Contributions of Surface and Interface Physical Chemistry to Biology

Understanding and controlling cell-implant interactions is crucial for enhancing biomaterial performance and reducing post-implantation complications. Among the diverse surface properties that influence these interactions, surface wettability has emerged as a critical factor affecting cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation. This review emphasizes the strong correlation between wettability and cell behavior on adhesion surfaces, highlighting its potential as an accessible and effective parameter for surface characterization. Wettability experiments are relatively simple to conduct, offering practical entry points for investigating surface properties. However, misinterpretations of these measurements can lead to erroneous conclusions, especially when directly linking cell responses to surface energy without accounting for other influencing factors. This review aims to bridge the gap between physical chemistry and biological sciences by providing a comprehensive yet accessible resource for biologists and researchers unfamiliar with surface and interface science. By elucidating the principles of wettability, surface energy, and their role in governing cell behavior, we offer insights that help ensure accurate interpretation of experimental results. This understanding prevents oversimplified correlations and fosters more nuanced experimental designs. Additionally, the review outlines key experimental techniques and their relevance to biological responses, enabling researchers to optimize surface properties for biomedical applications. By integrating interdisciplinary knowledge, we not only clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying cell-surface interactions but also empower biologists to leverage these insights in designing advanced biomaterials and implants. This approach ensures meaningful advancements in biomedical science while avoiding pitfalls from incomplete or incorrect interpretations.