Ultrasonic-Assisted Synthesis of Ni/ZSM-5 Catalyst for Efficient Bio-Jet Fuel Production via Atmospheric Hydrotreatment of Processed Palm Oil

Ultrasonic-Assisted Synthesis of Ni/ZSM-5 Catalyst for Efficient Bio-Jet Fuel Production via Atmospheric Hydrotreatment of Processed Palm Oil | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Ultrasonic-Assisted Synthesis of Ni/ZSM-5 Catalyst for Efficient Bio-Jet Fuel Production via Atmospheric Hydrotreatment of Processed Palm Oil Sandi Aditya Restu Kameswara, Wega Trisunaryanti, Triyono Triyono, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8123479/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 12 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study investigates the synthesis and catalytic performance of a Ni/ZSM-5 catalyst prepared using ultrasonic-assisted impregnation for the hydrotreatment of processed palm oil (white butter) into bio-jet fuel. The objective was to develop a highly active and stable catalyst for sustainable aviation fuel production. The catalyst was characterized using XRD, FT-IR, SAA, NH₃-TPD, XPS, and SEM-EDX analyses, confirming the successful dispersion of NiO and metallic Ni species on the ZSM-5 support. The ultrasonic-assisted catalyst exhibited excellent physicochemical properties, including a crystal size of 19.50 nm, 73.55% crystallinity, a specific surface area of 148.1 m²/g, and a total acidity of 2.331 mmol/g. In a double-bed reactor configuration, the catalyst achieved outstanding performance, yielding 51.71% bio-jet fuel with a product selectivity of 86.21%. The obtained bio-jet fuel demonstrated an ultra-low freezing point of − 59.41°C, meeting aviation fuel standards. Moreover, the catalyst maintained its activity after three consecutive reuse cycles, indicating good stability. These results reveal that ultrasonic-assisted synthesis provides a simple, energy-efficient, and scalable method to enhance metal dispersion and surface acidity, offering valuable insights into the design of bifunctional Ni-based catalysts for green and renewable aviation fuel production. bio-jet fuel hydrotreatment Ni/ZSM-5 catalyst ultrasonic waves Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 12 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8123479","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":546008993,"identity":"cf4414c8-f31a-4748-9262-ad6492f24de5","order_by":0,"name":"Sandi Aditya Restu Kameswara","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Gadjah Mada University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sandi","middleName":"Aditya Restu","lastName":"Kameswara","suffix":""},{"id":546008994,"identity":"d490d96d-c237-4f4b-bd6c-257659b707b1","order_by":1,"name":"Wega 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The objective was to develop a highly active and stable catalyst for sustainable aviation fuel production. The catalyst was characterized using XRD, FT-IR, SAA, NH₃-TPD, XPS, and SEM-EDX analyses, confirming the successful dispersion of NiO and metallic Ni species on the ZSM-5 support. The ultrasonic-assisted catalyst exhibited excellent physicochemical properties, including a crystal size of 19.50 nm, 73.55% crystallinity, a specific surface area of 148.1 m\u0026sup2;/g, and a total acidity of 2.331 mmol/g. In a double-bed reactor configuration, the catalyst achieved outstanding performance, yielding 51.71% bio-jet fuel with a product selectivity of 86.21%. The obtained bio-jet fuel demonstrated an ultra-low freezing point of \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;59.41\u0026deg;C, meeting aviation fuel standards. Moreover, the catalyst maintained its activity after three consecutive reuse cycles, indicating good stability. 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