Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum pennellii\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eSolanum tuberosum\u003c/em\u003e), differences in elemental content were observed, reflecting their ecological and physiological adaptations (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e; Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan refid=\"Sec20\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eAppendix\u003c/span\u003e).Oxygen is consistently the most abundant element in the trichomes of all species and regions (base, mid, and tip). However, the proportions of other elements like silicon, potassium, iron, aluminium, magnesium, calcium, chlorine, sodium, phosphorus, and sulfur vary markedly. For instance, \u003cem\u003eSolanum tuberosum\u003c/em\u003e exhibits a higher percentage of calcium and potassium in the trichome tips compared to other species, which might suggest a unique adaptation or functional role.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt the trichome bases, \u003cem\u003eSolanum berthaultii\u003c/em\u003e shows a notable presence of iron and aluminium, which is significantly lower in \u003cem\u003eSolanum galapagense\u003c/em\u003e. This could be attributed to the ecological and physiological differences among these species. The mid regions of the trichomes in \u003cem\u003eSolanum galapagense\u003c/em\u003e are enriched with silicon and chlorine, which are relatively lower in \u003cem\u003eSolanum lycopersicum\u003c/em\u003e. Such variations could be indicative of different defensive or structural functions provided by these elements, as silicon, for instance, is known for its role in enhancing plant defence mechanisms.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExamining the trichome tips reveals further discrepancies, with \u003cem\u003eSolanum pennellii\u003c/em\u003e exhibiting a high percentage of potassium and calcium, possibly indicating a role in specific defence or metabolic processes. The variability in elemental composition, especially in the tip regions, could reflect diverse ecological pressures and evolutionary adaptations. For example, higher potassium levels in \u003cem\u003eSolanum pennellii\u003c/em\u003e might be linked to enhanced pest deterrence or stress resistance. In essence, these elemental differences among trichome regions and species underline the complexity of plant adaptations and the potential multifunctionality of trichomes in the Solanum genus.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElemental compositions on the bases of Trichomes of Sampled species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample Code\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth 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b\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSP b\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSP b\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSP b\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSP b\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSP b\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSP b\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSP b\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eST b\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eST b\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eST b\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eST b\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eST b\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eST b\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eST b\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eST b\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eST b\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eST b\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLEGENDS\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e \u0026ndash; base, \u003cb\u003eSB \u0026ndash;\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003eSolanum berthaultii\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cb\u003eSG\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003e- Solanum galapagense\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cb\u003eSL\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003e- Solanum lycopersicum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cb\u003eSP\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003e- Solanum pennellii\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cb\u003eST\u003c/b\u003e - \u003cem\u003eSolanum tuberosum\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cb\u003eO-\u003c/b\u003e Oxygen, \u003cb\u003eSi-\u003c/b\u003e Silicon, \u003cb\u003eK-\u003c/b\u003e Potassium, \u003cb\u003eFe \u0026ndash;\u003c/b\u003e Iron, \u003cb\u003eAl \u0026ndash;\u003c/b\u003e Aluminum, \u003cb\u003eMg \u0026ndash;\u003c/b\u003e Magnesium, \u003cb\u003eCa-\u003c/b\u003e Calcium, \u003cb\u003eCl-\u003c/b\u003e Chlorine, \u003cb\u003eNa \u0026ndash;\u003c/b\u003e Sodium, \u003cb\u003eP \u0026ndash;\u003c/b\u003e Phosphorus, \u003cb\u003eS -\u003c/b\u003e Sulphur\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElemental compositions on the mid of Trichomes of Sampled species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample Code\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSi\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMg\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCa\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCl\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNa\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSB m\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSB m\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSB m\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSB m\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSB m\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSG m\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSG m\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSG m\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSG m\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSG m\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSL m\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSL m\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSL m\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSL m\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSL m\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSP m\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSP m\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSP m\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSP m\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSP m\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eST m\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eST m\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eST m\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eST m\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eST m\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLEGENDS\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003em\u003c/b\u003e\u0026ndash;mid, \u003cb\u003eSB \u0026ndash;\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003eSolanum berthaultii\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cb\u003eSG\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003e- Solanum galapagense\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cb\u003eSL\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003e- Solanum lycopersicum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cb\u003eSP\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003e- Solanum pennellii\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cb\u003eST\u003c/b\u003e - \u003cem\u003eSolanum tuberosum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cb\u003eO-\u003c/b\u003e Oxygen, \u003cb\u003eSi-\u003c/b\u003e Silicon, \u003cb\u003eK-\u003c/b\u003e Potassium, \u003cb\u003eFe \u0026ndash;\u003c/b\u003e Iron, \u003cb\u003eAl \u0026ndash;\u003c/b\u003e Aluminum, \u003cb\u003eMg \u0026ndash;\u003c/b\u003e Magnesium, \u003cb\u003eCa-\u003c/b\u003e Calcium, \u003cb\u003eCl-\u003c/b\u003e Chlorine, \u003cb\u003eNa \u0026ndash;\u003c/b\u003e Sodium, \u003cb\u003eP \u0026ndash;\u003c/b\u003e Phosphorus, \u003cb\u003eS -\u003c/b\u003e Sulphur\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElemental compositions on the tip of Trichomes of Sampled species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample Code\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSi\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAl\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMg\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCa\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCl\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNa\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSB t\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSB t\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSB t\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSB t\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSB t\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSG t\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSG t\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSG t\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSG t\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSG t\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSL t\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSL t\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSL t\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSL t\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSL t\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSP t\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSP t\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSP t\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSP t\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSP t\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eST t\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eST t\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eST t\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eST t\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eST t\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLEGENDS\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003et\u003c/b\u003e \u0026ndash;tip, \u003cb\u003eSB \u0026ndash;\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003eSolanum berthaultii\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cb\u003eSG\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003e- Solanum galapagense\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cb\u003eSL\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003e- Solanum lycopersicum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cb\u003eSP\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003e- Solanum pennellii\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cb\u003eST\u003c/b\u003e - \u003cem\u003eSolanum tuberosum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cb\u003eO-\u003c/b\u003e Oxygen, \u003cb\u003eSi-\u003c/b\u003e Silicon, \u003cb\u003eK-\u003c/b\u003e Potassium, \u003cb\u003eFe \u0026ndash;\u003c/b\u003e Iron, \u003cb\u003eAl \u0026ndash;\u003c/b\u003e Aluminum, \u003cb\u003eMg \u0026ndash;\u003c/b\u003e Magnesium, \u003cb\u003eCa-\u003c/b\u003e Calcium, \u003cb\u003eCl-\u003c/b\u003e Chlorine, \u003cb\u003eNa \u0026ndash;\u003c/b\u003e Sodium, \u003cb\u003eP \u0026ndash;\u003c/b\u003e Phosphorus, \u003cb\u003eS -\u003c/b\u003e Sulphur\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eANOVA Analysis (\u003cspan refid=\"Sec20\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eAppendix\u003c/span\u003e Table\u0026nbsp;1, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe analysis of variance (ANOVA) table reveals significant effects of the group on certain elemental levels. Specifically, the group significantly affects oxygen levels (F (2, 97)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.16, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.00303), with the mean oxygen levels differing substantially between groups, as indicated by the p-value. This suggests that the group has a notable impact on oxygen levels, further supported by the relatively small residuals' mean square value compared to the mean square value of the group, indicating that a significant proportion of the variance is explained by the group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIron levels also show a significant effect of the group (F (2, 97)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.58, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.00508), with the p-value below the 0.05 threshold, suggesting that group differences have a statistically significant impact on iron levels. Similarly, sulfur levels are significantly affected by the group (F (2, 97)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.966, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.00884), again indicated by the p-value being below 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn contrast, several other elements did not show significant effects of the group. Silicon levels do not significantly differ between groups (F (2, 97)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.254, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.776), as the p-value is much larger than 0.05, indicating no statistical significance. Potassium levels similarly show no significant group effect (F (2, 97)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.1, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.337), with a non-significant p-value.Aluminum levels (F (2, 97)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.708, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.495) and magnesium levels (F (2, 97)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.096, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.908) also show no significant effects, with their p-values much greater than 0.05. Chlorine (F (2, 97)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.432, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.651), sodium (F (2, 97)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.295, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.745), and phosphorus (F (2, 97)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.366, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.26) levels similarly indicate no significant group differences.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalcium levels show a borderline effect (F (2, 97)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.24, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.112), with the p-value being greater than 0.05 but relatively close to the significance level, suggesting a potential but not definitive group effect.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, while oxygen, iron, and sulfur levels are significantly impacted by group differences, the levels of silicon, potassium, aluminum, magnesium, chlorine, sodium, phosphorus, and to a lesser extent calcium, are not significantly affected.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eVariance between Groups (\u003cspan refid=\"Sec20\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eAppendix\u003c/span\u003e, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eBase Data Group:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxygen (O) has the highest variance (93.6), indicating significant variability in its data. Phosphorus (P) has the lowest variance (0.201), suggesting minimal variability. Other elements like Calcium (Ca) and Chlorine (Cl) also show relatively high variance values (80.3 and 28.9, respectively).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMid Data Group\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxygen (O) again shows a high variance (33.7), but lower compared to the Base Data group. Phosphorus (P) and Iron (Fe) have low variances (1.06 and 0.252, respectively), indicating consistent data for these elements. The variances for most elements are generally lower compared to the Base Data group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTip Data Group\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotassium (K) has a high variance (37.7), indicating a wide spread in its data. Sodium (Na) has the lowest variance (0.367), similar to its low variance in other groups. Variance values for elements like Oxygen (O) and Silicon (Si) are between those of the Base and Mid data groups\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCorrelations of Combined Data\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe correlation analysis of combined data reveals several significant relationships among the elements (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Oxygen (O) exhibits strong negative correlations with iron (Fe) (-0.525) and calcium (Ca) (-0.600), indicating that these elements are less likely to coexist in high concentrations with oxygen.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSilicon (Si) shows a strong positive correlation with aluminium (Al) (0.794) and a moderate positive correlation with iron (Fe) (0.551), suggesting that these elements often occur together. Similarly, iron (Fe) is strongly correlated with silicon (0.551) and aluminium (0.630), reinforcing the tendency for these elements to co-exist.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotassium (K) presents strong negative correlations with sodium (Na) (-0.737) and magnesium (Mg) (-0.609), alongside moderate positive correlations with silicon (0.363) and iron (0.400). This pattern indicates complex interrelationships among these elements.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAluminum (Al) also shows strong positive correlations with silicon (0.794) and iron (0.630), further indicating a strong association between these elements. In contrast, magnesium (Mg) strongly positively correlates with chlorine (Cl) (0.664) and sodium (0.636) but has strong negative correlations with silicon (-0.522) and potassium (-0.609).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalcium (Ca) displays a strong negative correlation with oxygen (-0.600) and a moderate negative correlation with sodium (-0.358), suggesting specific exclusion patterns with these elements. Chlorine (Cl) has a strong positive correlation with sodium (0.643) and a moderate positive correlation with magnesium (0.664), indicating a tendency for these elements to be found together.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSodium (Na) is strongly negatively correlated with potassium (-0.737) and moderately with silicon (-0.326) and aluminum (-0.373), which suggests a separation between these element concentrations. Lastly, phosphorus (P) shows weaker correlations compared to other elements but has a moderate positive correlation with magnesium (0.347), indicating some level of association.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSIONS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe research on the elemental composition of trichomes in five \u003cem\u003eSolanum\u003c/em\u003e species\u0026mdash;\u003cem\u003eSolanum berthaultii\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSolanum galapagense\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSolanum lycopersicum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSolanum pennellii\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eSolanum tuberosum\u003c/em\u003e\u0026mdash;revealed significant interspecies and intraspecies variations. These variations reflect both ecological and physiological adaptations. By examining the trichomes' elemental compositions at the base, midsection, and tip, distinct patterns emerge that could influence the species' interaction with their environment, pest resistance, and overall physiology.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe base of trichomes across the species showed a high content of oxygen, with notable variations in other elements like silicon (Si), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca). For example, \u003cem\u003eS. berthaultii\u003c/em\u003e exhibited a wide range of potassium content (8.2\u0026ndash;18.0%), suggesting a potential role in physiological processes such as turgor regulation and defence mechanisms as described by Altaf et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eS. galapagense\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. lycopersicum\u003c/em\u003eon the other hand had relatively lower silicon concentrations compared to \u003cem\u003eS. tuberosum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. pennellii\u003c/em\u003e, which might relate to their different environmental stress adaptations. Notably, \u003cem\u003eS. tuberosum\u003c/em\u003e trichomes showed significant variability in calcium content (2.6\u0026ndash;30.2%), indicating potential differences in cellular structure and rigidity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt the mid section, oxygen remained predominant, but the distribution of other elements shifted. \u003cem\u003eS. pennellii\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. tuberosum\u003c/em\u003e showed higher silicon content, which could enhance their structural integrity and resistance to herbivory which has been confirmed in other plants like cucumber, radish, rice, etc.(Fan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Islam et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Meharg \u0026amp; Meharg, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Singh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Potassium levels were also high in \u003cem\u003eS. berthaultii\u003c/em\u003e, which aligns with its physiological role in plant stress responses. The presence of magnesium (Mg) and sulfur (S) in varying concentrations suggests their involvement in metabolic and defensive processes, as supported by previous research linking these elements to enzyme activity and secondary metabolite production(Abdalla et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Isah, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Zenda et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe trichome tips displayed the most significant variations in elemental composition. \u003cem\u003eS. berthaultii\u003c/em\u003e showed high potassium levels (up to 24.9%), which could enhance the plant's defensive secretion capability. In contrast, \u003cem\u003eS. galapagense\u003c/em\u003e had lower elemental diversity but a significant presence of chlorine (Cl) and calcium, possibly contributing to ionic balance and pest deterrence provided by calcium chlorides (White \u0026amp; Broadley, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). The varied elemental content at the trichome tips across species underscores the role of these structures in ecological interactions and defense mechanisms.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe presence, absence, abundance, and correlations of specific elements in trichomes across different regions have several implications. High oxygen levels across all regions indicate its fundamental role in maintaining trichome structure and function. Muravnik (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) found glandular trichomes to be highly oxygenated in all the plant species he studied. Also, the significant presence of potassium, particularly in \u003cem\u003eS. berthaultii\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. tuberosum\u003c/em\u003e, suggests its importance in osmoregulation and defence, corroborating studies that highlight potassium's role in plant stress tolerance and pathogen resistance (Kamanga et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Rajagopal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Sofy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe variability in silicon content, especially in the midsection and tips of \u003cem\u003eS. pennellii\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. tuberosum\u003c/em\u003e, aligns with research suggesting that silicon can enhance structural defences and reduce herbivory. The elevated calcium levels in \u003cem\u003eS. tuberosum\u003c/em\u003e trichomes point to its role in maintaining cellular integrity and facilitating rapid response to physical damage, consistent with findings that calcium signalling is crucial in plant defence (Lamalakshmi Devi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Vega-Mu\u0026ntilde;oz et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMagnesium and sulfur's varying levels highlight their involvement in enzymatic functions and secondary metabolism. Magnesium is essential for chlorophyll production and enzyme activation (Guo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Peng et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), while sulfur is a key component of amino acids and defensive compounds(Capaldi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Francioso et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Their presence in the trichomes suggests these elements support the metabolic demands of these structures and enhance the plants' overall resilience.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn summary, the elemental composition of trichomes in the studied \u003cem\u003eSolanum\u003c/em\u003e species reveals critical insights into their ecological and physiological strategies. The significant variations among species and trichome regions indicate adaptive mechanisms that likely enhance survival, stress tolerance, and defence. Understanding these elemental distributions helps in deciphering the complex interactions between plants and their environment, providing a foundation for future research and potential agricultural applications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge of the elemental compositions of trichomes in \u003cem\u003eSolanum\u003c/em\u003e species has practical implications for plant breeding and conservation efforts. Breeding programs aimed at developing stress-tolerant cultivars can utilize information on elemental profiles to select for traits associated with enhanced nutrient uptake, metal tolerance, and pest resistance. Furthermore, conservation strategies for endangered species can benefit from understanding the elemental strategies employed by wild relatives in diverse ecological niches.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eACKNOWLEDGMENT\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author would like to thank TETFUND for sponsorship on postdoctoral visit under Academic Staff Training and Development (AST\u0026amp;D, Year 2022 Intervention) to Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew London to undergo training and conducting this research. We also express our gratitude to Saba Rokni, who provided training for sampling at the herbarium section and lab technicians at Bioimaging laboratory of Kew in persons of Jehova Lourenco Junior and Manoj Kumar-Mahto for granting access to their facility for sample preparations and analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclosure statement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors reported no potential conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbdalla, M. A., Li, F., Wenzel-Storjohann, A., Sulieman, S., Tasdemir, D., \u0026amp; M\u0026uuml;hling, K. H. (2021). 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The roles of different types of trichomes in tomato resistance to cold, drought, whiteflies, and botrytis. \u003cem\u003eAgronomy\u003c/em\u003e,\u003cem\u003e 10\u003c/em\u003e(3), 411. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Elemental composition, Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Herbarium specimens, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Solanum, Trichomes","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4575391/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4575391/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eTrichomes, specialized epidermal structures on plant surfaces, are integral to plant defense and adaptation. However, their elemental composition in \u003cem\u003eSolanum\u003c/em\u003e species remains understudied. This research investigates the trichomes' elemental compositions from five \u003cem\u003eSolanum\u003c/em\u003e species\u0026mdash;\u003cem\u003eSolanum berthaultii\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSolanum galapagense\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSolanum lycopersicum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eSolanum pennellii\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eSolanum tuberosum\u003c/em\u003e\u0026mdash;using herbarium samples from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Samples were prepared using standard coating techniques with a Quorum-Q150T ES series and imaged under a Hitachi Regulus 8230 SEM with a 5 kV electron beam. Elemental compositions were analyzed using SEM-EDS with an Oxford EDS detector and BSE detector. EDS spectra were acquired from the base, midsection, and tip of the trichomes and processed using AZtech software.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults revealed significant variations in elemental content among the five \u003cem\u003eSolanum\u003c/em\u003e species. \u003cem\u003eS. berthaultii\u003c/em\u003e trichomes showed high potassium levels, especially at the tips, indicating a role in osmoregulation and defense. \u003cem\u003eS. galapagense\u003c/em\u003e exhibited notable chlorine and calcium presence, suggesting ionic balance and pest deterrence. \u003cem\u003eS. lycopersicum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. pennellii\u003c/em\u003e had higher silicon concentrations in midsections and tips, enhancing structural integrity and herbivory resistance. \u003cem\u003eS. tuberosum\u003c/em\u003e displayed significant variability in calcium, particularly at the base, highlighting its role in cellular structure and rapid damage response.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study provides detailed insights into the elemental strategies of \u003cem\u003eSolanum\u003c/em\u003e species trichomes, contributing to our understanding of their ecological and physiological roles. The findings underscore the importance of elemental composition in plant adaptation and evolution, offering a foundation for future research in plant defense mechanisms and environmental interactions.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Determining the Elemental Compositions in the trichome of five sampled herbarium species in the genus Solanum (Solanaceae) using SEM-EDS","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-14 05:17:35","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4575391/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"364bfb6b-7946-4069-a351-c62533cdd310","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 14th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":33239795,"name":"Botany"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-06-14T05:17:35+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-14 05:17:35","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4575391","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4575391","identity":"rs-4575391","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}