Experimental and statistical study of strength properties of FDM-printed specimens made from ABS, PLA and PETG plastics depending on the percentage and structure of filling

Experimental and statistical study of strength properties of FDM-printed specimens made from ABS, PLA and PETG plastics depending on the percentage and structure of filling | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Experimental and statistical study of strength properties of FDM-printed specimens made from ABS, PLA and PETG plastics depending on the percentage and structure of filling Sergey Grigoriev, Nikita Nikitin, Oleg Yanushevich, Natella Krikheli, and 6 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4627817/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 3 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract One of the key factors in the manufacturing of products using fused deposition method (FDM) or layer-by-layer printing technology is the material intensity of the product. The task of reducing the amount of material required to manufacture the product without significant loss in mechanical properties is one of the most practically important. In the presented work it is shown that using the Combs filling type and materials of polylactic acid (PLA) and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) plastics it is possible to achieve material savings up to 23% at 50% filling (for PLA) and 17% at 25% filling (for PETG) without significant loss in the strength of the product (except for samples made of PLA plastic with 100% filling and Lateral filling type). Application of Kruskell-Wallis test and Dunn's criterion with Bonferroni multiple comparison correction showed that there were no statistically significant differences within the strength limits of samples made by FDM printing technology from PLA and PETG plastics (p-value = 0.0514), as well as samples with Triangle and Grid filling type (p-value = 1). Based on this result, three groups of samples statistically significantly differing in ultimate strength were identified by methods of hierarchical cluster analysis; in each group (except for group 1, which included samples made of PLA plastic with Lateral filling type and 100% filling), correlation analysis was performed (Spearman correlation was used). The results of the correlation analysis showed a stable average correlation between the percentage of filling, modulus along the secant 0.05–0.2% strain, ultimate strength and strain corresponding to the yield strength. Analysis of the correlation graph showed that the main parameter correlating with all mechanical properties of the specimen is the 0.05–0.2% strain modulus. Based on this conclusion, robust regression equations predicting the 0.05–0.2% strain modulus as a function of the percentage of specimen filling were constructed for the two selected groups. Analysis of the equations showed that in the third group of specimens, the average modulus of 0.05–0.2% strain is more than twice the modulus of 0.05–0.2% strain in the second group. The detected statistical regularities can be explained by the mechanism of strain hardening, the actual value of which depends on the type of defect structure and properties of the material used in the manufacture of samples. It is necessary to distinguish between macro and micro defects present in the final product, the structure and distribution of which affects the strain hardening value. ABS PLA PETG FDM mechanical properties filling type statistical analysis hierarchical classification Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 1. Introduction The use of additive technologies in the production of products is finding increasing application in various industries. The oldest, and therefore the most mature, technologies are stereolithography (SLA, 1984), selective laser sintering (SLS, 1987) and fused deposition method (FDM, 1988), and the most widespread in the latter [ 1 – 4 ]. In the discussed work, FDM printing of model samples is considered as the main additive manufacturing technology. For more than 30 years of FDM printing technology existence, many thermoplastics [ 1 – 5 ] designed for layer-by-layer printing of various products (from children's toys to functional elements of aircraft structures) have been developed and are being developed. In addition to the widespread use of 3D printing technologies in industrial production, three-dimensional printing has simplified and reduced the cost of many scientific and practical medical processes, as well as made previously impossible ideas possible. For medical purposes, the accuracy and efficiency of manufacturing various types of models is more important than anywhere else, and human life often directly depends on this [ 6 – 9 ]. 3D printing is successfully used in medicine for the manufacture of complex individual prostheses or surgical implants. Creating a prosthesis using traditional methods is an extremely long, complex, and often painful process for the patient. Thanks to the technology of three-dimensional printing, the creation of an individual, most complex prosthesis is simplified, and its cost is significantly reduced. These can be metal implants (for example, joints) printed on a three-dimensional printer, as well as complex electronic and mechanical bioprostheses of lost limbs. The use of 3D printing to make models of organs, bones, and joints to make a more accurate diagnosis, as well as in the preparation of complex operations, has become commonplace. Conventional 3D printers using cheap polymer materials for printing are quite suitable for these tasks. In addition, by printing an exact model of an organ (for example, a heart), doctors produce elastic sensors of exact shape and size, which are then transferred to a living organ and eventually installed with perfect accuracy. Among the whole list of materials, polyacrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactide acid (PLA) are the most widespread. The main distinguishing feature of ABS and PLA plastics is a relatively low melting point. In the case of PLA plastic 170–180°C. ABS plastic does not have a pronounced melting point, but the extrusion start temperature is 180°C. PLA plastic is an environmentally friendly material with low shrinkage upon solidification and relatively low cost. Whereas ABS plastic is resistant to most solvents (except acetone) and moisture, has a fairly high temperature resistance from 90 °С to 110 °С. The main technological difference between ABS and PLA is the large shrinkage (about 0.8% of the total volume) of ABS plastic when manufacturing products using FDM printing technology [ 10 ]. PETG plastic has a higher softening point than PLA plastic, higher density than ABS and PLA. The melting point of PETG is around 240°C and the glass transition temperature is around 85°C [ 11 , 12 ]. The plastics under consideration are widely used in various industries and various medical applications. PLA and PETG plastics are widely used in dentistry. PLA plastic is widely used for prototyping of dental prostheses [ 13 , 14 ], PETG plastic is also used [ 15 ]. When considering ABS and PLA plastic, the main factor affecting the mechanical properties of filament and final products is the presence of moisture, air bubbles and anisotropy of plastic properties in the final product. Peculiarities of possible defects of filament structure and products manufactured by FDM printing technology from ABS and PLA plastic allow to apply deterministic methods of predicting mechanical characteristics of final products [ 16 ]. Despite the relatively long history of FDM printing technology, the issues of optimizing the parameters of parts manufacturing by the criterion of achieving maximum mechanical properties remain open. In several works it was noted that the main parameters affecting the mechanical properties of samples are layer height, shell thickness, fill density, orientation angle, printing speed, nozzle diameter, fill percentage, fill cell geometry, printing temperature, and sample thickness [ 17 – 41 ]. John, Joel, et al. [ 23 ] note that PLA plastic with diamond angle geometric pattern showed relatively low relative mechanical properties, while samples printed with a nozzle diameter of 0.8 mm showed optimum tensile properties compared to samples printed with nozzle diameters of 0.4 mm and 0.6 mm. In the analysis of the experiment conducted by the authors, the central part of the tested specimen is an open cellular structure, which on the one hand removes the influence of the filling surface, and on the other hand emits the failure of the cellular structure rather than the specimen with a certain type of filling, which corresponds to decorative products rather than products made for industry. The results of the analysis of nozzle diameter and filling pattern closer to industrial products made by FDM printing technology from PETG plastic were presented in [ 35 ]. Vosynek, Petr, et al. have shown that in tensile tests the shape of the filler has a significant effect, and the maximum strength is demonstrated by samples with a hexagonal filling structure. It is shown that samples with a hexagonal structure and a filling density of 50%, using 23% less material than samples with 100% filling density have the maximum strength. When adjusting the other process parameters, the authors come to the same conclusions. Thus, one of the problems of optimization of technological parameters is the choice of filling type and filling percentage for different thermoplastics. In the presented work based on the original method of statistical analysis of modeling is analyzed the dependence of mechanical properties of samples made by FDM printing technology from ABS, PLA and PTEG plastic having four types of filling Comb, Triangle, Grid and Lateral and four percent of filling 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. The aim of the work is to show the dependence of mechanical behavior depending on the type and percentage of filling. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Material and manufacture Samples for mechanical studies were printed on a Black Widow 3D printer (Tevo 3D, Guangdong, China) at the following printing modes: nozzle temperature 200°C, table heating temperature 70°C, nozzle diameter 0.6 mm, layer height 0.4 mm, printing speed 10 mm/s. Tensile tests were carried out using universal electrodynamic testing machine Electropuls E10000 (Instron, Norwood, MA, USA) equipped with a 10 kN capacity load cell. Load weighing accuracy ± 0.5%. The movement speed of the machine grips was 2 mm/min. The commercial PLA, ABS and PETG filaments (Shenzhen Esun Industrial Co., Ltd, Xiaogang City, Hubei Province,China) and printed samples from these plastics were also examined for comparison with produced filament. Table 1 shows full names and abbreviations, test condition, and material of all studied specimens. Table 1. Sample list, specimens’ type, and conditions static tensile test. Materials Infill patterns Fill rate Static load, kN Test speed, mm/min ABS Combs 25 7 2 Grid 50 Triangle 75 Lateral 100 PLA Combs 25 Grid 50 Triangle 75 Lateral 100 PETG Combs 25 Grid 50 Triangle 75 Lateral 100 Figure 2 shows the model and three filling structures of the samples fabricated by FDM printing technique from PLA, ABS and PETG plastics. Figure 3 shows an example of specimens made of PLA plastic and tensile tested. A total of 180 specimens were made for tensile testing, 6 specimens with each fill type and from each type of plastic. In addition, 6 specimens each were made from ABS, PLA and PETG plastics with the Lateral fill type with 100% fill. 2.2. Statistical analysis and modeling Statistical analysis of the data and construction of regression models for predicting tensile strength was carried out according to the algorithm shown in Fig. 4 . The structured data were analyzed using descriptive statistics methods in which sample mean, sample mean square deviation, maximum and minimum values, first and third quartiles and median value were estimated [ 42 ]. Four statistical criteria (two parametric and two non-parametric) and two independent information criteria were used to analyze the distribution of the mechanical properties of the samples obtained by tensile tests of the FDM printing technology from ABS, PLA and PETG plastic for belonging to the normal distribution law, namely: Shapiro-Wilk criterion [ 43 ]; D'Agusto's criterion [ 44 ]; Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion [ 45 ]; Anderson-Darling criterion [ 46 ]; Akaike's criterion [ 47 ]; Bayes criterion [ 48 ]. The choice between parametric and non-parametric statistical criteria was made based on calculation of statistical power of the criterion depending on the number of tested samples by Monte Carlo method (the number of tests per point was 100000), the level of statistical significance was set equal to 0.05. The estimation of the closest to the data simple law of distribution was performed by the minimum of Akaike's information criterion and Bayes criterion seven simple continuous distributions were considered: Normal; Logarithmically Normal; Logistic; Cauchy; Gamma; Weibull; Exponential; Gumbel. Parameters of the distributions were calculated using the maximum likelihood method [49]. The result of the assessment of statistical power of the criterion for checking the conformity of the data to the normal law of distribution and the closest to the data theoretical distribution is the choice of the criterion that has the maximum statistical power for the data under study. According to the result of applying the criterion, a conclusion should be made about statistically significant difference of the distribution law from the normal law. Based on this conclusion, the selection of criteria is carried out to evaluate statistically significant differences in groups of samples made by FDM printing technology from ABS, PLA and PETG plastics with four different types of filling (Lateral, Combs, Triangles and Grid) and four filling levels of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. In the presented work, the following algorithm was adopted: if the closest to the law of data distribution is the normal distribution law, ANOVA together with Tukey's test is applied, otherwise the Kruskal-Walli’s test [ 50 ] combined with Dunn's criterion [ 51 ] is applied, and the Bonferroni correction [ 52 ] was used as a correction for multiple comparisons. As a result of applying these tests, the output is a division into groups of data that statistically significantly differ or do not differ from each other by some characteristic. The result obtained about the number of statistically significantly different groups serves as a basis for hierarchical cluster analysis [ 53 ]. In the presented work, when conducting data clustering, the distance between the elements included in one cluster was calculated as the maximum difference between any paired elements with subsequent averaging of the distance in each cluster. The quality check of hierarchical clustering was performed based on the Spearman correlation between the maximized distance and the cofounded distance of hierarchical clustering. The data divided into new groups and when the hypothesis that the distribution law of the data differs from the Gaussian distribution law was confirmed, they were subjected to Spearman correlation analysis [ 54 ], the strength of the correlation was interpreted using the Evans scale [ 55 ]. The obtained correlation matrices between variables and the statistical significance matrix (p-value matrix) were used to construct the connectedness graph between variables. When constructing the graph, variables with statistically significant correlation were considered as related variables. The variables included in the correlation graph were ranked according to three different centrality measures: centrality by degree [ 56 , 57 ], centrality by proximity [ 58 ], and centrality by mediation [ 59 ]. The variable with maximum centrality was used as the dependent variable to build the regression model as a function of percent completion. In cases where the distribution of the data obeyed a distribution law other than normal, the robust regression method [60] was used to build a model predicting the centrality variable depending on the percentage of occupancy in each of the selected groups. 3. Results and discussion 3.1 Results and statistical analysis Figure 5 shows examples of engineering stress-strain diagrams of FDM printed samples made from ABS, PLA and PETG plastics with 25% fill level and different fill structures. Similar stress-strain diagrams were obtained for 50% and 75% fill levels (Appendix A). Appendix B presents mechanical properties of specimens with different filling levels, type of internal specimen structure and materials. Based on the results obtained, statistical analysis of the data was performed. Table 2. Results of the basic statistical analysis of mechanical properties of the samples obtained by FDM printing technology from ABS, with Grid filling type and 25% filling value. Statistical quantity Width, mm Height, mm E Y , MPa E T , MPa σ ys , MPa σ ts , MPa ε ys , % ε ts , % Mean 10.170 9.870 354.037 521.958 3.727 9.350 1.429 4.848 Standard deviation 0.060 0.0167 19.602 19.666 0.762 0.153 0.134 0.241 Median 10.185 9.870 354.910 514.360 3.660 9.365 1.378 4.863 Maximum value 10.240 9.890 381.240 553.960 4.720 9.530 1.683 5.119 Minimum value 10.090 9.840 326.020 506.020 2.680 9.120 1.324 4.525 First quartile 10.130 9.870 342.878 506.785 3.298 9.268 1.351 4.681 Third quartile 10.220 9.878 364.933 532.683 4.263 9.455 1.447 5.039 Figure 6 shows the dependence of tensile strength as a function of fill percentage and fill type for samples fabricated by FDM printing technique from ABS, PLA and PETG plastic. Based on the results obtained from the basic statistical analysis, several hypotheses can be put forward. The tensile strength of samples made by FDM printing technology from ABS, PLA and PETG plastic varies linearly depending on the percentage of sample filling, the tensile strength of samples with Combs filling significantly exceeds the tensile strength of samples with Grids and Triangles filling regardless of the percentage of sample filling. It should be noted that for the other mechanical properties (e.g. yield strength) such an unambiguous dependence does not appear. To confirm the hypotheses put forward, it is necessary to determine the closest type of distribution, to choose the criterion of testing for compliance with the normal law of distribution possessing maximum statistical power, to analyze differences in mean values and correlation analysis. The analysis of the closest theoretical type of distribution was carried out by the minimum of Akaike and Bayes criteria, 8 types of distributions were compared, parameters of distributions were determined by the maximum likelihood method. Table 3 shows the results of calculations by Akaike and Bayes criteria. Table 3 Results of calculations by Akaike and Bayes information criteria for the closest law of distribution of tensile strength Criterion Normal Log-Normalе Logistical Gamma Weibull Exponential Gumbel Cauchy Akaike 1261.876 1182.857 1241.637 1202.161 1241.142 1412.201 1184.445 1238.681 Bayes 1268.262 1189.243 1248.023 1208.546 1247.527 1415.394 1190.831 1245.067 It follows from the results of calculations that the closest distribution law is the log-normal distribution law. Figure 7 shows the results of calculations of the average statistical power of the criteria of testing for compliance with the normal distribution law by the Monte Carlo method for data distributed according to the log-normal distribution law. Analysis of the results of Monte Carlo calculations of the average statistical power show that if the closest type of distribution is the log-normal distribution law, and the number of values under study exceeds 100, then all the considered criteria have a power close to 1 and can be used to test the data for compliance with the normal distribution law. Considering the closest type of distribution defined by the information criteria, the Anderson-Darling test will be applied in this paper to test the conformity of the data to the normal law of distribution. Table 4 shows the results of applying the Anderson-Darling test for the data collected from the experiment, the level of statistical significance was set at 0.05. Table 4 Results of testing the data for compliance with the normal law of distribution by means of the Anderson-Darling test. w s h s E Y E T σ YS σ TS ε YS ε TS p-value 0.004 < 0.00001 < 0.00001 < 0.00001 0.033 < 0.00001 < 0.00001 0.017 The results of Anderson-Darling test show that all the studied data statistically significantly differ from the normal law of distribution, therefore, for further analysis will be applied non-parametric statistical criteria of data analysis. Analysis of statistical significance of differences in mechanical properties of samples made by FDM printing technology from ABS, PLA and PETG plastics with different percentage and type of sample filling was carried out using Kruskall-Walis criterion and Dunn's criterion, Bonferroni correction was used as a correction for multiple comparison, the level of statistical significance was taken as 0.05. The results of comparative analysis of the tensile strength of the specimens fabricated by FDM printing technique from ABS, PLA and PETG plastic with four different types of filling and four percent filling are presented in Table 5 – 7 . Table 5. Results of analyzing the differences of tensile strength of specimens made from different plastics by FDM printing technology. p-value, Dunn's criterion ABS PLA PLA 0.0000 --- PTEG 0.0002 0.0514 p-value, Kruskaell-Walis criterion 0.000 Table 6. Results of analyzing the differences in tensile strength of specimens fabricated by FDM technique from ABS, PLA and PETG plastics with different type of filler. p-value, Dunn's criterion Combs Grid Lateral Grid 0.0000 --- --- Lateral 0.0012 0.0000 --- Triangle 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 p-value, Kruskaell-Walis criterion 0.000 Table 7. Results of analyzing the differences of tensile strength of specimens fabricated by FDM printing technique from ABS, PLA and PETG plastics and different filling structure. p-value, Dunn's criterion 100 25 50 25 0.0000 --- --- 50 0.0000 0.0007 --- 75 0.0003 0.0000 0.0086 p-value, Kruskell-Walis criterion 0.000 The results of the analysis of differences in strength limits show that there are no statistically significant differences between the strength limits of samples made of PLA and PETG plastics (Table 5 ), nor are there statistically significant differences between Grid and Triangle fill types (Table 6 ). In all other cases, the differences within the strength limits are statistically significant. Consequently, the experimental data obtained can be divided into three groups based on the fill type and the strength limit parameter. Hierarchical cluster analysis was applied to divide the data into groups. The distance between the elements included in one cluster was calculated as the maximum difference between any paired elements with subsequent averaging of the distance in each cluster. Figure 8 shows the result of dividing the data into three groups based on the results of cluster analysis for the tensile strength as a function of the variation in the percentage of filling of the FDM-printed ABS, PLA and PETG plastic samples. The Spearman's correlation coefficient between the average maximized distance and the coffinite distance was 0.909, indicating a strong linear relationship between these two parameters. The separation of the samples fabricated by FDM printing technique from ABS, PLA and PETG plastics is presented in Table 8 . Table 8. Composition of groups separated according to the results of hierarchical cluster analysis. Group 3 Group 1 Group 2 Material s Filling type Fill rate Material s Filling type Fill rate Material s Filling type Fill rate PLA Lateral 100 ABS Grid 25 ABS Lateral 100 ABS Grid 50 PLA Combs 50 ABS Grid 75 PLA Combs 75 ABS Combs 25 PTEG Combs 75 ABS Combs 50 PE T G Lateral 100 ABS Combs 75 ABS Triangle 25 ABS Triangle 50 ABS Triangle 75 PLA Grid 25 PLA Grid 50 PLA Grid 75 PE T G Combs 25 PE T G Combs 50 PE T G Triangle 25 PE T G Triangle 50 PE T G Triangle 75 PE T G Grid 25 PE T G Grid 50 PE T G Grid 75 From the results of the cluster analysis, it follows that if it is necessary to save material and provide an average level of mechanical properties of the product, one of the good solutions will be the use of Combs filling type and PLA material when printing products using FDM technology. Further correlation analysis of relationships between mechanical properties and geometric parameters of samples was carried out within the selected groups, Spearman correlation was used for analysis, and the strength of correlation was interpreted according to the Evans scale. The correlation matrices in graphical form are presented in Fig. 9. In group 1 of FDM-printed specimens, a medium level of correlation is observed between the percentage of filling, secant modulus, tensile strength and strain corresponding to yield strength. In group 2, a high level of correlation is observed between the percentage of filling and strains corresponding to the tensile strength and yield strength (negative correlation). Average level of correlation between percentage of filling, ultimate strength and yield strength and low statistically significant level of correlation between percentage of filling and modulus by secant of 0.05–0.2% strain. The results of the correlation analysis are presented in the form of a graph of correlation of the analyzed parameters in Fig. 10. Measures of predictor centrality were computed for each correlation graph and graph nodes, and the computational results are presented in Table 9 . Table 9. Centrality analysis results for each variable included in the correlation graph. Pred. Group 1 Pred. Group 2 Pred. Group 3 Сentrality in degree Сentrality by proximity Broker centrality Сentrality in degree Сentrality by proximity Broker centrality Сentrality in degree Сentrality by proximity Broker centrality ET 7.000 0.889 2.917 ET 7.000 0.889 2.917 ET 6.000 0 3.167 FL 6.000 0.800 2.083 FL 6.000 0.800 2.083 EY 5.000 0 1.333 EY 6.000 0.800 1.833 EY 6.000 0.800 1.833 TS 5.000 0 2.000 TS 6.000 0.800 2.083 TS 6.000 0.800 2.083 W 4.000 0 2.000 DYS 5.000 0.727 0.500 DYS 5.000 0.727 0.500 YS 4.000 0 0.833 W 4.000 0.667 1.250 W 4.000 0.667 1.250 DYS 4.000 0 0.667 H 4.000 0.667 0.833 H 4.000 0.667 0.833 H 3.000 0 0.333 YS 4.000 0.667 0.583 YS 4.000 0.667 0.583 DTS 3.000 0 0.667 DTS 4.000 0.667 0.917 DTS 4.000 0.667 0.917 FL 0.000 0 0.000 Centr. 0.304 0.185 0.059 Centr. 0.304 0.185 0.059 Centr. 0.357 0 0.078 It follows from the presented results of the correlation graph analysis that the maximum number of statistically significant correlations is possessed by the modulus along the 0.05-0.2 % strain secant (ET). The study of the behavior of the 0.05-0.2 % strain secant modulus considering the division of samples into groups depending on the percentage of filling is presented in Figure 11 (group 3 is not presented because it includes samples made by FDM printing technology from PLA with 100 % filling). Table 10 presents the robust regression equations obtained from the modeling. Table 10 Robust regression equations. Group Number Regression equation Standard deviation, MPa Experimental standard deviation, MPa Group 1 \({E}_{T}=404.749+4.130\bullet {C}_{F}\) 164.200 169.0439 Group 2 \({E}_{T}= 830.426+2.407\bullet {C}_{F}\) 133.600 145.2301 The analysis of regression equations shows that specimens in group 2 have an average modulus along the 0.05–0.2% strain secant almost twice as high as specimens in group 1. However, the rate of increase of modulus in group 2 is half that of group 1. Comparison of the mean square deviations of the robust regression equations with the mean square deviation of the experimentally obtained results shows that the obtained models predict the modulus values no worse than the experimentally obtained values. Summarizing the results of the analysis, we can conclude that if it is necessary to manufacture full-fledged body products and the need to save material, we can recommend using PLA plastic with Combs type filling and the percentage of filling 50%, which will save up to 23% of material. This conclusion is consistent with the earlier studies conducted in [ 23 ]. 3.2 Discussion The statistical analysis shows that the main quantity with the maximum number of correlations is the modulus along the 0.05–0.2% strain secant. Calculation of the secant modulus is performed using the equation: $${E}_{T}=\frac{{\sigma }_{2}-{\sigma }_{1}}{{\epsilon }_{2}-{\epsilon }_{1}}$$ 1 Where \({\epsilon }_{2}\) – deformation 0.2%; \({\epsilon }_{1}\) – deformation 0.05%; \({\sigma }_{1}\) – stresses corresponding to deformation 0.05%; \({\sigma }_{2}\) – stresses corresponding to deformation 0.2%. More generally, Eq. 1 can be represented as: $$\theta \left(\epsilon \right)= \frac{d\sigma }{d\epsilon }$$ 2 Where \(\theta \left(\epsilon \right)\) – strain hardening coefficient [ 61 ]. Authors [ 61 ] there are two stages of hardening - linear and Taylor hardening [ 62 , 63 ] and note that the main factor affecting the strain hardening of the material is the defect structure. Two types of defects can be distinguished in the samples studied in the presented work: 1. Defects resulting from the layer-by-layer direction of the material (pores, non-fusion between layers, etc.). 2. Macro-defects - absence of material in unfilled areas of the specimen with different filling patterns. Figure 12 shows the fracture structure of the samples obtained by FDM printing technique from PLA plastic with 25%, 50% and 100% fill percentage and Combs and Lateral fill type. Analysis of fracture character of specimens with 25% and 50% filling and Combs type of filling shows that fracture occurs by brittle mechanism. For specimens with 100% filling and Lateral type of filling, the fracture of the fracture area has a pronounced "neck" and there is a delamination of the specimen along the boundary of the cladding layers, which indicates the plastic nature of fracture. Generalization of the results of the fracture structure analysis and the revealed statistical regularities shows that with the increase of the filling percentage, the amount of material in the internal area of the specimen increases and, therefore, the defect structure changes, which finally leads to strain hardening of the specimens. The strain hardening value depends not only on the nature of the defect structure, but also on the type of material (this explains the difference in the strain hardening value between ABS and PLA plastic with 100% filling and Lateral type of filling). 4. Conclusion Statistical analysis of the tensile test results showed that there were no statistically significant differences between the tensile strength limits of the PETG and PLA plastic specimens, and between the specimens with Grid and Triangle filling types. Based on this result, a cluster analysis was performed dividing all tensile test results into three groups. As a result of the cluster analysis, a group of PLA specimens with 100% filling had the maximum tensile strength value. Group of samples with intermediate average value of tensile strength and group of samples with low value of tensile strength. The middle group included samples made by FDM technology from ABS, PLA and PETG plastics and having Combs (PLA, PETG) and Lateral (ABS) type of filling. From a practical point of view, the most interesting result was the result for PLA plastic with Combs type filling and percentage of filling 50 and 75%, which showed average values of the tensile strength, which allows us to recommend this type of filling for the purposes of material saving with a low risk of loss of mechanical properties of the product. The conducted correlation analysis showed the presence of stable statistically significant correlation between the percentage of specimen filling, 0.05–0.2% strain modulus, tensile strength, and strain corresponding to yield strength. The analysis of the graph of statistically significant correlations showed that for all the selected groups the 0.05–0.2% strain modulus has the maximum number of correlations, based on this conclusion regression models linking the percentage of filling and modulus on the secant were constructed. The results of the regression analysis show that the average secant modulus of the samples assigned to the second group is more than twice as high as that of the samples in the first group, while the average modulus of the first group is only 50% higher than that of the second group. The detected statistical regularities can be explained by the mechanism of strain hardening, the actual value of which depends on the type of defect structure and properties of the material used in the manufacture of samples. It is necessary to distinguish between macro and micro defects present in the final product, the structure and distribution of which affects the strain hardening value. Thus, when manufacturing products by FDM printing technology from PLA and PETG plastics to reduce the material intensity of the product can be recommended type of filling Combs with a percentage of filling from 50–75%. Declarations Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Funding: This work was supported by Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (grant number: 056-00041-23-00). Author Contribution Conceptualization, N.N., N.W.S.P; methodology, N.N., N.W.S.P., O.K.; software, N.N., O.Y., O.K.; validation, N.N., O.K.; formal analysis, P.P., N.N., D.S.; investigation, R.K., M.S.; resources, N.N., O.Y.; data curation, N.K., O.Y., O.K; writing—original draft preparation, N.N., A.S..; writing—review and editing, N.N., A.S.; visualization, P.P., N.K., O.Y..; supervision, S.N.G., N.K.; project administration, S.N.G., P.P.; funding acquisition, P.P., N.K., O.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. References Ian Gibson, David Rosen, Brent Stucker. Additive Manufacturing Tecnologies. 3D Printing, Rapid Prototyping and Direct Digital Manufacturing//Springer, 2015 – P.P. 648 Sandeep Rauta, Vijaykumar S. Jattib, Nitin K. Khedkarc, T.P.Singhd. Investigation of the effect of built orientation on mechanical properties and total cost of FDM parts // Procedia materials science 6 (2014) 1625-1630 Ludmila Novakova - Marcincinova, Jozef Novak - Marcincin. Verification of mechanical Properties of ABS materials used in FDM rapid prototyping technology// Proceedings in manufacturing systems/vol. 8. ISS. 2. 2013. 87-92. P. Dudek. FDM 3D printing technology in manufacturing composite elements. Archives of metallurgy and materials// vol. 58. 2013/ ISS.4/dol.: 10.2478/AMM-2013-0186 Rodríguez J.F., Thomas J.P., Renaud J.E. Mechanical behavior of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) fused deposition materials. Experimental investigation // Rapid Prototyping Journal. 2001.Vol. 7. No. 3. P. 148–158. Johnson, G.A.; French, J.J. Evaluation of infill effect on mechanical properties of consumer 3D printing materials. Adv. Technol. Innov. 2018, 3, 179–184. Sotova, C.; Yanushevich, O.; Kriheli, N.; Grigoriev, S.; Evdokimov, V.; Kramar, O.; Nozdrina, M.; Peretyagin, N.; Undritsova, N.; Popelyshkin, E.; et al. Dental Implants: Modern Materials and Methods of Their Surface Modification. Materials 2023 , 16 , 7383. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16237383 A. Smirnov, M. Volosova, P. Peretyagin, J.F. Bartolomé, Tribological behaviour of a 3Y-TZP/Ta ceramic-metal biocomposite against ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), Ceramics International, Volume 44, Issue 2, 2018, Pages 1404-1410, ISSN 0272-8842, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.09.186. Borgue, R. 3D printing: the dawn of a new era in manufacturing? / R. Borgue // Assembly Automation. 2013. Vol. 33. ¹4. P. 307-311. Bremer, Mats, et al. "Influence of plastic recycling—a feasibility study for additive manufacturing using glycol modified polyethylene terephthalate (PETG)." SN Applied Sciences 4.5 (2022): 156. Panneerselvam, T., S. Raghuraman, and N. Vamsi Krishnan. "Investigating mechanical properties of 3D-printed polyethylene terephthalate glycol material under fused deposition modeling." Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series C 102 (2021): 375-387. DeStefano, Vincent, Salaar Khan, and Alonzo Tabada. "Applications of PLA in modern medicine." Engineered Regeneration 1 (2020): 76-87. Moraru, E., et al. "Study and realization of prosthetic dental models by additive technologies." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Vol. 444. IOP Publishing, 2018. Fujiwara, Kazunori, et al. "Mechanical evaluation of newly developed mouthpiece using polyethylene terephthalate glycol for transoral robotic surgery." Journal of Robotic Surgery 9 (2015): 347-354. Petrova G.N., Platonov M.M., Bolshakov V.A., Ponomarenko S.A. Study of the complex characteristics of base materials for FDM technology of additive synthesis. Physico-mechanical and thermophysical properties//Plastic Masses № 5-6, 2016, pp. 53-58 (In Russia) Rodríguez J.F., Thomas J.P., Renaud J.E. Mechanical behavior of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) fused deposition materials. Experimental investigation // Rapid Prototyping Journal. 2001.Vol. 7. No. 3. P. 148–158. Johnson, G.A.; French, J.J. Evaluation of infill effect on mechanical properties of consumer 3D printing materials. Adv. Technol. Innov. 2018, 3, 179–184. Marșavina, Liviu, et al. "Effect of the manufacturing parameters on the tensile and fracture properties of FDM 3D-printed PLA specimens." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 274 (2022): 108766. Fountas, N. A., et al. "Experimental investigation and statistical modelling for assessing the tensile properties of FDM fabricated parts." Procedia Structural Integrity 26 (2020): 139-146. Smirnov, A.; Nikitin, N.; Peretyagin, P.; Khmyrov, R.; Kuznetsova, E.; Solis Pinargote, N.W. Experimental and Statistical Modeling for Effect of Nozzle Diameter, Filling Pattern, and Layer Height of FDM-Printed Ceramic–Polymer Green Body on Biaxial Flexural Strength of Sintered Alumina Ceramic. J. Compos. Sci. 2023 , 7 , 381. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7090381 Smirnov, A.; Nikitin, N.; Peretyagin, P.; Khmyrov, R.; Kuznetsova, E.; Solis Pinargote, N.W. Correction: Smirnov et al. Experimental and Statistical Modeling for Effect of Nozzle Diameter, Filling Pattern, and Layer Height of FDM-Printed Ceramic–Polymer Green Body on Biaxial Flexural Strength of Sintered Alumina Ceramic. J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7, 381. J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8, 95. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8030095 John, Joel, et al. "Optimization of 3D printed polylactic acid structures with different infill patterns using Taguchi-grey relational analysis." Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research 6.1 (2023): 62-78. Kopar, Mehmet, and Ali Riza Yildiz. "Experimental investigation of mechanical properties of PLA, ABS, and PETG 3-d printing materials using fused deposition modeling technique." Materials Testing 65.12 (2023): 1795-1804. Erdaş, Mehmet Umut, Betül Sultan Yıldız, and Ali Rıza Yıldız. "Experimental analysis of the effects of different production directions on the mechanical characteristics of ABS, PLA, and PETG materials produced by FDM." Materials Testing 66.2 (2024): 198-206. Özsoy, Koray, Ali Erçetin, and Zihni Alp Çevik. "Comparison of mechanical properties of PLA and ABS based structures produced by fused deposition modelling additive manufacturing." Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 27 (2021): 802-809. Kartal, Fuat, and A. R. S. L. A. N. Kaptan. "Effect of Filling Ratio-Pattern Parameters on Mechanical Properties of PLA Filaments Used in 3D Printing." Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science 7.2 (2024): 13-14. Smirnov, A.; Peretyagin, P.; Nikitin, N. Modeling of Stress Distribution and Fracture in ABS, PLA, and Alumina-Filled PLA Filaments and FDM-Printed Specimens. J. Compos. Sci. 2023 , 7 , 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7070265 Mengesha Medibew, Tesfaye. "A comprehensive review on the optimization of the fused deposition modeling process parameter for better tensile strength of PLA-printed parts." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (2022). Johnson, Gabriel A., and Jesse J. French. "Evaluation of infill effect on mechanical properties of consumer 3D printing materials." Adv. Technol. Innov 3.4 (2018): 179-184. Algarni, Mohammed, and Sami Ghazali. "Comparative study of the sensitivity of PLA, ABS, PEEK, and PETG’s mechanical properties to FDM printing process parameters." Crystals 11.8 (2021): 995. Smirnov, A.; Peretyagin, P.; Nikitin, N. Assessment Effect of Nanometer-Sized Al 2 O 3 Fillers in Polylactide on Fracture Probability of Filament and 3D Printed Samples by FDM. Materials 2023 , 16 , 1671. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16041671 Dimitrescu, A., et al. "Theoretical and experimental research on the mechanical tests of 3D printed samples from various materials." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Vol. 1303. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2024. Berihun Sitotaw, Dereje, et al. "Investigation of Parameters of Fused Deposition Modelling 3D Prints with Compression Properties." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (2022). Vosynek, Petr, et al. "Influence of process parameters of printing on mechanical properties of plastic parts produced by FDM 3D printing technology." MATEC web of conferences. Vol. 237. EDP Sciences, 2018. Rodríguez-Panes, Adrián, Juan Claver, and Ana María Camacho. "The influence of manufacturing parameters on the mechanical behaviour of PLA and ABS pieces manufactured by FDM: A comparative analysis." Materials 11.8 (2018): 1333. Farbman, Daniel, and Chris McCoy. "Materials testing of 3D printed ABS and PLA samples to guide mechanical design." International manufacturing science and engineering conference. Vol. 49903. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. Smirnov, A.; Seleznev, A.; Peretyagin, P.; Bentseva, E.; Pristinskiy, Y.; Kuznetsova, E.; Grigoriev, S. Rheological Characterization and Printability of Polylactide (PLA)-Alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) Filaments for Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). Materials 2022 , 15 , 8399. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238399 Gong, Ke, et al. "Optimizing process parameters of a material extrusion–based overprinting technique for the fabrication of tensile specimens." The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 127.7 (2023): 3513-3524. Afshari, Hossein, et al. "Studying the effects of FDM process parameters on the mechanical properties of parts produced from PLA using response surface methodology." Colloid and Polymer Science (2024): 1-16 Naveed, Nida, and Muhammad Naveed Anwar. "Optimising 3D printing parameters through experimental techniques and ANOVA‐Based statistical analysis." SPE Polymers (2024). Tukey, John W. Exploratory data analysis. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., c1977. - xvi, 688 p. Shapiro, S.S.; Wilk, M.B. An analysis of variance test for normality. Biom. Trust 1965, 52, 591–611. D'Agostino, Ralph B.; Pearson, E. S. (1973). "Tests for Departure from Normality. Empirical Results for the Distributions of b2 and √b1". Biometrika. 60 (3): 613–622. Kolmogorov, A.N. Sulla determinazione empirica di une legge di distribuzione. G. Ist. Ital. Attuari 1933, 4, 83–91. W. Anderson, On the Distribution of the Two-Sample Cramer-von Mises Criterion// Ann. Math. Statist. 33(3): 1148-1159 (September, 1962). Sakamoto, Yosiyuki, Makio Ishiguro, and Genshiro Kitagawa. "Akaike information criterion statistics." Dordrecht, The Netherlands: D. Reidel 81.10.5555 (1986): 26853. Wit, Ernst, Edwin van den Heuvel, and Jan‐Willem Romeijn. "‘All models are wrong...’: an introduction to model uncertainty." Statistica Neerlandica 66.3 (2012): 217-236. Rossi, Richard J. Mathematical statistics: an introduction to likelihood based inference. John Wiley & Sons, 2018. Kruskal, William H., and W. Allen Wallis. "Use of ranks in one-criterion variance analysis." Journal of the American statistical Association 47.260 (1952): 583-621. Dunnett, Charles W. "New tables for multiple comparisons with a control." Biometrics 20.3 (1964): 482-491. Bonferroni, C. E., Teoria statistica delle classi e calcolo delle probabilità, Pubblicazioni del R Istituto Superiore di Scienze Economiche e Commerciali di Firenze 1936 Nielsen, Frank. Introduction to HPC with MPI for Data Science. Springer, 2016. Spearman, Charles. "The proof and measurement of association between two things." (1961). Evans, James D. Straightforward statistics for the behavioral sciences. Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishing Co, 1996. Nieminen, Juhani. "On the centrality in a graph." Scandinavian journal of psychology 15.1 (1974): 332-336. Freeman, Linton C. "Centrality in social networks: Conceptual clarification." Social network: critical concepts in sociology. Londres: Routledge 1 (2002): 238-263. Sabidussi, Gert. "The centrality index of a graph." Psychometrika 31.4 (1966): 581-603. Freeman, Linton C. "A set of measures of centrality based on betweenness." Sociometry (1977): 35-41. Huber P. J. Robust statistics. – John Wiley & Sons, 2004. – Т. 523. Zuev, Lev Borisovich, Vladimir Ivanovich Danilov, and Svetlana Aleksandrovna Barannikova. Physics of macrolocalization of plastic flow//Novosibirsk. Nauka, pp. 322. - 2008. (In Russia) Taylor, Geoffrey Ingram. "The mechanism of plastic deformation of crystals. Part I.—Theoretical." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character 145.855 (1934): 362-387. Taylor, Geoffrey Ingram. "The mechanism of plastic deformation of crystals. Part II.—Comparison with observations." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character 145.855 (1934): 388-404. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editor assigned by journal 25 Jun, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 25 Jun, 2024 First submitted to journal 24 Jun, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4627817","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":318940866,"identity":"5b912e52-efa9-453b-aa90-ff9b35387a46","order_by":0,"name":"Sergey Grigoriev","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Moscow State University of Technology “STANKIN”","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sergey","middleName":"","lastName":"Grigoriev","suffix":""},{"id":318940867,"identity":"3e607201-7947-4562-b37d-4543659f596e","order_by":1,"name":"Nikita Nikitin","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA0UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZjaGAwwGDPX8IA4P0VoOGDAkSDYQrYWBjQFoDUOCwQFitZizsyUe/lBwJ8/4RvKzB28qDjOYz0jAr8Wyme0A0GHPis1upJkbzjmTxiBzg4AWg8PsDUAthxm33Ugwk+Zts2GQkCBWy+YZ6d+kef9JEKMF7LDDiRskcoC2NBBlC1vCgTMGh40lzrwpk5xzLI1HgucBAS3njxl/qPhzWI6/PX2bxJuaw3IS7ARsQQABiEoiYxMM+A+QoHgUjIJRMApGFAAAF71GUQ/35EgAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Moscow State University of Technology “STANKIN”","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nikita","middleName":"","lastName":"Nikitin","suffix":""},{"id":318940868,"identity":"4305a89e-fd4a-4959-9acd-d8f5a2ab5aff","order_by":2,"name":"Oleg Yanushevich","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Oleg","middleName":"","lastName":"Yanushevich","suffix":""},{"id":318940869,"identity":"378c432f-e3ba-4383-9aa8-37e29b94fb35","order_by":3,"name":"Natella Krikheli","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Natella","middleName":"","lastName":"Krikheli","suffix":""},{"id":318940870,"identity":"4475fb10-aada-4329-afe9-e8dc34eb9bc4","order_by":4,"name":"Roman Khmyrov","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Moscow State University of Technology “STANKIN”","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Roman","middleName":"","lastName":"Khmyrov","suffix":""},{"id":318940871,"identity":"11421d01-82ca-418b-9416-980d35cbdd9a","order_by":5,"name":"Daniil Strunevich","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Moscow State University of Technology “STANKIN”","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Daniil","middleName":"","lastName":"Strunevich","suffix":""},{"id":318940872,"identity":"14708e38-358f-471f-b883-4903e75e5c61","order_by":6,"name":"Mihail Soloninkin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Moscow State University of Technology “STANKIN”","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mihail","middleName":"","lastName":"Soloninkin","suffix":""},{"id":318940873,"identity":"4bd38416-f51f-4d1f-9d9b-55127fe87b3a","order_by":7,"name":"Nestor Washington Solis Pinargote","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Moscow State University of Technology “STANKIN”","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nestor","middleName":"Washington Solis","lastName":"Pinargote","suffix":""},{"id":318940874,"identity":"5909e328-0e22-4578-83fb-b6a1a5ccd0bc","order_by":8,"name":"Anton Smirnov","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Moscow State University of Technology “STANKIN”","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anton","middleName":"","lastName":"Smirnov","suffix":""},{"id":318940875,"identity":"f9d08448-f4d4-4159-b45d-c5e9598c16d6","order_by":9,"name":"Pavel Peretyagin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Moscow State University of Technology “STANKIN”","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pavel","middleName":"","lastName":"Peretyagin","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-06-24 06:12:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4627817/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4627817/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":60412784,"identity":"096fafd6-eef3-4a90-9682-f94cc5c83520","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-16 13:19:36","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":232577,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e3D model a) and external contour drawing b) of tensile tested specimens.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4627817/v1/1a3129023af8e27f98f46c2b.png"},{"id":60412420,"identity":"08b003b9-efe9-4762-a755-8e66aa2adba9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-16 13:11:36","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":292017,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eInternal filling structure of samples fabricated by FDM printing technique from ABS, PLA and PETG plastic. a) Grid filling, 25% filling level; b) Grid filling, 50% filling level; c) Grid filling, 75% filling level; d) Combs filling, 25% filling level; e) Combs filling, 50% filling level; f) Combs filling, 75% filling level; g) Triangls filling, 25% filling level; h) Triangls filling, 50% filling level; j) Triangls filling, 75% filling level.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4627817/v1/2691c2faf51aa3cf8960e5b9.png"},{"id":60413983,"identity":"3ccac13c-ebbd-4923-8510-0264f7910907","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-16 13:35:36","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":533069,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSamples made by FDM printing technology from PLA plastic and subjected to tensile tests.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4627817/v1/1c36462144450ae244156966.png"},{"id":60413450,"identity":"cb59417c-6407-48e6-8d2a-f409aab9313c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-16 13:27:37","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":56106,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAlgorithm for conducting statistical analysis and building regression models\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4627817/v1/2137c8d3cdeb8f11b1327f7e.png"},{"id":60414760,"identity":"991e07b6-c79f-4ed2-a78e-a670110be479","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-16 13:43:37","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":226729,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEngineering stress-strain diagrams of specimens fabricated by FDM printing technique with 25% fill level from: a) Grid fill type, ABS material; b) Combs fill type, ABS plastic material; c)Triangles fill type, ABS plastic material; d)Grid fill type, PLA plastic material; e) Combs fill type, PLA plastic material; f)Triangles fill type, PLA plastic material; g) Grid fill type, PETG plastic material; h)Combs structure type, PETG plastic material; i) Triangles structure type, PETG plastic material.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4627817/v1/e921769ecfc68382e3905118.png"},{"id":60412430,"identity":"12cfb1b1-680d-4fea-b2f0-da9bc304a67e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-16 13:11:38","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":62085,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDependence of tensile strength on the percentage of filling of FDM printed specimens made from a) ABS plastic; b) PLA plastic; c) PETG plastic; d) in general for the three plastics.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4627817/v1/8aec1ffc7a249c8cb64373a3.png"},{"id":60412423,"identity":"51712017-a0f7-42cc-b245-bbb069647bb9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-16 13:11:37","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":52207,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDependence of the average statistical power of the criterion for testing the conformity of data to the normal distribution law on the number of test results calculated by the Monte Carlo method.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4627817/v1/e43f6f40b0c3425045f9af1f.png"},{"id":60412427,"identity":"bc162e16-485c-4d59-b559-a2761cf84d15","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-16 13:11:37","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":39994,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eResults of applying cluster analysis to divide the data into groups with different tensile strength behavior. Dependence of tensile strength on the percentage of filling (a) and variation of tensile strength in groups (b).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4627817/v1/46bce7da32c5a946d7cb3247.png"},{"id":60412788,"identity":"b0489536-5c63-40ba-bd74-5638cf327133","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-16 13:19:37","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":141290,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCorrelation between mechanical properties in groups identified based on cluster analysis a) in the first group; b) in the second group.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4627817/v1/5f76ad2f2b3b0884e1b4152f.png"},{"id":60412431,"identity":"ce4c3088-791b-4509-98a8-38847b17a488","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-16 13:11:39","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":84405,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCorrelation graphs between variables included in the data set for: a) group 3; b) group 2; c) group 1.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4627817/v1/2bef48db49ae8425af39ef8a.png"},{"id":60412425,"identity":"b9c63a70-513e-4fd6-8b41-046810661a71","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-16 13:11:37","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":46709,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVariation of modulus along the 0.05-0.2 % strain secant (ET) as a function of the percentage of specimen filling in the first group a) and in the second group b).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4627817/v1/211c1003b384a3771a86ff4f.png"},{"id":60412432,"identity":"749f478f-865f-441d-80ca-2a557cc730cf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-16 13:11:39","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":453031,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFracture pattern of FDM printed PLA plastic samples with a) 25% fill percentage; b) 50% Combs fill type and c), d) 100% fill and Lateral fill type. (Magnification when filming x7.5)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4627817/v1/813e5f1bb6328830afb2d6a3.png"},{"id":60414762,"identity":"34f9996e-6af2-4add-a852-75e7f8e55193","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-16 13:43:47","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2912295,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4627817/v1/317c3926-4175-4f44-9233-12fab5a5632f.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Experimental and statistical study of strength properties of FDM-printed specimens made from ABS, PLA and PETG plastics depending on the percentage and structure of filling","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe use of additive technologies in the production of products is finding increasing application in various industries. The oldest, and therefore the most mature, technologies are stereolithography (SLA, 1984), selective laser sintering (SLS, 1987) and fused deposition method (FDM, 1988), and the most widespread in the latter [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2 CR3\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. In the discussed work, FDM printing of model samples is considered as the main additive manufacturing technology.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor more than 30 years of FDM printing technology existence, many thermoplastics [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2 CR3 CR4\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e] designed for layer-by-layer printing of various products (from children's toys to functional elements of aircraft structures) have been developed and are being developed. In addition to the widespread use of 3D printing technologies in industrial production, three-dimensional printing has simplified and reduced the cost of many scientific and practical medical processes, as well as made previously impossible ideas possible. For medical purposes, the accuracy and efficiency of manufacturing various types of models is more important than anywhere else, and human life often directly depends on this [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR7 CR8\" citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. 3D printing is successfully used in medicine for the manufacture of complex individual prostheses or surgical implants. Creating a prosthesis using traditional methods is an extremely long, complex, and often painful process for the patient. Thanks to the technology of three-dimensional printing, the creation of an individual, most complex prosthesis is simplified, and its cost is significantly reduced. These can be metal implants (for example, joints) printed on a three-dimensional printer, as well as complex electronic and mechanical bioprostheses of lost limbs. The use of 3D printing to make models of organs, bones, and joints to make a more accurate diagnosis, as well as in the preparation of complex operations, has become commonplace. Conventional 3D printers using cheap polymer materials for printing are quite suitable for these tasks. In addition, by printing an exact model of an organ (for example, a heart), doctors produce elastic sensors of exact shape and size, which are then transferred to a living organ and eventually installed with perfect accuracy. Among the whole list of materials, polyacrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactide acid (PLA) are the most widespread.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe main distinguishing feature of ABS and PLA plastics is a relatively low melting point. In the case of PLA plastic 170\u0026ndash;180\u0026deg;C. ABS plastic does not have a pronounced melting point, but the extrusion start temperature is 180\u0026deg;C. PLA plastic is an environmentally friendly material with low shrinkage upon solidification and relatively low cost. Whereas ABS plastic is resistant to most solvents (except acetone) and moisture, has a fairly high temperature resistance from 90 \u0026deg;С to 110 \u0026deg;С. The main technological difference between ABS and PLA is the large shrinkage (about 0.8% of the total volume) of ABS plastic when manufacturing products using FDM printing technology [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. PETG plastic has a higher softening point than PLA plastic, higher density than ABS and PLA. The melting point of PETG is around 240\u0026deg;C and the glass transition temperature is around 85\u0026deg;C [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe plastics under consideration are widely used in various industries and various medical applications. PLA and PETG plastics are widely used in dentistry. PLA plastic is widely used for prototyping of dental prostheses [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e], PETG plastic is also used [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen considering ABS and PLA plastic, the main factor affecting the mechanical properties of filament and final products is the presence of moisture, air bubbles and anisotropy of plastic properties in the final product. Peculiarities of possible defects of filament structure and products manufactured by FDM printing technology from ABS and PLA plastic allow to apply deterministic methods of predicting mechanical characteristics of final products [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite the relatively long history of FDM printing technology, the issues of optimizing the parameters of parts manufacturing by the criterion of achieving maximum mechanical properties remain open. In several works it was noted that the main parameters affecting the mechanical properties of samples are layer height, shell thickness, fill density, orientation angle, printing speed, nozzle diameter, fill percentage, fill cell geometry, printing temperature, and sample thickness [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR18 CR19 CR20 CR21 CR22 CR23 CR24 CR25 CR26 CR27 CR28 CR29 CR30 CR31 CR32 CR33 CR34 CR35 CR36 CR37 CR38 CR39 CR40\" citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]. John, Joel, et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e] note that PLA plastic with diamond angle geometric pattern showed relatively low relative mechanical properties, while samples printed with a nozzle diameter of 0.8 mm showed optimum tensile properties compared to samples printed with nozzle diameters of 0.4 mm and 0.6 mm. In the analysis of the experiment conducted by the authors, the central part of the tested specimen is an open cellular structure, which on the one hand removes the influence of the filling surface, and on the other hand emits the failure of the cellular structure rather than the specimen with a certain type of filling, which corresponds to decorative products rather than products made for industry. The results of the analysis of nozzle diameter and filling pattern closer to industrial products made by FDM printing technology from PETG plastic were presented in [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. Vosynek, Petr, et al. have shown that in tensile tests the shape of the filler has a significant effect, and the maximum strength is demonstrated by samples with a hexagonal filling structure. It is shown that samples with a hexagonal structure and a filling density of 50%, using 23% less material than samples with 100% filling density have the maximum strength.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen adjusting the other process parameters, the authors come to the same conclusions. Thus, one of the problems of optimization of technological parameters is the choice of filling type and filling percentage for different thermoplastics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the presented work based on the original method of statistical analysis of modeling is analyzed the dependence of mechanical properties of samples made by FDM printing technology from ABS, PLA and PTEG plastic having four types of filling Comb, Triangle, Grid and Lateral and four percent of filling 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. The aim of the work is to show the dependence of mechanical behavior depending on the type and percentage of filling.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Material and manufacture\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSamples for mechanical studies were printed on a Black Widow 3D printer (Tevo 3D, Guangdong, China) at the following printing modes: nozzle temperature 200\u0026deg;C, table heating temperature 70\u0026deg;C, nozzle diameter 0.6 mm, layer height 0.4 mm, printing speed 10 mm/s.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTensile tests were carried out using universal electrodynamic testing machine Electropuls E10000 (Instron, Norwood, MA, USA) equipped with a 10 kN capacity load cell. Load weighing accuracy\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5%. The movement speed of the machine grips was 2 mm/min. The commercial PLA, ABS and PETG filaments (Shenzhen Esun Industrial Co., Ltd, Xiaogang City, Hubei Province,China) and printed samples from these plastics were also examined for comparison with produced filament.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows full names and abbreviations, test condition, and material of all studied specimens.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u003c/strong\u003e Sample list, specimens\u0026rsquo; type, and conditions static tensile test.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.990369181380416%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaterials\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.545746388443018%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInfill patterns\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.656500802568218%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFill rate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.42215088282504%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStatic load, kN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.385232744783305%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTest speed, mm/min\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.990369181380416%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eABS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.545746388443018%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCombs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.656500802568218%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.42215088282504%\" rowspan=\"12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.385232744783305%\" rowspan=\"12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.78151260504202%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.21848739495798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.78151260504202%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTriangle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.21848739495798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.78151260504202%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLateral\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.21848739495798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.53333333333333%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePLA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.13333333333333%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCombs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.333333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.78151260504202%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.21848739495798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.78151260504202%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTriangle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.21848739495798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.78151260504202%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLateral\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.21848739495798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.53333333333333%\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePETG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.13333333333333%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCombs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.333333333333332%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.78151260504202%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.21848739495798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.78151260504202%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTriangle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.21848739495798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.78151260504202%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLateral\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.21848739495798%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure 2 shows the model and three filling structures of the samples fabricated by FDM printing technique from PLA, ABS and PETG plastics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 3 shows an example of specimens made of PLA plastic and tensile tested.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 180 specimens were made for tensile testing, 6 specimens with each fill type and from each type of plastic. In addition, 6 specimens each were made from ABS, PLA and PETG plastics with the Lateral fill type with 100% fill.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Statistical analysis and modeling\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical analysis of the data and construction of regression models for predicting tensile strength was carried out according to the algorithm shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe structured data were analyzed using descriptive statistics methods in which sample mean, sample mean square deviation, maximum and minimum values, first and third quartiles and median value were estimated [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFour statistical criteria (two parametric and two non-parametric) and two independent information criteria were used to analyze the distribution of the mechanical properties of the samples obtained by tensile tests of the FDM printing technology from ABS, PLA and PETG plastic for belonging to the normal distribution law, namely:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eShapiro-Wilk criterion [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e];\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eD'Agusto's criterion [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e];\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eKolmogorov-Smirnov criterion [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e];\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnderson-Darling criterion [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e];\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eAkaike's criterion [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e];\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eBayes criterion [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe choice between parametric and non-parametric statistical criteria was made based on calculation of statistical power of the criterion depending on the number of tested samples by Monte Carlo method (the number of tests per point was 100000), the level of statistical significance was set equal to 0.05. The estimation of the closest to the data simple law of distribution was performed by the minimum of Akaike's information criterion and Bayes criterion seven simple continuous distributions were considered:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eLogarithmically Normal;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eLogistic;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eCauchy;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eGamma;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeibull;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eExponential;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eGumbel.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters of the distributions were calculated using the maximum likelihood method [49].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe result of the assessment of statistical power of the criterion for checking the conformity of the data to the normal law of distribution and the closest to the data theoretical distribution is the choice of the criterion that has the maximum statistical power for the data under study. According to the result of applying the criterion, a conclusion should be made about statistically significant difference of the distribution law from the normal law. Based on this conclusion, the selection of criteria is carried out to evaluate statistically significant differences in groups of samples made by FDM printing technology from ABS, PLA and PETG plastics with four different types of filling (Lateral, Combs, Triangles and Grid) and four filling levels of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. In the presented work, the following algorithm was adopted: if the closest to the law of data distribution is the normal distribution law, ANOVA together with Tukey's test is applied, otherwise the Kruskal-Walli\u0026rsquo;s test [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e] combined with Dunn's criterion [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e] is applied, and the Bonferroni correction [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e] was used as a correction for multiple comparisons.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs a result of applying these tests, the output is a division into groups of data that statistically significantly differ or do not differ from each other by some characteristic. The result obtained about the number of statistically significantly different groups serves as a basis for hierarchical cluster analysis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e]. In the presented work, when conducting data clustering, the distance between the elements included in one cluster was calculated as the maximum difference between any paired elements with subsequent averaging of the distance in each cluster. The quality check of hierarchical clustering was performed based on the Spearman correlation between the maximized distance and the cofounded distance of hierarchical clustering. The data divided into new groups and when the hypothesis that the distribution law of the data differs from the Gaussian distribution law was confirmed, they were subjected to Spearman correlation analysis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e], the strength of the correlation was interpreted using the Evans scale [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e]. The obtained correlation matrices between variables and the statistical significance matrix (p-value matrix) were used to construct the connectedness graph between variables. When constructing the graph, variables with statistically significant correlation were considered as related variables.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe variables included in the correlation graph were ranked according to three different centrality measures: centrality by degree [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e], centrality by proximity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e], and centrality by mediation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e]. The variable with maximum centrality was used as the dependent variable to build the regression model as a function of percent completion. In cases where the distribution of the data obeyed a distribution law other than normal, the robust regression method [60] was used to build a model predicting the centrality variable depending on the percentage of occupancy in each of the selected groups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Results and statistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure 5 shows examples of engineering stress-strain diagrams of FDM printed samples made from ABS, PLA and PETG plastics with 25% fill level and different fill structures.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSimilar stress-strain diagrams were obtained for 50% and 75% fill levels (Appendix A). Appendix B presents mechanical properties of specimens with different filling levels, type of internal specimen structure and materials. Based on the results obtained, statistical analysis of the data was performed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u003c/strong\u003e Results of the basic statistical analysis of mechanical properties of the samples obtained by FDM printing technology from ABS, with Grid filling type and 25% filling value.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.580645161290324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStatistical quantity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWidth, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeight, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003csub\u003eY\u003c/sub\u003e,\u0026nbsp;MPa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e, MPa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026sigma;\u003csub\u003eys\u003c/sub\u003e,\u0026nbsp;MPa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026sigma;\u003csub\u003ets\u003c/sub\u003e,\u0026nbsp;MPa\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026epsilon;\u003csub\u003eys\u003c/sub\u003e, %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026epsilon;\u003csub\u003ets\u003c/sub\u003e, %\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.580645161290324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.870\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e354.037\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e521.958\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.727\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.350\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.429\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.848\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.580645161290324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStandard deviation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.060\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0167\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.602\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.666\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.762\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.153\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.134\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.241\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.580645161290324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.185\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.870\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e354.910\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e514.360\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.660\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.365\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.378\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.863\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.580645161290324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaximum value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.240\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.890\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e381.240\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e553.960\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.720\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.530\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.683\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.580645161290324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMinimum value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.090\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.840\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e326.020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e506.020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.680\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.324\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.525\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.580645161290324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFirst quartile\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.870\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e342.878\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e506.785\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.298\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.268\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.351\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.681\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.580645161290324%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThird quartile\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.220\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.878\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e364.933\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e532.683\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.263\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.455\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.447\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.67741935483871%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.039\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure 6 shows the dependence of tensile strength as a function of fill percentage and fill type for samples fabricated by FDM printing technique from ABS, PLA and PETG plastic.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the results obtained from the basic statistical analysis, several hypotheses can be put forward. The tensile strength of samples made by FDM printing technology from ABS, PLA and PETG plastic varies linearly depending on the percentage of sample filling, the tensile strength of samples with Combs filling significantly exceeds the tensile strength of samples with Grids and Triangles filling regardless of the percentage of sample filling. It should be noted that for the other mechanical properties (e.g. yield strength) such an unambiguous dependence does not appear.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo confirm the hypotheses put forward, it is necessary to determine the closest type of distribution, to choose the criterion of testing for compliance with the normal law of distribution possessing maximum statistical power, to analyze differences in mean values and correlation analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe analysis of the closest theoretical type of distribution was carried out by the minimum of Akaike and Bayes criteria, 8 types of distributions were compared, parameters of distributions were determined by the maximum likelihood method. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows the results of calculations by Akaike and Bayes criteria.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults of calculations by Akaike and Bayes information criteria for the closest law of distribution of tensile strength\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCriterion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLog-Normalе\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLogistical\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGamma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeibull\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExponential\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGumbel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCauchy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAkaike\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1261.876\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1182.857\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1241.637\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1202.161\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1241.142\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1412.201\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1184.445\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1238.681\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBayes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1268.262\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1189.243\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1248.023\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1208.546\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1247.527\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1415.394\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1190.831\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1245.067\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt follows from the results of calculations that the closest distribution law is the log-normal distribution law. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e shows the results of calculations of the average statistical power of the criteria of testing for compliance with the normal distribution law by the Monte Carlo method for data distributed according to the log-normal distribution law.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of the results of Monte Carlo calculations of the average statistical power show that if the closest type of distribution is the log-normal distribution law, and the number of values under study exceeds 100, then all the considered criteria have a power close to 1 and can be used to test the data for compliance with the normal distribution law. Considering the closest type of distribution defined by the information criteria, the Anderson-Darling test will be applied in this paper to test the conformity of the data to the normal law of distribution.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e shows the results of applying the Anderson-Darling test for the data collected from the experiment, the level of statistical significance was set at 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults of testing the data for compliance with the normal law of distribution by means of the Anderson-Darling test.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ew\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eh\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE\u003csub\u003eY\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eσ\u003csub\u003eYS\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eσ\u003csub\u003eTS\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eε\u003csub\u003eYS\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eε\u003csub\u003eTS\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.00001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.00001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.00001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.00001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.00001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of Anderson-Darling test show that all the studied data statistically significantly differ from the normal law of distribution, therefore, for further analysis will be applied non-parametric statistical criteria of data analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of statistical significance of differences in mechanical properties of samples made by FDM printing technology from ABS, PLA and PETG plastics with different percentage and type of sample filling was carried out using Kruskall-Walis criterion and Dunn's criterion, Bonferroni correction was used as a correction for multiple comparison, the level of statistical significance was taken as 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of comparative analysis of the tensile strength of the specimens fabricated by FDM printing technique from ABS, PLA and PETG plastic with four different types of filling and four percent filling are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5.\u003c/strong\u003e Results of analyzing the differences of tensile strength of specimens made from different plastics by FDM printing technology.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 155.75pt;border-top: 3pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 3pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003ep-value,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eDunn\u0026apos;s criterion\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 155.75pt;border-top: 3pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 3pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eABS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 155.75pt;border-top: 3pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 3pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003ePLA\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 155.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003ePLA\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 155.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.0000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 155.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e---\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 155.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003ePTEG\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 155.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.0002\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 155.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;background: yellow;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:red;background:yellow;'\u003e0.0514\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 155.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 3pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003ep-value, Kruskaell-Walis criterion\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width:311.5pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 3.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6.\u003c/strong\u003e Results of analyzing the differences in tensile strength of specimens fabricated by FDM technique from ABS, PLA and PETG plastics with different type of filler.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.8pt;border-top: 3pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 3pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003ep-value,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eDunn\u0026apos;s criterion\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.8pt;border-top: 3pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 3pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eCombs\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.8pt;border-top: 3pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 3pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eGrid\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.85pt;border-top: 3pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 3pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eLateral\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.8pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eGrid\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.8pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.0000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.8pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e---\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.85pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e---\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.8pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eLateral\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.8pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.0012\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.8pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.0000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.85pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e---\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.8pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eTriangle\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.8pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.0000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.8pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;background: yellow;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:red;'\u003e1.0000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.85pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.0000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.8pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 3pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003ep-value, Kruskaell-Walis criterion\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width:350.45pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 3.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 7.\u003c/strong\u003e Results of analyzing the differences of tensile strength of specimens fabricated by FDM printing technique from ABS, PLA and PETG plastics and different filling structure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.8pt;border-top: 3pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 3pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003ep-value,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eDunn\u0026apos;s criterion\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.8pt;border-top: 3pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 3pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.8pt;border-top: 3pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 3pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.85pt;border-top: 3pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 3pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.8pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.8pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.0000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.8pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e---\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.85pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e---\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.8pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.8pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.0000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.8pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.0007\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.85pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e---\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.8pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e75\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.8pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.0003\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.8pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.0000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.85pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.0086\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116.8pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 3pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003ep-value, \u003cspan style=\"background:yellow;\"\u003eKruskell-Walis\u003c/span\u003e criterion\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width:350.45pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 3.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e0.000\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results of the analysis of differences in strength limits show that there are no statistically significant differences between the strength limits of samples made of PLA and PETG plastics (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e), nor are there statistically significant differences between Grid and Triangle fill types (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). In all other cases, the differences within the strength limits are statistically significant. Consequently, the experimental data obtained can be divided into three groups based on the fill type and the strength limit parameter. Hierarchical cluster analysis was applied to divide the data into groups. The distance between the elements included in one cluster was calculated as the maximum difference between any paired elements with subsequent averaging of the distance in each cluster.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure 8 shows the result of dividing the data into three groups based on the results of cluster analysis for the tensile strength as a function of the variation in the percentage of filling of the FDM-printed ABS, PLA and PETG plastic samples.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Spearman's correlation coefficient between the average maximized distance and the coffinite distance was 0.909, indicating a strong linear relationship between these two parameters.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe separation of the samples fabricated by FDM printing technique from ABS, PLA and PETG plastics is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 8.\u003c/strong\u003e Composition of groups separated according to the results of hierarchical cluster analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width:155.7pt;border-top:solid windowtext 3.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 3.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eGroup\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width:156.4pt;border-top:solid windowtext 3.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 3.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eGroup\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width:155.65pt;border-top:solid windowtext 3.0pt;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 3.0pt;border-right:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eGroup\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 3pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eMaterial\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003es\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.55pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 3pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eFilling type\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.8pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 3pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eFill rate\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 3pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eMaterial\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003es\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.3pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 3pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eFilling type\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 3pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eFill rate\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 3pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eMaterial\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003es\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.55pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 3pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eFilling type\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 3pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eFill rate\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"20\" style=\"width:52.35pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 3.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003ePLA\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"20\" style=\"width:52.55pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 3.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eLateral\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"20\" style=\"width:50.8pt;border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 3.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:center;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eABS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.3pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eGrid\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eABS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.55pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eLateral\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eABS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.3pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eGrid\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;background: yellow;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:red;'\u003ePLA\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.55pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;background: yellow;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:red;'\u003eCombs\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;background: yellow;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:red;'\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eABS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.3pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eGrid\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e75\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;background: yellow;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:red;'\u003ePLA\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.55pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;background: yellow;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:red;'\u003eCombs\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;background: yellow;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:red;'\u003e75\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eABS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.3pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eCombs\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;background: yellow;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:red;'\u003ePTEG\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.55pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;background: yellow;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:red;'\u003eCombs\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;background: yellow;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:red;'\u003e75\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eABS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.3pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eCombs\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003ePE\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eT\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eG\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.55pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eLateral\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eABS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.3pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eCombs\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e75\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.55pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eABS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.3pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eTriangle\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.55pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eABS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.3pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eTriangle\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.55pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eABS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.3pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eTriangle\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e75\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.55pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003ePLA\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.3pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eGrid\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.55pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003ePLA\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.3pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eGrid\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.55pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003ePLA\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.3pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eGrid\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e75\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.55pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003ePE\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eT\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eG\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.3pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eCombs\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.55pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003ePE\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eT\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eG\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.3pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eCombs\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.55pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003ePE\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eT\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eG\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.3pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eTriangle\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.55pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003ePE\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eT\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eG\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.3pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eTriangle\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.55pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003ePE\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eT\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eG\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.3pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eTriangle\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e75\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.55pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003ePE\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eT\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eG\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.3pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eGrid\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.55pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003ePE\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eT\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eG\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.3pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eGrid\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.55pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 3pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003ePE\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eT\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eG\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53.3pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 3pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003eGrid\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 3pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family: \"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e75\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 3pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52.55pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 3pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50.75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 3pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;line-height: normal;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Aptos\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"Palatino Linotype\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom the results of the cluster analysis, it follows that if it is necessary to save material and provide an average level of mechanical properties of the product, one of the good solutions will be the use of Combs filling type and PLA material when printing products using FDM technology.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther correlation analysis of relationships between mechanical properties and geometric parameters of samples was carried out within the selected groups, Spearman correlation was used for analysis, and the strength of correlation was interpreted according to the Evans scale. The correlation matrices in graphical form are presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;9.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn group 1 of FDM-printed specimens, a medium level of correlation is observed between the percentage of filling, secant modulus, tensile strength and strain corresponding to yield strength. In group 2, a high level of correlation is observed between the percentage of filling and strains corresponding to the tensile strength and yield strength (negative correlation). Average level of correlation between percentage of filling, ultimate strength and yield strength and low statistically significant level of correlation between percentage of filling and modulus by secant of 0.05\u0026ndash;0.2% strain.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the correlation analysis are presented in the form of a graph of correlation of the analyzed parameters in Fig.\u0026nbsp;10.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeasures of predictor centrality were computed for each correlation graph and graph nodes, and the computational results are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 9.\u003c/strong\u003e Centrality analysis results for each variable included in the correlation graph.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePred.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.083333333333332%\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup\u0026nbsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePred.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.083333333333332%\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup\u0026nbsp;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePred.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.083333333333332%\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup\u0026nbsp;3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.538461538461538%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eСentrality in degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.538461538461538%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eСentrality by proximity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.256410256410257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBroker centrality\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.538461538461538%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eСentrality in degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.538461538461538%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eСentrality by proximity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.256410256410257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBroker centrality\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.538461538461538%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eСentrality in degree\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.538461538461538%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eСentrality by proximity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.256410256410257%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBroker centrality\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eET\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.889\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.917\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eET\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.889\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.917\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eET\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.167\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.083\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.083\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.333\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.833\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEY\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.833\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.083\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.083\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDYS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.727\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDYS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.727\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.833\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.667\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.667\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDYS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.667\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.667\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.833\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.667\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.833\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.333\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.667\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.583\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.667\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.583\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDTS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.667\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDTS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.667\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.917\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDTS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.667\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.917\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFL\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCentr.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.304\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.185\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.059\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCentr.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.304\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.185\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.059\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.25%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCentr.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.357\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.375%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.333333333333334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.078\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt follows from the presented results of the correlation graph analysis that the maximum number of statistically significant correlations is possessed by the modulus along the 0.05-0.2 % strain secant (ET). The study of the behavior of the 0.05-0.2 % strain secant modulus considering the division of samples into groups depending on the percentage of filling is presented in Figure 11 (group 3 is not presented because it includes samples made by FDM printing technology from PLA with 100 % filling).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e presents the robust regression equations obtained from the modeling.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRobust regression equations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup Number\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegression equation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStandard deviation, MPa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExperimental standard deviation, MPa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({E}_{T}=404.749+4.130\\bullet {C}_{F}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e164.200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e169.0439\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({E}_{T}= 830.426+2.407\\bullet {C}_{F}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e133.600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145.2301\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe analysis of regression equations shows that specimens in group 2 have an average modulus along the 0.05\u0026ndash;0.2% strain secant almost twice as high as specimens in group 1. However, the rate of increase of modulus in group 2 is half that of group 1. Comparison of the mean square deviations of the robust regression equations with the mean square deviation of the experimentally obtained results shows that the obtained models predict the modulus values no worse than the experimentally obtained values.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummarizing the results of the analysis, we can conclude that if it is necessary to manufacture full-fledged body products and the need to save material, we can recommend using PLA plastic with Combs type filling and the percentage of filling 50%, which will save up to 23% of material. This conclusion is consistent with the earlier studies conducted in [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Discussion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe statistical analysis shows that the main quantity with the maximum number of correlations is the modulus along the 0.05\u0026ndash;0.2% strain secant. Calculation of the secant modulus is performed using the equation:\u003cdiv id=\"Equ1\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ1\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$${E}_{T}=\\frac{{\\sigma }_{2}-{\\sigma }_{1}}{{\\epsilon }_{2}-{\\epsilon }_{1}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\epsilon }_{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u0026ndash; deformation 0.2%; \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\epsilon }_{1}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u0026ndash; deformation 0.05%; \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\sigma }_{1}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u0026ndash; stresses corresponding to deformation 0.05%; \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({\\sigma }_{2}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u0026ndash; stresses corresponding to deformation 0.2%. More generally, Eq.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Equ1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e can be represented as:\u003cdiv id=\"Equ2\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ2\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\theta \\left(\\epsilon \\right)= \\frac{d\\sigma }{d\\epsilon }$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\theta \\left(\\epsilon \\right)\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u0026ndash; strain hardening coefficient [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAuthors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e] there are two stages of hardening - linear and Taylor hardening [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e63\u003c/span\u003e] and note that the main factor affecting the strain hardening of the material is the defect structure. Two types of defects can be distinguished in the samples studied in the presented work:\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1. Defects resulting from the layer-by-layer direction of the material (pores, non-fusion between layers, etc.).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2. Macro-defects - absence of material in unfilled areas of the specimen with different filling patterns.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 12 shows the fracture structure of the samples obtained by FDM printing technique from PLA plastic with 25%, 50% and 100% fill percentage and Combs and Lateral fill type.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalysis of fracture character of specimens with 25% and 50% filling and Combs type of filling shows that fracture occurs by brittle mechanism. For specimens with 100% filling and Lateral type of filling, the fracture of the fracture area has a pronounced \"neck\" and there is a delamination of the specimen along the boundary of the cladding layers, which indicates the plastic nature of fracture.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneralization of the results of the fracture structure analysis and the revealed statistical regularities shows that with the increase of the filling percentage, the amount of material in the internal area of the specimen increases and, therefore, the defect structure changes, which finally leads to strain hardening of the specimens. The strain hardening value depends not only on the nature of the defect structure, but also on the type of material (this explains the difference in the strain hardening value between ABS and PLA plastic with 100% filling and Lateral type of filling).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eStatistical analysis of the tensile test results showed that there were no statistically significant differences between the tensile strength limits of the PETG and PLA plastic specimens, and between the specimens with Grid and Triangle filling types. Based on this result, a cluster analysis was performed dividing all tensile test results into three groups. As a result of the cluster analysis, a group of PLA specimens with 100% filling had the maximum tensile strength value. Group of samples with intermediate average value of tensile strength and group of samples with low value of tensile strength. The middle group included samples made by FDM technology from ABS, PLA and PETG plastics and having Combs (PLA, PETG) and Lateral (ABS) type of filling. From a practical point of view, the most interesting result was the result for PLA plastic with Combs type filling and percentage of filling 50 and 75%, which showed average values of the tensile strength, which allows us to recommend this type of filling for the purposes of material saving with a low risk of loss of mechanical properties of the product. The conducted correlation analysis showed the presence of stable statistically significant correlation between the percentage of specimen filling, 0.05\u0026ndash;0.2% strain modulus, tensile strength, and strain corresponding to yield strength. The analysis of the graph of statistically significant correlations showed that for all the selected groups the 0.05\u0026ndash;0.2% strain modulus has the maximum number of correlations, based on this conclusion regression models linking the percentage of filling and modulus on the secant were constructed. The results of the regression analysis show that the average secant modulus of the samples assigned to the second group is more than twice as high as that of the samples in the first group, while the average modulus of the first group is only 50% higher than that of the second group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe detected statistical regularities can be explained by the mechanism of strain hardening, the actual value of which depends on the type of defect structure and properties of the material used in the manufacture of samples. It is necessary to distinguish between macro and micro defects present in the final product, the structure and distribution of which affects the strain hardening value.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThus, when manufacturing products by FDM printing technology from PLA and PETG plastics to reduce the material intensity of the product can be recommended type of filling Combs with a percentage of filling from 50\u0026ndash;75%.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConflicts of Interest:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (grant number: 056-00041-23-00).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eConceptualization, N.N., N.W.S.P; methodology, N.N., N.W.S.P., O.K.; software, N.N., O.Y., O.K.; validation, N.N., O.K.; formal analysis, P.P., N.N., D.S.; investigation, R.K., M.S.; resources, N.N., O.Y.; data curation, N.K., O.Y., O.K; writing\u0026mdash;original draft preparation, N.N., A.S..; writing\u0026mdash;review and editing, N.N., A.S.; visualization, P.P., N.K., O.Y..; supervision, S.N.G., N.K.; project administration, S.N.G., P.P.; funding acquisition, P.P., N.K., O.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIan Gibson, David Rosen, Brent Stucker. Additive Manufacturing Tecnologies. 3D Printing, Rapid Prototyping and Direct Digital Manufacturing//Springer, 2015 \u0026ndash; P.P. 648 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSandeep Rauta, Vijaykumar S. Jattib, Nitin K. Khedkarc, T.P.Singhd. Investigation of the effect of built orientation on mechanical properties and total cost of FDM parts // Procedia materials science 6 (2014) 1625-1630\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLudmila Novakova - Marcincinova, Jozef Novak - Marcincin. Verification of mechanical Properties of ABS materials used in FDM rapid prototyping technology// Proceedings in manufacturing systems/vol. 8. ISS. 2. 2013. 87-92.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eP. Dudek. FDM 3D printing technology in manufacturing composite elements. Archives of metallurgy and materials// vol. 58. 2013/ ISS.4/dol.: 10.2478/AMM-2013-0186\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRodr\u0026iacute;guez J.F., Thomas J.P., Renaud J.E. Mechanical behavior of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) fused deposition materials. Experimental investigation // Rapid Prototyping Journal. 2001.Vol. 7. No. 3. P. 148\u0026ndash;158.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJohnson, G.A.; French, J.J. Evaluation of infill effect on mechanical properties of consumer 3D printing materials. Adv. Technol. Innov. 2018, 3, 179\u0026ndash;184.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSotova, C.; Yanushevich, O.; Kriheli, N.; Grigoriev, S.; Evdokimov, V.; Kramar, O.; Nozdrina, M.; Peretyagin, N.; Undritsova, N.; Popelyshkin, E.; et al. Dental Implants: Modern Materials and Methods of Their Surface Modification. \u003cem\u003eMaterials\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cem\u003e16\u003c/em\u003e, 7383. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16237383\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA. Smirnov, M. Volosova, P. Peretyagin, J.F. Bartolom\u0026eacute;, Tribological behaviour of a 3Y-TZP/Ta ceramic-metal biocomposite against ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), Ceramics International, Volume 44, Issue 2, 2018, Pages 1404-1410, ISSN 0272-8842, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.09.186.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBorgue, R. 3D printing: the dawn of a new era in manufacturing? / R. Borgue // Assembly Automation. 2013. Vol. 33. \u0026sup1;4. P. 307-311.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBremer, Mats, et al. \u0026quot;Influence of plastic recycling\u0026mdash;a feasibility study for additive manufacturing using glycol modified polyethylene terephthalate (PETG).\u0026quot; SN Applied Sciences 4.5 (2022): 156.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePanneerselvam, T., S. Raghuraman, and N. Vamsi Krishnan. \u0026quot;Investigating mechanical properties of 3D-printed polyethylene terephthalate glycol material under fused deposition modeling.\u0026quot; Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series C 102 (2021): 375-387.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDeStefano, Vincent, Salaar Khan, and Alonzo Tabada. \u0026quot;Applications of PLA in modern medicine.\u0026quot; Engineered Regeneration 1 (2020): 76-87.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMoraru, E., et al. \u0026quot;Study and realization of prosthetic dental models by additive technologies.\u0026quot; IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Vol. 444. IOP Publishing, 2018.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFujiwara, Kazunori, et al. \u0026quot;Mechanical evaluation of newly developed mouthpiece using polyethylene terephthalate glycol for transoral robotic surgery.\u0026quot; Journal of Robotic Surgery 9 (2015): 347-354.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePetrova G.N., Platonov M.M., Bolshakov V.A., Ponomarenko S.A. Study of the complex characteristics of base materials for FDM technology of additive synthesis. Physico-mechanical and thermophysical properties//Plastic Masses № 5-6, 2016, pp. 53-58 (In Russia)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRodr\u0026iacute;guez J.F., Thomas J.P., Renaud J.E. Mechanical behavior of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) fused deposition materials. Experimental investigation // Rapid Prototyping Journal. 2001.Vol. 7. No. 3. P. 148\u0026ndash;158.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJohnson, G.A.; French, J.J. Evaluation of infill effect on mechanical properties of consumer 3D printing materials. Adv. Technol. Innov. 2018, 3, 179\u0026ndash;184.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMarșavina, Liviu, et al. \u0026quot;Effect of the manufacturing parameters on the tensile and fracture properties of FDM 3D-printed PLA specimens.\u0026quot; Engineering Fracture Mechanics 274 (2022): 108766.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFountas, N. A., et al. \u0026quot;Experimental investigation and statistical modelling for assessing the tensile properties of FDM fabricated parts.\u0026quot; Procedia Structural Integrity 26 (2020): 139-146.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSmirnov, A.; Nikitin, N.; Peretyagin, P.; Khmyrov, R.; Kuznetsova, E.; Solis Pinargote, N.W. Experimental and Statistical Modeling for Effect of Nozzle Diameter, Filling Pattern, and Layer Height of FDM-Printed Ceramic\u0026ndash;Polymer Green Body on Biaxial Flexural Strength of Sintered Alumina Ceramic. \u003cem\u003eJ. Compos. Sci.\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cem\u003e7\u003c/em\u003e, 381. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7090381\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSmirnov, A.; Nikitin, N.; Peretyagin, P.; Khmyrov, R.; Kuznetsova, E.; Solis Pinargote, N.W. Correction: Smirnov et al. Experimental and Statistical Modeling for Effect of Nozzle Diameter, Filling Pattern, and Layer Height of FDM-Printed Ceramic\u0026ndash;Polymer Green Body on Biaxial Flexural Strength of Sintered Alumina Ceramic. J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7, 381. J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8, 95. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8030095\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJohn, Joel, et al. \u0026quot;Optimization of 3D printed polylactic acid structures with different infill patterns using Taguchi-grey relational analysis.\u0026quot; Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research 6.1 (2023): 62-78.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKopar, Mehmet, and Ali Riza Yildiz. \u0026quot;Experimental investigation of mechanical properties of PLA, ABS, and PETG 3-d printing materials using fused deposition modeling technique.\u0026quot; Materials Testing 65.12 (2023): 1795-1804.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eErdaş, Mehmet Umut, Bet\u0026uuml;l Sultan Yıldız, and Ali Rıza Yıldız. \u0026quot;Experimental analysis of the effects of different production directions on the mechanical characteristics of ABS, PLA, and PETG materials produced by FDM.\u0026quot; Materials Testing 66.2 (2024): 198-206.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u0026Ouml;zsoy, Koray, Ali Er\u0026ccedil;etin, and Zihni Alp \u0026Ccedil;evik. \u0026quot;Comparison of mechanical properties of PLA and ABS based structures produced by fused deposition modelling additive manufacturing.\u0026quot; Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 27 (2021): 802-809.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKartal, Fuat, and A. R. S. L. A. N. Kaptan. \u0026quot;Effect of Filling Ratio-Pattern Parameters on Mechanical Properties of PLA Filaments Used in 3D Printing.\u0026quot; Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science 7.2 (2024): 13-14.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSmirnov, A.; Peretyagin, P.; Nikitin, N. Modeling of Stress Distribution and Fracture in ABS, PLA, and Alumina-Filled PLA Filaments and FDM-Printed Specimens. \u003cem\u003eJ. Compos. Sci.\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cem\u003e7\u003c/em\u003e, 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7070265\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMengesha Medibew, Tesfaye. \u0026quot;A comprehensive review on the optimization of the fused deposition modeling process parameter for better tensile strength of PLA-printed parts.\u0026quot; Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (2022).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJohnson, Gabriel A., and Jesse J. French. \u0026quot;Evaluation of infill effect on mechanical properties of consumer 3D printing materials.\u0026quot; Adv. Technol. Innov 3.4 (2018): 179-184.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlgarni, Mohammed, and Sami Ghazali. \u0026quot;Comparative study of the sensitivity of PLA, ABS, PEEK, and PETG\u0026rsquo;s mechanical properties to FDM printing process parameters.\u0026quot; Crystals 11.8 (2021): 995.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSmirnov, A.; Peretyagin, P.; Nikitin, N. Assessment Effect of Nanometer-Sized Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e Fillers in Polylactide on Fracture Probability of Filament and 3D Printed Samples by FDM. \u003cem\u003eMaterials\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2023\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cem\u003e16\u003c/em\u003e, 1671. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16041671\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimitrescu, A., et al. \u0026quot;Theoretical and experimental research on the mechanical tests of 3D printed samples from various materials.\u0026quot; IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Vol. 1303. No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2024.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBerihun Sitotaw, Dereje, et al. \u0026quot;Investigation of Parameters of Fused Deposition Modelling 3D Prints with Compression Properties.\u0026quot; Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (2022).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVosynek, Petr, et al. \u0026quot;Influence of process parameters of printing on mechanical properties of plastic parts produced by FDM 3D printing technology.\u0026quot; MATEC web of conferences. Vol. 237. EDP Sciences, 2018.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRodr\u0026iacute;guez-Panes, Adri\u0026aacute;n, Juan Claver, and Ana Mar\u0026iacute;a Camacho. \u0026quot;The influence of manufacturing parameters on the mechanical behaviour of PLA and ABS pieces manufactured by FDM: A comparative analysis.\u0026quot; Materials 11.8 (2018): 1333.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFarbman, Daniel, and Chris McCoy. \u0026quot;Materials testing of 3D printed ABS and PLA samples to guide mechanical design.\u0026quot; International manufacturing science and engineering conference. Vol. 49903. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSmirnov, A.; Seleznev, A.; Peretyagin, P.; Bentseva, E.; Pristinskiy, Y.; Kuznetsova, E.; Grigoriev, S. Rheological Characterization and Printability of Polylactide (PLA)-Alumina (Al\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) Filaments for Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). \u003cem\u003eMaterials\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2022\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cem\u003e15\u003c/em\u003e, 8399. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15238399\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGong, Ke, et al. \u0026quot;Optimizing process parameters of a material extrusion\u0026ndash;based overprinting technique for the fabrication of tensile specimens.\u0026quot; The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 127.7 (2023): 3513-3524.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAfshari, Hossein, et al. \u0026quot;Studying the effects of FDM process parameters on the mechanical properties of parts produced from PLA using response surface methodology.\u0026quot; Colloid and Polymer Science (2024): 1-16\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNaveed, Nida, and Muhammad Naveed Anwar. \u0026quot;Optimising 3D printing parameters through experimental techniques and ANOVA‐Based statistical analysis.\u0026quot; SPE Polymers (2024).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTukey, John W. Exploratory data analysis. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., c1977. - xvi, 688 p.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShapiro, S.S.; Wilk, M.B. An analysis of variance test for normality. Biom. Trust 1965, 52, 591\u0026ndash;611.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eD\u0026apos;Agostino, Ralph B.; Pearson, E. S. (1973). \u0026quot;Tests for Departure from Normality. Empirical Results for the Distributions of b2 and \u0026radic;b1\u0026quot;. Biometrika. 60 (3): 613\u0026ndash;622.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKolmogorov, A.N. Sulla determinazione empirica di une legge di distribuzione. G. Ist. Ital. Attuari 1933, 4, 83\u0026ndash;91.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eW. Anderson, On the Distribution of the Two-Sample Cramer-von Mises Criterion// Ann. Math. Statist. 33(3): 1148-1159 (September, 1962).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSakamoto, Yosiyuki, Makio Ishiguro, and Genshiro Kitagawa. \u0026quot;Akaike information criterion statistics.\u0026quot; Dordrecht, The Netherlands: D. Reidel 81.10.5555 (1986): 26853.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWit, Ernst, Edwin van den Heuvel, and Jan‐Willem Romeijn. \u0026quot;\u0026lsquo;All models are wrong...\u0026rsquo;: an introduction to model uncertainty.\u0026quot; Statistica Neerlandica 66.3 (2012): 217-236.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRossi, Richard J. Mathematical statistics: an introduction to likelihood based inference. John Wiley \u0026amp; Sons, 2018.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKruskal, William H., and W. Allen Wallis. \u0026quot;Use of ranks in one-criterion variance analysis.\u0026quot; Journal of the American statistical Association 47.260 (1952): 583-621.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDunnett, Charles W. \u0026quot;New tables for multiple comparisons with a control.\u0026quot; Biometrics 20.3 (1964): 482-491.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBonferroni, C. E., Teoria statistica delle classi e calcolo delle probabilit\u0026agrave;, Pubblicazioni del R Istituto Superiore di Scienze Economiche e Commerciali di Firenze 1936\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNielsen, Frank. Introduction to HPC with MPI for Data Science. Springer, 2016.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSpearman, Charles. \u0026quot;The proof and measurement of association between two things.\u0026quot; (1961).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEvans, James D. Straightforward statistics for the behavioral sciences. Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishing Co, 1996.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNieminen, Juhani. \u0026quot;On the centrality in a graph.\u0026quot; Scandinavian journal of psychology 15.1 (1974): 332-336.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFreeman, Linton C. \u0026quot;Centrality in social networks: Conceptual clarification.\u0026quot; Social network: critical concepts in sociology. Londres: Routledge 1 (2002): 238-263.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSabidussi, Gert. \u0026quot;The centrality index of a graph.\u0026quot; Psychometrika 31.4 (1966): 581-603.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFreeman, Linton C. \u0026quot;A set of measures of centrality based on betweenness.\u0026quot; Sociometry (1977): 35-41.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHuber P. J. Robust statistics. \u0026ndash; John Wiley \u0026amp; Sons, 2004. \u0026ndash; Т. 523.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZuev, Lev Borisovich, Vladimir Ivanovich Danilov, and Svetlana Aleksandrovna Barannikova. Physics of macrolocalization of plastic flow//Novosibirsk. Nauka, pp. 322. - 2008. (In Russia)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTaylor, Geoffrey Ingram. \u0026quot;The mechanism of plastic deformation of crystals. Part I.\u0026mdash;Theoretical.\u0026quot; \u003cem\u003eProceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character\u003c/em\u003e 145.855 (1934): 362-387.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTaylor, Geoffrey Ingram. \u0026quot;The mechanism of plastic deformation of crystals. Part II.\u0026mdash;Comparison with observations.\u0026quot; \u003cem\u003eProceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character\u003c/em\u003e 145.855 (1934): 388-404.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"international-journal-of-fracture","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"frac","sideBox":"Learn more about [International Journal of Fracture](http://link.springer.com/journal/10704)","snPcode":"10704","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10704/3","title":"International Journal of Fracture","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"ABS, PLA, PETG, FDM, mechanical properties, filling type, statistical analysis, hierarchical classification","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4627817/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4627817/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eOne of the key factors in the manufacturing of products using fused deposition method (FDM) or layer-by-layer printing technology is the material intensity of the product. The task of reducing the amount of material required to manufacture the product without significant loss in mechanical properties is one of the most practically important. In the presented work it is shown that using the Combs filling type and materials of polylactic acid (PLA) and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) plastics it is possible to achieve material savings up to 23% at 50% filling (for PLA) and 17% at 25% filling (for PETG) without significant loss in the strength of the product (except for samples made of PLA plastic with 100% filling and Lateral filling type). Application of Kruskell-Wallis test and Dunn's criterion with Bonferroni multiple comparison correction showed that there were no statistically significant differences within the strength limits of samples made by FDM printing technology from PLA and PETG plastics (p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0514), as well as samples with Triangle and Grid filling type (p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on this result, three groups of samples statistically significantly differing in ultimate strength were identified by methods of hierarchical cluster analysis; in each group (except for group 1, which included samples made of PLA plastic with Lateral filling type and 100% filling), correlation analysis was performed (Spearman correlation was used). The results of the correlation analysis showed a stable average correlation between the percentage of filling, modulus along the secant 0.05\u0026ndash;0.2% strain, ultimate strength and strain corresponding to the yield strength. Analysis of the correlation graph showed that the main parameter correlating with all mechanical properties of the specimen is the 0.05\u0026ndash;0.2% strain modulus. Based on this conclusion, robust regression equations predicting the 0.05\u0026ndash;0.2% strain modulus as a function of the percentage of specimen filling were constructed for the two selected groups. Analysis of the equations showed that in the third group of specimens, the average modulus of 0.05\u0026ndash;0.2% strain is more than twice the modulus of 0.05\u0026ndash;0.2% strain in the second group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe detected statistical regularities can be explained by the mechanism of strain hardening, the actual value of which depends on the type of defect structure and properties of the material used in the manufacture of samples. It is necessary to distinguish between macro and micro defects present in the final product, the structure and distribution of which affects the strain hardening value.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Experimental and statistical study of strength properties of FDM-printed specimens made from ABS, PLA and PETG plastics depending on the percentage and structure of filling","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-07-16 13:11:31","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4627817/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-06-25T16:05:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-06-25T04:33:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"International Journal of Fracture","date":"2024-06-24T06:09:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"international-journal-of-fracture","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"frac","sideBox":"Learn more about [International Journal of Fracture](http://link.springer.com/journal/10704)","snPcode":"10704","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10704/3","title":"International Journal of Fracture","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7c27b5ae-9578-46f6-9b4b-94c00fd8a973","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 16th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-07-16T13:11:32+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-07-16 13:11:31","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4627817","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4627817","identity":"rs-4627817","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}